CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head id="ctl00_ctl00_Head1"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="txt/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery-3.7.1.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <link href="/assets/fontawesome/css/fontawesome.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="/assets/fontawesome/css/brands.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="/assets/fontawesome/css/solid.css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link rel="Stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/bootstrap.min.css" /> <link rel="Stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/bootstrap-theme.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/styles/newBootStrap2.css" /> <!-- HTML5 shim and Respond.js IE8 support of HTML5 elements and media queries --> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="/js/html5shiv.js"></script> <script src="/js/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/bootstrap-ie7.css"> <![endif]--> <style type='text/css'> #subheader { background-image: url('../../images/banners/Default_1.jpg'); background-size: cover; background-position:top; background-repeat: no-repeat; } </style> <style type="text/css"> </style> <title> </title> <script>(window.BOOMR_mq=window.BOOMR_mq||[]).push(["addVar",{"rua.upush":"false","rua.cpush":"false","rua.upre":"false","rua.cpre":"false","rua.uprl":"false","rua.cprl":"false","rua.cprf":"false","rua.trans":"","rua.cook":"false","rua.ims":"false","rua.ufprl":"false","rua.cfprl":"false","rua.isuxp":"false","rua.texp":"norulematch","rua.ceh":"false","rua.ueh":"false","rua.ieh.st":"0"}]);</script> <script>!function(e){var n="https://s.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if("False"=="True")e.BOOMR_config=e.BOOMR_config||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams=e.BOOMR_config.PageParams||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams.pci=!0,n="https://s2.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if(window.BOOMR_API_key="T5V7Y-Q8M8U-BKDFY-XWX7C-XPH3U",function(){function e(){if(!o){var e=document.createElement("script");e.id="boomr-scr-as",e.src=window.BOOMR.url,e.async=!0,i.parentNode.appendChild(e),o=!0}}function t(e){o=!0;var n,t,a,r,d=document,O=window;if(window.BOOMR.snippetMethod=e?"if":"i",t=function(e,n){var t=d.createElement("script");t.id=n||"boomr-if-as",t.src=window.BOOMR.url,BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),e=e||d.body,e.appendChild(t)},!window.addEventListener&&window.attachEvent&&navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE [67]\./))return window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="s",void t(i.parentNode,"boomr-async");a=document.createElement("IFRAME"),a.src="about:blank",a.title="",a.role="presentation",a.loading="eager",r=(a.frameElement||a).style,r.width=0,r.height=0,r.border=0,r.display="none",i.parentNode.appendChild(a);try{O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}catch(_){n=document.domain,a.src="javascript:var d=document.open();d.domain='"+n+"';void(0);",O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}if(n)d._boomrl=function(){this.domain=n,t()},d.write("<bo"+"dy onload='document._boomrl();'>");else if(O._boomrl=function(){t()},O.addEventListener)O.addEventListener("load",O._boomrl,!1);else if(O.attachEvent)O.attachEvent("onload",O._boomrl);d.close()}function a(e){window.BOOMR_onload=e&&e.timeStamp||(new Date).getTime()}if(!window.BOOMR||!window.BOOMR.version&&!window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted){window.BOOMR=window.BOOMR||{},window.BOOMR.snippetStart=(new Date).getTime(),window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted=!0,window.BOOMR.snippetVersion=12,window.BOOMR.url=n+"T5V7Y-Q8M8U-BKDFY-XWX7C-XPH3U";var i=document.currentScript||document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],o=!1,r=document.createElement("link");if(r.relList&&"function"==typeof r.relList.supports&&r.relList.supports("preload")&&"as"in