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</div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Melbourne</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Melbourne" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Melbourne" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Melbourne" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Australian metropolitan area. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Melbourne (disambiguation)">Melbourne (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Melbourne (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmɛlbərn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MEL-bərn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[note 1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>locally <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈmæɫbən]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/10\/En-au-Melbourne.oga\/En-au-Melbourne.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-au-Melbourne.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/En-au-Melbourne.oga/En-au-Melbourne.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-au-Melbourne.oga" title="File:En-au-Melbourne.oga">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Boonwurrung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Boonwurrung language">Boonwurrung</a>/<a href="/wiki/Woiwurrung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Woiwurrung language">Woiwurrung</a>: Narrm or Naarm<a href="#cite_note-naarm-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">most populous city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Australian state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>, and the second-most populous city in Australia, after <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23pop-1">[1]</a> Its name generally refers to a 9,993 km2 (3,858 sq mi) metropolitan area also known as Greater Melbourne,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> comprising an urban agglomeration of <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Areas_of_Victoria#Municipalities_of_Greater_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Areas of Victoria">31 local government areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MelbLGAs-13">[12]</a> The name is also used to specifically refer to the local government area named <a href="/wiki/City_of_Melbourne" title="City of Melbourne">City of Melbourne</a>, whose area is centred on the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_central_business_district" title="Melbourne central business district">Melbourne central business district</a> and some immediate surrounds. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3em; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Melbourne <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Melburnian_Skyline_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Melbourne skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Melburnian_Skyline_b.jpg/268px-Melburnian_Skyline_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Melburnian_Skyline_b.jpg/402px-Melburnian_Skyline_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Melburnian_Skyline_b.jpg/536px-Melburnian_Skyline_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1367"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Melbourne" title="List of tallest buildings in Melbourne">Melbourne skyline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kings_Domain" title="Kings Domain">Kings Domain</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Flinders_Street_Station_Melbourne_March_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flinders Street Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flinders_Street_Station_Melbourne_March_2021.jpg/128px-Flinders_Street_Station_Melbourne_March_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flinders_Street_Station_Melbourne_March_2021.jpg/192px-Flinders_Street_Station_Melbourne_March_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flinders_Street_Station_Melbourne_March_2021.jpg/256px-Flinders_Street_Station_Melbourne_March_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4661" data-file-height="3107"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Street_railway_station" title="Flinders Street railway station">Flinders Street Station</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_of_Remembrance_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shrine of Remembrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Shrine_of_Remembrance_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/136px-Shrine_of_Remembrance_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Shrine_of_Remembrance_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/204px-Shrine_of_Remembrance_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Shrine_of_Remembrance_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/272px-Shrine_of_Remembrance_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3054" data-file-height="1910"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Remembrance" title="Shrine of Remembrance">Shrine of Remembrance</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Melbourne Cricket Ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem_%28cropped%29.jpg/138px-2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem_%28cropped%29.jpg/207px-2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem_%28cropped%29.jpg/276px-2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6263" data-file-height="3918"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal Exhibition Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg/126px-Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg/189px-Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg/252px-Royal_exhibition_building_tulips_straight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1280"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exhibition_Building" title="Royal Exhibition Building">Royal Exhibition Building</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_Skyline_and_Princes_Bridge_-_Dec_2008_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Melbourne CBD and Princes Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Melbourne_Skyline_and_Princes_Bridge_-_Dec_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-Melbourne_Skyline_and_Princes_Bridge_-_Dec_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Melbourne_Skyline_and_Princes_Bridge_-_Dec_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg/402px-Melbourne_Skyline_and_Princes_Bridge_-_Dec_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Melbourne_Skyline_and_Princes_Bridge_-_Dec_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg/536px-Melbourne_Skyline_and_Princes_Bridge_-_Dec_2008_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2486"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_CBD" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne CBD">Melbourne CBD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princes_Bridge" title="Princes