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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Trials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Myall_Creek" title="Masacre de Myall Creek – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacre de Myall Creek" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Myall_Creek" title="Massacre de Myall Creek – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massacre de Myall Creek" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myall_Creek_%C5%BEudyn%C4%97s" title="Myall Creek žudynės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Myall Creek žudynės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" 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.longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Myall_Creek_massacre&params=29.7813_S_150.7127_E_type:landmark_dim:100km"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°46′53″S</span> <span class="longitude">150°42′46″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.7813°S 150.7127°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-29.7813; 150.7127</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1838 killing of Indigenous people in New South Wales</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Myall Creek" redirects here. For the early Queensland settlement formerly known by this name, see <a href="/wiki/Dalby,_Queensland" title="Dalby, Queensland">Dalby, Queensland</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Myall Creek massacre</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Aborigines_slaughtered_by_convicts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Australian_Aborigines_slaughtered_by_convicts.png/240px-Australian_Aborigines_slaughtered_by_convicts.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Australian_Aborigines_slaughtered_by_convicts.png/360px-Australian_Aborigines_slaughtered_by_convicts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Australian_Aborigines_slaughtered_by_convicts.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">10 June 1838<span class="noprint">; 186 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">10 June 1838</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Myall_Creek,_New_South_Wales" title="Myall Creek, New South Wales">Myall Creek, New South Wales</a>, Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>7 perpetrators convicted of murder and hanged</li><li>4 accused acquitted</li><li>the accused leader never arrested</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">28+</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Accused</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Fleming" title="John Henry Fleming">John Henry Fleming</a> and 11 assigned convicts</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Convicted</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Charles Kilmeister, James Oates, Edward Foley, John Russell, John Johnstone, William Hawkins, and James Parry</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Myall Creek massacre</b> was the killing of at least 28 unarmed <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a> by eight colonists on 10 June 1838 at the <a href="/wiki/Myall_Creek,_New_South_Wales" title="Myall Creek, New South Wales">Myall Creek</a> in the north of the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ausgov_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ausgov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven perpetrators were convicted of murder and hanged. </p><p>This was one of the few alleged massacres of Aboriginal people to have been proven in court. After two trials, seven perpetrators of twelve accused were found guilty of murder and sentenced to execution by hanging. Four men were never retried on additional charges following their acquittal in the first trial. The leader of the perpetrators, free settler <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Fleming" title="John Henry Fleming">John Henry Fleming</a>, evaded arrest and was never tried.<sup id="cite_ref-ausgov_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ausgov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trials and guilty verdicts sparked extreme controversy within New South Wales settler society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_of_the_massacre">Description of the massacre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description of the massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1830s white settlers were expanding into the northern area of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">colony of New South Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_England_(New_South_Wales)" title="New England (New South Wales)">New England</a>), near the <a href="/wiki/Gwydir_River" title="Gwydir River">Gwydir River</a>, the traditional territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kamilaroi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamilaroi">Kamilaroi</a> people. They ran livestock and cultivated crops, competing for resources. The Aboriginal people resisted, sometimes attacking livestock or settlers, and there was violence on both sides.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Fleming" title="John Henry Fleming">John Henry Fleming</a>, a free man from <i>Mungie Bundie Run</i> near <a href="/wiki/Moree,_New_South_Wales" title="Moree, New South Wales">Moree</a>, gathered a group of armed men to respond. They consisted of eleven <a href="/wiki/Stockman_(Australia)" title="Stockman (Australia)">stockmen</a>, both former convicts and assigned convicts (who were essentially indentured workers to employers). Ten were white Europeans and one, John Johnstone, was a black African. They arrived by horseback at <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dangar" title="Henry Dangar">Henry Dangar</a>'s Myall Creek station in <a href="/wiki/New_England_(New_South_Wales)" title="New England (New South Wales)">New England</a> on 9 June 1838.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A group of approximately thirty-five Aboriginal people were camped near the huts of the station. They were part of the <a href="/wiki/Wirraayaraay" title="Wirraayaraay">Wirraayaraay</a> (also spelled 'Weraerai') group who belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Kamilaroi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamilaroi">Kamilaroi</a> people. They had been invited a few weeks before by Charles Kilmeister (or Kilminister), one of the convict stockmen, to camp at the station for safety and protection from the gangs of marauding stockmen in the district. These whites were slaughtering any Aboriginal people they could find.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These Aboriginal people had previously been camped peacefully at <a href="/wiki/Peter_MacIntyre_(colonist)" title="Peter MacIntyre (colonist)"> Peter MacIntyre</a>'s station at <a href="/wiki/Keera,_New_South_Wales" title="Keera, New South Wales">Keera</a> for a few months. They were well known to the whites. Most of them had been assigned such English names as Daddy, King Sandy, Joey, Martha and Charley. Some of the children already spoke a certain amount of English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When the stockmen rode into their camp, the Wirraayaraay fled to Kilmeister's hut pleading for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George Anderson, the station hut keeper, asked the white men what they were going to do with the Aboriginal people. John Russell said they were going to "take them over the back of the range and frighten them". The stockmen entered the hut, tied the Aboriginal people to a long tether rope and led them away.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The stockmen took the group to a gully on the side of the ridge about 800 m (2,600 ft) to the west of the station huts. There they killed them all except for one woman, whom they kept with them for the next couple of days. The 28 corpses found at the site<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were mostly women, children, and old men. Ten younger men were away on a neighbouring station, having been hired to ring-bark trees.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparently most of the people were slaughtered with swords. George Anderson, who refused to join the massacre, said he heard only two shots. Unlike Anderson, Charles Kilmeister joined the slaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Testimony was later given at trial that the stockmen had beheaded the children. They forced the men and women to run as far as they could between the stockyard fence and a line of sword-wielding stockmen, who hacked at them as they passed. After the massacre, Fleming and his gang rode off looking to kill the men who they knew had gone to the neighbouring station.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Those Aboriginal men returned to Myall Creek that night and left after being warned that the killers would be returning. When the whites returned to Myall two days later, they dismembered and burnt the bodies before resuming the search for the remaining people.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ten Wirraayaraay had gone to MacIntyre's station at <a href="/wiki/Keera,_New_South_Wales" title="Keera, New South Wales">Keera</a>, 30 kilometres to the south-east. There between 10 and 20 Aboriginal people were soon reported as murdered and their bodies were burned on a large fire. Many suspect this massacre was committed by the same stockmen as at Myall Creek. After several days of heavy drinking, the party dispersed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When William Hobbs, the manager of Myall Creek station, returned several days later and discovered the bodies, he counted up to twenty-eight (as they were beheaded and dismembered, he had difficulty determining the exact number). He decided to report the incident but Kilmeister initially talked him out of it. Hobbs discussed it with a neighbouring station overseer, Thomas Foster. He told squatter Frederick Foot, who rode to Sydney to report it to the new Governor, <a href="/wiki/George_Gipps" title="George Gipps">George Gipps</a>. Supported by Attorney General <a href="/wiki/John_Plunkett" title="John Plunkett">John Plunkett</a>, Gipps ordered <a href="/wiki/Police_Magistrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Magistrate">Police Magistrate</a> Edward Denny Day at <a href="/wiki/Muswellbrook" title="Muswellbrook">Muswellbrook</a> to investigate the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Day conducted a thorough investigation although the bodies had by then been removed from the massacre site, and only a few bone fragments remained. He arrested eleven of the twelve perpetrators. The only one to escape was John Fleming, the leader and only free man. George Anderson was crucial in identifying the arrested men. He had initially refused to name any but, after learning that the massacre had been planned more than a week earlier to coincide with the absence of Hobbs, he agreed to identify the killers to the magistrate.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trials">Trials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning on 15 November 1838, the case was heard before the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_South_Wales" title="Chief Justice of New South Wales">Chief Justice of New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Dowling" title="James Dowling">James Dowling</a>. The accused were represented by three of the colony's foremost <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barristers</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Foster_(New_South_Wales_politician,_born_1794)" title="William Foster (New South Wales politician, born 1794)">William Foster</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_%C3%A0_Beckett" title="William à Beckett">William à Beckett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Windeyer" title="Richard Windeyer">Richard Windeyer</a>, paid for by an association of landowners and stockmen from the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter Valley">Hunter Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Plains" title="Liverpool Plains">Liverpool Plains</a> region. Henry Dangar, the owner of the Myall Creek station, was among those supporting the defence.