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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Songbird</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singv%C3%B6gel" title="Singvögel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Singvögel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="طيور مغردة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طيور مغردة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeri" title="Passeri – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Passeri" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxuyan_s%C9%99r%C3%A7%C9%99l%C9%99r" title="Oxuyan sərçələr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oxuyan sərçələr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="সংবার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংবার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Пойни птици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пойни птици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singvegl" title="Singvegl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Singvegl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocells_cantadors" title="Ocells cantadors – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ocells cantadors" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zp%C4%9Bvn%C3%AD" title="Zpěvní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zpěvní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangfugle" title="Sangfugle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sangfugle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singv%C3%B6gel" title="Singvögel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Singvögel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laululinnud" title="Laululinnud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laululinnud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AC" title="Ωδικά πτηνά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ωδικά πτηνά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeri" title="Passeri – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Passeri" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantobirdo" title="Kantobirdo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kantobirdo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txori_abeslari" title="Txori abeslari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txori abeslari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پرندگان آوازخوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرندگان آوازخوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeri" title="Passeri – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Passeri" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeri" title="Passeri – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Passeri" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EA%B8%88%EB%A5%98" title="명금류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명금류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A9%D5%BC%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Երգեցիկ թռչուններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երգեցիկ թռչուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjevice" title="Pjevice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pjevice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_penyanyi" title="Burung penyanyi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burung penyanyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ngfuglar" title="Söngfuglar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Söngfuglar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscines" title="Oscines – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oscines" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99-%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8" title="דמויי-דרור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמויי-דרור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A6%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მგალობელი ბეღურები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მგალობელი ბეღურები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сайрағыш құстар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сайрағыш құстар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEkar%C3%AAn_bera" title="Fîkarên bera – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fîkarên bera" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Мырышы кеквлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мырышы кеквлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeri" title="Passeri – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Passeri" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzied%C4%81t%C4%81jputni" title="Dziedātājputni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dziedātājputni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangvullen" title="Sangvullen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sangvullen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%A9balkat%C3%BAak" title="Verébalkatúak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Verébalkatúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Песнопојни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Песнопојни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="സോങ്ബേർഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോങ്ബേർഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87" title="طيور مغرده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طيور مغرده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung_penyanyi" title="Burung penyanyi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burung penyanyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%83" title="Дуучшувуу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дуучшувуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="တေးဆိုငှက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တေးဆိုငှက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscines" title="Oscines – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oscines" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E4%BA%9C%E7%9B%AE" title="スズメ亜目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スズメ亜目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeri" title="Passeri – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Passeri" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangfugler" title="Sangfugler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sangfugler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeri" title="Passeri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Passeri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayroqi_qushlar" title="Sayroqi qushlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sayroqi qushlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Apiewaj%C4%85ce" title="Śpiewające – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śpiewające" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeri" title="Passeri – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Passeri" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83s%C4%83ri_c%C3%A2nt%C4%83toare" title="Păsări cântătoare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Păsări cântătoare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Певчие воробьиные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Певчие воробьиные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangbird" title="Sangbird – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sangbird" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Songbird" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeri" title="Passeri – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Passeri" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Праве птице певачице – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Праве птице певачице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laululinnut" title="Laululinnut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laululinnut" 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class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Passeri" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Passeri" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q194240" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Songbird_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Songbird (disambiguation)">Songbird (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Passeri" redirects here. