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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ordinary_duties_and_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Constitutional functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statutory_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statutory_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Statutory functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statutory_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civic_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Civic functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Special limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discretionary_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discretionary_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Discretionary powers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discretionary_powers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discretionary powers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discretionary_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refusal_of_a_Dáil_dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refusal_of_a_Dáil_dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Refusal of a Dáil dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refusal_of_a_Dáil_dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_of_bills_to_the_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_of_bills_to_the_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reference of bills to the people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_of_bills_to_the_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absence_of_a_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absence_of_a_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Absence of a president</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absence_of_a_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_residence,_salute,_style_and_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_residence,_salute,_style_and_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Official residence, salute, style and address</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_residence,_salute,_style_and_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inauguration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inauguration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Inauguration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inauguration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impeachment_and_removal_from_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impeachment_and_removal_from_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Impeachment and removal from office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impeachment_and_removal_from_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_and_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Security and transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_and_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_of_state_from_1937_to_1949" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_state_from_1937_to_1949"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Head of state from 1937 to 1949</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_state_from_1937_to_1949-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolving_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolving_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Evolving role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolving_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remuneration_and_expenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remuneration_and_expenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Remuneration and expenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remuneration_and_expenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_of_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_of_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Issues of controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues_of_controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues of controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues_of_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_president_in_relation_to_Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_president_in_relation_to_Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Role of the president in relation to Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_president_in_relation_to_Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggestions_for_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggestions_for_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Suggestions for reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggestions_for_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_presidents_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_presidents_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>List of presidents of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_presidents_of_Ireland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of presidents of Ireland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_presidents_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">President of Ireland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland_t%C3%A4siv%C3%A4%C3%A4ldi_president" title="Irland täsivääldi president – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Irland täsivääldi president" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="قائمة رؤساء أيرلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة رؤساء أيرلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_d%27Irlanda" title="Presidente d'Irlanda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Presidente d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Прэзідэнт Ірландыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прэзідэнт Ірландыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Президент на Ирландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Президент на Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_d%27Irlanda" title="President d'Irlanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="President d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_Irska" title="Prezident Irska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prezident Irska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlywydd_Iwerddon" title="Arlywydd Iwerddon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arlywydd Iwerddon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlands_pr%C3%A6sident" title="Irlands præsident – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irlands præsident" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident_von_Irland" title="Präsident von Irland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsident von Irland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iirimaa_president" title="Iirimaa president – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iirimaa president" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πρόεδρος της Ιρλανδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόεδρος της Ιρλανδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Irlanda" title="Presidente de Irlanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presidente de Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidanto_de_Irlando" title="Prezidanto de Irlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prezidanto de Irlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandako_presidente" title="Irlandako presidente – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irlandako presidente" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="رئیس‌جمهور ایرلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس‌جمهور ایرلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listi_yvir_forsetar_%C3%8Drlands" title="Listi yvir forsetar Írlands – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Listi yvir forsetar Írlands" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_de_l%27Irlande" title="Président de l'Irlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Président de l'Irlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidinten_fan_Ierl%C3%A2n" title="Presidinten fan Ierlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Presidinten fan Ierlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uachtar%C3%A1n_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Uachtarán na hÉireann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uachtarán na hÉireann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaghtyrane_Nerin" title="Eaghtyrane Nerin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eaghtyrane Nerin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uachdaran_na_h-%C3%89ireann" title="Uachdaran na h-Éireann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uachdaran na h-Éireann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Irlanda" title="Presidente de Irlanda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Presidente de Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9" title="아일랜드의 대통령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드의 대통령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="आयरलैंड के राष्ट्रपति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयरलैंड के राष्ट्रपति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Irske" title="Predsjednik Irske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Predsjednik Irske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listo_pri_prezidanti_di_Republiko_Irlando" title="Listo pri prezidanti di Republiko Irlando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Listo pri prezidanti di Republiko Irlando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Republik_Irlandia" title="Presiden Republik Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Presiden Republik Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_della_Repubblica_d%27Irlanda" title="Presidente della Repubblica d'Irlanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Presidente della Repubblica d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="נשיא אירלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשיא אירלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ირლანდიის პრეზიდენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირლანდიის პრეზიდენტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96" title="Ирландия президенті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ирландия президенті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AArijas_prezidentu_uzskait%C4%ABjums" title="Īrijas prezidentu uzskaitījums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īrijas prezidentu uzskaitījums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drorsz%C3%A1g_eln%C3%B6ke" title="Írország elnöke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Írország elnöke" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ირლანდიაშ პრეზიდენტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ირლანდიაშ პრეზიდენტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="رئيس ايرلاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رئيس ايرلاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Ireland" title="Presiden Ireland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Presiden Ireland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_van_Ierland" title="President van Ierland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="President van Ierland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98" title="アイルランドの大統領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイルランドの大統領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlands_president" title="Irlands president – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irlands president" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_dels_presidents_d%27Irlanda" title="Lista dels presidents d'Irlanda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lista dels presidents d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezydenci_Irlandii" title="Prezydenci Irlandii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prezydenci Irlandii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_da_Irlanda" title="Presidente da Irlanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presidente da Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Президент Ирландии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Президент Ирландии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preses_o_Ireland" title="Preses o Ireland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Preses o Ireland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="President of Ireland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%AA_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ جو صدر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ جو صدر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_%C3%8Drska" title="Prezident Írska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prezident Írska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsednik_Irske" title="Predsednik Irske – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predsednik Irske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Председник Ирске – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Председник Ирске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlannin_presidentti" title="Irlannin presidentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irlannin presidentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlands_president" title="Irlands president – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irlands president" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Феҳристи президентҳои Ирландия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Феҳристи президентҳои Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlanda_cumhurba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1" title="İrlanda cumhurbaşkanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İrlanda cumhurbaşkanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Президент Ірландії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Президент Ірландії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="صدر آئرلینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صدر آئرلینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="愛爾蘭共和國總統 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="愛爾蘭共和國總統" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="爱尔兰总统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱尔兰总统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q213702#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the head of state of modern Ireland. For the president of the 1919–1922 revolutionary Irish Republic, see <a href="/wiki/President_of_D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="President of Dáil Éireann">President of Dáil Éireann</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">President of Ireland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: normal;"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Uachtarán na hÉireann</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_President_of_Ireland.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_President_of_Ireland.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_President_of_Ireland.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Standard_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Standard of Ireland">Presidential Standard</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png/225px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png/300px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="391" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the President of Ireland">Presidential Seal</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Michael_D._Higgins_(51988246304)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2022_Michael_D._Higgins_%2851988246304%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-2022_Michael_D._Higgins_%2851988246304%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2022_Michael_D._Higgins_%2851988246304%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-2022_Michael_D._Higgins_%2851988246304%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2022_Michael_D._Higgins_%2851988246304%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-2022_Michael_D._Higgins_%2851988246304%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a><br /></div>since 11 November 2011</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland#President" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Executive branch of the Irish Government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland#President" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Office of the President</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">A Uachtaráin</i></span>) or <br /> <a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">Your Excellency</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">A Shoilse</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in" title="Áras an Uachtaráin">Áras an Uachtaráin</a></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity)" title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nominator</th><td class="infobox-data">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> or local councils</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Direct popular vote</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">by <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Seven years<br />(renewable once)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#part3.">Articles 12−14, Constitution of Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Precursor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">Governor-General of the Irish Free State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inaugural holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">25 June 1938</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data">€249,014 annually<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics of the Republic of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="830" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland">Amendments</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Presidency</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></b></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Ireland)" title="Council of State (Ireland)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_(Ireland)" title="Presidential Commission (Ireland)">Presidential Commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_33rd_D%C3%A1il" title="Government of the 33rd Dáil">Cabinet</a></b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Harris" title="Simon Harris">Simon Harris</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1naiste" title="Tánaiste">Tánaiste</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Martin" title="Micheál Martin">Micheál Martin</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_(Ireland)" title="Department of State (Ireland)">Departments of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_service_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public service of the Republic of Ireland">Public Service</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland">Civil Service</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_Agencies_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="State Agencies of the Republic of Ireland">State Agencies</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ireland" title="Attorney General of Ireland">Attorney General</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rossa_Fanning" title="Rossa Fanning">Rossa Fanning</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ceann_Comhairle" title="Ceann Comhairle">Ceann Comhairle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Feargha%C3%ADl" title="Seán Ó Fearghaíl">Seán Ó Fearghaíl</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cathaoirleach" title="Cathaoirleach">Cathaoirleach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Buttimer" title="Jerry Buttimer">Jerry Buttimer</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in_Front_Bench" title="Sinn Féin Front Bench">Opposition</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Ireland)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Ireland)">Leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_McDonald" title="Mary Lou McDonald">Mary Lou McDonald</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_Oireachtas" title="Committees of the Oireachtas">Committees</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Courts of the Republic of Ireland">Courts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland" title="Supreme Court of Ireland">Supreme Court</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland" title="Chief Justice of Ireland">Chief Justice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donal_O%27Donnell" title="Donal O'Donnell">Donal O'Donnell</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(Ireland)" title="Court of Appeal (Ireland)">Court of Appeal</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/George_Birmingham" title="George Birmingham">George Birmingham</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_(Ireland)" title="High Court (Ireland)">High Court</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/David_Barniville" title="David Barniville">David Barniville</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Criminal_Court" title="Special Criminal Court">Special Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_Court_(Ireland)" title="Circuit Court (Ireland)">Circuit Court</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ryan_(judge)" title="Patricia Ryan (judge)">Patricia Ryan</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_(Ireland)" title="District Court (Ireland)">District Court</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/District_Court_(Ireland)#President_of_District_Court" title="District Court (Ireland)">Paul Kelly</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Elections in the Republic of Ireland">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_constituencies" title="Dáil constituencies">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of political parties in the Republic of Ireland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_D%C3%A1il_by-elections" title="List of Dáil by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(Ireland)" title="Electoral Commission (Ireland)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li>Recent elections</li></ul> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Irish_general_election" title="2016 Irish general election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Irish_general_election" title="2020 Irish general election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Irish_general_election" title="2024 Irish general election">2024</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Presidential</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Irish_presidential_election" title="2004 Irish presidential election">2004</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Irish_presidential_election" title="2011 Irish presidential election">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Irish_presidential_election" title="2018 Irish presidential election">2018</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Local</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Irish_local_elections" title="2014 Irish local elections">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Irish_local_elections" title="2019 Irish local elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Irish_local_elections" title="2024 Irish local elections">2024</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:50%;text-align:right;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">European</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Ireland" title="2014 European Parliament election in Ireland">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Ireland" title="2019 European Parliament election in Ireland">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Ireland" title="2024 European Parliament election in Ireland">2024</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Administrative geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">Local government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ireland)" title="Department of Foreign Affairs (Ireland)">Department of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Ireland)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Martin" title="Micheál Martin">Micheál Martin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality" title="Irish neutrality">Irish neutrality</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Ireland" title="List of diplomatic missions of Ireland">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Ireland" title="List of diplomatic missions in Ireland">in Ireland</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationality_law" title="Irish nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_passport" title="Irish passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Irish_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Irish citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Ireland" title="Visa policy of Ireland">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">Ireland–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border" title="Brexit and the Irish border">Brexit and the Irish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="Australia–Ireland relations">Australia–Ireland relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Ireland–New Zealand relations">Ireland–New Zealand relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="Canada–Ireland relations">Canada–Ireland relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ireland–United States relations">Ireland–United States relations</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/16px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/24px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Politics of the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Politics of the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>president of Ireland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Uachtarán na hÉireann</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> and the supreme commander of the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_(Ireland)" title="Defence Forces (Ireland)">Irish Defence Forces</a>. </p><p>The president holds office for seven years, and can be elected for a maximum of two terms.<sup id="cite_ref-coiart12-3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coiart12-3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president is elected directly by the people, although there is no poll if only one candidate is nominated, which has occurred on six occasions, most recently in <a href="/wiki/2004_Irish_presidential_election" title="2004 Irish presidential election">2004</a>. The presidency is largely a <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">ceremonial office</a>, but the president does exercise certain limited powers with absolute discretion which have constitutional importance. The president acts as a representative of the Irish state and guardian of the constitution. The president's official residence is <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in" title="Áras an Uachtaráin">Áras an Uachtaráin</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park" title="Phoenix Park">Phoenix Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. The office was established by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> in 1937. The first president assumed office in 1938, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">became recognised internationally as head of state in 1949</a> after the coming into effect of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland Act 1948">Republic of Ireland Act</a>. </p><p>The current president is <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/2011_Irish_presidential_election" title="2011 Irish presidential election">first elected</a> on 29 October 2011, and inaugurated on 11 November 2011. He was <a href="/wiki/2018_Irish_presidential_election" title="2018 Irish presidential election">re-elected for a second term</a> on 26 October 2018. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ordinary_duties_and_functions">Ordinary duties and functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ordinary duties and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> provides for a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> of government, by which the role of the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> is largely a ceremonial one. The president is formally one of three parts of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> (national parliament), which also comprises <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> (the Assembly of Ireland or <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a> (the Senate of Ireland or <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>). </p><p>Unlike most <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republics</a>, the president is not designated as the <i>nominal</i> chief executive. Rather, executive authority in Ireland is expressly vested in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">government</a> (cabinet). The government is obliged, however, to keep the president generally informed on matters of policy both foreign and domestic. Most of the functions of the president may be performed only in accordance with the strict instructions of the Constitution, or the binding "<a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a>" of the government. The president does, however, possess certain personal powers that may be exercised discretionally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_functions">Constitutional functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constitutional functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main functions as prescribed by the Constitution: </p> <dl><dt>Appoints the government</dt> <dd>The president formally appoints the <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">taoiseach</a> (that is, Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>) and other ministers, and accepts their resignations. The taoiseach is appointed upon the nomination of the Dáil, and the president is required to appoint whomever the Dáil designates without the right to refuse appointment. All other <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> are appointed upon the nomination of the taioseach and approval of the Dáil; as with appointing the taoiseach, the president is required to make the appointment without the right to appoint someone else. The taoiseach and ministers altogether comprise the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a>, Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">central executive authority</a>. Ministers are dismissed by the advice of the taoiseach and the taoiseach must, unless there is a dissolution of the Dáil, resign upon <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">losing the confidence</a> of the house.</dd> <dt>Appoints the judiciary</dt> <dd>The president appoints the judges to all <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Courts of the Republic of Ireland">courts in Ireland</a>, on the advice of the Government.<sup id="cite_ref-irlpres_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irlpres-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Convenes and dissolves the Dáil</dt> <dd>This power is exercised on the advice of the taoiseach; Government or Dáil approval is not needed. The president may only refuse a <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolution</a> when a taoiseach has lost the confidence of the Dáil.<sup id="cite_ref-irlpres_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irlpres-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Signs bills into law</dt> <dd>A ceremonial duty, as the president cannot <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> a <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> that the Dáil and the Seanad have duly adopted. However, the president may refer it to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court upholds the bill, the president is obliged to sign it. If, however, it is found to be unconstitutional, the president may refuse to give assent.<sup id="cite_ref-irlpres_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irlpres-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Represents the state in foreign affairs</dt> <dd>This power is exercised only by the advice of the Government. The president accredits ambassadors and receives the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">letters of credence</a> of foreign diplomats. Ministers sign international treaties in the president's name. This role was not exercised by the president prior to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland Act 1948">Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-irlpres_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irlpres-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Serves as Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces</dt> <dd>Supreme command and control over the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_(Ireland)" title="Defence Forces (Ireland)">Defence Forces</a> vests in the president. This role is similar in status to that of a <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commission_(document)" title="Commission (document)">commission</a> is signed and sealed by the president. This is a nominal function, the powers of which are exercised by the advice of the Government. (See <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Defence (Ireland)">Minister for Defence</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Exercises the power of clemency</dt> <dd>The president has "the right of <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a> and the power to <a href="/wiki/Commutation_of_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Commutation of sentence">commute</a> or remit punishment".