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This secret group called themselves The Black Association. They were led by a local magistrate, who apparently used the influence of his office to gain access to the prisoners in Sydney. He told them to "stick together and say nothing". Not one of the eleven accused gave evidence against their co-accused at the trial. Governor Gipps attributed their silence to the magistrate's influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowley_destruction_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowley_destruction-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_trial">First trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>R. v. Kilmeister (No. 1)</i><sup id="cite_ref-T1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – The station hutkeeper, George Anderson, was the only white witness and key for the <a href="/wiki/Prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecution">prosecution</a>, conducted by Attorney General Plunkett and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Therry" title="Roger Therry">Roger Therry</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Junior_counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior counsel">junior counsel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He told the court how the eleven men had tied the victims together, and led them away. He also said that Edward Foley, one of the perpetrators, had shown him a sword covered with blood. Anderson's testimony was supported by William Hobbs and Magistrate Day, who had conducted the police investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defence's case rested solely on the argument that the dismembered bodies could not be identified accurately.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Justice Dowling advised the jury that the law made no distinction between the murder of an Aboriginal person and the murder of a European person. The jury, after deliberating for twenty minutes, found all eleven men 'not guilty.' A letter to the editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian_(1824_newspaper)" title="The Australian (1824 newspaper)">The Australian</a></i> on 8 December 1838 alleged that one of the jurors had said privately that although he considered the men guilty of murder, he could not convict a white man of killing an Aboriginal person, purportedly saying: </p> <blockquote><p>"I look on the blacks as a set of monkeys and the sooner they are exterminated from the face of the earth, the better. I knew the men were guilty of murder but I would never see a white man hanged for killing a black."</p></blockquote><p>The letter writer said he did not hear these statements directly, but had spoken to a second man who told him he had heard a juror say it. The letter writer continued, "I leave you, Sir, and the community to determine on the fitness of this white savage to perform the office of a juryman under any circumstance".<sup id="cite_ref-Myall_Creek_Massacre_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myall_Creek_Massacre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_trial">Second trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>R. v. Kilmeister (No. 2)</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Attorney-General Plunkett requested the judge to remand the prisoners in custody awaiting further charges from the same incident. Although all eleven were remanded in custody, only seven faced a second trial. The second trial was held on 27 November. Only 28 of the 48 men called up for jury service turned up. Later it was learned that the Black Association had intimidated many into staying away.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trial started on 29 November under <a href="/wiki/William_Westbrooke_Burton" title="William Westbrooke Burton">Justice Burton</a>. Anderson, who had been the key witness at the first trial, testified again. He told the court: </p> <blockquote><p>While Master was away, some men came on a Saturday, about 10; I cannot say how many days after master left; they came on horseback, armed with muskets and swords and pistols; all were armed ... the blacks, when they saw the men coming, ran into our hut, and the men then, all of them, got off their horses; I asked what they were going to do with the blacks, and Russel said, "We are going to take them over the back of the range, to frighten them".<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson's_account_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson's_account-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Anderson testified that the Aboriginal people in the hut had cried out to him for assistance. He said two women were left behind at the huts, one "because she was good-looking, they said so." He said that a young girl who had been left behind attempted to follow her mother (who was tied up with the others). Anderson took her back to he hut.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson's_account_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson's_account-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said two young Aboriginal boys escaped by hiding in the creek. Anderson also testified about the perpetrators' return and the burning of the bodies. </p> <blockquote><p>I [Anderson] saw smoke in the same direction they went; this was soon after they went with the firesticks ... Fleming told Kilmeister to go up by-and-by and put the logs of wood together, and be sure that all [of the remains] was consumed ... the girls they left, and the two boys, and the child I sent away with 10 black fellows that went away in the morning ... I did not like to keep them, as the men might come back and kill them.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson's_account_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson's_account-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Anderson said he wanted to speak the whole truth at the second trial. He also said he did not seek to be rewarded for testifying, rather he asked "only for protection".<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson's_account_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson's_account-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial continued until 2 am on 30 November, when the jury found the seven men guilty. Initially, the foreman had stated that the men had been found 'not guilty'. However, one juror immediately rose and stated that there had been a mistake. They had only acquitted the defendants on separate charges. However, they had found the men guilty of the murder of a single six-year-old Aboriginal child whose name was unknown. According to the indictment, the murder had been committed "by shooting with a pistol, cutting with a sword, and beating, casting into a fire, and keeping the child there until death ensued."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 5 December, the convicted defendants were each sentenced to death by hanging. Prior to sentencing, Justice Burton gave a speech. A reporter present summarized what Burton, who teared up as he spoke, said.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>This is not a case where any provocation has been given, which might have been pleaded in excuse for the deed… </p><p>The murder was not confined to one man, but extended to many, including men, women, children, and babies hanging at their mothers’ breasts, in numbers not less than 30 human souls — slaughtered in cool blood. This massacre was committed upon a poor defenceless tribe of Blacks, dragged away from their fires at which they were seated, resting secure in the protection of one of the prisoners. Unsuspecting harm, they were surrounded by a body of horsemen, 12 or 13 in number, from whom they fled to the hut, which provided the mesh of destruction. In that hut the prisoners, unmoved by the tears, groans, and sighs, bound them with cords — fathers, mothers, and children indiscriminately – and carried them away to a short distance, when the scene of slaughter commenced, and stopped not until all were exterminated, with the exception of one woman. </p><p>I do not mention these circumstances to add to the agony of that moment, but to portray to those standing around the horrors which attended this merciless proceeding, in order, if possible, to avert similar consequences hereafter. </p><p>It appears that extraordinary pains have been taken by the prisoners, or by some persons deeply interested in the concealment of their crime, to prevent the murder from coming to light. But, it has pleased Almighty God to conduct a person to that heap of human remains, to be a witness of the scene, before the heap was taken away bit by bit, as it evidently had been, to remove every vestige of the murder. </p><p> The crime was, however, committed in the sight of God, and the blood of the victims cries for vengeance.</p></blockquote><p>The sentence was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_New_South_Wales" title="Executive Council of New South Wales">Executive Council of New South Wales</a> on 7 December. Governor Gipps later reported that that no mitigating circumstances could be shown for any of the defendants, and it could not be said that any of the men were more or less guilty than the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-Gipps_report_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gipps_report-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the execution date for the convicts drew closer, public outrage over the trials increased. Editorials in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i> openly advocated <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. One writer claimed that the executions would be "nothing short of legal murder", and if carried out would "incite an actual war of extermination" against the natives. The paper also attacked Gipps's sympathies for the Aboriginal people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"Are the white settlers and their servants to be protected against the outrages of the blacks? Are blacks to be hanged for murder as well as whites? And if so, what steps have been taken to apprehend and hang the scores of black murderers who have shed the blood of white British subjects?"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The Herald listed examples of alleged Aboriginal crimes, before continuing: </p><blockquote><p>"Are all these outrages to be enveloped in obscurity—is all this blood to be unavenged, and yet white men to be hanged for slaying blacks, perhaps in self-defence, perhaps in retaliation for injuries previously sustained? No attempt has been made, by means of a properly organized force on the frontiers of the Colony, to keep the blacks in subjection, by means, simply, of intimidation."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In fact, the British had carried out punitive actions against Aboriginal people since the 1790s, and the lawyers for the defendants had never claimed self-defence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Gipps refused to grant clemency in the case. The seven men, Charles Kilmeister, James Oates, Edward Foley, John Russell, John Johnstone, William Hawkins and James Parry, were executed early on the morning of 18 December 1838 at <a href="/wiki/Darlinghurst_Gaol" title="Darlinghurst Gaol">Darlinghurst Gaol</a>. Following the executions, Henry Keck, the chief of the prison, said all of the convicts had confessed. </p> <blockquote><p>"Sir, in compliance with your suggestion to me yesterday, respecting the seven men executed on Tuesday morning, I have the honour to inform you, that frequently, during their confinement here, they each and all, at different times, acknowledged to me their guilt; but implied, that it was done solely in defense of their masters' property, that they were not aware that in destroying aboriginals they were violating the laws, or that it could take cognizance of their having done so, as it had (according to their belief) been so frequently done in the colony before."