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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vergelijking_van_Van_der_Waals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vergelijking_van_Van_der_Waals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vergelijking van Van der Waals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vergelijking_van_Van_der_Waals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wet_van_de_overeenstemmende_toestanden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wet_van_de_overeenstemmende_toestanden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Wet van de overeenstemmende toestanden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wet_van_de_overeenstemmende_toestanden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ψ-oppervlak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ψ-oppervlak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ψ-oppervlak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ψ-oppervlak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erkenning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erkenning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Erkenning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erkenning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Trivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 93 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="يوهانس ديديريك فان دير فالس – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوهانس ديديريك فان دير فالس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="يوهانس ديديريك فان دير فالس – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوهانس ديديريك فان دير فالس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes van der Waals – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Johannes van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes van der Waals – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Johannes van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Van-der-Vaals" title="Yan Van-der-Vaals – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yan Van-der-Vaals" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="یوهان دیدریک وان در والس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوهان دیدریک وان در والس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80-%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Ян Дыдэрык Ван-дэр-Ваальс – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ян Дыдэрык Ван-дэр-Ваальс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80-%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Ян Дыдэрык Ван-дэр-Ваальс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ян Дыдэрык Ван-дэр-Ваальс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Йоханес ван дер Ваалс – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йоханес ван дер Ваалс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8" title="জোহানেস ডিডেরিক ভ্যান ডার ওয়ালস – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোহানেস ডিডেরিক ভ্যান ডার ওয়ালস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%86%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B1_%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="یۆھانس دیدێریک ڤان دێر ڤالس – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یۆھانس دیدێریک ڤان دێر ڤالس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%92%CE%AC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%82" title="Γιοχάννες φαν ντερ Βάαλς – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιοχάννες φαν ντερ Βάαλς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes van der Waals – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Johannes van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="یوهان دیدریک وان در والس – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوهان دیدریک وان در والس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="יוהנס דידריק ואן דר ואלס – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוהנס דידריק ואן דר ואלס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="योहानेस डिडरिक वान डर वाल्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="योहानेस डिडरिक वान डर वाल्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD_%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD" title="Յոհանես Դիդերիկ վան դեր Վալս – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոհանես Դիդերիկ վան դեր Վալս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ヨハネス・ファン・デル・ワールス – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨハネス・ファン・デル・ワールス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="იოჰანეს დიდერიკ ვან-დერ-ვაალსი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოჰანეს დიდერიკ ვან-დერ-ვაალსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Йоханнес Дидерик ван дер Ваальс – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йоханнес Дидерик ван дер Ваальс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ವ್ಯಾನ್ ಡರ್ ವಾಲ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವ್ಯಾನ್ ಡರ್ ವಾಲ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%98%EB%84%88%EC%8A%A4_%EB%94%94%EB%8D%B0%EB%A6%AD_%ED%8C%90%EB%8D%B0%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="요하너스 디데릭 판데르발스 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요하너스 디데릭 판데르발스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Йоханнес Дидерик Ван дер Ваальс – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Йоханнес Дидерик Ван дер Ваальс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Theodoricus_van_der_Waals" title="Ioannes Theodoricus van der Waals – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Theodoricus van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johaness_Dideriks_van_der_V%C4%81lss" title="Johaness Dideriks van der Vālss – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Johaness Dideriks van der Vālss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Јоханес ван дер Валс – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јоханес ван дер Валс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോഹന്നാസ് ദിദെറിക് വാൻ ഡെർ വാൾസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോഹന്നാസ് ദിദെറിക് വാൻ ഡെർ വാൾസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="योहान्स डिडरिक व्हान डेर वाल्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="योहान्स डिडरिक व्हान डेर वाल्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="یوهان دیدریک ون در والس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یوهان دیدریک ون در والس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="योहान्नेस