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Passeri_(surname)" title="Passeri (surname)">Passeri (surname)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Songbird<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Early_Eocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Eocene">Early Eocene</a> to present <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">56–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.04615384615px; width:16.953846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eopsaltria_australis_-_Mogo_Campground.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Eopsaltria_australis_-_Mogo_Campground.jpg/250px-Eopsaltria_australis_-_Mogo_Campground.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Eopsaltria_australis_-_Mogo_Campground.jpg/330px-Eopsaltria_australis_-_Mogo_Campground.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Eopsaltria_australis_-_Mogo_Campground.jpg/500px-Eopsaltria_australis_-_Mogo_Campground.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4386" data-file-height="2924" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_yellow_robin" title="Eastern yellow robin">Eastern yellow robin</a> (<i>Eopsaltria australis</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Spizella_passerina_vocalizations_-_pone.0027052.s005.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Spizella_passerina_vocalizations_-_pone.0027052.s005.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Spizella_passerina_vocalizations_-_pone.0027052.s005.oga/Spizella_passerina_vocalizations_-_pone.0027052.s005.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Song of a <a href="/wiki/Chipping_sparrow" title="Chipping sparrow">chipping sparrow</a> (<i>Spizella passerina</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Passeri" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eupasserine" title="Eupasserine">Eupasseres</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Passeri</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Clades </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><a href="/wiki/Menuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Menuridae">Menuridae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Atrichornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrichornithidae">Atrichornithidae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Climacteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Climacteridae">Climacteridae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptilonorhynchidae">Ptilonorhynchidae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Maluridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maluridae">Maluridae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Meliphagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meliphagidae">Meliphagidae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Dasyornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasyornithidae">Dasyornithidae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Pardalotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardalotidae">Pardalotidae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Acanthizidae" title="Acanthizidae">Acanthizidae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Pomatostomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomatostomidae">Pomatostomidae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Orthonychidae" title="Orthonychidae">Orthonychidae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cnemophilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnemophilidae">Cnemophilidae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Melanocharitidae" title="Melanocharitidae">Melanocharitidae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Callaeidae" title="Callaeidae">Callaeidae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Notiomystidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Notiomystidae">Notiomystidae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Corvides" title="Corvides">Corvides</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Passerida" title="Passerida">Passerida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See text </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>A <b>songbird</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Suborder" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborder">suborder</a> <b>Passeri</b> of the perching birds (<a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes</a>). Another name that is sometimes seen as the scientific or vernacular name is <b>Oscines</b>, from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>oscen</i>, "songbird". The Passeriformes contains 5,000 or so species<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found all over the world, in which the <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">vocal organ</a> typically is developed in such a way as to produce a diverse and elaborate <a href="/wiki/Bird_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird song">bird song</a>. </p><p>Songbirds form one of the two major lineages of extant perching birds (~4,000 species), the other being the <a href="/wiki/Tyranni" title="Tyranni">Tyranni</a> (~1,000 species), which are most diverse in the <a href="/wiki/Neotropics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropics">Neotropics</a> and absent from many parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tyranni have a simpler <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">syrinx</a> musculature, and while their vocalizations are often just as complex and striking as those of songbirds, they are altogether more mechanical sounding. There is a third perching bird lineage, the <a href="/wiki/Acanthisitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthisitti">Acanthisitti</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, of which only two species remain alive today.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15263073_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15263073-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent estimates indicate that songbirds originated 50 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-ClaramuntCracraft2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClaramuntCracraft2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of their basal lineages suggest that their origin and initial diversification occurred exclusively in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_continent" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian continent">Australian continent</a> and only about 40 million years ago, oscines started to colonize <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Low_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Low-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ClaramuntCracraft2015_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClaramuntCracraft2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ascent_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ascent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songbird&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The song in this clade is essentially territorial, because it communicates the identity and whereabouts of an individual to other birds, and also signals sexual intentions. Sexual selection among songbirds is highly based on mimetic vocalization. Female preference has shown in some populations to be based on the extent of a male's song repertoire. The larger a male's repertoire, the more females a male individual attracts.