r)window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="p",r.href=window.BOOMR.url,r.rel="preload",r.as="script",r.addEventListener("load",e),r.addEventListener("error",function(){t(!0)}),setTimeout(function(){if(!o)t(!0)},3e3),BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),i.parentNode.appendChild(r);else t(!1);if(window.addEventListener)window.addEventListener("load",a,!1);else if(window.attachEvent)window.attachEvent("onload",a)}}(),"".length>0)if(e&&"performance"in e&&e.performance&&"function"==typeof e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize)e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize();!function(){if(BOOMR=e.BOOMR||{},BOOMR.plugins=BOOMR.plugins||{},!BOOMR.plugins.AK){var n=""=="true"?1:0,t="",a="bdpnbevydtvtez2e4bea-f-080565f90-clientnsv4-s.akamaihd.net",i="false"=="true"?2:1,o={"ak.v":"39","ak.cp":"81816","ak.ai":parseInt("165722",10),"ak.ol":"0","ak.cr":1,"ak.ipv":4,"ak.proto":"http/1.1","ak.rid":"12df5acb","ak.r":41870,"ak.a2":n,"ak.m":"dsca","ak.n":"essl","ak.bpcip":"8.222.208.0","ak.cport":52620,"ak.gh":"184.28.235.69","ak.quicv":"","ak.tlsv":"tls1.2","ak.0rtt":"","ak.0rtt.ed":"","ak.csrc":"-","ak.acc":"bbr","ak.t":"1732567112","ak.ak":"hOBiQwZUYzCg5VSAfCLimQ==dW7ilh1yv/n07NMSokNA9/1peSs4HOGuLSdM4HGOBvVd6eHTZhxuKaFJfHr6r1dVk9ewHOHhC6MnmCVZo+nIt029431aFKp640mNW3SRsH07p0pjT3bcbAZrBGimuvSyQntB4+DlSjOmZPA8yvIuB+1PpzHaPX0uGmh735Fqe9n1SC2Lwt94ttkp8H+N0jxE8slK6af7A0uxxNjWw5ZGINqdSFQ0sUUDStY5XZxeR8P8TdpJFpvdmNQRPUg9ictudhcpzxiXdPtb8OzRsgxxexaJTBo+2gyjLw4jqAGNAsxGhi1cimmFLvCwIWXR9p0h+5EXt+hVp/5WWLxb4/Eiy7kK/+SyR39PycFAJs4j9WyhIpqriDaS41akltpnrWAke6+0vSc4WRwihdes5/RSk+GtWtWe9DfYF3y6svpmpf8=","ak.pv":"148","ak.dpoabenc":"","ak.tf":i};if(""!==t)o["ak.ruds"]=t;var r={i:!1,av:function(n){var t="http.initiator";if(n&&(!n[t]||"spa_hard"===n[t]))o["ak.feo"]=void 0!==e.aFeoApplied?1:0,BOOMR.addVar(o)},rv:function(){var e=["ak.bpcip","ak.cport","ak.cr","ak.csrc","ak.gh","ak.ipv","ak.m","ak.n","ak.ol","ak.proto","ak.quicv","ak.tlsv","ak.0rtt","ak.0rtt.ed","ak.r","ak.acc","ak.t","ak.tf"];BOOMR.removeVar(e)}};BOOMR.plugins.AK={akVars:o,akDNSPreFetchDomain:a,init:function(){if(!r.i){var e=BOOMR.subscribe;e("before_beacon",r.av,null,null),e("onbeacon",r.rv,null,null),r.i=!0}return this},is_complete:function(){return!0}}}}()}(window);</script></head> <body> <form method="post" action="./PageNotFound.aspx?aspxerrorpath=%2fgrantednotedlists.aspx" onsubmit="javascript:return WebForm_OnSubmit();" onkeypress="javascript:return WebForm_FireDefaultButton(event, 'ctl00_ctl00_cmdSearch')" id="aspnetForm"> <div class="aspNetHidden"> <input type="hidden" name="ctl00_ctl00_RadScriptManager1_TSM" id="ctl00_ctl00_RadScriptManager1_TSM" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="__EVENTTARGET" id="__EVENTTARGET" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="__EVENTARGUMENT" id="__EVENTARGUMENT" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATE" id="__VIEWSTATE" value="aNb5ade9+x/t1eAHP4qAgsXZQznHz5QaK+qDFcTCktIfvl1Vy5EP2xURjGgQ7+3CjEcSAQasEkleQdXzZo7R/m6+jr68WnDGsVVgOdaMA4ik2uwfvoJ7hZ35xfJJTUzF" /> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ var theForm = document.forms['aspnetForm']; if (!theForm) { theForm = document.aspnetForm; } function __doPostBack(eventTarget, eventArgument) { if (!theForm.onsubmit || (theForm.onsubmit() != false)) { theForm.__EVENTTARGET.value = eventTarget; theForm.__EVENTARGUMENT.value = eventArgument; theForm.submit(); } } //]]> </script> <script src="/WebResource.axd?d=pynGkmcFUV13He1Qd6_TZGVbOm9V68oIIktI_W7Deic6ylHZhBcO0DPfFNaFgt6K56r_Ei_L1R3fS8qPL3MKAQ2&amp;t=638563127773552689" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/ScriptResource.axd?d=nv7asgRUU0tRmHNR2D6t1Mz6ZxijnNM9P9Qe9uddzuQox2IiojG5k5o-qBJoG7Dte7hbvoCbRBuRPeHeZyRwpX5LxES8-RopBt8-Md8MvNAZC1XK3f6rj17R5SQNmwNnKj_Fve60SE18feZoCEb2Yw2&amp;t=7266186d" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/ScriptResource.axd?d=NJmAwtEo3Ipnlaxl6CMhvmuOxwpGTiZDQUKUSQ0GJXlc_N94PRrLubhgQjXGeYyK6eg2q0lJpBRVlV22H3tQZBJ0tKkQVu7D8X_yVMBkyG0uw4Mer8YHMtA97QWWJftIqd4mQKOus8eB12IMDwNyXPuiq85CTWiL12yTPBVlD-c1&amp;t=ffffffffc820c398" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/ScriptResource.axd?d=dwY9oWetJoJoVpgL6Zq8OEccqz_Egf-TYIz96cui_vFcq4Gt8GKakz2FbNaWKIpV5ry-0BEqQwzelSp6HUxELPBBiLgnxMeIUzWE-yNJgzdylygW-Mrg5gTui1xCF9JPXMSWshiid6TkbCr-jwCEPjsJAW0Nzeq6yiG5ZblKTOk1&amp;t=ffffffffc820c398" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/WebResource.axd?d=JoBkLzP19aTuxbWOhHobYsa30HvStoJLmW0EUzyYHJhRhK8cvVYfDS9nHruKQgTxhM0JzZn77-vUVCXyHe4QLg2&amp;t=638563127773552689" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ function WebForm_OnSubmit() { if (typeof(ValidatorOnSubmit) == "function" && ValidatorOnSubmit() == false) return false; return true; } //]]> </script> <div class="aspNetHidden"> <input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" id="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" value="4C3AE140" /> <input type="hidden" name="__EVENTVALIDATION" id="__EVENTVALIDATION" value="SEdMkl8/2hPKUY2KaxFO9im2AvV8AD49//1K2GamQBcDsCYnsceXIwPlzrv+ZJsaPAy+8vIGYagTw+pVrcHnDX10vMGjF0WGM3aT01XL+3j8XDGfy7Gvv0ftRevaI/HaS3HzThCT/AvWptbeMi/ibBpC7/M7LrEIgAA89qsOhZJWpvJn/HGJ/YbukngWHyUz" /> </div> <div class="noindex"> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager._initialize('ctl00$ctl00$RadScriptManager1', 'aspnetForm', [], [], [], 90, 'ctl00$ctl00'); //]]> </script> </div> <div id="pagewrapper" class="container-fluid" style="background-color: #222f37;"> <div class="container"> <div class="noindex"> <div class="row bannerStyle"> <div class="col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_hypSealLink" href="../"><img id="ctl00_ctl00_imgSeal" class="img-responsive SCUSSeal" src="../images/scous_seal.png" alt="Supreme Court of the United States" /></a> <br /> </div> <div id="searchbox" class="col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12" style="font-size: 9pt; padding: 20px 0 20px 0;"> <div id="ctl00_ctl00_pnlSearch"> <table style="width: 100%;"> <tr> <td> <div class="input-group" style="padding: 15px 20px 0 0;"> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$txtSearch" type="text" id="ctl00_ctl00_txtSearch" class="form-control input-lg" placeholder="Search Site for..." /> <span class="input-group-btn"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_cmdSearch" title="Search" class="btn btn-default input-lg" href="javascript:WebForm_DoPostBackWithOptions(new WebForm_PostBackOptions(&quot;ctl00$ctl00$cmdSearch&quot;, &quot;&quot;, true, &quot;&quot;, &quot;&quot;, false, true))"><i class="fa fa-search" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 24pt; vertical-align: middle;"></i></a> </span> </div> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_hypSearchHelp" href="../search_help.aspx" style="font-size:small; color: #d9be65;">SEARCH TIPS</a> <span id="ctl00_ctl00_RegularExpressionValidator2" style="display:inline-block;color:Red;height:20px;visibility:hidden;">Search term too short </span> <span id="ctl00_ctl00_SearchVal" style="display:inline-block;color:Red;height:20px;visibility:hidden;">Invalid text in search term. Try again</span> <input name="ctl00$ctl00$txbhidden" type="text" id="ctl00_ctl00_txbhidden" style="visibility: hidden; display: none;" /> </td> <td nowrap style="line-height: 200%;"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_SearchCenter" href="../search_center.aspx" style="font-size:small; color: #d9be65;">ADVANCED SEARCH</a><br /> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_SearchDocket" NavigateUrl="~/docket/docket.aspx" href="javascript:WebForm_DoPostBackWithOptions(new WebForm_PostBackOptions(&quot;ctl00$ctl00$SearchDocket&quot;, &quot;&quot;, true, &quot;&quot;, &quot;&quot;, false, true))" style="font-size:small; color: #d9be65;">DOCKET SEARCH</a> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="text-right" style="margin-right:20px;"> <div id="searchboxheader" style="padding: 20px;"> <a style="color: #fff;" onclick="toggleSearchshow(); return false;" title="Search"><i class="fa fa-search" style="font-size: 18pt;"></i> Search</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="navbg"> <nav class="navbar navbar-inverse" role="navigation"> <div class="container"> <!