डिडेरिक भ्यान डर वाल्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="योहान्नेस डिडेरिक भ्यान डर वाल्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2" title="یوہانس دائیڈیرک فان ڈیر والز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوہانس دائیڈیرک فان ڈیر والز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81,_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ван дер Ваальс, Йоханнес Дидерик – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ван дер Ваальс, Йоханнес Дидерик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Јоханес Дидерик ван дер Валс – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јоханес Дидерик ван дер Валс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="யோகான்னசு வான் டெர் வால்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யோகான்னசு வான் டெர் வால்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohannes_Diderik_Van_der_Waals" title="Yohannes Diderik Van der Waals – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Yohannes Diderik Van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Ян Дидерик ван дер Ваальс – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ян Дидерик ван дер Ваальс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B3_%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جوہنس ڈیڈریک ونڈر وال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوہنس ڈیڈریک ونڈر وال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%96%AF" title="约翰内斯·范德瓦耳斯 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约翰内斯·范德瓦耳斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="იოჰანეს დიდერიკ ვან-დერ-ვაალსი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იოჰანეს დიდერიკ ვან-დერ-ვაალსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%96%AF" title="约翰内斯·范德瓦耳斯 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰内斯·范德瓦耳斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF" title="范德華 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="范德華" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span>  Johannes Diderik van der Waals </th></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/23_november" title="23 november">23 november</a> <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – <a href="/wiki/8_maart" title="8 maart">8 maart</a> <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Van_der_Waals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Johannes Diderik van der Waals (rond 1910)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Van_der_Waals.jpg/266px-Van_der_Waals.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Van_der_Waals.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Johannes Diderik van der Waals (rond 1910)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteland </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Nederland"><img alt="Vlag van Nederland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nederland_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederland (hoofdbetekenis)">Nederland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overlijdensplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nobelprijs </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde">Natuurkunde</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jaar </th> <td colspan="2">1910 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reden </th> <td colspan="2">"Voor zijn verrichtingen op het gebied van de <a href="/wiki/Toestandsvergelijking" title="Toestandsvergelijking">toestandsvergelijking</a> van <a href="/wiki/Gas_(aggregatietoestand)" title="Gas (aggregatietoestand)">gassen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Vloeistof" title="Vloeistof">vloeistoffen</a>." </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Voorganger(s)</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Ferdinand Braun">Carl Ferdinand Braun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger(s) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Natuurkunde" title="Portaal:Natuurkunde">Natuurkunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Johannes Diderik van der Waals</b> (<a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/23_november" title="23 november">23 november</a> <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/8_maart" title="8 maart">8 maart</a> <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkundige</a>. Hij werd bekend door zijn werk op het gebied van <a href="/wiki/Gas_(aggregatietoestand)" title="Gas (aggregatietoestand)">gassen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Vloeistof" title="Vloeistof">vloeistoffen</a>, waarvoor hij in 1910 de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde">Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde</a> kreeg. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:NobelPhysics1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NobelPhysics1910.jpg/260px-NobelPhysics1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NobelPhysics1910.jpg/390px-NobelPhysics1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NobelPhysics1910.jpg/520px-NobelPhysics1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Oorkonde bij de Nobelprijs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Graf_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Graf_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg/260px-Graf_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Graf_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg/390px-Graf_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Graf_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg/520px-Graf_Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Graf in De Nieuwe Ooster</figcaption></figure> <p>Johannes Diderik was de oudste van de tien kinderen van Jacobus van der Waals (1812-1898) en Elisabeth van den Burg (1816-1896). Zijn vader was timmerman in Leiden. Na de lagere school (basisschool) ging hij niet naar de <a href="/wiki/Hogereburgerschool" title="Hogereburgerschool">hogereburgerschool</a> (hbs), maar naar de <a href="/wiki/Mulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulo">mulo</a> waar hij werd opgeleid tot onderwijzer. Hij werd hulponderwijzer op een <a href="/wiki/Lagere_school" title="Lagere school">lagere school</a>. </p><p>In 1865 werd hij leraar natuurkunde op de hogereburgerschool te <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a> en in 1869 hoofdonderwijzer op een hbs in <a href="/wiki/Den_Haag" title="Den Haag">Den Haag</a>. Kort voor zijn aanstelling in Deventer huwde hij de toen achttienjarige Anne Magdalena Smit, jongste dochter van een Leidse hoedenmaker. Ze kregen drie dochters, Anne Madeleine, <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_E._van_der_Waals" title="Jacqueline E. van der Waals">Jacqueline E. van der Waals</a>, Johanna Diderica en een zoon, de natuurkundige <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals_jr." title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals jr.">Johannes Diderik van der Waals jr.