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The four remaining accused, Blake, Toulouse, Palliser and Lamb, were remanded until the next session to allow time for the main witness against them, an Aboriginal boy named Davey, to be prepared in order to take a Bible oath. It has been claimed that according to missionary <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Edward_Threlkeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancelot Edward Threlkeld">Lancelot Edward Threlkeld</a>, Henry Dangar had arranged for Davey "to be put out of the way", and he was never seen again. With Davey unable to be located, the government released the four suspects in February 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But, Threlkeld made no such statement regarding Dangar. What Threlkeld wrote about Davey's whereabouts at the time was: </p> <blockquote><p>... for Mr Arndell, who was here last week, states that on his recent return from the Gwyder he was informed by a Gentleman that Davey was put out of the way, but whether with his throat cut, or only hid, could not be ascertained.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Further, when the remaining four accused came before the Court on 14 February 1839, Attorney General Plunkett informed the Court:</p><blockquote><p>... [Davey] had been under the tuition of a competent person for two months, but it was now reported to [the Attorney General] that he was not so far instructed as to be a competent witness, and it was quite uncertain when he would be; and he [the Attorney General] did not think he should be doing his duty in risking public justice by prosecuting the case without his evidence. </p><p>... </p><p> I cannot proceed with the trial with any hope of success without [Davey's] evidence ....<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Plunkett, in mid-February 1839 Davey was alive and "under tuition", however, Plunkett could not proceed with the case against the remaining accused because of the uncertainty surrounding the time it would take to complete that tuition. It was for this reason that the accused were discharged. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have just returned from seeing the seven men all launched into eternity at the same moment it was an awful sight and has made me feel quite sick – I shall never forget it.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>J. H. Bannatyne, Letter from J. H. Bannatyne to Other Windsor Berry Esq. relating to the Myall Creek Massacre, 17 December 1838<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_events_and_responses">Subsequent events and responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subsequent events and responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Fleming" title="John Henry Fleming">John Henry Fleming</a>, the leader of the massacre, was never captured. He hid or was protected, either in the Hawkesbury district, on a relative's property inland from Moreton Bay, or in Van Diemen's Land (according to conflicting reports that remain unresolved). He later became a respected farmer, church warden and justice of the peace in the Hawkesbury district.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-withycombe_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-withycombe-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Blake, one of the four men acquitted at the first trial and not subsequently charged, committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> in 1852. One of his descendants believes he did so out of a guilty conscience.<sup id="cite_ref-AusStory_bridge_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AusStory_bridge-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Myall Creek case led to significant uproar among sections of the population and the press, sometimes voiced in favour of the perpetrators. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sydney Herald">The Sydney Herald</a></i> was particularly strident, declaring in October 1838 that "the whole gang of black animals are not worth the money the colonists will have to pay for printing the silly documents on which we have already wasted too much time".<sup id="cite_ref-Myall_Creek_Massacre_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myall_Creek_Massacre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1838 the paper's editorial said if Aboriginal Australians, referred to as the "filthy, brutal cannibals of <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland</a>" and "ferocious savages",<sup id="cite_ref-Syd_Herald_1838_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syd_Herald_1838-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempt to destroy property or kill someone, "do to them as you would do to any white robbers or murderers — SHOOT THEM DEAD."<sup id="cite_ref-Syd_Herald_1838_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syd_Herald_1838-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-remembering_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remembering-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all newspapers or white settlers took the same view.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian_(1824_newspaper)" title="The Australian (1824 newspaper)">The Australian</a></i> published a poem by <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Hamilton_Dunlop" title="Eliza Hamilton Dunlop">Eliza Hamilton Dunlop</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Aboriginal_Mother" title="The Aboriginal Mother">The Aboriginal Mother</a>", on 13 December 1838, about a week after the seven men were found guilty, but several days before they were hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-Aust_13_Dec_1838_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aust_13_Dec_1838-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem expresses Dunlop's sorrow over the massacre and expresses sympathy for the Aboriginal people of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-imagined_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imagined-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dunlop responded to criticism by the <i>Sydney Herald</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Syd_Herald_1841_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syd_Herald_1841-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arguing on behalf of the poem and explaining why her views were correct.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunlop_response_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunlop_response-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The editorial in <a href="/wiki/John_Dunmore_Lang" title="John Dunmore Lang">John Dunmore Lang</a>'s newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colonist_(Australian_newspaper)" title="The Colonist (Australian newspaper)">The Colonist</a></i> on 12 December 1838 argued at length that "the murders... are, to a serious extent, chargeable upon us as a <i>nation</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Myall Creek massacre is often cited as the only massacre of its kind in colonial Australia for which white people were subsequently convicted and executed for killing Aboriginal people.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But there was at least one case prior to Myall Creek in which whites were held responsible. </p><p>In 1820, two convicts, John Kirby and John Thompson, attempted to escape from the colony but were captured by local Aboriginal people and returned to <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a>. A military party accompanied by two constables set out to meet them. </p><p>They saw Kirby stab Burragong (alias King Jack), whereupon he was felled by a <a href="/wiki/Waddy" title="Waddy">waddy</a>. Burragong initially appeared to recover, saying that he was <i>murry bujjery</i> (much recovered) and collected his reward of a "suit of clothing". However, he later complained of illness. Ten days after being wounded, he died from the stabbing.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kirby and Thompson were both tried for "willful murder". All the European witnesses testified that "no blow was struck by any native" before Kirby attacked Burragong. Thompson was acquitted, but Kirby was found guilty and sentenced to death, with his body to be "dissected and anatomised".<sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Myall Creek massacre was the latest of many massacres that took place in that district (the Liverpool Plains) around that time. As elsewhere in the colony, the Aboriginal people at times resisted the expanding invasion of their land by spearing sheep and cattle for food and sometimes attacking the stockmen's huts and killing the white men. In the Liverpool Plains district, some cattle had been speared and huts attacked, with two whites killed (allegedly by Aboriginal people). The squatters complained to Acting Governor Snodgrass, who sent Major James Nunn and about 22 troopers up to the district. Nunn enlisted the assistance of up to 25 local stockmen and together they rode around the district killing any Aboriginal people they came across. Nunn's campaign culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Creek_massacre" title="Waterloo Creek massacre">Waterloo Creek massacre</a> of 1838 at Waterloo Creek. Although no definitive historical records are available of the event, estimates of Aboriginal people murdered range from 40 to more than 100.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Nunn returned to Sydney, many of the local squatters and stockmen continued the "drive" against the Aboriginal people, including the Myall Creek massacre. However, because of community outrage, Governor Gipps did not encourage further prosecutions after this. Neither the Waterloo Creek massacre nor the later McIntyre's Station massacre were prosecuted, although each was said to have resulted in a greater number of Aboriginal deaths.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In his book, <i>Blood on the Wattle</i> (1998), travel journalist <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Elder_(journalist)" title="Bruce Elder (journalist)">Bruce Elder</a> says that the successful prosecutions of the Myall Creek massacre resulted in pacts of silence among whites becoming a common practice to avoid sufficient evidence becoming available for future prosecutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Elder_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elder-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Sydney newspapers reported that poisoning Aboriginal people became more common, considered "much safer" for whites than outright attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many massacres went unpunished due to these practices,<sup id="cite_ref-Elder_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elder-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as what is variously called a 'conspiracy' or 'pact' or 'code' of silence fell over the killings of Aboriginal people.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Myall Creek massacre and the subsequent trial and hanging of some of the offenders had a profound effect on the "outside" settlers and their dealing with indigenous people throughout all sections the colonial Australian frontiers. The <i>Sydney Herald</i> and the spokesmen for the settlers in the remote districts of New South Wales and Victoria, frequently leading men such as <a href="/wiki/William_Wentworth" title="William Wentworth">William Wentworth</a>, typically classified the trial and execution of the offenders as "judicial murder".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar opinions were voiced years later in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, the most populated section of the continent in terms of indigenous people, where it was the subject of numerous statements in the then newly separated parliament. In 1861, there was almost unanimous agreement that the prosecution and hanging in 1838 had been nothing less than '...judicial murder of white men in Sydney', as the government spokesman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ramsay_Mackenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Ramsay Mackenzie">Robert Ramsay Mackenzie</a> phrased it in his speech in the Legislative Assembly on 25 July, and that 'white troopers were "useless" as they could not be "acting against the blackfellows as they wished, lest an outcry should be raised against them, and they could be prosecuted for murder." '<sup id="cite_ref-Courier_Editorial_1861_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courier_Editorial_1861-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Macalister" title="Arthur Macalister">Arthur Macalister</a>, spokesman for the opposition (later three times Premier of Queensland) agreed, equally using the term "judicial murder".