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pardon, for <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">miscarriages of justice</a>, has applied rarely: Thomas Quinn in 1940, Brady in 1943, and <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Kelly" title="Nicky Kelly">Nicky Kelly</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current procedure is specified by Section 7 of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were plans in 2005 for paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Fugitive" title="Fugitive">fugitives</a> to receive pardons as part of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a>, to supplement the 1998 early release of serving prisoners after the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was controversial and was soon abandoned along with similar British proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Power of commutation and remittance are not restricted to the president,<sup id="cite_ref-O'Mahony2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Mahony2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this was the case for <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Ireland" title="Capital punishment in Ireland">death sentences handed down prior to the abolition of capital punishment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statutory_functions">Statutory functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Statutory functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Appoints certain state officials</dt> <dd>The president appoints, on the advice of the government, the Senior Professors and chairman of the council of the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies" title="Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies">Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the governor of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Central Bank of Ireland</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the members of the Irish Financial Services Appeals Tribunal;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman#Ireland" title="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the members of the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na_Ombudsman_Commission" title="Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission">Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Appoints Chester Beatty Library trustee</dt> <dd>The president appoints one <a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">trustee</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library" title="Chester Beatty Library">Chester Beatty Library</a>. This was specified in <a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Beatty">Chester Beatty</a>'s will and given effect by a 1968 Act of the Oireachtas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Presides over Irish Red Cross Society</dt> <dd>The president is <i>ex officio</i> president of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Red Cross">Irish Red Cross Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Acts as Patron of Gaisce - The President's Award</dt> <dd>The president is <i>ex officio</i> <a href="/wiki/Patron" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron">patron</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaisce_%E2%80%93_The_President%27s_Award" title="Gaisce – The President's Award">Gaisce – The President's Award</a>, established by <a href="/wiki/Trust_instrument" title="Trust instrument">trust deed</a> in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civic_functions">Civic functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civic functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Acts as Patron of Clans of Ireland</dt> <dd>The president is <i>ex officio</i> patron of <a href="/wiki/Clans_of_Ireland" title="Clans of Ireland">Clans of Ireland</a>, including its Order of Merit, since he so agreed in January 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Awards the dignity of Saoi for life</dt> <dd>The president confers the title of <a href="/wiki/Saoi" title="Saoi">Saoi</a> for life on those so elected from among the existing membership of <a href="/wiki/Aosd%C3%A1na" title="Aosdána">Aosdána</a>, a state-supported association of Irish creative artists. The title is the highest honour bestowed by the organization. There are at most seven living Saoithe at any time;<sup id="cite_ref-saoi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saoi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a limit increased from five in 2007–08.<sup id="cite_ref-pr20080509_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr20080509-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pr20070711_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr20070711-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Supports various charities</dt> <dd>The president serves as a patron to myriad charities in Ireland. The charities ultimately supported vary from president to president and are in keeping with the president's vision and theme for their presidency.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_limitations">Special limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Special limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The president may not leave the state without the consent of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-coiart12-9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coiart12-9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Every formal address or message "to the nation" or to either or both Houses of the Oireachtas must have prior approval of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than on these two (quite rare) occasions, there is no limitation on the president's right to speak. While earlier presidents were exceptionally cautious in delivering speeches and on almost every occasion submitted them for vetting, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_McAleese" title="Mary McAleese">Mary McAleese</a> made much more use of their right to speak without government approval, with McAleese doing many live television and radio interviews. Nonetheless, by convention presidents refrain from direct criticism and commentary of the government.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discretionary_powers">Discretionary powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Discretionary powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Discretionary_powers"></span><span class="anchor" id="Discretionary_power"></span><span class="anchor" id="Reserve_powers"></span><span class="anchor" id="Reserve_power"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/President_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/President of Ireland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The president possesses the following powers exercised "in his absolute discretion" according to the English version of the Constitution. The Irish version states that these powers are exercised <i>as a chomhairle féin</i> which is usually translated as "under his own counsel". Lawyers have suggested that a conflict may exist in this case between the two versions of the constitution. In the event of a clash between the Irish and English versions of the constitution, the Irish one is given supremacy. While "absolute discretion" appears to leave some freedom for manoeuvre for a president in deciding whether to initiate contact with the opposition, "own counsel" has been interpreted by some lawyers as suggesting that <i>no</i> contact whatsoever can take place. As a result, it is considered controversial for the president to be contacted by the leaders of any political parties in an effort to influence a decision made using the discretionary powers. It is required that, before exercising certain reserve powers, the president consult the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Ireland)" title="Council of State (Ireland)">Council of State</a>. However, the president is not compelled to act in accordance with the council's advice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refusal_of_a_Dáil_dissolution"><span id="Refusal_of_a_D.C3.A1il_dissolution"></span>Refusal of a Dáil dissolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Refusal of a Dáil dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/President_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/President of Ireland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> who has "ceased to retain the support of a majority in Dáil Eireann" is required to resign, unless the Taoiseach asks the president to dissolve the Dáil. The president has the right to refuse such a request, in which case the Taoiseach must resign immediately. This power has never been invoked. However, the necessary circumstances existed in 1944, 1982 and 1994. The apparent discrepancy, referred to above, between the Irish and English versions of the Constitution has discouraged presidents from contemplating the use of the power. On the three occasions when the necessary circumstances existed, presidents have adopted an ultra-strict policy of non-contact with the opposition. The most notable instance of this was in January 1982, when <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hillery" title="Patrick Hillery">Patrick Hillery</a> instructed an aide, Captain Anthony Barber, to ensure that no telephone calls from the opposition were to be passed on to him. Nevertheless, three opposition figures, including <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Charles Haughey</a>, demanded to be connected to Hillery, with Haughey threatening to end Barber's career if the calls weren't put through. Hillery, as Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces, recorded the threat in Barber's military personnel file and recorded that Barber had been acting on his instructions in refusing the call.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even without this consideration, refusing such a request would arguably create a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a>, as it is considered a fairly strong <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a> that the head of state always grants a parliamentary dissolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_of_bills_to_the_people">Reference of bills to the people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reference of bills to the people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_referendum" title="Ordinary referendum">ordinary referendum</a></div> <p>If requested to do so by a petition signed by a majority of the membership of the Seanad and one-third of the membership of the Dáil, the president may, after consultation with the Council of State, decline to sign into law a bill (other than a bill to amend the constitution) they consider to be of great "national importance" until it has been approved by either the people in a referendum or the Dáil reassembling after a general election, held within eighteen months. This power has never been used, and no such petition has been invoked. Of the 60 senators, <a href="/wiki/Nominated_members_of_Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Nominated members of Seanad Éireann">11 are nominated by the Taoiseach</a>, so there is rarely a majority opposed to a government bill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president may appoint up to seven members of the Council of State, and remove or replace such appointed members. (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_appointees_to_the_Council_of_State_(Ireland)" title="List of presidential appointees to the Council of State (Ireland)">list of presidential appointees to the Council of State</a>.) The following powers all require prior consultation with the Council of State, although the president need not take its advice: </p> <dl><dt>Referral of bills to the Supreme Court</dt> <dd>The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of the Republic of Ireland">Supreme Court</a> to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a <a href="/wiki/Money_bill" title="Money bill">money bill</a>, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power;<sup id="cite_ref-meetingscouncilofstate_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meetingscouncilofstate-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a full list is at <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Ireland)#Referring_of_bills" title="Council of State (Ireland)">Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills</a>. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland" title="Chief Justice of Ireland">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_O%27Higgins" title="Tom O'Higgins">Tom O'Higgins</a> bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad</dt> <dd>The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time-limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers urgent.</dd> <dt>Appointment of a Committee of Privileges</dt> <dd>The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Address to the Oireachtas</dt> <dd>The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Ireland)#Addresses_to_the_Oireachtas" title="Council of State (Ireland)">Four such addresses</a> have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese.<sup id="cite_ref-meetingscouncilofstate_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meetingscouncilofstate-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The approval of the government is needed for the message; in practice, the entire text is submitted.<sup id="cite_ref-oirecttee21_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oirecttee21-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Address to the Nation</dt> <dd>The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used.<sup id="cite_ref-meetingscouncilofstate_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meetingscouncilofstate-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonplace messages, such as Christmas greetings, are not considered to qualify.<sup id="cite_ref-oirecttee21_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oirecttee21-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Convention of meetings of the Oireachtas</dt> <dd>The president may convene a meeting of either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. This power would allow the president to step in if, in extraordinary circumstances, the ordinary procedures for convening the houses had broken down.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selection">Selection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_presidential_election" title="Irish presidential election">Irish presidential election</a></div> <p>The president is <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">directly elected</a> by <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a>, the single-winner analogue of the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the <a href="/wiki/Returning_officer" title="Returning officer">returning officer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven-year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days.<sup id="cite_ref-coiart12-3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coiart12-3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only resident <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationality_law" title="Irish nationality law">Irish citizens</a> aged eighteen or more may vote; a 1983 bill to extend the right to resident <a href="/wiki/British_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="British citizen">British citizens</a> was ruled unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-citizensinfo_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citizensinfo-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coiart12-4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coiart12-4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a discrepancy between the English- and Irish-language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty-fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states "<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán</i></span> (has completed his thirty-five years)". Because a person's thirty-fifth year of life begins on their thirty-fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/29th_Government_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Government of Ireland">29th government</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_Bill_2015" title="Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2015">Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015</a> to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">age of candidacy</a> from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against. </p><p>Presidents can serve a <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">maximum of two terms</a>, consecutive or otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-irlpres_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irlpres-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They must be nominated by one of the following:<sup id="cite_ref-irlpres_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irlpres-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>At least 20 members of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-coiart12-4_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coiart12-4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (there are 218 members)</li> <li>At least four <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">county or city councils</a><sup id="cite_ref-coiart12-4_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coiart12-4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (there are 31 councils)</li> <li>Themselves (in the case of incumbent or former presidents who have served one term).