</a> </p><p>Van der Waals werd via allerlei onderwijsaktes toegelaten tot de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_Leiden" title="Universiteit Leiden">Rijksuniversiteit Leiden</a> waarbij hij dispensatie kreeg voor Grieks en Latijn. Naast zijn drukke baan als onderwijzer slaagde hij in vijf jaar tijd erin in 1871 zijn doctoraal examen te halen bij <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Rijke" title="Pieter Rijke">Pieter Rijke</a>. Hij was geboeid door de <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica">thermodynamica</a>. </p><p>Op 14 juni 1873 <a href="/wiki/Wetenschappelijke_promotie" title="Wetenschappelijke promotie">promoveerde</a> Van der Waals aan de Rijksuniversiteit Leiden op het <a href="/wiki/Proefschrift" title="Proefschrift">proefschrift</a> <i>Over de continuïteit van den gas- en vloeistoftoestand</i>, een beroemd geworden verhandeling. Daarin formuleerde hij zijn veelgeprezen toestandsvergelijking. Ondanks dat het proefschrift in het Nederlands was geschreven werd het in het blad <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i> gerecenseerd door niemand minder dan <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In een lezing vertelde Maxwell dat hij er speciaal de Nederlandse taal voor had geleerd. </p><p>Op 12 december 1877 werd Van der Waals de eerste <a href="/wiki/Hoogleraar" title="Hoogleraar">hoogleraar</a> natuurkunde aan de toen net opgerichte gemeentelijke <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Amsterdam" title="Universiteit van Amsterdam">Universiteit van Amsterdam</a> (UvA). Twee van zijn collega's waren de fysisch scheikundige <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a> en de bioloog <a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Vries" title="Hugo de Vries">Hugo de Vries</a>. </p><p>Van der Waals' vrouw overleed in 1881 op 34-jarige leeftijd aan <a href="/wiki/Tuberculose" title="Tuberculose">tuberculose</a>. Van der Waals was door haar dood zodanig verslagen dat hij meer dan tien jaar lang niets publiceerde. Hij hertrouwde nooit. </p><p>Tot aan zijn <a href="/wiki/Emeritaat" title="Emeritaat">emeritaat</a> op zeventigjarige leeftijd bleef Van der Waals verbonden aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam. Twee jaar na zijn emeritaat verkreeg hij de Nobelprijs. Hij overleed op 85-jarige leeftijd. Onder grote belangstelling werd hij begraven op de <a href="/wiki/De_Nieuwe_Ooster" title="De Nieuwe Ooster">Oosterbegraafplaats</a> in Amsterdam, naast zijn vrouw en de in 1922 gestorven dochter Jacqueline. </p><p>Dochter <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_E._van_der_Waals" title="Jacqueline E. van der Waals">Jacqueline E. van der Waals</a> werd, met name binnen christelijke kringen, bekend als dichteres. Zijn zoon Johannes Diderik van der Waals jr. volgde hem, na een hoogleraarschap in Groningen, in 1908 op als hoogleraar theoretische fysica in Amsterdam. </p><p>Van der Waals' oomzegger Peter van der Waals was als meubelmaker toonaangevend in de Engelse <a href="/wiki/Arts-and-craftsbeweging" title="Arts-and-craftsbeweging">arts-and-craftsbeweging</a>. Diens kleinzoon, Christopher D. Vanderwal is een vooraanstaand hoogleraar in de chemie aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Californi%C3%AB" title="Universiteit van Californië">Universiteit van Californië</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vergelijking_van_Van_der_Waals">Vergelijking van Van der Waals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vergelijking van Van der Waals" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vergelijking van Van der Waals"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:VdWaalsLeiden2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/VdWaalsLeiden2020.jpg/260px-VdWaalsLeiden2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/VdWaalsLeiden2020.jpg/390px-VdWaalsLeiden2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/VdWaalsLeiden2020.jpg/520px-VdWaalsLeiden2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Gaswet op een <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_muurformules_in_Leiden" title="Lijst van muurformules in Leiden">muur in Leiden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Belangrijk is Van der Waals’ bijdrage aan de <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica">thermodynamica</a>, bekend als <a href="/wiki/Vergelijking_van_Van_der_Waals" title="Vergelijking van Van der Waals">Vergelijking van Van der Waals</a>. Tijdens zijn studie in Leiden was hij een artikel uit 1857 tegengekomen van de Duitse natuurkundige <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a>, getiteld: <i>Über die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen</i> (Over de aard van de beweging die wij warmte noemen).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In het artikel werd warmte vereenzelvigd met de beweging van moleculen en atomen. Daarnaast werd hij beïnvloed door geschriften van <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a> en <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a>. Het werk van Clausius leidde hem ertoe, te zoeken naar een verklaring voor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrews_(natuurkundige)" title="Thomas Andrews (natuurkundige)">Thomas Andrews</a>’ experimenten. Deze Ierse fysisch-chemicus had in <a href="/wiki/1869" title="1869">1869</a> het bestaan ontdekt van de <a href="/wiki/Kritische_temperatuur" title="Kritische temperatuur">kritische temperaturen</a> in vloeistoffen zonder dat hij een theoretische verklaring voor het verschijnsel kon geven.