<sup id="cite_ref-ByersKroodsma2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ByersKroodsma2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not to be confused with bird calls that are used for alarms and contact and are especially important in birds that feed or migrate in flocks. While almost all living birds <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">give calls</a> of some sort, well-developed songs are only given by a few lineages outside the songbirds. And still, not all songbirds proffer a call that is distinctly melodious. Songbirds do, however, possess a highly developed vocal organ, the <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(bird_anatomy)" title="Syrinx (bird anatomy)">syrinx</a>, that enables their sonorous activity. This organ, also known as a song box, can be found where the windpipe meets diverging bronchial tubes which lead to the lungs. The organ is a solid, bony structure lined with a film of membranes which air passes through as the songbird calls. While the song boxes of songbirds vary in size and intricacy, this does not necessarily determine the songbird's ability to voice their song. Researchers believe this has more to do with the length of the windpipe.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="88" data-mwtitle="Turdus-migratorius-003.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Turdus-migratorius-003.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Turdus-migratorius-003.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Turdus-migratorius-003.ogg/Turdus-migratorius-003.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/American_robin" title="American robin">American robin</a>, like most thrushes, has a complex near continuous song, consisting of discrete units often repeated and spliced by a string of pauses.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other birds (especially non-passeriforms) sometimes have <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">songs</a> to attract mates or hold territory, but these are usually simple and repetitive, lacking the variety of many oscine songs. The monotonous repetition of the <a href="/wiki/Common_cuckoo" title="Common cuckoo">common cuckoo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Little_crake" title="Little crake">little crake</a> can be contrasted with the variety of a <a href="/wiki/Nightingale" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightingale">nightingale</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marsh_warbler" title="Marsh warbler">marsh warbler</a>. However, although many songbirds have songs that are pleasant to the human ear, this is not invariably the case. Many members of the <a href="/wiki/Corvus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvus (genus)">crow</a> family (<a href="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a>) communicate with croaks or screeches, which sound harsh to humans. Even these, however, have a song of sorts, a softer twitter that is given between courting partners. And even though some <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a> (which are not songbirds) can be taught to repeat human speech, <a href="/wiki/Bird_vocalization" title="Bird vocalization">vocal mimicry</a> among birds is almost completely restricted to songbirds, some of which (such as the <a href="/wiki/Lyrebird" title="Lyrebird">lyrebirds</a> or the aptly named <a href="/wiki/Mockingbird" title="Mockingbird">mockingbirds</a>) excel in imitating the sounds of other birds or even environmental noises.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The birds from higher altitudes have evolved thicker downs (also known as jackets) to protect themselves from colder temperatures. Their feathers have outer and inner portions, with the lower down being fluffier and warmer to provide increased warmth.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Song_repertoire_and_courtship">Song repertoire and courtship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songbird&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Song repertoire and courtship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sexual selection can be broken down into several different studies regarding different aspects of a bird's song. As a result, songs can vary even within a single species. Many believe that song repertoire and cognition have a direct relationship. However, a study published in 2013 has shown that cognitive abilities may not all be directly related to the song repertoire of a songbird. Specifically, spatial learning is said to have an inverse relationship with song repertoire. So for example, this would be an individual who does not migrate as far as others in the species but has a better song repertoire. This suggests an evolutionary trade-off between possible alleles. With natural selection choosing traits best fit for reproductive success, there could be a trade-off in either direction depending on which trait would produce a higher fitness at that time period.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="285" data-mwtitle="XN_Luscinia_megarhynchos_012.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:XN_Luscinia_megarhynchos_012.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/XN_Luscinia_megarhynchos_012.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/XN_Luscinia_megarhynchos_012.ogg/XN_Luscinia_megarhynchos_012.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Common_nightingale" title="Common nightingale">Nightingale</a> song: Because nightingales sing both day and night, it is believed night songs are courtship related and dawn songs are territorial in nature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Song repertoire can be attributed to male songbirds as it is one of the main mechanisms of courtship. Song repertoires differ from male individual to male individual and species to species. Some species may typically have large repertoires while others may have significantly smaller ones. <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a> in female songbirds is a significant realm of study as song abilities are continuously evolving. Males often sing to assert their dominance over other males in competition for a female, sometimes in lieu of a combative episode, and to arouse the female by announcing a readiness to mate. Though less frequent, females have also been known to sing occasionally a duet with a mate as an affirmation of their partnership. While some will sing their song from a familiar perch, other species common to grasslands will sing a familiar song each time they fly.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, there have been numerous studies involving songbird repertoires, unfortunately, there has not yet been a concrete evidence to confirm that every songbird species prefers larger repertoires. A conclusion can be made that it can vary between species on whether a larger repertoire is connected to better fitness. With this conclusion, it can be inferred that evolution via natural selection, or sexual selection, favors the ability to retain larger repertoires for these certain species as it leads to higher reproductive success.<sup id="cite_ref-ByersKroodsma2008_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ByersKroodsma2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During times of courtship, it is said that male songbirds increase their repertoire by mimicking other species songs. The better the mimicking ability, retaining ability, and the quantity of other species mimicked has been proven to have a positive relationship with mating success. Female preferences cause the constant improvement of accuracy and presentation of the copied songs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory known as the "song-sharing hypothesis" suggests that females prefer simpler, more homogenous songs that signal a male of familiar territory. As birdsong can be broken into regional dialects through this process of mimicry, the foreign song of a newcomer suggests the lack of territorial possession. This can be costly in the wake of territorial conflicts between disparate songbird populations and may compel a female to prefer a male spouting a familiar song of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_systematics">Taxonomy and systematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songbird&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sibley-Ahlquist_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy">Sibley and Alquist</a> divided songbirds into two "<a