Bridge">Princes Bridge</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Melbourne_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Melbourne, Australia, printable and editable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Melbourne_Australia.svg/270px-Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Melbourne_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Melbourne_Australia.svg/405px-Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Melbourne_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Melbourne_Australia.svg/540px-Free_printable_and_editable_vector_map_of_Melbourne_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="1662"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Map of Melbourne (printable and editable)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_relief_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Melbourne is located in Australia"><img alt="Melbourne is located in Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/270px-Australia_relief_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/405px-Australia_relief_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Australia_relief_map.jpg/540px-Australia_relief_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1200"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.167%;left:76.927%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Melbourne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Melbourne</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Melbourne&params=37_48_51_S_144_57_47_E_region:AU-VIC_type:city(5,200,000)">37°48′51″S 144°57′47″E / 37.81417°S 144.96306°E / -37.81417; 144.96306</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">5,207,145 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-23pop-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">521.079/km2 (1,349.59/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">30 August 1835; 189 years ago (1835-08-30)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">31 m (102 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">9,993 km2 (3,858.3 sq mi)(GCCSA)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Australia" title="Time in Australia">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Eastern_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Eastern Standard Time">AEST</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B10" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+10">UTC+10</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Eastern Daylight Time">AEDT</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+11">UTC+11</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><ul style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><li> 466 km (290 mi) SW of <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li><li> 654 km (406 mi) SE of <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li><li> 713 km (443 mi) SW of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li><li> 1,374 km (854 mi) SW of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </li><li> 2,721 km (1,691 mi) SE of <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria" title="Local government in Victoria">LGA(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Areas_of_Victoria#Municipalities_of_Greater_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Areas of Victoria">31 municipalities across Greater Melbourne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Lands_administrative_divisions_of_Australia" title="Lands administrative divisions of Australia">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Bourke,_Victoria" title="County of Bourke, Victoria">Bourke</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Evelyn,_Victoria" title="County of Evelyn, Victoria">Evelyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Grant,_Victoria" title="County of Grant, Victoria">Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mornington" title="County of Mornington">Mornington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Electorates_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electorates of the Australian states and territories">State electorate(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Vic_Melbourne_Metro_state_districts_2014.png" title="File:Vic Melbourne Metro state districts 2014.png">55 electoral districts and regions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:#f9f6d2;"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives">Federal division(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_divisions_overview_2010.png" title="File:Melbourne divisions overview 2010.png">23 divisions</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; border: 1px #ddd solid;"> <tbody><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;">Mean max temp</td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:34%;">Mean min temp</td> <td style="background-color:#f0f0ff;border: 1px #FFF solid; text-align:center; width:33%;">Annual rainfall</td> </tr><tr style="border: 1px #FFF solid" class="mergedrow"> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;"> 20.2 °C 68 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:34%;">9.7 °C 49 °F</td> <td style="padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center; width:33%;">515.5 mm 20.3 in</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="3" style="width:100%; border: 1px #ddd solid;"> <tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#f0f0ff;padding: 2px 0px; text-align:center;">Localities around Melbourne:</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="text-align:center; padding: 3px 0px; width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/Loddon_Mallee" title="Loddon Mallee">Loddon Mallee</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; padding: 3px 0px; width:34%;"><a href="/wiki/Hume_(region)" title="Hume (region)">Hume</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; padding: 3px 0px; width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/Hume_(region)" title="Hume (region)">Hume</a></td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px 0px; width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/Grampians_(region)" title="Grampians (region)">Grampians</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px 0px; width:34%;font-weight:bold;">Melbourne</td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px 0px; width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/Gippsland" title="Gippsland">Gippsland</a></td> </tr><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="text-align:center; padding: 3px 0px; width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/Barwon_South_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Barwon South West">Barwon South West</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; padding: 3px 0px; width:34%;"><a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip" title="Port Phillip">Port Phillip Bay</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; padding: 3px 