<sup id="cite_ref-coiart12-4_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coiart12-4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Where only one candidate is nominated, the candidate is deemed elected without the need for a ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-coiart12-4_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coiart12-4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, where there is a consensus among political parties not to have a contest, the president may be 'elected' without the occurrence of an actual ballot. Since the establishment of the office this has occurred on six occasions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2018_Irish_presidential_election" title="2018 Irish presidential election">most recent presidential election</a> was held on 26 October 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Absence_of_a_president">Absence of a president</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Absence of a president"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_(Ireland)" title="Presidential Commission (Ireland)">Presidential Commission (Ireland)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Inheritance" title="Category:Inheritance">a series</a> on<br /><b><span style="font-size:115%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Orders of succession</a></span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.2em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Presidency" title="Presidency">Presidencies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Argentine presidential line of succession">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria#Succession" title="President of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Brazilian presidential line of succession">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Colombian presidential line of succession">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China#Line_of_succession" title="President of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Succession" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt#Succession" title="President of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland#Incapacity_and_succession" title="President of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_France#Succession_and_incapacity" title="President of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany#Succession" title="President of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India#Succession" title="President of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia#Line_of_succession_and_impeachment" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_and_Acting_President_of_Israel" title="Interim and Acting President of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy#Succession" title="President of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Absence_of_a_president">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea#Order_of_succession" title="President of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico#Succession" title="President of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Pakistani presidential line of succession">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru#Line_of_succession" title="President of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Philippine presidential line of succession">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_Poland" title="Acting President of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal#Succession" title="President of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania#Succession" title="President of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Sri Lankan presidential line of succession">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China#Succession" title="President of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Uruguayan presidential line of succession">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam#Order_of_succession" title="President of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidential_orders_of_succession" title="Template:Presidential orders of succession"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidential_orders_of_succession" title="Template talk:Presidential orders of succession"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidential_orders_of_succession" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidential orders of succession"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is no office of <a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">vice president</a> of Ireland. In the event of a premature vacancy in the presidency, a successor must be elected within sixty days. In a vacancy or where the president is unavailable, the duties and functions of the office are carried out by a presidential commission, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland" title="Chief Justice of Ireland">chief justice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ceann_Comhairle" title="Ceann Comhairle">ceann comhairle</a> (speaker) of the Dáil, and the <a href="/wiki/Cathaoirleach" title="Cathaoirleach">cathaoirleach</a> (chairperson) of the Seanad. Routine functions, such as signing bills into law, have often been fulfilled by the presidential commission when the president is abroad on a <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a>. The government's power to prevent the president leaving the state is relevant in aligning the diplomatic and legislative calendars. </p><p>Technically each president's term of office expires at midnight on the day before the new president's inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-article_12_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-article_12-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re-elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a <i>former</i> president and, if re-elected, <i>president-elect</i>. </p><p>Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Hamilton_Childers" title="Erskine Hamilton Childers">Erskine Hamilton Childers</a> in 1974, and on the resignations of <a href="/wiki/Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh">Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh</a> in 1976 and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> in 1997. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_residence,_salute,_style_and_address"><span id="Official_residence.2C_salute.2C_style_and_address"></span>Official residence, salute, style and address</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Official residence, salute, style and address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in_2010.jpg/220px-%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in_2010.jpg/330px-%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in_2010.jpg/440px-%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in" title="Áras an Uachtaráin">Áras an Uachtaráin</a> is the official residence of the president.</figcaption></figure> <p>The official residence of the president is <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in" title="Áras an Uachtaráin">Áras an Uachtaráin</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park" title="Phoenix Park">Phoenix Park</a> in Dublin. The ninety-two-room building formerly served as the 'out-of-season' residence of the Irish <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant</a> and the residence of two of the three Irish <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">Governors-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Michael_Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Michael Healy">Tim Healy</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_McNeill" title="James McNeill">James McNeill</a>. The president is normally referred to as 'President' or 'Uachtarán', rather than 'Mr/Madam President' or similar forms. The <a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">style</a> used is normally <i>His Excellency/Her Excellency</i> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">A Shoilse/A Soilse</i>); sometimes people may orally address the president as 'Your Excellency' (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">A Shoilse</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhəil̠ʲʃə]</a></span>), or simply 'President' (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">A Uachtaráin</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠaːnʲ]</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative case</a>)). The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Salute" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Salute">Presidential Salute</a> is taken from the National Anthem, "<span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann" title="Amhrán na bhFiann">Amhrán na bhFiann</a></span></span>". It consists of the first four bars followed by the last five,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without lyrics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inauguration">Inauguration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Inauguration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_presidential_inauguration" title="Irish presidential inauguration">Irish presidential inauguration</a></div> <p>The inauguration ceremony takes place on the day following the expiry of the term of office of the preceding president.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No location is specified in the constitution, but all inaugurations have taken place in <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle#State_Apartments" title="Dublin Castle">Saint Patrick's Hall</a> in the State Apartments in <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a>. The ceremony is transmitted live by national broadcaster <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a> on its principal television and radio channels, typically from around 11 am. To highlight the significance of the event, all key figures in the executive (the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">government of Ireland</a>), the legislature (Oireachtas) and the judiciary attend, as do members of the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_corps" title="Diplomatic corps">diplomatic corps</a> and other invited guests. </p><p>During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> (1922 to 1937), the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">governor-general</a> had been installed into office as the representative of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> in a low-key ceremony, twice in <a href="/wiki/Leinster_House" title="Leinster House">Leinster House</a> (the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>), but in the case of the last governor-general, <a href="/wiki/Domhnall_Ua_Buachalla" title="Domhnall Ua Buachalla">Domhnall Ua Buachalla</a>, in his brother's <a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">drawing room</a>. By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> adopted in 1937 requires the president's oath of office be taken in public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impeachment_and_removal_from_office">Impeachment and removal from office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impeachment and removal from office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president can be removed from office in two ways, neither of which has ever been invoked. The Supreme Court, in a sitting of at least five judges, may find the president "permanently incapacitated",<sup id="cite_ref-coiart12-3_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coiart12-3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Oireachtas may remove the president for "stated misbehaviour".<sup id="cite_ref-coiart12-10_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coiart12-10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Either house of the Oireachtas may instigate the latter process by passing an <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a> resolution, provided at least thirty members move it and at least two-thirds support it. The other house will then either investigate the stated charges or commission a body to do so; following which at least two-thirds of members must agree both that the president is guilty and that the charges warrant removal.<sup id="cite_ref-coiart12-10_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coiart12-10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_and_transport">Security and transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Security and transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Se%C3%A1n_T._O%27Kelly_being_escorted_to_his_inauguration_as_President_of_Ireland_in_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4b/Se%C3%A1n_T._O%27Kelly_being_escorted_to_his_inauguration_as_President_of_Ireland_in_1945.jpg/220px-Se%C3%A1n_T._O%27Kelly_being_escorted_to_his_inauguration_as_President_of_Ireland_in_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4b/Se%C3%A1n_T._O%27Kelly_being_escorted_to_his_inauguration_as_President_of_Ireland_in_1945.jpg/330px-Se%C3%A1n_T._O%27Kelly_being_escorted_to_his_inauguration_as_President_of_Ireland_in_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4b/Se%C3%A1n_T._O%27Kelly_being_escorted_to_his_inauguration_as_President_of_Ireland_in_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>The Inauguration of Seán T. O'Kelly in 1945. The 2nd Cavalry Squadron of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Hussars" title="Blue Hussars">Blue Hussars</a> escort the president, who travelled in the late <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Queen Alexandra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Landau_(automobile)" title="Landau (automobile)">landau</a>. The Landau and the Hussars were later scrapped.</figcaption></figure> <p>As head of state of Ireland, the president receives the highest level of protection in the state. Áras an Uachtaráin is protected by armed guards from the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_(Ireland)" title="Defence Forces (Ireland)">Defence Forces</a> at all times, and is encircled by security fencing and intrusion detection systems. At all times the president travels with an armed security detail in Ireland and overseas, which is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit" title="Special Detective Unit">Special Detective Unit</a> (SDU), an elite wing of the Irish police force. Protection is increased if there is a known threat. The presidential limousine is a <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class">Mercedes-Benz S-Class</a> LWB. The Presidential Limousine is dark navy blue and carries the presidential standard on the left front wing and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland" title="Flag of Ireland">tricolour</a> on the right front wing. When travelling the presidential limousine is always accompanied by support cars (normally <a href="/wiki/BMW_5_Series" title="BMW 5 Series">BMW 5 Series</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audi_A6" title="Audi A6">Audi A6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volvo_S60" title="Volvo S60">Volvo S60</a> driven by trained drivers from the SDU) and several Garda motorcycle outriders from the <a href="/wiki/Garda_Traffic_Corps" title="Garda Traffic Corps">Garda Traffic Corps</a> which form a protective convoy around the car. </p><p>The president-elect is usually escorted to and from the ceremony by the Presidential Motorcycle Escort ceremonial outriders. Until 1947 they were a <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> mounted escort, wearing light blue hussar-style uniforms. However to save money the first Inter-Party Government replaced the Irish horses by Japanese motorbikes, which the then Minister for Defence believed would be "much more impressive".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the presidential inauguration in 1945, alongside the mounted escort on horseback, president-elect <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_T._O%27Kelly" title="Seán T. O'Kelly">Seán T. O'Kelly</a> rode in the old state landau of <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Queen Alexandra</a>. The use of the <a href="/wiki/State_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="State carriage">state carriage</a> was highly popular with crowds. However an accident with a later presidential carriage at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Society" title="Royal Dublin Society">Royal Dublin Society</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">Horse show</a> led to the abolition of the carriage and its replacement by a <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Silver_Wraith" title="Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith">Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith</a> in 1947. The distinctive <a href="/wiki/Presidential_State_Car_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential State Car (Ireland)">1947 Rolls-Royce</a> is still used to bring the president to and from the inauguration today. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_State_Car_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential State Car (Ireland)">Presidential State Car</a> is a 1947 <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Silver_Wraith" title="Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith">Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith</a> <a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">landaulette</a>, which is used only for ceremonial occasions. </p><p>The president also has the full use of all <a href="/wiki/Air_Corps_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Corps (Ireland)">Irish Air Corps</a> aircraft at his/her disposal if so needed, including helicopters and private jets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The office of president was established in 1937, in part as a replacement for the office of <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">governor-general</a> that existed during the 1922–37 <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>. The seven-year term of office of the president was inspired by that of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">presidents of Weimar Germany</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the time the office was established critics warned that the post might lead to the emergence of a dictatorship. However, these fears were not borne out as successive presidents played a limited, largely apolitical role in national affairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_of_state_from_1937_to_1949">Head of state from 1937 to 1949</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Head of state from 1937 to 1949"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949</a></div> <p>During the period of 1937 to 1949 it was unclear whether the Irish head of state was actually the president of Ireland or <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy in the Irish Free State">king of Ireland</a>. This period of confusion ended in 1949 when the state was declared to be a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>. The 1937 constitution did not mention the king, but neither did it state that the president was head of state, saying rather that the president "shall take precedence over all other persons in the State". The president exercised some powers that could be exercised by heads of state but which could also be exercised by governors or governors-general, such as appointing the government and promulgating the law. </p><p>However, upon his accession to the throne in 1936, George VI had been proclaimed, as previous monarchs had been, "King of Ireland"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, under the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Authority_(External_Relations)_Act_1936" title="Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936">External Relations Act</a> of the same year, it was this king who represented the state in its foreign affairs. Treaties, therefore, were signed in the name of the King of Ireland, who also accredited ambassadors and received the letters of credence of foreign diplomats. This role meant, in any case, that George VI was the Irish head of state in the eyes of foreign nations. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland Act 1948">Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a>, which came into force in April 1949, proclaimed a republic and transferred the role of representing the state abroad from the monarch to the president. No change was made to the constitution. </p><p>According to Desmond Oulton (owner of <a href="/wiki/Clontarf_Castle" title="Clontarf Castle">Clontarf Castle</a>), his father John George Oulton had suggested to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, that Ireland should have its own king again, as it was in the times of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ok_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ok-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested to him, a member of the <a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_Clan" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Brien Clan">O'Brien Clan</a>, descended in the paternal line from <a href="/wiki/Brian_Boru" title="Brian Boru">Brian Boru</a>, a previous <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a>: the most senior representative at the time was <a href="/wiki/Donough_O%27Brien,_16th_Baron_Inchiquin" title="Donough O'Brien, 16th Baron Inchiquin">Donough O'Brien, 16th Baron Inchiquin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ok_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ok-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oulton said that Donough's nephew <a href="/wiki/Conor_O%27Brien,_18th_Baron_Inchiquin" title="Conor O'Brien, 18th Baron Inchiquin">Conor O'Brien, 18th Baron Inchiquin</a>, confirmed that De Valera did offer Donough O'Brien the title of Prince-President of the Irish Republic, but this was turned down and so a President of Ireland was instituted instead.<sup id="cite_ref-ok_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ok-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolving_role">Evolving role</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Evolving role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the inaugural presidency of <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a>, who was an interparty nominee for the office, the nominees of the <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> political party won every presidential election until 1990. The party traditionally used the nomination as a reward for its most senior and prominent members, such as party founder and longtime Taoiseach <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">European Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hillery" title="Patrick Hillery">Patrick Hillery</a>. Most of its occupants to that time followed Hyde's precedent-setting conception of the presidency as a conservative, low-key institution that used its ceremonial prestige and few discretionary powers sparingly. In fact, the presidency was such a quiet position that Irish politicians sought to avoid contested presidential elections as often as possible, feeling that the attention such elections would bring to the office was an unnecessary distraction,<sup id="cite_ref-uachtarainmcaleese_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uachtarainmcaleese-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and office-seekers facing economic austerity would often suggest the elimination of the office as a money-saving measure.<sup id="cite_ref-uachtarainrobinson_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uachtarainrobinson-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the historical meekness of the presidency, however, it has been at the centre of some high-profile controversies. In particular, the fifth president, <a href="/wiki/Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh">Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh</a>, faced a contentious dispute with the government in 1976 over the signing of a bill declaring a state of emergency, which ended in Ó Dálaigh's resignation. His successor, Patrick Hillery, was also involved in a controversy in 1982, when then-Taoiseach <a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a> requested a dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>. Hillery was bombarded with phone calls from opposition members urging him to refuse the request, an action that Hillery saw as highly inappropriate interference with the president's constitutional role and resisted the political pressure. </p><p>The presidency began to be transformed in the 1990s. Hillery's conduct regarding the dissolution affair in 1982 came to light in 1990, imbuing the office with a new sense of dignity and stability. However, it was Hillery's successor, seventh president <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a>, who ultimately revolutionized the presidency. The winner of an upset victory in the highly controversial election of 1990, Robinson was the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour</a> nominee, the first president to defeat Fianna Fáil in an election and the first female president. Upon election, however, Robinson took steps to de-politicize the office. She also sought to widen the scope of the presidency, developing new economic, political and cultural links between the state and other countries and cultures, especially those of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a>. Robinson used the prestige of the office to activist ends, placing emphasis during her presidency on the needs of developing countries, linking the history of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Irish_Famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Irish Famine">Great Irish Famine</a> to today's nutrition, poverty and policy issues, attempting to create a bridge of partnership between developed and developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-uachtarainrobinson_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uachtarainrobinson-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2019 the President has attended annual meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Arraiolos_Group" title="Arraiolos Group">Arraiolos Group</a> of European non-executive presidents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remuneration_and_expenses">Remuneration and expenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Remuneration and expenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2018_Irish_presidential_election" title="2018 Irish presidential election">2018 presidential election</a> the official salary or "personal remuneration" of the president will be <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>249,014.<sup id="cite_ref-higgins2011salary_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higgins2011salary-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incumbent, Michael D. Higgins, chooses to receive the same salary although he is entitled to a higher figure of €325,507.<sup id="cite_ref-thejournal_266916_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thejournal_266916-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-higgins2011salary_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-higgins2011salary-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president's total "emoluments and allowances" includes an additional €317,434 for expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Office of the President's total budget estimate for 2017 was €3.9 million, of which €2.6 million was for pay and running costs, and the balance for the <a href="/wiki/Centenarian#United_Kingdom_and_Ireland" title="Centenarian">"President's Bounty" paid to centenarians</a> on their hundredth birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The salary was fixed at <a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">IR£</a>5000 from 1938 to 1973, since when it has been calculated as 10% greater than that of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland" title="Chief Justice of Ireland">Chief Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a> most public-sector workers took significant pay cuts, but the Constitution prohibited a reduction in the salary of the president and the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the Republic of Ireland">judiciary</a> during their terms of office, in order to prevent such a reduction being used by the government to apply political pressure on them. While <a href="/wiki/Thirty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">a 2011 Constitutional amendment</a> allows judges' pay to be cut, it did not extend to the president, although incumbent Mary McAleese offered to take a voluntary cut in solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thejournal_266916_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thejournal_266916-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_of_controversy">Issues of controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Issues of controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_president_in_relation_to_Northern_Ireland">Role of the president in relation to Northern Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Role of the president in relation to Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Irish_state" title="Names of the Irish state">Names of the Irish state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Articles_2_and_3_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland">Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_wreath.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/President_wreath.JPG/220px-President_wreath.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/President_wreath.JPG/330px-President_wreath.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/President_wreath.JPG/440px-President_wreath.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The president's wreath (in green) laid at Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> ceremonies in <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a> in 2005. Presidents have attended the ceremony since the 1990s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The text of the Constitution of Ireland, as originally enacted in 1937, made reference in its <a href="/wiki/Articles_2_and_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles 2 and 3">Articles 2 and 3</a> to two geopolitical entities: a thirty-two county 'national territory' (i.e., the island of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>), and a twenty-six county 'state' formerly known as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>. The implication behind the title 'president of Ireland' was that the president would function as the head of all Ireland. However, this implication was challenged by the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Unionists">Ulster Unionists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> which was the state internationally acknowledged as having sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. Articles 2 and 3 were substantially amended in consequence of the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>. </p><p>Ireland in turn challenged the proclamation in the United Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Queen Elizabeth II</a> in 1952 as '[Queen] of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'. The Irish government refused to attend royal functions as a result; for example, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hillery" title="Patrick Hillery">Patrick Hillery</a> declined on government advice to attend the wedding of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles III of the United Kingdom">Prince of Wales</a> to <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a> in 1981, to which he had been invited by Queen Elizabeth, just as <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_T._O%27Kelly" title="Seán T. O'Kelly">Seán T. O'Kelly</a> had declined on government advice to attend the 1953 Coronation Garden Party at the British Embassy in Dublin. Britain in turn insisted on referring to the president as 'president of the Republic of Ireland' or 'president of the Irish Republic'.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letters of Credence from Queen Elizabeth, on the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a>'s advice, appointing United Kingdom ambassadors to Ireland were not addressed to the 'president of Ireland' but to the president personally (for example: 'President Hillery'). </p><p>The naming dispute and consequent avoidance of contact at head of state level has gradually thawed since 1990. President Robinson (1990–97) chose unilaterally to break the taboo by regularly visiting the United Kingdom for public functions, frequently in connection with <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish Relations">Anglo-Irish Relations</a> or to visit the Irish emigrant community in Great Britain. In another breaking of precedent, she accepted an invitation to <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> by Queen Elizabeth II. Palace accreditation supplied to journalists referred to the "visit of the president of Ireland".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Between 1990 and 2010, both Robinson and her successor President McAleese (1997–2011) visited the Palace on numerous occasions, while senior members of the British royal family – the then-Prince of Wales (now <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>); <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">the Duke of York</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, then Earl of Wessex</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a> – all visited both presidents of Ireland at <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in" title="Áras an Uachtaráin">Áras an Uachtaráin</a>. The presidents also attended functions with <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">the Princess Royal</a>. President Robinson jointly hosted a reception with the queen at <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's Palace">St. James's Palace</a>, London, in 1995, to commemorate the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Queen's Colleges in 1845 (the Queen's Colleges are now known as <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Galway" title="University of Galway">University of Galway</a>). These contacts eventually led to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II%27s_visit_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II's visit to the Republic of Ireland">a state visit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> to Ireland in 2011. </p><p>Though the president's title implicitly asserted authority in Northern Ireland, in reality the Irish president needed government permission to visit there. (The Constitution of Ireland in Article 3 explicitly stated that "[p]ending the re-integration of the national territory" the authority of the Irish state did not extend to Northern Ireland. Presidents prior to the presidency of Mary Robinson were regularly refused permission by the Irish government to visit Northern Ireland.) </p><p>However, since the 1990s and in particular since the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> of 1998, the president has regularly visited Northern Ireland. President McAleese, who was the first president to have been born in Northern Ireland, continued on from President Robinson in this regard. In a sign of the warmth of modern British-Irish relations, she has even been warmly welcomed by most leading <a href="/wiki/Unionists_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionists (Ireland)">unionists</a>. At the funeral for a child <a href="/wiki/Omagh_bombing" title="Omagh bombing">murdered by the Real IRA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Omagh" title="Omagh">Omagh</a> she symbolically walked up the main aisle of the <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a> hand-in-hand with the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> leader and then <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister of Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a>. But in other instances, Mary McAleese had been criticised for certain comments, such as a reference to the way in which Protestant children in Northern Ireland had been brought up to hate Catholics just as German children had been encouraged to hate <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> regime, on 27 January 2005, following her attendance at the ceremony commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of the liberation of <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These remarks caused outrage among Northern Ireland's unionist politicians, and McAleese later apologised<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and conceded that her statement had been unbalanced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suggestions_for_reform">Suggestions for reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Suggestions for reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been many suggestions for reforming the office of president over the years. In 1996, the Constitutional Review Group recommended that the office of President should remain largely unchanged. However, it suggested that the Constitution should be amended to explicitly declare the president to be head of state (at present that term does not appear in the text), and that consideration be given to the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Constructive_vote_of_no_confidence" title="Constructive vote of no confidence">constructive vote of no confidence</a> system in the Dáil, along the lines of that in Germany. If this system were introduced then the power of the president to refuse a Dáil dissolution would be largely redundant and could be taken away. The All-party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution's 1998 Report made similar recommendations. </p><p>In an October 2009 poll, concerning support for various potential candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Irish_presidential_election" title="2011 Irish presidential election">2011 presidential election</a> conducted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Independent_(Ireland)" title="Sunday Independent (Ireland)">Sunday Independent</a></i>, a "significant number" of people were said to feel that the presidency is a waste of money and should be abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_200091011_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_200091011-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_presidents_of_Ireland">List of presidents of Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: List of presidents of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The functions of the president were exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_(Ireland)" title="Presidential Commission (Ireland)">Presidential Commission</a> from the coming into force of the Constitution on 29 December 1937 until the election of Douglas Hyde in 1938, and during the vacancies of 1974, 1976, and 1997. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th rowspan="2">Portrait </th> <th rowspan="2">Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(birth–death)</span> </th> <th rowspan="2">Previous service </th> <th colspan="3">Term of office </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Nominated by </th> <th rowspan="2">Election </th></tr> <tr> <th>Took office (00:00) </th> <th>Left office (24:00) </th> <th>Time in office </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1 </td> <td rowspan="2"><div class=""> <div style="width: 60px; height: 80px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 60px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Hyde,_circa_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Douglas Hyde, circa 1940.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Douglas_Hyde%2C_circa_1940.jpg/60px-Douglas_Hyde%2C_circa_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Douglas_Hyde%2C_circa_1940.jpg/90px-Douglas_Hyde%2C_circa_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Douglas_Hyde%2C_circa_1940.jpg/120px-Douglas_Hyde%2C_circa_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1860–1949)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Senator</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1922–1925, 1938)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">25 June 1938 </td> <td rowspan="2">24 June 1945 </td> <td rowspan="2">7 years </td> <th style="background-color: #66BB66"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1938_Irish_presidential_election" title="1938 Irish presidential election">1938</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #6699FF"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2 </td> <td rowspan="2"><div class=""> <div style="width: 60px; height: 80px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 60px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sean_T_O%27Kelly,_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sean T O'Kelly, 1949.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sean_T_O%27Kelly%2C_1949.jpg/60px-Sean_T_O%27Kelly%2C_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sean_T_O%27Kelly%2C_1949.jpg/90px-Sean_T_O%27Kelly%2C_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sean_T_O%27Kelly%2C_1949.jpg/120px-Sean_T_O%27Kelly%2C_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="303" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_T._O%27Kelly" title="Seán T. O'Kelly">Seán T. O'Kelly</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1882–1966)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1naiste" title="Tánaiste">Tánaiste</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1932–1945)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">25 June 1945 </td> <td rowspan="2">24 June 1959 </td> <td rowspan="2">14 years </td> <th style="background-color: #66BB66"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1945_Irish_presidential_election" title="1945 Irish presidential election">1945</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #DDDDDD"> </th> <td>Himself </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1952_Irish_presidential_election" title="1952 Irish presidential election">1952</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3 </td> <td rowspan="2"><div class=""> <div style="width: 60px; height: 80px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 60px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89amon_de_Valera,_President_of_Ireland,_in_1960s_(43915959314).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Éamon de Valera, President of Ireland, in 1960s (43915959314).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%C3%89amon_de_Valera%2C_President_of_Ireland%2C_in_1960s_%2843915959314%29.jpg/60px-%C3%89amon_de_Valera%2C_President_of_Ireland%2C_in_1960s_%2843915959314%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%C3%89amon_de_Valera%2C_President_of_Ireland%2C_in_1960s_%2843915959314%29.jpg/90px-%C3%89amon_de_Valera%2C_President_of_Ireland%2C_in_1960s_%2843915959314%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%C3%89amon_de_Valera%2C_President_of_Ireland%2C_in_1960s_%2843915959314%29.jpg/120px-%C3%89amon_de_Valera%2C_President_of_Ireland%2C_in_1960s_%2843915959314%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7446" data-file-height="9648" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1882–1975)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1932–1948, 1951–1954, 1957–1959)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">25 June 1959 </td> <td rowspan="2">24 June 1973 </td> <td rowspan="2">14 years </td> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #66BB66"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1959_Irish_presidential_election" title="1959 Irish presidential election">1959</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fianna Fáil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1966_Irish_presidential_election" title="1966 Irish presidential election">1966</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erskine_Hamilton_Childers" title="Erskine Hamilton Childers">Erskine Hamilton Childers</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1905–1974)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1naiste" title="Tánaiste">Tánaiste</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1969–1973)</span> </td> <td>25 June 1973 </td> <td>17 November 1974 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002510000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 145 days </td> <th style="background-color: #66BB66"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1973_Irish_presidential_election" title="1973 Irish presidential election">1973</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td rowspan="1"><div class=""> <div style="width: 60px; height: 80px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 60px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh,_1975_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, 1975 (cropped).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh%2C_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh%2C_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh%2C_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh%2C_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh%2C_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh%2C_1975_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="1783" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh">Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1911–1978)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland" title="Chief Justice of Ireland">Chief Justice of Ireland</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1961–1973)</span> </td> <td>19 December 1974 </td> <td>22 October 1976 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002673000000000000♠"></span>1 year, 308 days </td> <th style="background-color: #DDDDDD"> </th> <td><i>All-party nomination</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1974_Irish_presidential_election" title="1974 Irish presidential election">1974</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">6 </td> <td rowspan="2"><div class=""> <div style="width: 60px; height: 80px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 60px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrick_Hillery_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Patrick Hillery (cropped).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Patrick_Hillery_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Patrick_Hillery_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Patrick_Hillery_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Patrick_Hillery_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Patrick_Hillery_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Patrick_Hillery_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hillery" title="Patrick Hillery">Patrick Hillery</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–2008)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Jobs_and_Social_Rights" title="European Commissioner for Jobs and Social Rights">European Commissioner for Social Affairs</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1976)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">3 December 1976 </td> <td rowspan="2">2 December 1990 </td> <td rowspan="2">14 years </td> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #66BB66"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1976_Irish_presidential_election" title="1976 Irish presidential election">1976</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fianna Fáil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1983_Irish_presidential_election" title="1983 Irish presidential election">1983</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">7 </td> <td rowspan="3"><div class=""> <div style="width: 60px; height: 80px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 60px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Robinson,_May_1995_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mary Robinson, May 1995 01 (cropped).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mary_Robinson%2C_May_1995_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Mary_Robinson%2C_May_1995_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mary_Robinson%2C_May_1995_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Mary_Robinson%2C_May_1995_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mary_Robinson%2C_May_1995_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Mary_Robinson%2C_May_1995_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1944)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Senator</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1969–1989)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">3 December 1990 </td> <td rowspan="3">12 September 1997 </td> <td rowspan="3"><span data-sort-value="7003247500000000000♠"></span>6 years, 283 days </td> <th style="background-color: #CC0000"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/1990_Irish_presidential_election" title="1990 Irish presidential election">1990</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #930C1A"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Workers' Party (Ireland)">Workers' Party</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #DDDDDD"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">Independent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">8 </td> <td rowspan="3"><div class=""> <div style="width: 60px; height: 80px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 60px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_McAleese,_President_of_Ireland_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mary McAleese, President of Ireland (cropped).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mary_McAleese%2C_President_of_Ireland_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Mary_McAleese%2C_President_of_Ireland_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mary_McAleese%2C_President_of_Ireland_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Mary_McAleese%2C_President_of_Ireland_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mary_McAleese%2C_President_of_Ireland_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Mary_McAleese%2C_President_of_Ireland_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1306" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mary_McAleese" title="Mary McAleese">Mary McAleese</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1951)</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">Reid Professor of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a><br />at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">11 November 1997 </td> <td rowspan="3">10 November 2011 </td> <td rowspan="3">14 years </td> <th style="background-color: #66BB66"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1997_Irish_presidential_election" title="1997 Irish presidential election">1997</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #1251A2"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democrats" title="Progressive Democrats">Progressive Democrats</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #DDDDDD"> </th> <td>Herself </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_Irish_presidential_election" title="2004 Irish presidential election">2004</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">9 </td> <td rowspan="2"><div class=""> <div style="width: 60px; height: 80px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 60px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Michael_D._Higgins_(51988246304)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="2022 Michael D. Higgins (51988246304) (cropped).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2022_Michael_D._Higgins_%2851988246304%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-2022_Michael_D._Higgins_%2851988246304%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2022_Michael_D._Higgins_%2851988246304%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-2022_Michael_D._Higgins_%2851988246304%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2022_Michael_D._Higgins_%2851988246304%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-2022_Michael_D._Higgins_%2851988246304%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(born 1941)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Children,_Equality,_Disability,_Integration_and_Youth" title="Minister for Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth">Minister for Arts, Culture and Gaeltacht</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–1997)</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">11 November 2011 </td> <td rowspan="2">Incumbent </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="7003476500000000000♠"></span>13 years, 16 days </td> <th style="background-color: #CC0000"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2011_Irish_presidential_election" title="2011 Irish presidential election">2011</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #DDDDDD"> </th> <td>Himself </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_Irish_presidential_election" title="2018 Irish presidential election">2018</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Former presidents who are able and willing to act are members of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Ireland)" title="Council of State (Ireland)">Council of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Douglas Hyde was the oldest president to enter office, aged 78.</li> <li>Éamon de Valera was the oldest president to leave office, aged 90.</li> <li>Mary McAleese was the youngest president to enter office, aged 46.</li> <li>Mary Robinson was the youngest president to leave office, aged 53, and the first woman to serve as president.</li> <li>Erskine Childers, who died in office, had the shortest presidency of 511 days.</li> <li>Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, who resigned, served for 674 days.</li> <li>Four presidents have served for two terms, or fourteen years in total: Seán T. O'Kelly, Éamon de Valera, Patrick Hillery, and Mary McAleese.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Irish_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Irish Republic">President of the Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaisce_%E2%80%93_The_President%27s_Award" title="Gaisce – The President's Award">Gaisce – The President's Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_president_of_Ireland" title="Seal of the president of Ireland">Seal of the president of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland#Presidential_Standard" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">Presidential standard of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_to_the_President_(Ireland)" title="Secretary-General to the President (Ireland)">Secretary-General to the President (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_of_appointment" title="Warrant of appointment">Warrant of appointment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His name is sometimes given in the alternative spelling of <b>Carroll O'Daly</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While Article 12.2.3° specifies "<a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> by means of the single transferable vote", the Constitution Review Group and the All-Party Oireachtas Committee both recommend deleting "proportional representation", which does not apply to a single-winner election.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The office of "<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Irish_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Irish Republic">President of the Irish Republic</a>" existed in the separatist <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> of 1919–21.