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews1869_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews1869-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hij ontdekte dat de <a href="/wiki/Algemene_gaswet" title="Algemene gaswet">algemene gaswet</a> van Boyle-Gay Lussac, </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle pV=nRT}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle pV=nRT}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57c364f7f0b47178cfd35c3bbaf6dcb22a98cf44" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:10.94ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle pV=nRT}"></span></dd></dl> <p>met </p> <dl><dd><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>p</i></span> = druk</dd> <dd><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>V</i></span> = volume</dd> <dd><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>n</i></span> = hoeveelheid gas (in <a href="/wiki/Mol_(eenheid)" title="Mol (eenheid)">mol</a>)</dd> <dd><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>R</i></span> = <a href="/wiki/Gasconstante" title="Gasconstante">gasconstante</a></dd> <dd><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>T</i></span> = temperatuur in <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(eenheid)" title="Kelvin (eenheid)">K</a>,</dd></dl> <p><br /> in de praktijk enkel geldig is voor <i>verdunde</i> gassen. Hierin geldt de benadering van gasmoleculen als puntdeeltjes (geen eigen volume) zonder wisselwerking. In het door hem voorgestelde <a href="/wiki/Harde-bollenmodel" title="Harde-bollenmodel">harde-bollenmodel</a>, waarin moleculen niet als afmetingloze punten worden beschouwd, maar als deeltjes met eindige afmetingen, die een eindige ruimte <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>nb</i></span> innemen en elkaar aantrekken, kwam Van der Waals tot zijn algemene toestandsvergelijking: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(p+{\frac {an^{2}}{V^{2}}}\right)\left(V-nb\right)=nRT}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <msup> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(p+{\frac {an^{2}}{V^{2}}}\right)\left(V-nb\right)=nRT}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fec909dc884415d893ba1a77c80bf8169528fb6a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:29.056ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(p+{\frac {an^{2}}{V^{2}}}\right)\left(V-nb\right)=nRT}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Hierin zijn de parameters <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>a</i></span> en <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>b</i></span> gasafhankelijk. De parameter <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>a</i></span> beschrijft het effect van effectieve aantrekkingskrachten tussen de moleculen, waardoor de druk op de wand uiteindelijk iets kleiner is dan men op grond van de algemene gaswet zou verwachten. De parameter <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>b</i></span>, het <a href="/wiki/Covolume" title="Covolume">covolume</a>, brengt in rekening dat de gasdeeltjes geen puntdeeltjes zijn maar een eindig volume bezitten, waardoor zij in feite iets minder bewegingsruimte ter beschikking hebben dan wanneer het puntdeeltjes waren. </p><p>De aantrekkingskrachten tussen de neutrale moleculen in gassen en vloeistoffen worden thans de <a href="/wiki/Vanderwaalskrachten" title="Vanderwaalskrachten">vanderwaalskrachten</a> genoemd. De aard van deze kracht werd opgehelderd door onder anderen <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lennard-Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lennard-Jones (de pagina bestaat niet)">John Lennard-Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" title="Fritz London">Fritz London</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Casimir" title="Hendrik Casimir">Hendrik Casimir</a>. </p><p>Dankzij deze theorie kon hij vele experimenteel gevonden eigenschappen van gassen verklaren, met name het bestaan van de door Andrews ontdekte <a href="/wiki/Kritische_temperatuur" title="Kritische temperatuur">kritische temperatuur</a> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>T</i><sub>k</sub><i> </i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wet_van_de_overeenstemmende_toestanden">Wet van de overeenstemmende toestanden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Wet van de overeenstemmende toestanden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Wet van de overeenstemmende toestanden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zijn tweede grote ontdekking werd gepubliceerd in 1880: de <i><a href="/wiki/Wet_van_de_corresponderende_toestanden" title="Wet van de corresponderende toestanden">Wet van de corresponderende toestanden</a></i>. Deze komt erop neer dat wanneer men van in de vergelijking van Van der Waals de druk <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>p</i></span>, het volume <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>V</i></span> en de temperatuur <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>T</i></span> deelt door respectievelijk de kritieke druk <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>p</i><sub>k</sub><i> </i></span>, het kritieke volume <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>V</i><sub>k</sub><i> </i></span> en de kritieke temperatuur <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>T</i><sub>k</sub><i> </i></span>, de vergelijking onafhankelijk van het betreffende gas blijkt te worden. De gasafhankelijke constanten <i>a</i> en <i>b</i> in de originele vergelijking zijn hierbij vervangen door universele (gas<i>on</i>afhankelijke) grootheden <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>P</i><sub>r</sub><i> </i></span>, <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>V</i><sub>r</sub><i> </i></span> en <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', Times, serif; font-size:118%; white-space:nowrap;"><i>T</i><sub>r</sub><i> </i></span>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\left(P_{r}+{\frac {3}{V_{r}^{2}}}\right)\left(3V_{r}-1\right)=8T_{r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>3</mn> <msubsup> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>8</mn> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\left(P_{r}+{\frac {3}{V_{r}^{2}}}\right)\left(3V_{r}-1\right)=8T_{r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54947d7911d79ff075453a1557f88e53ac599b0a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.818ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\left(P_{r}+{\frac {3}{V_{r}^{2}}}\right)\left(3V_{r}-1\right)=8T_{r}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Het was deze wet die als leidraad diende voor de experimenten die uiteindelijk leidden tot de <a href="/wiki/Liquefactie" title="Liquefactie">liquefactie</a> van onder andere waterstof door <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> in 1898 en van helium door <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> in 1908. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ψ-oppervlak"><span id=".CE.A8-oppervlak"></span>Ψ-oppervlak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ψ-oppervlak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ψ-oppervlak"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Museum_Boerhaave_vd_Waalsmodel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Museum_Boerhaave_vd_Waalsmodel.jpg/260px-Museum_Boerhaave_vd_Waalsmodel.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Museum_Boerhaave_vd_Waalsmodel.jpg/390px-Museum_Boerhaave_vd_Waalsmodel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Museum_Boerhaave_vd_Waalsmodel.jpg/520px-Museum_Boerhaave_vd_Waalsmodel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Gipsmodel van Ψ-oppervlak (<a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_Boerhaave" title="Rijksmuseum Boerhaave">Rijksmuseum Boerhaave</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1890 publiceerde Van der Waals, op verzoek van Onnes, in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archives_N%C3%A9erlandaises&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archives Néerlandaises (de pagina bestaat niet)">Archives Néerlandaises</a></i> een verhandeling over de "theorie van binaire mengsels" – toestanden waarbij een mengsel gelijktijdig in gas als vloeibare toestand bestaat. Door zijn toestandsvergelijking te relateren aan de <a href="/wiki/Tweede_wet_van_de_thermodynamica" title="Tweede wet van de thermodynamica">tweede wet van de thermodynamica</a>, in de vorm zoals die door Gibbs voor het eerst was voorgesteld in zijn verhandeling over het evenwicht van homogene substanties, was hij in staat tot een grafische representatie te komen van zijn wiskundige formules in de vorm van een oppervlak die hij Ψ (<a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" title="Psi (letter)">psi</a>) noemde (ter ere van Gibbs die de Griekse letter Ψ had gebruikt voor de <a href="/wiki/Vrije_energie" title="Vrije energie">vrije energie</a> van een systeem met verschillende fasen in evenwicht). </p><p>Een Ψ-oppervlak is een driedimensionale figuur waarin langs beide horizontale assen het volume en de samenstelling van het mengsel is uitgezet en verticaal de vrije energie. Het resultaat is een soort berglandschap, waarbij de 'dalen' een stabiele toestand aangeven, terwijl er bij de 'bergen' splitsing optreedt in afzonderlijke fasen. Vanaf 1892 zijn in Leiden en Amsterdam op basis van experimenten vele gipsmodellen van dergelijk Ψ-oppervlakken gemaakt. </p><p>Volgens de Van der Waals’ theorie van binaire mengsels konden er omstandigheden optreden waarbij mengsels van twee gassen zich opsplitst in twee ongemengde gassen. Pas in 1941 werd dit experimenteel bewezen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erkenning">Erkenning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Erkenning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Erkenning"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twee jaar na zijn promotie, in 1875, werd hij benoemd tot gewoon lid van de <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Nederlandse_Akademie_van_Wetenschappen" title="Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen">Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen</a> (KNAW). Van 1896 tot 1912 was hij secretaris van dit genootschap. </p><p>Daarnaast was hij erelid van de <i>Keizerlijke Sociteit van Naturalisten</i> in <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a>, de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Irish_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Irish Academy (de pagina bestaat niet)">Royal Irish Academy</a></i> en de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Philosophical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Philosophical Society (de pagina bestaat niet)">American Philosophical Society</a></i>; corresponderend lid van het <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a></i> en de <i>Koninklijke Akademie der Wetenschappen</i> in Berlijn; lid van de <i>Koninklijke Akademie der Wetenschappen</i> van België en buitenlands lid van de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_Society_of_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical Society of London (de pagina bestaat niet)">Chemical Society of London</a></i>, de <i><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></i> en van de <i><a href="/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei" title="Accademia dei Lincei">Accademia dei Lincei</a></i> te Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trivia">Trivia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Trivia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Trivia"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Schrijfster" class="mw-redirect" title="Schrijfster">schrijfster</a> en <a href="/wiki/Dichteres" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichteres">dichteres</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_E._van_der_Waals" title="Jacqueline E. van der Waals">Jacqueline E. van der Waals</a> was een dochter van voornoemde Johannes. Zij schreef onder meer het <a href="/wiki/Kerklied" title="Kerklied">kerklied</a> Wat de toekomst brenge moge (lied 913 uit het <a href="/wiki/Liedboek_voor_de_kerken" class="mw-redirect" title="Liedboek voor de kerken">Liedboek voor de kerken</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covolume" title="Covolume">Covolume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderwaalskrachten" title="Vanderwaalskrachten">Vanderwaalskrachten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderwaalsstraal" title="Vanderwaalsstraal">Vanderwaalsstraal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_van_der_Waals" title="Joan van der Waals">Joan van der Waals</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1910/waals-bio.html">Biografie op nobelprize.org</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Nederlands">(<span>nl</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn1/waalssr">Biografie in het Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland</a></li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMaxwell,_J.C.1874"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Maxwell, J.C.</span> (1874). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1874-10-15_10_259/page/n5">Van der Waals on the Continuity of Gaseous and Liquid States</a></cite>. <i>Nature</i> <b>10</b> (259): 477–480. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/010477a0">10.1038/010477a0</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFClausius,_R.1857"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Clausius, R.</span> (1857). <cite>Über die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen</cite>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik</a></i> <b>176</b> (3): 353–380. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18571760302">10.1002/andp.18571760302</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews1869-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews1869_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFAndrews,_T.1869"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Andrews, T.</span> (1869). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/b37m48w1g5306132/fulltext.pdf">The Bakerian Lecture: On the Gaseous State of Matter</a></cite>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i> <b>159</b>: 575–590. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1869.0021">10.1098/rstl.1869.0021</a>. </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" data-expandtext="Uitklappen" data-collapsetext="Inklappen"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie winnaars van de Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span class="ui-state-disabled" typeof="mw:File"><span 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height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" class="navigatie-titel">Winnaars van de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde">Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b>1901–1925:</b></td><td class="rechts">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a> · 1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a> · 1903: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span> · 1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">Rayleigh</a> · 1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Eduard_Anton_Lenard" title="Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard">Lenard</a> · <span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a></span> · 1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Michelson" title="Albert Michelson">Michelson</a> · 1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Jonas_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Jonas Lippmann">Lippmann</a> · 1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a> · <span class="nowrap">1910: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">van der Waals</a></span> · 1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a> · 1912: <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Nils Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a> · <span class="nowrap">1913 <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">von Laue</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W.L. Bragg</a></span> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W.H. Bragg</a></span> · <span style="color:">1916</span> · 1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a> · 1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> · 1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a> · 1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles-Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a> · 1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> · <span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1923:<a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" title="Robert Millikan">Millikan</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1924 <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span> · 1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1926–1950:</b></td><td class="rechts">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" title="Jean Perrin">Perrin</a> · 1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Compton</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C.T.R. Wilson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O.W. Richardson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a></span> · 1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman">Raman</a> · <span style="color:">1931</span> · 1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> · 1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a> · <span style="color:">1934</span> · 1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> · 1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anderson_(natuurkundige)" title="Carl Anderson (natuurkundige)">C. Anderson</a></span> · 1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G.P. Thomson</a></span> · 1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> · 1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> · <span style="color:">1940</span> · <span style="color:">1941</span> · <span style="color:">1942</span> · 1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a> · 1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a> · 1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a> · 1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a> · 1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a> · 1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a> · 1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a> · 1950: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Powell" title="Cecil Powell">Powell</a> ·</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1951–1975:</b></td><td class="rechts">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a> · 1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a> · 1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a> · 1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a> · 1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a> · 1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brattain" title="Walter Brattain">Brattain</a> · 1957: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.D. Lee</a></span> · 1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Tsjerenkov" title="Pavel Tsjerenkov">Tsjerenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Frank" title="Ilja Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a> · 1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> · 1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser">Glaser</a> · 1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a> · 