0px; width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/Gippsland" title="Gippsland">Gippsland</a></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_Victoria_metropolitan_Melbourne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Greater Melbourne Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Australia_Victoria_metropolitan_Melbourne.svg/220px-Australia_Victoria_metropolitan_Melbourne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Australia_Victoria_metropolitan_Melbourne.svg/330px-Australia_Victoria_metropolitan_Melbourne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Australia_Victoria_metropolitan_Melbourne.svg/440px-Australia_Victoria_metropolitan_Melbourne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="967"></a><figcaption>Greater Melbourne Region</figcaption></figure> The metropolis occupies much of the northern and eastern coastlines of <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Phillip Bay">Port Phillip Bay</a> and spreads into the <a href="/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula" title="Mornington Peninsula">Mornington Peninsula</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/West_Gippsland" title="West Gippsland">West Gippsland</a>, as well as the hinterlands towards the <a href="/wiki/Yarra_Valley" title="Yarra Valley">Yarra Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dandenong_Ranges" title="Dandenong Ranges">Dandenong Ranges</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Macedon_Ranges" title="Macedon Ranges">Macedon Ranges</a>. As of 2023, the population of the metropolitan area was 5.2 million, or 19% of the <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Australia">population of Australia</a>;<a href="#cite_note-23pop-1">[1]</a> inhabitants are referred to as "Melburnians".<a href="#cite_note-16">[note 2]</a> The area of Melbourne has been home to <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Victorians" title="Aboriginal Victorians">Aboriginal Victorians</a> for over 40,000 years and serves as an important meeting place for local <a href="/wiki/Kulin_nation" title="Kulin nation">Kulin nation</a> clans.<a href="#cite_note-settlement8-9-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-merrimerri-18">[16]</a> Of the five peoples of the Kulin nation, the traditional custodians of the land encompassing Melbourne are the <a href="/wiki/Boon_wurrung" class="mw-redirect" title="Boon wurrung">Boonwurrung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woiwurrung" title="Woiwurrung">Woiwurrung</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wurundjeri" title="Wurundjeri">Wurundjeri</a> peoples. In 1803, a short-lived British <a href="/wiki/Penal_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal settlement">penal settlement</a> was established at Port Phillip, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a>. Melbourne was founded in 1835 with the arrival of free settlers from <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>).<a href="#cite_note-settlement8-9-17">[15]</a> It was incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown</a> settlement in 1837, and named after the then-<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-settlement8-9-17">[15]</a> Declared a city by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> in 1847, it became the capital of the newly separated Colony of Victoria in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-MilesLewis25-19">[17]</a> During the 1850s <a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a>, the city entered a lengthy boom period that, by the late 1880s, had transformed it into Australia's, and one of the world's largest and wealthiest metropolises.<a href="#cite_note-RobertCervero320-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federation of Australia</a> in 1901, Melbourne served as the interim seat of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">government</a> of the new nation until <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> became the permanent capital in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-22">[20]</a> Today, Melbourne is culturally diverse and, among world cities, has the 4th largest <a href="/wiki/Foreign_born#Cities_with_largest_foreign_born_populations" title="Foreign born">foreign born population</a>. It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region, ranking 28th globally in the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GFCI2-23">[21]</a> The city's <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Melbourne" title="Architecture of Melbourne">eclectic architecture</a> blends Victorian era structures, such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage</a>-listed <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exhibition_Building" title="Royal Exhibition Building">Royal Exhibition Building</a>, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Melbourne" title="List of tallest buildings in Melbourne">one of the world's tallest skylines</a>. Additional landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">National Gallery of Victoria</a>. Noted for <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Melbourne" title="Culture of Melbourne">its cultural heritage</a>, the city gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_School" title="Heidelberg School">Australian impressionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Australian cinema</a>, and is noted for its <a href="/wiki/Street_art_in_Melbourne" title="Street art in Melbourne">street art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melbourne" title="Music of Melbourne">live music</a> and theatre scenes. It hosts major annual sporting events, such as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Grand_Prix" title="Australian Grand Prix">Australian Grand Prix</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a>, and also hosted the <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Summer Olympics</a>. Melbourne ranked as the <a href="/wiki/Most_livable_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Most livable cities">world's most livable city</a> for much of the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_20170816-24">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Airport" title="Melbourne Airport">Melbourne Airport</a> is the second-busiest airport in Australia and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Melbourne" title="Port of Melbourne">Port of Melbourne</a> is the nation's busiest seaport.