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRyan2018" class="citation news cs1">Ryan, Philip (8 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/revealed-how-much-the-office-of-the-president-costs-over-seven-years-36785078.html">"Revealed: How much the Office of the President costs over seven years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_News_%26_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent News & Media">Independent News & Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180410073859/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/revealed-how-much-the-office-of-the-president-costs-over-seven-years-36785078.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+How+much+the+Office+of+the+President+costs+over+seven+years&rft.date=2018-04-08&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Frevealed-how-much-the-office-of-the-president-costs-over-seven-years-36785078.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coiart12-3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coiart12-3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coiart12-3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coiart12-3_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland: Article 12.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irlpres-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irlpres_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irlpres_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irlpres_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irlpres_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irlpres_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irlpres_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.ie/index.php?section=15&lang=eng">"Office of the President"</a>. president.ie. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808025457/http://www.president.ie/index.php?section=15&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+President&rft.pub=president.ie&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.ie%2Findex.php%3Fsection%3D15%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland: Article 13.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland: Article 13.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1993-11-30/20/">Criminal Procedure Bill, 1993: Report Stage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118205825/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1993-11-30/20/">Archived</a> 18 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dáil debates, 30 November 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1993/en/act/pub/0040/sec0007.html">Petition for grant of pardon.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119040704/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1993/en/act/pub/0040/sec0007.html">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Criminal Procedure Act, 1993; Irish Statute Book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2005/1109/northpolitics.html?rss">"McCabe suspects excluded, says McDowell"</a>. <i>RTÉ News</i>. 9 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119040126/http://www.rte.ie/news/2005/1109/northpolitics.html?rss">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89+News&rft.atitle=McCabe+suspects+excluded%2C+says+McDowell&rft.date=2005-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2005%2F1109%2Fnorthpolitics.html%3Frss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://debates.oireachtas.ie/dail/2005/11/30/00003.asp#N16">Leaders' Questions.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919165554/http://debates.oireachtas.ie/dail/2005/11/30/00003.asp#N16">Archived</a> 19 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dáil debates, 30 November 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aKznwvpYpg1g&refer=uk">"Sinn Féin Withdraws Support for Amnesty Legislation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a></i> 21 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106043119/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aKznwvpYpg1g&refer=uk">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+L.P.&rft.atitle=Sinn+F%C3%A9in+Withdraws+Support+for+Amnesty+Legislation&rft.date=2005-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3DaKznwvpYpg1g%26refer%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettle2006" class="citation news cs1">Settle, Michael (12 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113052735/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/967134281.html?dids=967134281:967134281&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+12%2C+2006&author=MICHAEL+SETTLE+CHIEF+UK+POLITICAL+CORRESPONDENT&pub=The+Herald&desc=Hain+drops+amnesty+for+fugitive+killers+U-turn+over+Northern+Ireland+plan+to+free+terrorists&pqatl=google">"Hain drops amnesty for fugitive killers; U-turn over Northern Ireland plan to free terrorists"</a>. <i>The Herald</i>. Glasgow. p. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/967134281.html?dids=967134281:967134281&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+12%2C+2006&author=MICHAEL+SETTLE+CHIEF+UK+POLITICAL+CORRESPONDENT&pub=The+Herald&desc=Hain+drops+amnesty+for+fugitive+killers+U-turn+over+Northern+Ireland+plan+to+free+terrorists&pqatl=google">the original</a> on 13 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Hain+drops+amnesty+for+fugitive+killers%3B+U-turn+over+Northern+Ireland+plan+to+free+terrorists&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2006-01-12&rft.aulast=Settle&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fsmgpubs%2Faccess%2F967134281.html%3Fdids%3D967134281%3A967134281%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DJan%2B12%252C%2B2006%26author%3DMICHAEL%2BSETTLE%2BCHIEF%2BUK%2BPOLITICAL%2BCORRESPONDENT%26pub%3DThe%2BHerald%26desc%3DHain%2Bdrops%2Bamnesty%2Bfor%2Bfugitive%2Bkillers%2BU-turn%2Bover%2BNorthern%2BIreland%2Bplan%2Bto%2Bfree%2Bterrorists%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Mahony2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Mahony2002_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony2002" class="citation book cs1">O'Mahony, Paul (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zx422jZOYfkC&pg=PA84"><i>Criminal justice in Ireland</i></a>. Institute of Public Administration. pp. 84–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902448-71-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902448-71-8"><bdi>978-1-902448-71-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506010619/https://books.google.com/books?id=zx422jZOYfkC&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+justice+in+Ireland&rft.pages=84-5&rft.pub=Institute+of+Public+Administration&rft.date=2002-03&rft.isbn=978-1-902448-71-8&rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzx422jZOYfkC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refcom.ie/en/Pastreferendums/AbolitionoftheDeathPenalty/ReferendumCommissionexplanatoryleafletProposedchangestothearticlesintheConstitutionrelatingtotheDeathPenalty/">"explanatory leaflet Proposed changes to the articles in the Constitution relating to the Death Penalty"</a>. Referendum Commission. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614101553/http://www.refcom.ie/en/Pastreferendums/AbolitionoftheDeathPenalty/ReferendumCommissionexplanatoryleafletProposedchangestothearticlesintheConstitutionrelatingtotheDeathPenalty/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=explanatory+leaflet+Proposed+changes+to+the+articles+in+the+Constitution+relating+to+the+Death+Penalty&rft.pub=Referendum+Commission&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refcom.ie%2Fen%2FPastreferendums%2FAbolitionoftheDeathPenalty%2FReferendumCommissionexplanatoryleafletProposedchangestothearticlesintheConstitutionrelatingtotheDeathPenalty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1940/en/act/pub/0013/">Institute For Advanced Studies Act, 1940</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119213100/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1940/en/act/pub/0013/">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Irish Statute Book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1942/en/act/pub/0022/">Central Bank Act, 1942</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119143057/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1942/en/act/pub/0022/">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Irish Statute Book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2003/en/act/pub/0012/">Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland Act 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119183916/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2003/en/act/pub/0012/">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Irish Statute Book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1980/en/act/pub/0026/">Ombudsman Act, 1980</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119073618/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1980/en/act/pub/0026/">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Irish Statute Book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2005/en/act/pub/0020/">Garda Síochána Act 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119191052/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2005/en/act/pub/0020/">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Irish Statute Book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1968/en/act/pub/0010/print.html">Chester Beatty Library Act, 1968</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119163623/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1968/en/act/pub/0010/print.html">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Irish Statute Book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1944/en/act/pub/0020/print.html">Red Cross Act, 1944</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119074900/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1944/en/act/pub/0020/print.html">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1985/en/act/pub/0010/sec0016.html">Finance Act, 1985; §16: Gifts to the President's Award Scheme</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119130319/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1985/en/act/pub/0010/sec0016.html">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Irish Statute Book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the president's behalf, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Varadkar" title="Leo Varadkar">Leo Varadkar</a>, Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport, awarded "Companionship" in this <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Clans_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Clans of Ireland">Order of Clans of Ireland</a> to several nominees at a ceremony in the <a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_Dublin" title="Mansion House, Dublin">Mansion House, Dublin</a> on 28 April 2012.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.clansofireland.ie/baile/Patron">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726010549/http://www.clansofireland.ie/baile/Patron">Archived</a> 26 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saoi-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saoi_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aosdana.artscouncil.ie/Saoi.aspx">"Saoi Award and Nomination Process"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saoi+Award+and+Nomination+Process&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faosdana.artscouncil.ie%2FSaoi.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pr20080509-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pr20080509_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>pr20080509</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-pr20070711-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pr20070711_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artscouncil.ie/News/President-of-Ireland-Mary-McAleese-honours-the-artist-Patrick-Scott-at-a-special-Aosdana-ceremony/">"President of Ireland Mary McAleese honours the artist Patrick Scott at a special Aosdána ceremony"</a>. Arts Council of Ireland. 11 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2015</span>. <q>Members of Aosdána may receive this honour of distinction in the arts, known as Saoi, and not more than five artists may hold this honour at any one time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+of+Ireland+Mary+McAleese+honours+the+artist+Patrick+Scott+at+a+special+Aosd%C3%A1na+ceremony&rft.pub=Arts+Council+of+Ireland&rft.date=2007-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artscouncil.ie%2FNews%2FPresident-of-Ireland-Mary-McAleese-honours-the-artist-Patrick-Scott-at-a-special-Aosdana-ceremony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coiart12-9-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coiart12-9_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland: Article 12.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland: Article 13.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fergus Finlay, <i>Snakes & Ladders</i> (New Island Books, 1998). p.91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meetingscouncilofstate-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meetingscouncilofstate_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meetingscouncilofstate_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meetingscouncilofstate_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.ie/index.php?section=18&lang=eng">Meetings of the Council of State</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605024932/http://www.president.ie/index.php?section=18&lang=eng">Archived</a> 5 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Office of the President</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.ie/supremecourt/sclibrary3.nsf/%28WebFiles%29/7FC625DAD10A956C802575F3002D6B7E/$FILE/Housing_%5B1983%5D%20IR%20181.htm">In the matter of Article 26 of the Constitution and in the Matter of The Housing (Private Rented Dwellings) Bill, 1981</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817220329/http://www.supremecourt.ie/supremecourt/sclibrary3.nsf/(WebFiles)/7FC625DAD10A956C802575F3002D6B7E/$FILE/Housing_%5B1983%5D%20IR%20181.htm">Archived</a> 17 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1983 IRSC 185–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland: Article 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oirecttee21-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oirecttee21_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oirecttee21_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oireachtas Committee report, p.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1993/en/act/pub/0028/">Presidential Elections Act, 1993</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080457/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1993/en/act/pub/0028/">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Irish Statute Book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.ie/supremecourt/sclibrary3.nsf/%28WebFiles%29/3B9009F8586D9528802575F3002DA959/$FILE/Electoral%201983_%5B1984%5D%20IR%20268.htm">In the Matter of Article 26 of the Constitution and in the Matter of The Electoral (Amendment) Bill, 1983</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817220309/http://www.supremecourt.ie/supremecourt/sclibrary3.nsf/(WebFiles)/3B9009F8586D9528802575F3002DA959/$FILE/Electoral%201983_%5B1984%5D%20IR%20268.htm">Archived</a> 17 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Supreme Court</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citizensinfo-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-citizensinfo_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/elections_and_referenda/national_elections/presidential_election.html">"Presidential Election in Ireland"</a>. Citizens Information Board Ireland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128223256/http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/elections_and_referenda/national_elections/presidential_election.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Election+in+Ireland&rft.pub=Citizens+Information+Board+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizensinformation.ie%2Fen%2Fgovernment_in_ireland%2Felections_and_referenda%2Fnational_elections%2Fpresidential_election.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coiart12-4-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coiart12-4_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coiart12-4_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coiart12-4_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coiart12-4_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coiart12-4_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland: Article 12.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Cearúi1999" class="citation web cs1">Ó Cearúi, Micheál (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721123405/http://www.constitution.ie/publications/irish-text.pdf">"Bunreacht na hÉireann: A study of the Irish text"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 132–4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ie/publications/irish-text.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bunreacht+na+h%C3%89ireann%3A+A+study+of+the+Irish+text&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=132-4&rft.pub=Stationery+Office&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Cear%C3%BAi&rft.aufirst=Miche%C3%A1l&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ie%2Fpublications%2Firish-text.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell2014" class="citation news cs1">McConnell, Daniel (16 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/government-clears-way-for-referendum-to-reduce-presidential-candidate-age-to-21-30840687.html">"Government clears way for referendum to reduce presidential candidate age to 21"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721011400/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/government-clears-way-for-referendum-to-reduce-presidential-candidate-age-to-21-30840687.