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notion seemingly almost unanimously agreed to by the first Queensland parliament was that no white man should ever be prosecuted in Queensland for the killing of a black.<sup id="cite_ref-Courier_Editorial_1861_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courier_Editorial_1861-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century_legacy">21st century legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 June 2023, ahead of the 185th anniversary of the massacre, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i> published an <a href="/wiki/Editorial" title="Editorial">editorial</a> that apologised for its part in "spreading racist views and misinformation while campaigning for the killers to escape justice". It said that its disapproval of the death sentence for the 7 of the 12 men involved was "not due to a lack of evidence or genuine doubts over the integrity of any legal process, but because the perpetrators were white and the dead black". It admitted that its coverage was out of step with other reporting at the time, and also apologised for other articles encouraging readers to kill Aboriginal people if they felt "threatened".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stockyard_controversy">Stockyard controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stockyard controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the years there has been some debate over the exact location of the massacre. An oral tradition developed among stockmen who worked on the Myall Creek station, many years after the massacre occurred, that it had happened in a stockyard to which the Wirrayaraay were led by the stockmen. Although this oral tradition is strongly held by some local descendants of the stockmen and others, there is no primary source evidence from the time to support the idea. </p><p>All the evidence collected by Police Magistrate Edward Denny Day and provided in evidence at the two trials contradicts the suggestion that it occurred in a stockyard. Witnesses William Hobbs, Thomas Foster, Andrew Burrowes and Edward Denny Day himself describe the massacre site without making any mention of a stockyard. Hobbs stated in evidence to the Supreme Court that the stockyard was close to the huts whereas the massacre site was "about half a mile from my house in a westerly direction".<sup id="cite_ref-T1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians dismiss the stockyard as the location of the massacre as a "bush myth".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorial">Memorial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Myall_Creek_Massacre_and_Memorial_Site" title="Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site">Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Vandals_deface_Australia%27s_Myall_Creek_memorial" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Vandals deface Australia's Myall Creek memorial"> Vandals deface Australia's Myall Creek memorial</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lyall_Munro_Snr" title="Lyall Munro Snr">Lyall Munro Snr</a>, a descendant of victims of the massacre,<sup id="cite_ref-blakhistory_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blakhistory-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> worked long and hard toward getting a memorial erected to mark the event.<sup id="cite_ref-nitv2020_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nitv2020-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nswaa_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswaa-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 June 2000, a memorial to the victims of the massacre, 23 km (14 mi) north-east of <a href="/wiki/Bingara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bingara">Bingara</a> at the junction of Whitlow and Bingara-<a href="/wiki/Delungra" class="mw-redirect" title="Delungra">Delungra</a> Roads, was unveiled. It consists of a 600 m (2,000 ft) walkway, with seven oval-shaped <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> boulders along the way, each with a plaque relating elements of the history, to a 14-tonne granite rock and plaque surrounded by a circle of crushed white granite and edged by stones from all around the state of New South Wales. It overlooks the site of the massacre. In 2001, a group of law students from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_England_(Australia)" title="University of New England (Australia)">University of New England</a> had an excursion to the site where they were welcomed by the Blacklock clan, who conducted a <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ceremony" title="Smoking ceremony">smoking ceremony</a>. A ceremony is held each year on 10 June commemorating the victims. The memorial is maintained and funded by the Friends of Myall Creek, an Australian non-profit organisation made up of both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal members. </p><p>The memorial was <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalised</a> in January 2005, with the words "murder", "women" and "children" chiselled off, in an attempt to make it unreadable.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 June 2008, some 172 years after the events, the <a href="/wiki/Myall_Creek_Massacre_and_Memorial_Site" title="Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site">Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site</a> was included on the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian National Heritage List">Australian National Heritage List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was placed on the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register" title="New South Wales State Heritage Register">New South Wales State Heritage Register</a> on 12 November 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-nswshr-1844_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nswshr-1844-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site was again reported as vandalised on 24 September 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was damage to buildings, sandstone steps and railings. A memorial plaque was also vandalised, but the committee was unsure if this was done by the same perpetrators. Co-chair of the national Friends of Myall Creek committee, Keith Munro, confirmed a racist slogan was scratched into the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting">Painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sydney artist <a href="/wiki/Ben_Quilty" title="Ben Quilty">Ben Quilty</a> created a painting of the massacre, based on a <a href="/wiki/Rorschach_test" title="Rorschach test">Rorschach ink blot</a>, a technique he had used in previous paintings, entitled <i>Myall Creek Rorschach</i>. He consulted Gamilaraay elders Aunty Sue Blacklock and <a href="/wiki/Lyall_Munro_Snr" title="Lyall Munro Snr">Uncle Lyall Munro</a> before commencing his sketches for the work. </p><p>A TV documentary, <i>Quilty: Painting the Shadows</i>, made by filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Hunter_(filmmaker)" title="Catherine Hunter (filmmaker)">Catherine Hunter</a> and featuring this and other work by Quilty, was shown on <a href="/wiki/ABC_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC (Australian TV channel)">ABC TV</a> in November 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Australia" title="List of massacres in Australia">List of massacres in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">List of massacres of Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/myall-creek-massacre">"Myall Creek massacre"</a>. <i>National Museum of Australia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305063646/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/myall-creek-massacre">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>The remains of at least 28 corpses were later observed at the site, but the final death toll has never been confirmed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Myall+Creek+massacre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nma.gov.au%2Fdefining-moments%2Fresources%2Fmyall-creek-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ausgov-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ausgov_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ausgov_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/myall-creek/index.html">"Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site"</a>. <i>Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts</i>. 25 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605183508/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/myall-creek/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+the+Environment%2C+Water%2C+Heritage+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Myall+Creek+Massacre+and+Memorial+Site&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fheritage%2Fplaces%2Fnational%2Fmyall-creek%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks2017" class="citation web cs1">Franks, Rachel (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionaryofsydney.org/blog/terry_smyth_denny_day_the_life_and_times_of_australias_greatest_lawman">"Terry Smyth, Denny Day: The Life and Times of Australia's Greatest Lawman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Sydney" title="Dictionary of Sydney">Dictionary of Sydney</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Sydney&rft.atitle=Terry+Smyth%2C+Denny+Day%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Australia%27s+Greatest+Lawman&rft.date=2017-09&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionaryofsydney.org%2Fblog%2Fterry_smyth_denny_day_the_life_and_times_of_australias_greatest_lawman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersBain2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Thomas James; Bain, Stephen (3 February 2016). "Genocide and frontier violence in Australia". <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 83–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2016.1120466">10.1080/14623528.2016.1120466</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147512803">147512803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Genocide+and+frontier+violence+in+Australia&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-100&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2016.1120466&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147512803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+James&rft.au=Bain%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTedeschi2023" class="citation web cs1">Tedeschi, Mark (9 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/true-heroes-exposed-the-myall-creek-massacre-to-our-shame-we-don-t-know-their-names-20230530-p5dckp.html">"True heroes exposed the Myall Creek massacre. To our shame, we don't know their names"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=True+heroes+exposed+the+Myall+Creek+massacre.+To+our+shame%2C+we+don%27t+know+their+names&rft.date=2023-06-09&rft.aulast=Tedeschi&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fnsw%2Ftrue-heroes-exposed-the-myall-creek-massacre-to-our-shame-we-don-t-know-their-names-20230530-p5dckp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidehistory.com.au/2014/06/the-myall-creek-massacre-re-examined/">"The Myall Creek massacre re-examined"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809010643/http://www.insidehistory.com.au/2014/06/the-myall-creek-massacre-re-examined/">Archived</a> 9 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Tedeschi" title="Mark Tedeschi">Mark Tedeschi</a>, <i>Inside History Magazine</i>, 4 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryan-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryan_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2008" class="citation conference cs1">Ryan, Lyndall (27 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newcastle.