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Its main <a href="/wiki/Railways_in_Melbourne" title="Railways in Melbourne">metropolitan rail</a> terminus is <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Street_railway_station" title="Flinders Street railway station">Flinders Street station</a> and its main <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Victoria" title="Rail transport in Victoria">regional rail</a> and road coach terminus is <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_railway_station" title="Southern Cross railway station">Southern Cross station</a>. It also has Australia's most <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Melbourne" title="Transport in Melbourne">extensive freeway network</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Melbourne" title="Trams in Melbourne">largest urban tram network in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DOT_tram-27">[25]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Indigenous_peoples">1.1 Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#British_settlement">1.2 British settlement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Victorian_gold_rush">1.3 Victorian gold rush</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Land_boom_and_bust">1.4 Land boom and bust</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Temporary_capital_of_Australia_and_World_War_II">1.5 Temporary capital of Australia and World War II</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Post-war_period">1.6 Post-war period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Contemporary_Melbourne">1.7 Contemporary Melbourne</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate">2.1 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Urban_structure">3 Urban structure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Housing">3.1 Housing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Architecture">4 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Culture">5 Culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Sport">6 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Economy">7 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Tourism">7.1 Tourism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Demographics">8 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Ancestry_and_immigration">8.1 Ancestry and immigration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Language">8.2 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Religion">8.3 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Education">9 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Media">10 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Governance">11 Governance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Transport">12 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Roads">12.1 Roads</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Public_transport">12.2 Public transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Train">12.2.1 Train</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Tram">12.2.2 Tram</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Bus">12.2.3 Bus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Airports">12.2.4 Airports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Water_transport">12.2.5 Water transport</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Infrastructure">13 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Health">13.1 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Utilities">13.2 Utilities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#See_also">14 See also</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Lists">14.1 Lists</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Notes">15 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#References">16 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Further_reading">17 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#External_links">18 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Melbourne" title="History of Melbourne">History of Melbourne</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Melbourne_history" title="Timeline of Melbourne history">Timeline of Melbourne history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Victorians" title="Aboriginal Victorians">Aboriginal Victorians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Victorians" title="Aboriginal Victorians">Aboriginal Australians</a> have lived in the Melbourne area for at least 40,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">European colonisers</a> arrived in the 19th century, at least 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Kulin_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulin people">Kulin people</a> from three distinct language groups – the <a href="/wiki/Wurundjeri" title="Wurundjeri">Wurundjeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunurong" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunurong">Bunurong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wathaurong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wathaurong">Wathaurong</a> – resided in the area.<a href="#cite_note-rbg.vic.gov.au-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> It was an important meeting place for the clans of the <a href="/wiki/Kulin_nation" title="Kulin nation">Kulin nation</a> alliance and a vital source of food and water.<a href="#cite_note-settlement-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-merrimerri-18">[16]</a> In June 2021, the boundaries between the land of two of the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_owner" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional owner">traditional owner</a> groups, the Wurundjeri and Bunurong, were agreed after being drawn up by the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Aboriginal_Heritage_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council">Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council</a>. The borderline runs across the city from west to east, with the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_city_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne city centre">CBD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Victoria" title="Richmond, Victoria">Richmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawthorn,_Victoria" title="Hawthorn, Victoria">Hawthorn</a> included in Wurundjeri land, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Park,_Victoria" title="Albert Park, Victoria">Albert Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Victoria" title="St Kilda, Victoria">St Kilda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caulfield,_Victoria" title="Caulfield, Victoria">Caulfield</a> on Bunurong land.<a href="#cite_note-boundaries-32">[30]</a> However, this change in boundaries is still disputed by people on both sides of the dispute including N'arweet <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Briggs" title="Carolyn Briggs">Carolyn Briggs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> The name Narrm is commonly used by the broader Aboriginal community to refer to the city, stemming from the traditional name recorded for the area on which the Melbourne city centre is built.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-naarm-10">[9]</a> The word is closely related to Narm-narm, being the Boonwurrung word for <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Phillip Bay">Port Phillip Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Narrm means scrub in Eastern Kulin languages which reflects the Creation Story of how the Bay was filled by the creation of the Birrarung (Yarra River). Before this, the dry Melbourne region extended out into the Bay and the Bay was filled with teatree scrub where boorrimul (emu) and marram (kangaroo) were hunted.