-- menu starts here --> <div class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".navbar-collapse"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> </div> <div class="navbar-collapse collapse"> <ul class="nav navbar-nav"> <li class="dropdown"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink5" class="dropdown-toggle" href="../opinions/opinions.aspx">OPINIONS</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink30" href="../opinions/slipopinion/24">Opinions of the Court</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink31" href="../opinions/relatingtoorders/24">Opinions Relating to Orders</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink32" href="../opinions/in-chambers.aspx">In-Chambers Opinions</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink35" href="../opinions/USReports.aspx">U. S. Reports</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink37" href="../opinions/urls_cited.aspx">Online Sources Cited in Opinions</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink36" href="../media/media.aspx">Media Files Cited in Opinions</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink34" href="../opinions/casefinder.aspx">Case Citation Finder</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink69" class="dropdown-toggle" href="../filingandrules/">FILING & RULES</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink44" href="../filingandrules/electronicfiling.aspx">Electronic Filing</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink3" href="../filingandrules/rules_guidance.aspx">Rules and Guidance</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink2" href="../filingandrules/supremecourtbar.aspx">Supreme Court Bar</a> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_hl" class="dropdown-toggle" href="../oral_arguments/oral_arguments.aspx">ORAL ARGUMENTS</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink13" href="../oral_arguments/argument_transcript.aspx">Argument Transcripts</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink14" href="../oral_arguments/argument_audio.aspx">Argument Audio</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink6" href="../oral_arguments/calendarsandlists.aspx">Calendars and Lists</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink8" href="../oral_arguments/courtroomseating.aspx">Courtroom Seating</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink41" class="dropdown-toggle" href="../case_documents.aspx">CASE DOCUMENTS</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_hypdocket" href="../docket/docket.aspx">Docket Search</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_hypOrdersOfCourt" href="../orders/ordersofthecourt/24">Orders of the Court</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink67" href="../orders/ordersbycircuit.aspx">Orders by Circuit</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink68" href="../orders/grantednotedlists.aspx">Granted/Noted Cases List</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink39" href="../orders/journal.aspx">Journal</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_hypCourtInfo" class="dropdown-toggle" href="../publicinfo/publicinfo.aspx">NEWS MEDIA</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperlinkServices" href="../publicinfo/PIOServices.pdf" target="_blank">Services for News Media</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_Hyperlink57" href="../publicinfo/press/pressreleases.aspx">Press Releases</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_Hyperlink58" href="../publicinfo/media/mediaadvisories.aspx">Media Advisories</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_Hyperlink61" href="../publicinfo/press/presscredentials.aspx">Press Credentials</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_Hyperlink59" href="../publicinfo/speeches/speeches.aspx">Speeches</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_Hyperlink62" href="../publicinfo/reportersguide.pdf" target="_blank">A Reporter's Guide to Applications</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_Hyperlink60" href="../publicinfo/year-end/year-endreports.aspx">Chief Justice's Year-End Reports on the Federal