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/31056/Henry-Dangar-and-the-Myall-Creek-massacre.pdf"><i>"a very bad business": Henry Dangar and the Myall Creek Massacre 1838</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newcastle.edu.au/research-and-innovation/centre/chov/conferences/dangar-park-and-the-myall-creek-massacre">Dangar Park and the Myall Creek Massacre; Newcastle Art Gallery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle, New South Wales</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912173606/http://www.newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Schools/Humanities%20and%20Social%20Science/Research/SCCRG/Henry%20Dangar%20and%20the%20Myall%20Creek%20massacre.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=%22a+very+bad+business%22%3A+Henry+Dangar+and+the+Myall+Creek+Massacre+1838&rft.place=Newcastle%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.date=2008-11-27&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Lyndall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newcastle.edu.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0015%2F31056%2FHenry-Dangar-and-the-Myall-Creek-massacre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottoms2013" class="citation book cs1">Bottoms, Timothy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allenandunwin.com/default.aspx?page=94&book=9781743313824"><i>Conspiracy of Silence: Queensland's frontier killing times</i></a>. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. pp. 15, 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74331-382-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74331-382-4"><bdi>978-1-74331-382-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109041803/http://www.allenandunwin.com/default.aspx?page=94&book=9781743313824">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+of+Silence%3A+Queensland%27s+frontier+killing+times&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=15%2C+178&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-74331-382-4&rft.aulast=Bottoms&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allenandunwin.com%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpage%3D94%26book%3D9781743313824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Denny Day</i> by Terry Smyth, Penguin Random House, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tracker.org.au/2011/08/reflections-from-myall-creek/">Reflections from Myall Creek</a>, <i>The Tracker</i>, 10 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163126/http://tracker.org.au/2011/08/reflections-from-myall-creek/">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/myall-creek-massacre-1838#toc0">Myall Creek Massacre (1838)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301205307/http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/myall-creek-massacre-1838">Archived</a> 1 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Creative Spirits Aboriginal culture and resources</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReece1974" class="citation book cs1">Reece, RHW (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n9c1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Aborigines and Colonists: Aborigines and Colonial Society in New South Wales in the 1830s and 1840s</i></a>. Sydney University Press. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0424063508" title="Special:BookSources/978-0424063508"><bdi>978-0424063508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aborigines+and+Colonists%3A+Aborigines+and+Colonial+Society+in+New+South+Wales+in+the+1830s+and+1840s&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Sydney+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0424063508&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.aufirst=RHW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn9c1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowley_destruction-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rowley_destruction_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.D.1972" class="citation book cs1">C.D., Rowley (1972). <i>The Destruction of Aboriginal Society</i> (1983 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Ringwood,_Victoria" title="Ringwood, Victoria">Ringwood, Victoria</a>: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-021452-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-021452-6"><bdi>0-14-021452-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+Aboriginal+Society&rft.place=Ringwood%2C+Victoria&rft.edition=1983&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-14-021452-6&rft.aulast=C.D.&rft.aufirst=Rowley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v Kilmeister (No 1)</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/NSWSupC/1838/105.html"><i>[1838] NSWSupC 105</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050316160524/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/NSWSupC/1838/105.html">archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B1838%5D+NSWSupC+105&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fother%2FNSWSupC%2F1838%2F105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidehistory.com.au/2015/08/the-myall-creek-massacre-the-trial-and-aftermath/">"The Myall Creek massacre: the trial and aftermath"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809001518/http://www.insidehistory.com.au/2015/08/the-myall-creek-massacre-the-trial-and-aftermath/">Archived</a> 9 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Tedeschi" title="Mark Tedeschi">Mark Tedeschi</a>, <i>Inside History Magazine</i>, 19 August 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth2016" class="citation book cs1">Smyth, Terry (2016). <i>Denny Day: The Life and Times of Australia's Greatest Lawman</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ebury_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebury Press">Ebury Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857986825" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857986825"><bdi>978-0857986825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denny+Day%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Australia%27s+Greatest+Lawman&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0857986825&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myall_Creek_Massacre-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myall_Creek_Massacre_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myall_Creek_Massacre_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20000608005">"Myall Creek Massacre"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100828063309/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20000608005">Archived</a> 28 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Parliament of New South Wales <i>Hansard</i>, 8 June 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v Kilmeister (No 2)</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/other/NSWSupC/1838/110.html">[1838] NSWSupC 110</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson's_account-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson's_account_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson's_account_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson's_account_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson's_account_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1974" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Sharman N. (1974). "4.5 George Anderson's eye-witness account". <i>Aborigines in White Australia: A documentary history of the attitudes affecting official policy and the Australian Aborigines, 1697–1973</i>. Melbourne: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85859-072-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85859-072-7"><bdi>0-85859-072-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.5+George+Anderson%27s+eye-witness+account&rft.btitle=Aborigines+in+White+Australia%3A+A+documentary+history+of+the+attitudes+affecting+official+policy+and+the+Australian+Aborigines%2C+1697%E2%80%931973&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-85859-072-7&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Sharman+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article36860246">"LAW"</a>. <i>Australian</i>. 1 December 1838<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian&rft.atitle=LAW.&rft.date=1838-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article36860246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tracesmagazine.com.au/2015/08/the-myall-creek-massacre-the-trial-and-aftermath/">"The Myall Creek massacre: the trial and aftermath"</a>. <i>Traces Magazine</i>. 19 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Traces+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Myall+Creek+massacre%3A+the+trial+and+aftermath&rft.date=2015-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftracesmagazine.com.au%2F2015%2F08%2Fthe-myall-creek-massacre-the-trial-and-aftermath%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sydney-morning-herald-myall-creek/126908557/">"Myall Creek"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 7 December 1838. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Myall+Creek&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1838-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-sydney-morning-herald-myall-creek%2F126908557%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gipps_report-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gipps_report_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1974" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Sharman N. (1974). "4.6 Sir George Gipps' report on murder trials". <i>Aborigines in White Australia: A documentary history of the attitudes affecting official policy and the Australian Aborigines, 1697–1973</i>. Melbourne: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85859-072-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85859-072-7"><bdi>0-85859-072-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.6+Sir+George+Gipps%27+report+on+murder+trials&rft.btitle=Aborigines+in+White+Australia%3A+A+documentary+history+of+the+attitudes+affecting+official+policy+and+the+Australian+Aborigines%2C+1697%E2%80%931973&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-85859-072-7&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Sharman+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Duncan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24541175">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Vehicle of Private Malice': Eliza Hamilton Dunlop and the "Sydney Herald"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Review of English Studies</i>. <b>65</b> (272): 888–903. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6551">0034-6551</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24541175">24541175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=%27A+Vehicle+of+Private+Malice%27%3A+Eliza+Hamilton+Dunlop+and+the+%22Sydney+Herald%22&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=272&rft.pages=888-903&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24541175%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0034-6551&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24541175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommonsOffice1839" class="citation book cs1">Commons, Great Britain Parliament House of; Office, Great Britain Colonial (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hTBDAAAAcAAJ"><i>Australian Aborigines: Copies of Extracts of Despatches Relative to the Massacre of Various Aborigines in Australia, in the Year 1838, and Respecting the Trial of Their Murderers</i></a>. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Aborigines%3A+Copies+of+Extracts+of+Despatches+Relative+to+the+Massacre+of+Various+Aborigines+in+Australia%2C+in+the+Year+1838%2C+and+Respecting+the+Trial+of+Their+Murderers&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Ordered+by+the+House+of+Commons+to+be+printed&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Commons&rft.aufirst=Great+Britain+Parliament+House+of&rft.au=Office%2C+Great+Britain+Colonial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhTBDAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunson, Niel (ed) (1974). <i>Australian reminiscences & papers of L. E. Threlkeld, missionary to the Aborigines, 1824–1859</i>. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, vol. 2, p. 275, from a letter to Mr Justice Burton dated 8 February 1839. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0855750383" title="Special:BookSources/0855750383">0855750383</a> (volume 1) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0855750391" title="Special:BookSources/0855750391">0855750391</a> (volume 2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v. Lamb</i> [1839] NSWSupC 6, Macquarie Law School, accessed 23 March 2022<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acmssearch.sl.nsw.gov.au/search/itemDetailPaged.cgi?itemID=1336513">"Manuscripts, oral history & pictures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_New_South_Wales" title="State Library of New South Wales">State Library of New South Wales</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Windsor+and+Richmond+Gazette&rft.atitle=Mr+JH+Fleming&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1894-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article66444631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-withycombe-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-withycombe_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithycombe2018" class="citation cs2">Withycombe, Patsy (2018), "The twelfth man: John Henry Fleming and the Myall Creek massacre", <i>Journal of Australian Colonial History</i>, <b>20</b>: 103–122</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Australian+Colonial+History&rft.atitle=The+twelfth+man%3A+John+Henry+Fleming+and+the+Myall+Creek+massacre&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=103-122&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Withycombe&rft.aufirst=Patsy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AusStory_bridge-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AusStory_bridge_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/austory/transcripts/s332825.htm">"Bridge Over Myall Creek"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Story" title="Australian Story">Australian Story</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051110191611/http://www.abc.net.au/austory/transcripts/s332825.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Story&rft.atitle=Bridge+Over+Myall+Creek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Faustory%2Ftranscripts%2Fs332825.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12856847">"The blacks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sydney Herald">The Sydney Herald</a></i>. 5 October 1838. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Herald&rft.atitle=The+blacks&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1838-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article12856847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syd_Herald_1838-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syd_Herald_1838_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syd_Herald_1838_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12858938">"Sworn to no Master, of no Sect am I"</a>. editorial. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sydney Herald">The Sydney Herald</a></i>. 14 November 1838. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Herald&rft.atitle=Sworn+to+no+Master%2C+of+no+Sect+am+I&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1838-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article12858938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-remembering-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-remembering_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyndonRyan2018" class="citation book cs1">Lyndon, Jane & Ryan, Lyndall (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGZZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT88">"Chapter 4: 'The Aboriginal Mother'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Remembering the Myall Creek Massacre</i>. NewSouth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1742244198" title="Special:BookSources/978-1742244198"><bdi>978-1742244198</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+%27The+Aboriginal+Mother%27&rft.btitle=Remembering+the+Myall+Creek+Massacre&rft.pub=NewSouth&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1742244198&rft.aulast=Lyndon&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Lyndall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzGZZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article31750382">"Sydney – Aborigines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Register" title="South Australian Register">South Australian Gazette And Colonial Register</a></i>. 2 February 1839. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Australian+Gazette+And+Colonial+Register&rft.atitle=Sydney+%E2%80%93+Aborigines&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1839-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article31750382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aust_13_Dec_1838-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aust_13_Dec_1838_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop,_Eliza_Hamilton1838" class="citation news cs1">Dunlop, Eliza Hamilton (13 December 1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article36861275">"Original Poetry: The Aboriginal Mother"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian_(1824_newspaper)" title="The Australian (1824 newspaper)">The Australian</a></i>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Original+Poetry%3A+The+Aboriginal+Mother&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1838-12-13&rft.au=Dunlop%2C+Eliza+Hamilton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article36861275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imagined-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imagined_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudy2017" class="citation book cs1">Rudy, Jason R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ47DwAAQBAJ&q=aboriginal&pg=PA62"><i>Imagined Homelands: British Poetry in the Colonies</i></a> (illustrated ed.). JHU Press. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421423920" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421423920"><bdi>978-1421423920</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105201054/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=VZ47DwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q=aboriginal&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagined+Homelands%3A+British+Poetry+in+the+Colonies&rft.pages=62-63&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1421423920&rft.aulast=Rudy&rft.aufirst=Jason+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZ47DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Daboriginal%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syd_Herald_1841-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Syd_Herald_1841_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12871688">"The Aboriginal Mother"</a>. <i>The Sydney Herald</i>. 15 October 1841. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Aboriginal+Mother&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1841-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article12871688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunlop_response-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunlop_response_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12872517">"The Aboriginal Mother"</a>. <i>The Sydney Herald</i>. 29 November 1841. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Aboriginal+Mother&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1841-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article12872517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/4246230">"The Lords of the Soil"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colonist_(Australian_newspaper)" title="The Colonist (Australian newspaper)">The Colonist</a></i>, 12 December 1838, p. 2. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Ørsted-Jensen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orsted-jensen.weebly.com/the-politics-of-race.html">The Politics of Race</a>. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAHD105869" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=105869">"Myall Creek Massacre (Place ID 105869)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Heritage_Database" title="Australian Heritage Database">Australian Heritage Database</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Heritage+Database&rft.atitle=Myall+Creek+Massacre+%28Place+ID+105869%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fahdb%2Fsearch.pl%3Fmode%3Dplace_detail%3Bplace_id%3D105869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v Kirby and Thompson</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/other/NSWSupC/1820/11.html">[1820] NSWSupC 11</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1820/r_v_kirby/"><i><span></span></i>[1820] <abbr title="New South Wales Kercher Reports">NSWKR</abbr> 11<i><span></span></i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425130657/http://law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1820/r_v_kirby/">archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B1820%5D+%3Cabbr+title%3D%22New+South+Wales+Kercher+Reports%22%3ENSWKR%3C%2Fabbr%3E+11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.mq.edu.au%2Fresearch%2Fcolonial_case_law%2Fnsw%2Fcases%2Fcase_index%2F1820%2Fr_v_kirby%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span>. The earliest known record of a European being executed for the murder of an Aboriginal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elder-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elder_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elder_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Elder1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Elder_(journalist)" title="Bruce Elder (journalist)">Bruce Elder</a> (1998). <i>Blood on the Wattle: Massacres and maltreatment of Aboriginal Australians since 1788</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Publishers" title="New Holland Publishers">New Holland Publishers</a>. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86436-410-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86436-410-6"><bdi>1-86436-410-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+on+the+Wattle%3A+Massacres+and+maltreatment+of+Aboriginal+Australians+since+1788&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-86436-410-6&rft.au=Bruce+Elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2544268">"The Aboriginies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Gazette_and_New_South_Wales_Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser">The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser</a></i>. 20 December 1838. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Gazette+and+New+South+Wales+Advertiser&rft.atitle=The+Aboriginies&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1838-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article2544268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32162320">"Protectors of the native blacks, the late murder, and execution of the culprits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Monitor_And_Commercial_Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sydney Monitor And Commercial Advertiser">The Sydney Monitor And Commercial Advertiser</a></i>. 24 December 1838. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Monitor+And+Commercial+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Protectors+of+the+native+blacks%2C+the+late+murder%2C+and+execution+of+the+culprits&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1838-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article32162320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Evans, Raymond (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G60Cgsnzc7AC"><i>A History of Queensland</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-7692-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-7692-6"><bdi>978-0-5218-7692-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113220232/https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_Queensland.html?id=G60Cgsnzc7AC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Queensland&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-7692-6&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG60Cgsnzc7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>(1846) cited Michael Cannon, <i>Life in the Country: Australia in the Victorian Age</i>, (1973) Nelson 1978, p. 78</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Manne" title="Robert Manne">Manne, Robert</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1CBAAAAMAAJ"><i>In denial: the stolen generations and the right</i></a>. Schwartz Publishing. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444884012" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444884012"><bdi>978-1444884012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+denial%3A+the+stolen+generations+and+the+right&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Schwartz+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1444884012&rft.aulast=Manne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS1CBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Moses, Dirk, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5zHAGNPTkqIC"><i>Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History</i></a>. Berghahn Books. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5718-1410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5718-1410-4"><bdi>978-1-5718-1410-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214202522/https://books.google.com/books/about/Genocide_and_Settler_Society.html?id=5zHAGNPTkqIC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Settler+Society%3A+Frontier+Violence+and+Stolen+Indigenous+Children+in+Australian+History&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-5718-1410-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5zHAGNPTkqIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Blomfield, Geoffrey (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBJgQgAACAAJ"><i>Baal Belbora, the End of the Dancing: The Agony of the British Invasion of the Ancient People of the Three Rivers – the Hastings, the Manning, and the Macleay in New South Wales</i></a>. Alternative Publishing Company-operative. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0909188900" title="Special:BookSources/978-0909188900"><bdi>978-0909188900</bdi></a>. <q>cited <i>Aboriginal history</i>, Volumes 6–8, ANU 1982, p. 35</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baal+Belbora%2C+the+End+of+the+Dancing%3A+The+Agony+of+the+British+Invasion+of+the+Ancient+People+of+the+Three+Rivers+%E2%80%93+the+Hastings%2C+the+Manning%2C+and+the+Macleay+in+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Alternative+Publishing+Company-operative&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0909188900&rft.aulast=Blomfield&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBJgQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Smith, Claire (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSwlddVCxWYC"><i>Country, Kin and Culture: Survival of an Australian Aboriginal Community</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Press_(Australia)" title="Wakefield Press (Australia)">Wakefield Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8625-4575-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8625-4575-5"><bdi>978-1-8625-4575-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country%2C+Kin+and+Culture%3A+Survival+of+an+Australian+Aboriginal+Community&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-8625-4575-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSwlddVCxWYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Leitner, Gerhard; Malcolm, Ian G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRtMG6soA6EC&pg=PR4"><i>The Habitat of Australia's Aboriginal Languages: Past, Present and Future</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-1101-9784-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-1101-9784-6"><bdi>978-3-1101-9784-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habitat+of+Australia%27s+Aboriginal+Languages%3A+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-1101-9784-6&rft.aulast=Leitner&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Malcolm%2C+Ian+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeRtMG6soA6EC%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rose, Deborah Bird (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsM7LPwGwFQC"><i>Hidden Histories: Black Stories from Victoria River Downs, Humbert River and Wave Hill Stations</i></a>. Aboriginal Studies Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8557-5224-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8557-5224-8"><bdi>978-0-8557-5224-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Histories%3A+Black+Stories+from+Victoria+River+Downs%2C+Humbert+River+and+Wave+Hill+Stations&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Aboriginal+Studies+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8557-5224-8&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Deborah+Bird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsM7LPwGwFQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NITV&rft.atitle=%27True+black+leader%27%3A+Komeroi+Elder+Lyall+Munro+Snr+remembered&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnitv%2Farticle%2Ftrue-black-leader-komeroi-elder-lyall-munro-snr-remembered%2Fwkr7i49gt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nswaa-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nswaa_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aboriginalaffairs.nsw.gov.au/our-agency/news/vale-uncle-lyall-munro-senior/">"Vale Uncle Lyall Munro Senior"</a>. <i>Aboriginal Affairs</i>. 17 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221109233638/https://www.aboriginalaffairs.nsw.gov.au/our-agency/news/vale-uncle-lyall-munro-senior/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+South+Wales+State+Heritage+Register&rft.atitle=Myall+Creek+Massacre+and+Memorial+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hms.heritage.nsw.gov.au%2FApp%2FItem%2FViewItem%3FitemId%3D5056626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/help/copyright-disclaimer.htm">licence</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/news?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZWJpenByZC5wb2xpY2UubnN3Lmdvdi5hdSUyRm1lZGlhJTJGOTc2OTguaHRtbCZhbGw9MQ%3D%3D">"Latest News – NSW Police Public Site"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latest+News+%E2%80%93+NSW+Police+Public+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.police.nsw.gov.au%2Fnews%2Fnews%3Fsq_content_src%3D%252BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZWJpenByZC5wb2xpY2UubnN3Lmdvdi5hdSUyRm1lZGlhJTJGOTc2OTguaHRtbCZhbGw9MQ%253D%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/oct/02/nsw-police-investigating-desecration-of-indigenous-myall-creek-massacre-memorial">"NSW police investigating desecration of Indigenous Myall Creek massacre memorial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=NSW+police+investigating+desecration+of+Indigenous+Myall+Creek+massacre+memorial&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2021%2Foct%2F02%2Fnsw-police-investigating-desecration-of-indigenous-myall-creek-massacre-memorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2021/10/01/police-investigate-damage-myall-creek-massacre-memorial">"Police investigate damage to Myall Creek massacre Memorial"</a>. October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+investigate+damage+to+Myall+Creek+massacre+Memorial&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnitv%2Farticle%2F2021%2F10%2F01%2Fpolice-investigate-damage-myall-creek-massacre-memorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson2019" class="citation news cs1">Jefferson, Dee (20 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-19/artist-ben-quilty-painting-dark-australian-history-myall-creek/11707954">"Ben Quilty paints trauma of Myall Creek and other Australian massacre sites in Rorschach landscapes"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Ben+Quilty+paints+trauma+of+Myall+Creek+and+other+Australian+massacre+sites+in+Rorschach+landscapes&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Dee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-11-19%2Fartist-ben-quilty-painting-dark-australian-history-myall-creek%2F11707954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manning_Clark" title="Manning Clark">Clark, Manning</a> (1998). <i>History of Australia</i>. Abridged by Michael Cathcart. Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052284779X" title="Special:BookSources/052284779X"><bdi>052284779X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Australia&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=052284779X&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Manning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100828063309/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20000608005">"Myall Creek Massacre"</a>. <i>Parliament of New South Wales Hansard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/hansart.nsf/V3Key/LA20000608005">the original</a> on 28 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+New+South+Wales+Hansard&rft.atitle=Myall+Creek+Massacre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nsw.gov.au%2Fprod%2Fparlment%2Fhansart.nsf%2FV3Key%2FLA20000608005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Flanagan" title="Roderick Flanagan">Flanagan, Roderick</a> (1888). "Chapter 15: The Myall Creek Massacre". <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Aborigines of Australia/Chapter 15"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Aborigines_of_Australia/Chapter_15"><i>The Aborigines of Australia</i> </a></span>. pp. 141–154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15%3A+The+Myall+Creek+Massacre&rft.btitle=The+Aborigines+of+Australia&rft.pages=141-154&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Flanagan%2C+Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span> (at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Peter (2007). <i>Demons at Dusk, Massacre at Myall Creek</i>. Sid Harta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1921206573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1921206573"><bdi>978-1921206573</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demons+at+Dusk%2C+Massacre+at+Myall+Creek&rft.pub=Sid+Harta&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1921206573&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span>, foreword by <a href="/wiki/Peter_FitzSimons" title="Peter FitzSimons">Peter FitzSimons</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Tedeschi" title="Mark Tedeschi">Tedeschi, Mark</a> (2016). <i>Murder at Myall Creek</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1925456264" title="Special:BookSources/978-1925456264"><bdi>978-1925456264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murder+at+Myall+Creek&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1925456264&rft.au=Tedeschi%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyall+Creek+massacre" class="Z3988"></span> This book is largely a biography of the Attorney General of NSW at the time, <a href="/wiki/John_Plunkett" title="John Plunkett">John Plunkett</a>. The trial was his greatest test as prosecutor.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myall_Creek_massacre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Myall_Creek_Massacre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Myall Creek Massacre">Myall Creek Massacre</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/node/19675/">National Heritage Places – Myall Creek Massacre and Memorial Site</a>, Australian Government, Department of the Environment</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myallcreekmassacre.com/Myall_Creek_Massacre/Home.html">The Myall Creek Massacre</a>, Peter Stewart</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myallcreek.info">Friends of Myall Creek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nla.gov.au/faq/where-can-i-find-information-on-the-myall-creek-massacre">"Where can I find information on the Myall Creek Massacre?"