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_settlement">British settlement</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British settlement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_Melbourne" title="Foundation of Melbourne">Foundation of Melbourne</a></div> The first <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> settlement in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, was established by Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_Collins_(lieutenant_governor)" title="David Collins (lieutenant governor)">David Collins</a> in October 1803, at <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Bay,_Victoria" title="Sullivan Bay, Victoria">Sullivan Bay</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Sorrento,_Victoria" title="Sorrento, Victoria">Sorrento</a>. The following year, due to a perceived lack of resources, these settlers relocated to <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>) and founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>. It would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batman_signs_treaty_artist_impression.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Batman_signs_treaty_artist_impression.jpg/220px-Batman_signs_treaty_artist_impression.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="777"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Batman_signs_treaty_artist_impression.jpg/220px-Batman_signs_treaty_artist_impression.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Batman_signs_treaty_artist_impression.jpg/330px-Batman_signs_treaty_artist_impression.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Batman_signs_treaty_artist_impression.jpg/440px-Batman_signs_treaty_artist_impression.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A late 19th-century artist's depiction of <a href="/wiki/John_Batman" title="John Batman">John Batman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Batman%27s_Treaty" title="Batman's Treaty">treaty</a> with a group of <a href="/wiki/Wurundjeri" title="Wurundjeri">Wurundjeri</a> elders</figcaption></figure> In May and June 1835, <a href="/wiki/John_Batman" title="John Batman">John Batman</a>, a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip_Association" title="Port Phillip Association">Port Phillip Association</a> in Van Diemen's Land, explored the Melbourne area, and later claimed to have <a href="/wiki/Batman%27s_Treaty" title="Batman's Treaty">negotiated a purchase</a> of 2,400 km2 (600,000 acres) with eight Wurundjeri elders. However, the nature of the treaty has been heavily disputed, as none of the parties spoke the same language, and the elders likely perceived it as part of the gift exchanges which had taken place over the previous few days amounting to a <a href="/wiki/Tanderrum" title="Tanderrum">tanderrum</a> ceremony which allows temporary, not permanent, access to and use of the land.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Yarra_River" title="Yarra River">Yarra River</a>, declaring that "this will be the place for a village" before returning to Van Diemen's Land.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> In August 1835, another group of Vandemonian settlers arrived in the area and established a settlement at the site of the current <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Museum,_Melbourne" title="Immigration Museum, Melbourne">Melbourne Immigration Museum</a>. Batman and his group arrived the following month and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement, initially known by the native name of Dootigala.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Batman's Treaty with the Aboriginal elders was annulled by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke" title="Richard Bourke">Richard Bourke</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a> (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association.<a href="#cite_note-settlement-31">[29]</a> In 1836, Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip_District" title="Port Phillip District">Port Phillip District</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, and commissioned the first plan for its urban layout, the <a href="/wiki/Hoddle_Grid" title="Hoddle Grid">Hoddle Grid</a>, in 1837.<a href="#cite_note-COM2-44">[42]</a> Known briefly as Batmania,<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> the settlement was named Melbourne on 10 April 1837 by Bourke<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Family_seat" title="Family seat">seat</a> was <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Hall" title="Melbourne Hall">Melbourne Hall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a> of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne,_Derbyshire" title="Melbourne, Derbyshire">Melbourne, Derbyshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> That year, the settlement's <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Melbourne" title="General Post Office, Melbourne">general post office</a> officially opened with that name.<a href="#cite_note-PostOffice-48">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg/220px-Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg/220px-Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg/330px-Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg/440px-Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Melbourne in 1840</figcaption></figure> Between 1836 and 1842, Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed of their land by British colonists.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> In 1840, the Superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip_District" title="Port Phillip District">Port Phillip District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_La_Trobe" title="Charles La Trobe">Charles La Trobe</a> issued a directive to banish Aborigines from the immediate vicinity of Melbourne.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> This was enforced later that same year by the mass-arrest and imprisonment of hundreds of Indigenous people during the <a href="/wiki/Lettsom_raid" title="Lettsom raid">Lettsom raid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> However, Aboriginal people still managed to continue living near the settlement and by January 1844 there were said to be 675 residing in squalid camps around Melbourne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce2011186-52">[50]</a> The British Colonial Office had appointed five <a href="/wiki/Protector_of_Aborigines" title="Protector of Aborigines">Aboriginal Protectors</a> for the Aboriginal people of Victoria, in 1839, but their work was nullified by a land policy that favoured <a href="/wiki/Squatting_(pastoral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatting (pastoral)">squatters</a> who took possession of Aboriginal lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce2011199-53">[51]</a> By 1845, fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans held all the pastoral licences then issued in Victoria and became a powerful political and economic force in Victoria for generations to come.