Judiciary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_hypAboutCourt" class="dropdown-toggle" href="../about/about.aspx">ABOUT</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_Hyperlink4" href="../about/justices.aspx">Justices</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_Hyperlink10" href="../about/courtatwork.aspx">Supreme Court at Work</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_Hyperlink1" href="../about/code-of-conduct-for-justices.aspx">Code of Conduct for Justices</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_Hyperlink7" href="../about/historyandtraditions.aspx">History and Traditions</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_Hyperlink49" href="../about/courtbuilding.aspx">The Supreme Court Building</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_hypbuildingregulation" href="../about/buildingregulations.aspx">Building Regulations</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_Hyperlink45" href="../about/faq.aspx">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_hypVisit" class="dropdown-toggle" href="../visiting/visiting.aspx">VISIT</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_hypHoursDirection" href="../visiting/hoursanddirections.aspx">Hours & Directions</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_hypProhibitedItems" href="../visiting/prohibited-items.aspx">Prohibited Items</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HypAccessibility" href="../visiting/accessibility.aspx">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_hypWhatCanI" href="../visiting/whatcaniseeanddo.aspx">What Can I See and Do?</a> </li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink9" href="../visiting/exhibition.aspx">Exhibitions</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HyperLink11" href="../visiting/activities.aspx">Activities for Students & Families</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HypMapsBrochures" href="../visiting/mapsandbrochures.aspx">Maps & Brochures</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HypSchool" href="../visiting/schoolgroups.aspx">Student Group Visits</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HypEtiquette" href="../visiting/etiquette.aspx">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucNewMenu1_HypBuildingAmenities" href="../visiting/buildingamenities.aspx">Caf茅 & Building Amenities</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- menu ends here --> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="subheader"> <div id="bcbg"> <div class="container"> <div id="sitemappath"> <span id="ctl00_ctl00_SiteMapPath1" style="background-color:Transparent;"><a href="#ctl00_ctl00_SiteMapPath1_SkipLink"><img alt="Skip Navigation Links" src="/WebResource.axd?d=rKN1opQVoh180LaGjXZZkBsQr3aHPJ_g7uw8DO5K0ij-JlcZayPJHdV07ynr0n4L-6aIlBBmio6GGDIDvsO40Q2&amp;t=638563127773552689" width="0" height="0" style="border-width:0px;" /></a><a id="ctl00_ctl00_SiteMapPath1_SkipLink"></a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <span id="ctl00_ctl00_lbltemp"></span><br /> <div class="col-md-3" style="padding-top: 20px;"> <div id="sidenavheader"> <button class="btn btn-default" onclick="toggleMenushow(); return false;" title="Section Menu"><i class="fa fa-bars" style="font-size: 14pt;"></i></button> </div> <div id="sidenavbody"> <div id="ctl00_ctl00_MainEditable_pnlsidemenu"> <div id="navimage"><img src='../../images/c8.jpg' alt='' /> <br /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="pagemaindiv" class="col-md-9"> <div id="pagetitle" style="color: #9c2426;"> <h3>ERROR: File or directory not found. </h3> </div> Most likely causes:<br /> <ul> <li>There might be a typing error in the address. </li> <li>If you clicked on a link, it may be out of date. </li> </ul> What you can try: <br /> <ul> <li>Retype the address.</li> <li>Go back to the <a href="javascript: history.back(-1);">previous page</a>.