1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a> · 1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jensen" title="Hans Jensen">Jensen</a> · 1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Basov" title="Nikolaj Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Prochorov" title="Aleksandr Prochorov">Prokhorov</a> · 1965: <a href="/wiki/Shinichiro_Tomonaga" title="Shinichiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a> · 1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a> · 1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> · 1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez" title="Luis Alvarez">Alvarez</a> · 1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a> · 1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a> · 1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a> · 1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schrieffer" title="Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a> · 1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a> · 1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a> · <span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Mottelson" title="Ben Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1976–2000:</b></td><td class="rechts"><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ting" title="Samuel Ting">Ting</a> · <span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Anderson_(natuurkundige)" title="Philip Anderson (natuurkundige)">P. Anderson</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Mott" title="Nevill Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_van_Vleck" title="John van Vleck">van: Vleck</a> · 1978: <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Kapitsa" title="Pjotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R.W. Wilson</a></span> · 1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a> · 1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Fitch" title="Val Fitch">Fitch</a> · 1981: <a href="/wiki/Nico_Bloembergen" title="Nico Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" title="Arthur Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">K.G. Wilson</a></span> · 1983: <a href="/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Fowler" title="William Fowler">Fowler</a> · 1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van der Meer</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span> · 1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a> · 1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="Alex Müller">Müller</a> · 1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a> · 1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey" title="Norman Ramsey">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" title="Hans Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a> · 1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Friedman" title="Jerome Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kendall" title="Henry Kendall">Kendall</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(natuurkundige)" title="Richard Taylor (natuurkundige)">R. Taylor</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span> · 1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a> · 1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Hulse" title="Russell Hulse">Hulse</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor" title="Joseph Taylor">J. Taylor</a></span> · 1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a> · 1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a> · <span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">D. Lee</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R.C. Richardson</a></span> · 1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a> · 1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Betts_Laughlin" title="Robert Betts Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chee_Tsui" title="Daniel Chee Tsui">Tsui</a> · <span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Veltman_(natuurkundige)" title="Martinus Veltman (natuurkundige)">Veltman</a> · 2000: <a href="/wiki/Zjores_Ivanovitsj_Alferov" title="Zjores Ivanovitsj Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><span class="nowrap">2000–heden:</span></b></td><td class="rechts">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cornell" title="Eric Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> · 2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_jr." title="Raymond Davis jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a> · 2003: <a href="/wiki/Aleksej_Abrikosov" title="Aleksej Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitali_Ginzburg" title="Vitali Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leggett" title="Anthony Leggett">Leggett</a> · 2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Politzer" title="David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a> · 2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(natuurkundige)" title="John Hall (natuurkundige)">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Hänsch</a> · 2006: <a href="/wiki/John_Mather" title="John Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a> · 2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a> · 2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a> · 2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kao" title="Charles Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a> · 2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a> · 2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> · 2012: <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a> · 2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a> · 2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a> · 2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_McDonald" title="Arthur McDonald">McDonald</a> · 2016: <a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kosterlitz" title="Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a> · 2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a> · 2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a> · 2019: <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a> · 2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a> · 2021: <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> · 2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a> · 2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a> · 2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; 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