</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a> hi</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Australian_frontier_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Australian frontier wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australian_frontier_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury_and_Nepean_Wars" title="Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars">Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars</a> (1795–1816) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Richmond_Hill" title="Battle of Richmond Hill">Battle of Richmond Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Parramatta" title="Battle of Parramatta">Battle of Parramatta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Risdon_Cove_massacre" title="1804 Risdon Cove massacre">Risdon Cove massacre</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedbury%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tedbury's War">Tedbury's War</a> (1804–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnamurra_River_massacre" title="Minnamurra River massacre">Minnamurra River massacre</a> (1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_War" title="Bathurst War">Bathurst War</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Field_Raids_of_1827-1828" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn Field Raids of 1827-1828">Corn Field Raids of 1827-1828</a> (1827-1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (Tasmania) (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Grim_massacre" title="Cape Grim massacre">Cape Grim massacre</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip_District_Wars" title="Port Phillip District Wars">Port Phillip District Wars</a> (1830–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagan" title="Yagan">Yagan Resistance</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convincing_Ground_massacre" title="Convincing Ground massacre">Convincing Ground massacre</a> (1833/34)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjarra_massacre" title="Pinjarra massacre">Battle of Pinjarra</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Broken_River" title="Battle of Broken River">Battle of Broken River</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Creek_massacre" title="Waterloo Creek massacre">Waterloo Creek massacre</a> (1838)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Myall Creek massacre</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaspe_Plains_massacre" title="Campaspe Plains massacre">Campaspe Plains massacre</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Hole_massacre" title="Blood Hole massacre">Blood Hole massacre</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murdering_Gully_massacre" title="Murdering Gully massacre">Murdering Gully massacre</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yering" title="Battle of Yering">Battle of Yering</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Hills_massacre" title="Fighting Hills massacre">Fighting Hills massacre</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Waterholes_massacre" title="Fighting Waterholes massacre">Fighting Waterholes massacre</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_massacre" title="Maria massacre">Maria massacre</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gippsland_massacres" title="Gippsland massacres">Gippsland massacres</a> (1840s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumerella_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumerella Wars">Eumerella Wars</a> (1840s–1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonnerup_massacre" title="Wonnerup massacre">Wonnerup massacre</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_River_massacre" title="Rufus River massacre">Rufus River massacre</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_River_massacres" title="Richmond River massacres">Pelican Creek tragedy</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_River_massacres" title="Richmond River massacres">Evans Head massacre</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrigal_Creek_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrigal Creek massacre">Warrigal Creek massacre</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Southern_Queensland" title="War of Southern Queensland">War of Southern Queensland</a> (1843–55) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_One_Tree_Hill" title="Battle of One Tree Hill">Battle of One Tree Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkey_Flat_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Darkey Flat Massacre">Darkey Flat Massacre</a> (circa 1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Range_Station_massacre" title="Avenue Range Station massacre">Avenue Range Station massacre</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bay_massacre" title="Waterloo Bay massacre">Waterloo Bay massacre</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_River_massacres" title="Richmond River massacres">East Ballina massacre</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornet_Bank_massacre" title="Hornet Bank massacre">Hornet Bank massacre </a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_Creek_Massacre" title="Hospital Creek Massacre">Hospital Creek Massacre</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullin-La-Ringo_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullin-La-Ringo massacre">Cullin-La-Ringo massacre</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Foam_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying Foam Massacre">Flying Foam Massacre</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkadoon_Wars" title="Kalkadoon Wars">Kalkadoon Wars</a> (1870–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koonchera_Point_massacre" title="Koonchera Point massacre">Koonchera Point massacre</a> (1880s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandamarra#Guerilla_war" title="Jandamarra">Jandamarra Guerilla War</a> (1894–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_Creek_massacre" title="Mistake Creek massacre">Mistake Creek massacre</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowla_Bluff_massacre" title="Mowla Bluff massacre">Mowla Bluff massacre</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrest_River_massacre" title="Forrest River massacre">Forrest River massacre</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coniston_massacre" title="Coniston massacre">Coniston massacre</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledon_Bay_crisis" title="Caledon Bay crisis">Caledon Bay crisis</a> (1932–34)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous Australian <br /> resistance warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baulie" title="Baulie">Baulie </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilba" title="Beilba">Beilba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyute" title="Calyute">Calyute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabaygal" title="Cannabaygal">Cannabaygal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundalli" title="Dundalli">Dundalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumarrah" title="Eumarrah">Eumarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandamarra" title="Jandamarra">Jandamarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikatapula" title="Kikatapula">Kikatapula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannalargenna" title="Mannalargenna">Mannalargenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulboyheenner" title="Maulboyheenner">Maulboyheenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multuggerah" title="Multuggerah">Multuggerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musquito" title="Musquito">Musquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemarluk" title="Nemarluk">Nemarluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemulwuy" title="Pemulwuy">Pemulwuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarenorerer" title="Tarenorerer">Tarenorerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedbury" title="Tedbury">Tedbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongerlongeter" title="Tongerlongeter">Tongerlongeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnerminnerwait" title="Tunnerminnerwait">Tunnerminnerwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windradyne" title="Windradyne">Windradyne </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagan" title="Yagan">Yagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilbung" title="Yilbung">Yilbung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laws_concerning_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians">List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboriginals_Fire_Arm_Regulation_Act_1840&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboriginals Fire Arm Regulation Act 1840 (page does not exist)">Aboriginals Fire Arm Regulation Act 1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Witnesses_Act" title="Aboriginal Witnesses Act">Aboriginal Witnesses Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Act_1869" title="Aboriginal Protection Act 1869">Aboriginal Protection Act 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Act_to_provide_certain_matters_connected_with_the_Aborigines_1889&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Act to provide certain matters connected with the Aborigines 1889 (page does not exist)">Act to provide certain matters connected with the Aborigines 1889</a> (statute 24/1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_and_restriction_of_the_sale_of_opium_act_1897" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Protection and restriction of the sale of opium act 1897">Aboriginal Protection and restriction of the sale of opium act 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aborigines_Protection_Act_1909" title="Aborigines Protection Act 1909">Aborigines Protection Act 1909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aborigines_Act_1910&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aborigines Act 1910 (page does not exist)">Aborigines Act 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Aboriginals_Act_1910" title="Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910">Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aborigines_Act_1911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aborigines Act 1911 (page does not exist)">Aborigines Act 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_Aboriginals_Ordinance_1911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commonwealth Aboriginals Ordinance 1911 (page does not exist)">Commonwealth Aboriginals Ordinance 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginals_Ordinance_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginals Ordinance 1918">Aboriginals Ordinance 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aborigines_Act_1934&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aborigines Act 1934 (page does not exist)">Aborigines Act 1934</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#First_trial">R. v. Kilmeister (No. 1)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Second_trial">R. v. Kilmeister (No. 2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckiar_v_The_King" title="Tuckiar v The King">Tuckiar v The King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Committees <br /> and boards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Board" title="Aboriginal Protection Board">Aboriginal Protection Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protector_of_Aborigines" title="Protector of Aborigines">Protector of Aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_reserve" title="Aboriginal reserve">Aboriginal reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Select_Committee_on_Aboriginal_Tribes" title="Parliamentary Select Committee on Aboriginal Tribes">Parliamentary Select Committee on Aboriginal Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">List of massacres of Indigenous Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_poisonings_of_Aboriginal_Australians" title="Mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians">Mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aborigines%27_Protection_Society" title="Aborigines' Protection Society">Aborigines' Protection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Caste_Act" title="Half-Caste Act">Half-Caste Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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