</li> <li>Go to <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov">www.supremecourt.gov</a> and look for the information you want. </li> </ul> </div> <div><p>&nbsp;<br /></p></div> <script type="text/javascript"> $(window).on('resize', function () { if ($(window).width() > 991) { $("#sidenavbody").css("display", "block"); $("#searchbox").css("display", "block"); } else { $("#sidenavbody").css("display", "none"); $("#searchbox").css("display", "none"); }; }); function toggleMenushow() { var query = $("#sidenavbody"); var isVisible = query.is(":visible"); if (isVisible === true) { $("#sidenavbody").css("display", "none"); } else { $("#sidenavbody").css("display", "block"); } } </script> </div> <div class="footer2 noindex"> <div class="container"> <div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 nopadding"> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-12"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink5" class="landing" href="../opinions/opinions.aspx" style="display:inline-block;height:18px;">Opinions</a> <ul class="footernavlist"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink30" href="../opinions/slipopinion/24">Opinions of the Court</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink31" href="../opinions/relatingtoorders/24">Opinions Relating to Orders</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink32" href="../opinions/in-chambers.aspx">In-Chambers Opinions</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink35" href="../opinions/USReports.aspx">U. S. Reports</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink37" href="../opinions/urls_cited.aspx">Online Sources Cited in Opinions</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink36" href="../media/media.aspx">Media Files Cited in Opinions</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink34" href="../opinions/casefinder.aspx">Case Citation Finder</a></li> </ul> <br /> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-12"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink69" class="landing" href="../filingandrules/" style="display:inline-block;height:18px;">Filing & Rules</a> <ul class="footernavlist"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink44f" href="../filingandrules/electronicfiling.aspx">Electronic Filing</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink3" href="../filingandrules/rules_guidance.aspx">Rules and Guidance</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink2" href="../filingandrules/supremecourtbar.aspx">Supreme Court Bar</a> </ul> <br /> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-12"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_hl" class="landing" href="../oral_arguments/oral_arguments.aspx" style="display:inline-block;height:18px;">Oral Arguments</a> <ul class="footernavlist"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink13" href="../oral_arguments/argument_transcript.aspx">Argument Transcripts</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink14" href="../oral_arguments/argument_audio.aspx">Argument Audio</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink6" href="../oral_arguments/calendarsandlists.aspx">Calendars and Lists</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink8" href="../oral_arguments/courtroomseating.aspx">Courtroom Seating</a></li> </ul> <br /> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink41" class="landing" href="../case_documents.aspx" style="display:inline-block;height:18px;">Case Documents</a> <ul class="footernavlist"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_hypdocket" href="../docket/docket.aspx">Docket Search</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_hypOrdersOfCourt" href="../orders/ordersofthecourt/24">Orders of the Court</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink67" href="../orders/ordersbycircuit.aspx">Orders by Circuit</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink68" href="../orders/grantednotedlists.aspx">Granted/Noted Cases List</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink39" href="../orders/journal.aspx">Journal</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 nopadding"> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-12"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_hypCourtInfo" class="landing" href="../publicinfo/publicinfo.aspx" style="display:inline-block;height:18px;">News