href="/wiki/Parvorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvorder">parvorders</a>", <a href="/wiki/Corvida" title="Corvida">Corvida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passerida" title="Passerida">Passerida</a> (standard <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> practice would rank these as <a href="/wiki/Infraorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraorder">infraorders</a>), distributed in <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australo-Papua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-selvatti2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selvatti2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent molecular studies, however, show this treatment to be somewhat erroneous. Passerida is a highly diverse lineage, uniting over one-third of all bird species to include (in 2015) 3,885 species<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). These are divided into three major <a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (zoology)">superfamilies</a> (though not exactly corresponding to the Sibley-Ahlquist arrangement), in addition to some minor lineages. </p><p>In contrast, Sibley & Alquist's "Corvida" is a phylogenetic <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" title="Evolutionary grade">grade</a> and an artefact of the <a href="/wiki/Phenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenetic">phenetic</a> methodology. The bulk of the "Corvida" make up the large clade <a href="/wiki/Corvides" title="Corvides">Corvides</a> (812 species as of 2015<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which is a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to the Passerida. The remaining 15 oscine families (343 species in 2015<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) form a series of <a href="/wiki/Basal_(evolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal (evolution)">basally</a> branching sister groups to the Corvoid - Passerid clade.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these groups, which form at least six successively branching basal clades, are found exclusively or predominantly in Australasia. Australian endemics are also prominent among basal lineages in both Corvoids and Passerids, suggesting that songbirds originated and diverged in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Low_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Low-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scrubbirds and lyrebirds, of which there are just two species of each, represent the oldest lineage of songbirds on Earth. The <a href="/wiki/Rufous_scrubbird" title="Rufous scrubbird">rufous scrubbird</a>, <i>Atrichornis rufescens</i>, is essentially confined to the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia World Heritage Area, occurring in both Queensland and New South Wales sections. It is now only found at elevations above 600 m (2,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest known fossil songbirds is <i><a href="/wiki/Resoviaornis" title="Resoviaornis">Resoviaornis</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Rupelian" title="Rupelian">Early Oligocene</a> of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Families">Families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songbird&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li>Menuroidea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyrebird" title="Lyrebird">Menuridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyrebird" title="Lyrebird">lyrebirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrichornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrichornithidae">Atrichornithidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scrub_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrub bird">scrub birds</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bowerbirds and Australian treecreepers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climacteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Climacteridae">Climacteridae</a>: Australian <a href="/wiki/Treecreeper" title="Treecreeper">treecreepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptilonorhynchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptilonorhynchidae">Ptilonorhynchidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bowerbird" title="Bowerbird">bowerbirds</a></li></ul></li> <li>Meliphagoidea: honeyeaters and allies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maluridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maluridae">Maluridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fairy-wren" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy-wren">fairy-wrens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emu-wren" title="Emu-wren">emu-wrens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grasswren" title="Grasswren">grasswrens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliphagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meliphagidae">Meliphagidae</a>: true <a href="/wiki/Honeyeater" title="Honeyeater">honeyeaters</a> and chats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasyornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasyornithidae">Dasyornithidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bristlebirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristlebirds">bristlebirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardalotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardalotidae">Pardalotidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pardalote" title="Pardalote">pardalotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthizidae" title="Acanthizidae">Acanthizidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scrubwrens" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrubwrens">scrubwrens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acanthiza" title="Acanthiza">thornbills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerygone" title="Gerygone">gerygones</a></li></ul></li> <li>Australopapuan babblers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomatostomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomatostomidae">Pomatostomidae</a>: Australasian <a href="/wiki/Australo-Papuan_babbler" title="Australo-Papuan babbler">babblers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Logrunners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthonychidae" title="Orthonychidae">Orthonychidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Logrunner" class="mw-redirect" title="Logrunner">logrunners</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other basal lineages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cnemophilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnemophilidae">Cnemophilidae</a>: satinbirds <i><a href="/wiki/Cnemophilus" title="Cnemophilus">Cnemophilus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Loboparadisea" class="mw-redirect" title="Loboparadisea">Loboparadisea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocharitidae" title="Melanocharitidae">Melanocharitidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Melanocharitidae" title="Melanocharitidae">berrypeckers</a> and longbills</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callaeidae" title="Callaeidae">Callaeidae</a>: New Zealand wattlebirds <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dkako" title="Kōkako">kōkako</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saddleback_(bird)" title="Saddleback (bird)">saddleback</a> and †<a href="/wiki/Huia" title="Huia">huia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notiomystidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Notiomystidae">Notiomystidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stitchbird" title="Stitchbird">stitchbird</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvides" title="Corvides">Corvides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramythiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramythiidae">Paramythiidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tit_berrypecker" title="Tit berrypecker">tit berrypeckers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crested_berrypecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Crested