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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jan_van_Scorel_-_Maria_Magdalena_%28Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_version%29.jpg/220px-Jan_van_Scorel_-_Maria_Magdalena_%28Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_version%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jan_van_Scorel_-_Maria_Magdalena_%28Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_version%29.jpg/330px-Jan_van_Scorel_-_Maria_Magdalena_%28Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_version%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jan_van_Scorel_-_Maria_Magdalena_%28Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_version%29.jpg/440px-Jan_van_Scorel_-_Maria_Magdalena_%28Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam_version%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5094" data-file-height="4432" /></a><figcaption>Pseudo-Hebrew script on the <a href="/wiki/Bustier" title="Bustier">bustier</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Scorel" title="Jan van Scorel">Jan van Scorel</a>'s <i>Maria Magdalena</i>, 1530</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pseudo-Hebrew</b> is the artistic use of symbols meant to appear like <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew script</a> but that are not in fact Hebrew letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEResnick202381–82_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEResnick202381–82-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenczeln.d._3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenczeln.d.-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The related phenomenon of the use of actual Hebrew letters in ways that do not represent actual language may be called "nonsense Hebrew".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEResnick202381–82_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEResnick202381–82-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gary Schwartz, an art historian, notes that the use of pseudo-Hebrew in 15th-century art is not distinctive, as other works of the time also contain pseudo-Greek, Hebrew, and Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-Hebrew&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEResnick202381–82-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEResnick202381–82_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEResnick202381–82_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFResnick2023">Resnick 2023</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz2010_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz2010">Schwartz 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenczeln.d.-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenczeln.d._3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenczeln.d.">Menczel n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.garyschwartzarthistorian.nl/309-pseudo-semitism/">"309 Pseudo-Semitism – Gary Schwartz Art Historian"</a>. 2010-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=309+Pseudo-Semitism+%E2%80%93+Gary+Schwartz+Art+Historian&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.garyschwartzarthistorian.nl%2F309-pseudo-semitism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudo-Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-Hebrew&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenner2019" class="citation journal cs1">Benner, Gabriela (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.letras.up.pt/index.php/CITCEM/article/viewFile/6238/5869">"El Faux-Hebreo: un alfabeto con errores"</a>. <i>Cultura, Espaço & Memória</i> (9): 357–365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultura%2C+Espa%C3%A7o+%26+Mem%C3%B3ria&rft.atitle=El+Faux-Hebreo%3A+un+alfabeto+con+errores&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=357-365&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Benner&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleph.letras.up.pt%2Findex.php%2FCITCEM%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F6238%2F5869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudo-Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenczeln.d." class="citation web cs1">Menczel, Linda-Saskia (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45594932">"Hebrew Inscriptions in European Art of the 15th–18th Centuries — A Sign of Erudition"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Hebrew+Inscriptions+in+European+Art+of+the+15th%E2%80%9318th+Centuries+%E2%80%94+A+Sign+of+Erudition&rft.aulast=Menczel&rft.aufirst=Linda-Saskia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45594932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudo-Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published in Romanian in <i>Caiete de Arte și Design</i> 8 (2020): 58–63. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_European_Online_Library" title="Central and Eastern European Online Library">CEEOL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=924543">924543</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResnick2023" class="citation book cs1">Resnick, Irven M. (2023). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Lingua sacra et diabolica': A Survey of Medieval Christian Views of the Hebrew". In Daniel Stein Kokin (ed.). <i>Hebrew Between Jews and Christians</i>. De Gruyter. pp. 67–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110339826-004">10.1515/9783110339826-004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Lingua+sacra+et+diabolica%27%3A+A+Survey+of+Medieval+Christian+Views+of+the+Hebrew&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Between+Jews+and+Christians&rft.pages=67-93&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110339826-004&rft.aulast=Resnick&rft.aufirst=Irven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudo-Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodov2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rodov, Ilia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EHHL/EHLL-COM-00000707.xml">"Script in Christian Art"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics</i>. Vol. 3. Brill. pp. 462–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2212-4241_ehll_EHLL_COM_00000707">10.1163/2212-4241_ehll_EHLL_COM_00000707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Script+in+Christian+Art&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hebrew+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=462-477&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2212-4241_ehll_EHLL_COM_00000707&rft.aulast=Rodov&rft.aufirst=Ilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fentries%2FEHHL%2FEHLL-COM-00000707.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudo-Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Schwartz_(art_historian)" title="Gary Schwartz (art historian)">Schwartz, Gary</a> (22 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.garyschwartzarthistorian.nl/309-pseudo-semitism/">"Pseudo-Semitism"</a>. <i>Art History from Holland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+History+from+Holland&rft.atitle=Pseudo-Semitism&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.garyschwartzarthistorian.nl%2F309-pseudo-semitism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudo-Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div><p><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeraÁvila2017" class="citation journal cs1">Vera, Vicente Jara; Ávila, Carmen Sánchez (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel8020019">"Four Versions of the Christus by the Massys: Deciphering the Meaning of the Letters"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel8020019">10.3390/rel8020019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Four+Versions+of+the+Christus+by+the+Massys%3A+Deciphering+the+Meaning+of+the+Letters&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel8020019&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Vera&rft.aufirst=Vicente+Jara&rft.au=%C3%81vila%2C+Carmen+S%C3%A1nchez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel8020019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudo-Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeimanLeibner2016" class="citation journal cs1">Leiman, Rivka Elitzur; Leibner, Uzi (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44474007">"An Amulet from Khirbet Wadi Ḥamam"</a>. <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. <b>66</b> (2): 220–231. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-2059">0021-2059</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44474007">44474007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Amulet+from+Khirbet+Wadi+%E1%B8%A4amam&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=220-231&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44474007%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-2059&rft.aulast=Leiman&rft.aufirst=Rivka+Elitzur&rft.au=Leibner%2C+Uzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44474007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudo-Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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