Media</a> <ul class="footernavlist"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperlinkServicesft" href="../publicinfo/PIOServices.pdf" target="_blank">Services for News Media</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_Hyperlink57" href="../publicinfo/press/pressreleases.aspx">Press Releases</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_Hyperlink58" href="../publicinfo/media/mediaadvisories.aspx">Media Advisories</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_Hyperlink61" href="../publicinfo/press/presscredentials.aspx">Press Credentials</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_Hyperlink59" href="../publicinfo/speeches/speeches.aspx">Speeches</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_Hyperlink62" href="../publicinfo/reportersguide.pdf" target="_blank">A Reporter's Guide to Applications (PDF)</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_Hyperlink60" href="../publicinfo/year-end/year-endreports.aspx">Chief Justice's Year-End Reports on the Federal Judiciary</a></li> </ul> <br /> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-12"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_hypAboutCourt" class="landing" href="../about/about.aspx" style="display:inline-block;height:18px;">About</a> <ul class="footernavlist"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_Hyperlink4" href="../about/justices.aspx">Justices</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_Hyperlink10" href="../about/courtatwork.aspx">Supreme Court at Work</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_Hyperlink1" href="../about/code-of-conduct-for-justices.aspx">Code of Conduct for Justices</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_Hyperlink7" href="../about/historyandtraditions.aspx">History and Traditions</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_Hyperlink49" href="../about/courtbuilding.aspx">The Supreme Court Building</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_Hyperlink50" href="../about/buildingregulations.aspx">Building Regulations</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_Hyperlink45" href="../about/faq.aspx">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> </ul> <br /> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-12"> <a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_hypVisit" class="landing" href="../visiting/visiting.aspx" style="display:inline-block;height:18px;">Visit</a> <ul class="footernavlist"> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_hypHoursDirection" href="../visiting/hoursanddirections.aspx">Hours & Directions</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_hypProhibitedItems" href="../visiting/prohibited-items.aspx">Prohibited Items</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HypAccessibility" href="../visiting/accessibility.aspx">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_hypWhatCanI" href="../visiting/whatcaniseeanddo.aspx">What Can I See and Do?</a> </li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink11" href="../visiting/exhibition.aspx">Exhibitions</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HyperLink12" href="../visiting/activities.aspx">Activities for Students & Families</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HypMapsBrochures" href="../visiting/mapsandbrochures.aspx">Maps & Brochures</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HypSchool" href="../visiting/schoolgroups.aspx">Student Group Visits</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HypEtiquette" href="../visiting/etiquette.aspx">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a id="ctl00_ctl00_wucFooterNav_HypBuildingAmenities" href="../visiting/buildingamenities.aspx">Caf茅 & Building Amenities</a></li> </ul> <br /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer3 noindex"> <div class="container"> <span><a id="ctl00_ctl00_HypContactUs" href="../contact/contactus.aspx">Contact Us</a></span> <span class="pipespacer">|</span> <span><a id="ctl00_ctl00_HyperLink1" href="../sitemap.aspx">Site Map</a></span> <span class="pipespacer">|</span> <span><a