berrypecker">crested berrypeckers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psophodidae" title="Psophodidae">Psophodidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Whipbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Whipbird">whipbirds</a>, jewel-babblers and quail-thrushes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platysteiridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Platysteiridae">Platysteiridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wattle-eye" title="Wattle-eye">wattle-eyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batis_(bird)" title="Batis (bird)">batis</a></li> <li>Malaconotidae: <a href="/wiki/Bush-shrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush-shrike">bush-shrikes</a></li> <li>Machaerirynchidae: <a href="/wiki/Machaerirhynchus" title="Machaerirhynchus">boatbills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vangidae">Vangidae</a>: vangas, woodshrikes, and helmetshrikes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pityriasidae">Pityriasidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bornean_bristlehead" title="Bornean bristlehead">Bornean bristlehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artamidae" title="Artamidae">Artamidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Butcherbird" title="Butcherbird">butcherbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Currawong" title="Currawong">currawongs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_magpie" title="Australian magpie">Australian magpie</a> (formerly in Cracticidae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhagologidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhagologidae">Rhagologidae</a>: mottled whistlers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegithinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegithinidae">Aegithinidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iora" title="Iora">ioras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campephagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Campephagidae">Campephagidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cuckooshrike" title="Cuckooshrike">cuckooshrikes</a> and trillers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohouidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohouidae">Mohouidae</a>: whiteheads</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neosittidae">Neosittidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sittella" title="Sittella">sittellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulacestomidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulacestomidae">Eulacestomidae</a>: ploughbills</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreoicidae" title="Oreoicidae">Oreoicidae</a>: Australo-Papuan bellbirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachycephalidae" title="Pachycephalidae">Pachycephalidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Whistler_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistler (bird)">whistlers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrike-thrush" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrike-thrush">shrike-thrushes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitohui" title="Pitohui">pitohuis</a> and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Laniidae">Laniidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shrike" title="Shrike">shrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vireonidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vireonidae">Vireonidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vireo" title="Vireo">vireos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriolidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriolidae">Oriolidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oriolus" title="Oriolus">orioles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Figbird" title="Figbird">figbirds</a> and †<a href="/wiki/Piopio_(bird)" title="Piopio (bird)">piopio</a> (formerly Turnagridae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicruridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicruridae">Dicruridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Drongo" title="Drongo">drongos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhipiduridae" title="Rhipiduridae">Rhipiduridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fantail" title="Fantail">fantails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchidae">Monarchidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Monarch_flycatcher" title="Monarch flycatcher">monarchs</a> and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platylophidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Platylophidae">Platylophidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jayshrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayshrike">jayshrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Corvus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvus (genus)">crows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magpie" title="Magpie">magpies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jay" title="Jay">jays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corcoracidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcoracidae">Corcoracidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-winged_chough" title="White-winged chough">white-winged chough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostlebird" title="Apostlebird">apostlebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melampittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Melampittidae">Melampittidae</a>: melampittas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifritidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifritidae">Ifritidae</a>: ifritabirds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-of-paradise" title="Bird-of-paradise">Paradisaeidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bird-of-paradise" title="Bird-of-paradise">birds of paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerida" title="Passerida">Passerida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroicidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroicidae">Petroicidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australasian_robin" title="Australasian robin">Australasian robins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picathartidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Picathartidae">Picathartidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rockfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockfowl">rockfowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaetopidae">Chaetopidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rockjumper" title="Rockjumper">rockjumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupetidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupetidae">Eupetidae</a>: rail-babbler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombycillidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombycillidae">Bombycillidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Waxwing" title="Waxwing">waxwings</a> and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptiliogonatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptiliogonatidae">Ptiliogonatidae</a>: silky-flycatchers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocoliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocoliidae">Hypocoliidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hypocolius" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocolius">hypocolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulidae">Dulidae</a>: palmchat</li> <li>† <a href="/wiki/Mohoidae" title="Mohoidae">Mohoidae</a>: some Hawaiian honeyeaters, <i><a href="/wiki/Moho_(genus)" title="Moho (genus)">Moho</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kioea" title="Kioea">Chaetoptila</a></i> genera, not closely related to <a