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Government+clears+way+for+referendum+to+reduce+presidential+candidate+age+to+21&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Fpolitics%2Fgovernment-clears-way-for-referendum-to-reduce-presidential-candidate-age-to-21-30840687.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=28035&&CatID=59">"Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 (Number 6 of 2015)"</a>. <i>Bills 1997–2015</i>. Oireachtas. 22 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215152636/http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=28035&&CatID=59">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bills+1997%E2%80%932015&rft.atitle=Thirty-fifth+Amendment+of+the+Constitution+%28Age+of+Eligibility+for+Election+to+the+Office+of+President%29+Bill+2015+%28Number+6+of+2015%29&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fviewdoc.asp%3FDocID%3D28035%26%26CatID%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-article_12-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-article_12_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_Constitution/">"Constitution of Ireland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626184808/http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_Constitution/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>Article 12 of the Constitution of Ireland defines the exact duration of the president's term of office (date information italicised for the purpose of this footnote): '<b>Article 12.3.1:</b> The president shall hold office for seven years <i>from the date upon which he enters upon his office</i>, unless before the expiration of that period he dies, or resigns, or is removed from office, or becomes permanently incapacitated, such incapacity being established to the satisfaction of the Supreme Court consisting of not less than five judges.' Also, '<b>Article 12.7:</b> The first president shall enter upon his office as soon as may be after his election, and every subsequent <i>president shall enter upon his office on the day following the expiration of the term of office of his predecessor</i> or as soon as may be thereafter or, in the event of his predecessor's removal from office, death, resignation, or permanent incapacity established as provided by section 3 hereof, as soon as may be after the election.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taoiseach.gov.ie%2Feng%2FHistorical_Information%2FThe_Constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609190315/http://www.taoiseach.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_National_Anthem">"National Anthem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Taoiseach" title="Department of the Taoiseach">Department of the Taoiseach</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taoiseach.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_National_Anthem/">the original</a> on 9 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Anthem&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Taoiseach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taoiseach.ie%2Feng%2FHistorical_Information%2FThe_National_Anthem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irish Constitution, Article 12.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coiart12-10-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coiart12-10_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coiart12-10_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland: Article 12.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263692786_The_Prehistory_of_the_Irish_Presidency">"The Prehistory of the Irish Presidency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07907184.2012.734447">10.1080/07907184.2012.734447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+the+Irish+Presidency&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07907184.2012.734447&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263692786_The_Prehistory_of_the_Irish_Presidency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34349/data.pdf">"Accession Proclamation of King George VI"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The London Gazette</i> (34349): 8109–8112. 12 December 1936. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706151749/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34349/data.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=Accession+Proclamation+of+King+George+VI&rft.issue=34349&rft.pages=8109-8112&rft.date=1936-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34349%2Fdata.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/brit-proclamations.htm#George6">"Proclamations of Accession of English and British Sovereigns (1547-1952)"</a>. <i>Heraldica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226184501/https://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/brit-proclamations.htm#George6">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heraldica&rft.atitle=Proclamations+of+Accession+of+English+and+British+Sovereigns+%281547-1952%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fbritain%2Fbrit-proclamations.htm%23George6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ok-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ok_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ok_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ok_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Keeffe2013">O'Keeffe 2013</a>, pp. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uachtarainmcaleese-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uachtarainmcaleese_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diarmaid Ferriter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629121637/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1826707783014013023"><i>Uachtaráin – Mary McAleese</i></a> (Television production) (in Irish). Dublin, Ireland: TG4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1826707783014013023#">the original</a> on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uachtar%C3%A1in+%E2%80%93+Mary+McAleese&rft.place=Dublin%2C+Ireland&rft.pub=TG4&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideoplay%3Fdocid%3D1826707783014013023%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uachtarainrobinson-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uachtarainrobinson_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uachtarainrobinson_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diarmaid Ferriter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629121637/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1826707783014013023"><i>Uachtaráin – Mary Robinson</i></a> (Television production) (in Irish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uachtar%C3%A1in+%E2%80%93+Mary+Robinson&rft.place=Dublin%2C+Ireland&rft.pub=TG4&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideoplay%3Fdocid%3D1826707783014013023%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-higgins2011salary-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-higgins2011salary_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-higgins2011salary_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.ie/en/media-library/news-releases/statement-from-president-michael-d.-higgins-regarding-voluntary-salary-redu">"Statement from President Michael D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=Higher+or+lower%3A+how+does+Michael+D%27s+new+salary+compare+to+other+heads+of+state%3F&rft.date=2011-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Fhigher-or-lower-how-does-michael-ds-new-salary-compare-to-other-heads-of-state-266916-Oct2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">€317,434 = IR£250,000 specified by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1998/si/67/made/en/print">"S.I. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BreakingNews.ie%3A+Archives+%3A2005-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breakingnews.ie%2F2005%2F01%2F27%2Fstory186673.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4217545.stm">"McAleese 'sorry' over Nazi remark"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 January 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060220210713/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4217545.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=McAleese+%27sorry%27+over+Nazi+remark&rft.date=2005-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F4217545.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI_200091011-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SI_200091011_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly2009" class="citation news cs1">Reilly, Jerome (11 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/womans-place-is-still-in-the-aras-poll-26572771.html">"Woman's place is still in the Aras – poll"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Independent_(Ireland)" title="Sunday Independent (Ireland)">Sunday Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401081311/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/womans-place-is-still-in-the-aras-poll-26572771.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Independent&rft.atitle=Woman%27s+place+is+still+in+the+Aras+%E2%80%93+poll&rft.date=2009-10-11&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Fwomans-place-is-still-in-the-aras-poll-26572771.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentz2014" class="citation book cs1">Lentz, Harris M. (2014). <i>Heads of States and Governments Since 1945</i>. 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Department of the Taoiseach<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Ireland&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Taoiseach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taoiseach.gov.ie%2Feng%2FHistorical_Information%2FThe_Constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstitution_Review_Group1996" class="citation book cs1">Constitution Review Group (July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721123405/http://www.constitution.ie/reports/crg.pdf">"Article XII – XIV: The President"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Report</i>. Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 19–28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ie/reports/crg.pdf#page=19">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Article+XII+%E2%80%93+XIV%3A+The+President&rft.btitle=Report&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=19-28&rft.pub=Stationery+Office&rft.date=1996-07&rft.au=Constitution+Review+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ie%2Freports%2Fcrg.pdf%23page%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAll-party_Oireachtas_Committee_on_the_Constitution1998" class="citation book cs1">All-party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721123405/http://www.constitution.ie/reports/3rd-Report-President.pdf"><i>The President</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Progress Reports. Vol. 3. Dublin: Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7076-6161-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7076-6161-2"><bdi>978-0-7076-6161-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.ie/reports/3rd-Report-President.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+President&rft.place=Dublin&rft.series=Progress+Reports&rft.pub=Stationery+Office&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7076-6161-2&rft.au=All-party+Oireachtas+Committee+on+the+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.ie%2Freports%2F3rd-Report-President.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Keeffe2013" class="citation cs2">O'Keeffe, Jane (2013), <i>Voices from the Great Houses of Ireland: Life in the Big House: Cork and Kerry</i>, Mercier Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781171936" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781171936"><bdi>978-1781171936</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+from+the+Great+Houses+of+Ireland%3A+Life+in+the+Big+House%3A+Cork+and+Kerry&rft.pub=Mercier+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1781171936&rft.aulast=O%27Keeffe&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakleyRafter2014" class="citation book cs1">Coakley, John; Rafter, Kevin, eds. (2014). <i>The Irish Presidency: Power, Ceremony and Politics</i>. Irish Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780716532033" title="Special:BookSources/9780716532033"><bdi>9780716532033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Presidency%3A+Power%2C+Ceremony+and+Politics&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780716532033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>based on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/fips20/27/4">"The Politics of the Irish Presidency"</a></span>. <i>Irish Political Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (4). 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+the+Irish+Presidency&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Ftoc%2Ffips20%2F27%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_Ireland&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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O'Kelly">Seán T. O'Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erskine_Hamilton_Childers" title="Erskine Hamilton Childers">Erskine H. Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh">Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hillery" title="Patrick Hillery">Patrick Hillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McAleese" title="Mary McAleese">Mary McAleese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. 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decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen" title="Alexander Van der Bellen">Van der Bellen</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Philippe</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rumen_Radev" title="Rumen Radev">Radev</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Zoran Milanović">Milanović</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Christodoulides" title="Nikos Christodoulides">Christodoulides</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Pavel</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederik_X" title="Frederik X">Frederik X</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alar_Karis" title="Alar Karis">Karis</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Stubb</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Steinmeier</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Katerina_Sakellaropoulou" title="Katerina Sakellaropoulou">Sakellaropoulou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Sulyok" title="Tamás Sulyok">Sulyok</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Higgins</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Mattarella</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds" title="Edgars Rinkēvičs">Rinkēvičs</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gitanas_Naus%C4%97da" title="Gitanas Nausėda">Nausėda</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Myriam_Spiteri_Debono" title="Myriam Spiteri Debono">Spiteri Debono</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Duda</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa" title="Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa">Rebelo de Sousa</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Iohannis</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pellegrini" title="Peter Pellegrini">Pellegrini</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Pirc_Musar" title="Nataša Pirc Musar">Pirc Musar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/16px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/24px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">EU portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads<br />of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lithuania" title="President of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Montenegro" title="President of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian Federation</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovakia" title="President of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Ossetia" title="President of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Transnistria" title="President of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Andorra" title="List of heads of government of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark" title="Prime Minister of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heads of government of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lithuania" title="Prime Minister of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malta" title="Prime Minister of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Monaco)" title="Minister of State (Monaco)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russian Federation</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Ossetia" title="Prime Minister of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Transnistria" title="Prime Minister of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.</li> <li>2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.</li> <li>3. Not recognised by any United Nations members.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Immigration" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Immigration to the Republic of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Ireland" title="Americans in Ireland">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Ireland" title="Brazilians in Ireland">Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Ireland" title="Filipinos in Ireland">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Ireland" title="Lithuanians in Ireland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Ireland" title="Nigerians in Ireland">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_people_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian people in Ireland">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_4" title="Stamp 4">Stamp 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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