id="ctl00_ctl00_hypHelp" href="../help.aspx">Help</a></span> <span class="pipespacer">|</span> <span><a id="ctl00_ctl00_HypFellows" href="../fellows/">Fellows Program</a></span> <span class="pipespacer">|</span> <span><a id="ctl00_ctl00_HypJobs" href="../jobs/jobs.aspx">Jobs</a></span> <span class="pipespacer">|</span> <span><a id="ctl00_ctl00_HypLinks" href="../links/links.aspx">Links</a></span> <span class="pipespacer">|</span> <span><a id="ctl00_ctl00_HypWebPolicy" href="../policies/web_policies_and_notices.aspx">Website Policies and Notices</a></span> <span class="pipespacer">|</span> <span><a id="ctl00_ctl00_HypPrivacy" href="../policies/privacy_notice.aspx">Privacy Policy</a></span> <span class="pipespacer">|</span> <span><a id="ctl00_ctl00_hypUSA" href="../redirect.aspx?federal=y&amp;newURL=www.usa.gov">USA.GOV</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="footer4"> <div class="container" > <span class="footerbold">SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES</span> <span class="dotspacer"><i class="fa fa-circle" style="font-size: 3pt;"></i></span> <span>1 First Street, NE</span> <span class="dotspacer"><i class="fa fa-circle" style="font-size: 3pt;"></i></span> <span>Washington, DC 20543</span> </div> <button onclick="goToTop(); return false;" id="gototop" title="Go To Top" style="display: none;"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up"></i></button> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ var Page_Validators = new Array(document.getElementById("ctl00_ctl00_RegularExpressionValidator2"), document.getElementById("ctl00_ctl00_SearchVal")); //]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ var ctl00_ctl00_RegularExpressionValidator2 = document.all ? document.all["ctl00_ctl00_RegularExpressionValidator2"] : document.getElementById("ctl00_ctl00_RegularExpressionValidator2"); ctl00_ctl00_RegularExpressionValidator2.controltovalidate = "ctl00_ctl00_txtSearch"; ctl00_ctl00_RegularExpressionValidator2.errormessage = "Search term too short "; ctl00_ctl00_RegularExpressionValidator2.evaluationfunction = "RegularExpressionValidatorEvaluateIsValid"; ctl00_ctl00_RegularExpressionValidator2.validationexpression = "^[\\s\\S]{3,}$"; var ctl00_ctl00_SearchVal = document.all ? document.all["ctl00_ctl00_SearchVal"] : document.getElementById("ctl00_ctl00_SearchVal"); ctl00_ctl00_SearchVal.controltovalidate = "ctl00_ctl00_txtSearch"; ctl00_ctl00_SearchVal.errormessage = "Invalid text in search term. Try again"; ctl00_ctl00_SearchVal.evaluationfunction = "RegularExpressionValidatorEvaluateIsValid"; ctl00_ctl00_SearchVal.validationexpression = "[\\w\\s-/\"\'() /*@.]*"; //]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ window.__TsmHiddenField = $get('ctl00_ctl00_RadScriptManager1_TSM'); var Page_ValidationActive = false; if (typeof(ValidatorOnLoad) == "function") { ValidatorOnLoad(); } function ValidatorOnSubmit() { if (Page_ValidationActive) { return ValidatorCommonOnSubmit(); } else { return true; } } WebForm_AutoFocus('cmdsearch'); document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl00_RegularExpressionValidator2').dispose = function() { Array.remove(Page_Validators, document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl00_RegularExpressionValidator2')); } document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl00_SearchVal').dispose = function() { Array.remove(Page_Validators, document.getElementById('ctl00_ctl00_SearchVal')); } //]]> </script> </form> <script type="text/javascript"> window.onscroll = function () { scrollFunction() }; function scrollFunction() { var vTop = $(window).scrollTop(); if (vTop > 100) { document.getElementById("gototop").style.display = "block"; } else { document.getElementById("gototop").style.display = "none"; } } function goToTop() { document.body.scrollTop = 0; document.documentElement.scrollTop = 0; } function toggleSearchshow() { var query = $("#searchbox"); var isVisible = query.is(":visible"); if (isVisible === true) { $("#searchbox").css("display", "none"); } else { $("#searchbox").css("display", "block"); } } </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10