href="/wiki/Meliphagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meliphagidae">Meliphagidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylocitreidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylocitreidae">Hylocitreidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hylocitrea" title="Hylocitrea">hylocitrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenostiridae" title="Stenostiridae">Stenostiridae</a>: fairy-flycatcher and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paridae">Paridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tit_(bird)" title="Tit (bird)">tits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickadee" title="Chickadee">chickadees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titmice" class="mw-redirect" title="Titmice">titmouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remizidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Remizidae">Remizidae</a>: penduline-tits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicatoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicatoridae">Nicatoridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nicator" title="Nicator">nicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Panuridae">Panuridae</a>: bearded reedling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaudidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaudidae">Alaudidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lark" title="Lark">larks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbul" title="Bulbul">Pycnonotidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bulbul" title="Bulbul">bulbuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirundinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirundinidae">Hirundinidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin (bird)">martins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnoepygidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnoepygidae">Pnoepygidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pnoepyga" title="Pnoepyga">wren-babblers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrosphenidae" title="Macrosphenidae">Macrosphenidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Crombec" title="Crombec">crombecs</a> and African warblers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cettiidae" title="Cettiidae">Cettiidae</a>: bush-warblers and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotocercidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotocercidae">Scotocercidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Streaked_scrub-warbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaked scrub-warbler">streaked scrub-warbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrocercidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrocercidae">Erythrocercidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yellow_flycatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow flycatcher">yellow flycatchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegithalidae" title="Aegithalidae">Aegithalidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_tit" title="Long-tailed tit">long-tailed tits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylloscopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloscopidae">Phylloscopidae</a>: leaf-warblers and allies. Recently split from Sylviidae.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrocephalidae" title="Acrocephalidae">Acrocephalidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Reed_warbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed warbler">reed warblers</a> and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locustellidae" title="Locustellidae">Locustellidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Locustellidae" title="Locustellidae">grassbirds</a> and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donacobiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Donacobiidae">Donacobiidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Black-capped_donacobius" title="Black-capped donacobius">black-capped donacobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernieridae" title="Bernieridae">Bernieridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_warbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy warbler">Malagasy warblers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisticolidae" title="Cisticolidae">Cisticolidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cisticola" title="Cisticola">cisticolas</a> and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timaliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Timaliidae">Timaliidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australo-Papuan_babbler" title="Australo-Papuan babbler">babblers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellorneidae" title="Pellorneidae">Pellorneidae</a>: ground babblers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiothrichidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiothrichidae">Leiothrichidae</a>: laughingthrushes and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylviidae" title="Sylviidae">Sylviidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Old_World_warbler" title="Old World warbler">Old World warblers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-eye" title="White-eye">Zosteropidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-eye" title="White-eye">white-eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcanatoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcanatoridae">Arcanatoridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dapple-throat" title="Dapple-throat">dapple-throat</a> and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promeropidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Promeropidae">Promeropidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sugarbird" title="Sugarbird">sugarbirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenidae">Irenidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fairy-bluebird" title="Fairy-bluebird">fairy-bluebirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulidae">Regulidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kinglet" title="Kinglet">kinglets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elachuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Elachuridae">Elachuridae</a>: elachuras</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyliotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyliotidae">Hyliotidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hyliota" title="Hyliota">hyliotas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troglodytidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglodytidae">Troglodytidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wren" title="Wren">wrens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polioptilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polioptilidae">Polioptilidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gnatcatcher" title="Gnatcatcher">gnatcatchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sittidae">Sittidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nuthatch" title="Nuthatch">nuthatches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tichodromidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichodromidae">Tichodromidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wallcreeper" title="Wallcreeper">wallcreeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certhiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Certhiidae">Certhiidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Treecreeper" title="Treecreeper">treecreepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimidae">Mimidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mockingbird" title="Mockingbird">mockingbirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrasher" title="Thrasher">thrashers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturnidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sturnidae">Sturnidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Starling" title="Starling">starlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Buphagidae">Buphagidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxpecker" title="Oxpecker">oxpeckers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turdidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Turdidae">Turdidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thrush_(bird)" title="Thrush (bird)">thrushes</a> and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscicapidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscicapidae">Muscicapidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Old_World_flycatcher" title="Old World flycatcher">Old World flycatchers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chat_(bird)" title="Chat (bird)">chats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinclidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinclidae">Cinclidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dipper" title="Dipper">dippers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropseidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropseidae">Chloropseidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Leafbird" title="Leafbird">leafbirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaeidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicaeidae">Dicaeidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Flowerpecker" title="Flowerpecker">flowerpeckers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectariniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectariniidae">Nectariniidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sunbird" title="Sunbird">sunbirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_sparrow" title="Old World sparrow">Passeridae</a>: true <a href="/wiki/Old_World_sparrow" title="Old World sparrow">sparrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploceidae" title="Ploceidae">Ploceidae</a>: weavers and <a href="/wiki/Widowbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Widowbird">widowbirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrildid_finch" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrildid finch">Estrildidae</a>: estrildid finches (<a href="/wiki/Waxbill" class="mw-redirect" title="Waxbill">waxbills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munia" class="mw-redirect" title="Munia">munias</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viduidae" title="Viduidae">Viduidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indigo_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigo bird">indigo birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viduidae" title="Viduidae">whydahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peucedramidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Peucedramidae">Peucedramidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olive_warbler" title="Olive warbler">olive warbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prunellidae">Prunellidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Accentor" title="Accentor">accentor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motacillidae" title="Motacillidae">Motacillidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wagtail" title="Wagtail">wagtails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pipit" title="Pipit">pipits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urocynchramidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Urocynchramidae">Urocynchramidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Przevalski%27s_finch" title="Przevalski's finch">Przevalski's finch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringillidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fringillidae">Fringillidae</a>: true <a href="/wiki/Finch" title="Finch">finches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_honeycreeper" title="Hawaiian honeycreeper">Hawaiian honeycreepers</a> (formerly Drepanididae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Parulidae">Parulidae</a>: New World <a href="/wiki/Warbler" title="Warbler">warblers</a>, for example the <a href="/wiki/Black-throated_blue_warbler" title="Black-throated blue warbler">black-throated blue warblers</a> and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Icteridae">Icteridae</a>: American <a href="/wiki/Icterid" title="Icterid">blackbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_World_oriole" title="New World oriole">New World orioles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grackle" title="Grackle">grackles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cowbird" title="Cowbird">cowbirds</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coerebidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coerebidae">Coerebidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bananaquit" title="Bananaquit">bananaquit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emberizidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emberizidae">Emberizidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emberiza" title="Emberiza">buntings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passerellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Passerellidae">Passerellidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_World_sparrow" title="New World sparrow">New World sparrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraupidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thraupidae">Thraupidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tanager" title="Tanager">tanagers</a>, true <a href="/wiki/Honeycreepers" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeycreepers">honeycreepers</a> and allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcariidae" title="Calcariidae">Calcariidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Snow_bunting" title="Snow bunting">snow buntings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longspur" title="Longspur">longspurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinalidae" title="Cardinalidae">Cardinalidae</a>: cardinals and allies</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songbird&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Song system">Song system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songbird&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>IOC World Bird List 5.1</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14344%2FIOC.ML.5.1">10.14344/IOC.ML.5.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IOC+World+Bird+List+5.1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14344%2FIOC.ML.5.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASongbird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Scott V. and John Harshman. 2013. 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Version 06 February 2013 (under construction). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tolweb.org/Passeriformes/15868/2013.02.06">http://tolweb.org/Passeriformes/15868/2013.02.06</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031040714/http://tolweb.org/Passeriformes/15868/2013.02.06">Archived</a> 2022-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in The Tree of Life Web Project, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tolweb.org/">http://tolweb.org/</a>[Accessed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> 2017/12/11].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15263073-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15263073_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarkerCiboisSchiklerFeinstein2004" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, F. 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(December 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ascent-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ascent_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReilly2018" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, John (2018). <i>The Ascent of Birds</i>. 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href="/w/index.php?title=Songbird&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Passeri" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Passeri">Passeri</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oscine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:oscine">oscine</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Oscines/29222/2006.07.31">Oscines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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