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce2011163-54">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">Letters patent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a>, issued on 25 June 1847, declared Melbourne a city.<a href="#cite_note-MilesLewis25-19">[17]</a> On 1 July 1851, the Port Phillip District separated from <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> to become the Colony of Victoria, with Melbourne as its capital.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian_gold_rush">Victorian gold rush</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Victorian gold rush" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canvas_town_south_melbourne_victoria_1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Canvas_town_south_melbourne_victoria_1850s.jpg/220px-Canvas_town_south_melbourne_victoria_1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Canvas_town_south_melbourne_victoria_1850s.jpg/220px-Canvas_town_south_melbourne_victoria_1850s.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Canvas_town_south_melbourne_victoria_1850s.jpg/330px-Canvas_town_south_melbourne_victoria_1850s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Canvas_town_south_melbourne_victoria_1850s.jpg/440px-Canvas_town_south_melbourne_victoria_1850s.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>South Melbourne's "Canvas Town" provided temporary accommodation for the thousands of migrants who arrived each week during the 1850s gold rush.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eureka_Rebellion_Prisoners_Released.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Eureka_Rebellion_Prisoners_Released.jpg/220px-Eureka_Rebellion_Prisoners_Released.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="710"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Eureka_Rebellion_Prisoners_Released.jpg/220px-Eureka_Rebellion_Prisoners_Released.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Eureka_Rebellion_Prisoners_Released.jpg/330px-Eureka_Rebellion_Prisoners_Released.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Eureka_Rebellion_Prisoners_Released.jpg/440px-Eureka_Rebellion_Prisoners_Released.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A large crowd outside the Victorian Supreme Court, celebrating the release of the <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka rebels</a> in 1855</figcaption></figure> The discovery of gold in Victoria in mid-1851 sparked <a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">a gold rush</a>, and Melbourne, the colony's major port, experienced rapid growth. Within months, the city's population had nearly doubled from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-gold1850-56">[54]</a> Exponential growth ensued, and by 1865 Melbourne had overtaken <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> as Australia's most populous city.<a href="#cite_note-largeby1865-57">[55]</a> An influx of intercolonial and international migrants, particularly from Europe and China, saw the establishment of slums, including <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Melbourne" title="Chinatown, Melbourne">Chinatown</a> and a temporary "tent city" on the southern banks of the Yarra. In the aftermath of the 1854 <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a>, mass public support for the plight of the miners resulted in major political changes to the colony, including improvements in working conditions across mining, agriculture, manufacturing and other local industries. At least twenty nationalities took part in the rebellion, giving some indication of immigration flows at the time.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> With the wealth brought in from the gold rush and the subsequent need for public buildings, a program of grand civic construction soon began. The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Melbourne" title="Parliament House, Melbourne">Parliament House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Treasury_Building,_Melbourne" title="Old Treasury Building, Melbourne">Treasury Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Melbourne_Gaol" title="Old Melbourne Gaol">Old Melbourne Gaol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Barracks,_Melbourne" title="Victoria Barracks, Melbourne">Victoria Barracks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="State Library of Victoria">State Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_GPO" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne GPO">General Post Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Museum,_Melbourne" title="Immigration Museum, Melbourne">Customs House</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Town_Hall" title="Melbourne Town Hall">Melbourne Town Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Melbourne" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne">St Patrick's</a> cathedral, though many remained incomplete for decades. The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern, cut through by wide radial boulevards and parklands surrounding the central city, was largely established in the 1850s and 1860s. These areas rapidly filled with the ubiquitous terrace houses, as well as with detached houses and grand mansions, while some of the major roads developed as shopping streets. Melbourne quickly became a major finance centre, home to several banks, the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Mint" title="Melbourne Mint">Royal Mint</a>, and (in 1861) Australia's first <a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">stock exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-caslon-59">[57]</a> In 1855, the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Club" title="Melbourne Cricket Club">Melbourne Cricket Club</a> secured possession of its now famous ground, the <a href="/wiki/MCG" class="mw-redirect" title="MCG">MCG</a>. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club" title="Melbourne Football Club">Melbourne Football Club</a> codified <a href="/wiki/Australian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian football">Australian football</a> in 1859,<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> and in 1861, the first <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cup" title="Melbourne Cup">Melbourne Cup</a> race was held. Melbourne acquired its first public monument, the <a href="/wiki/Burke_and_Wills_expedition" title="Burke and Wills expedition">Burke and Wills</a> statue, in 1864. With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold-mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria (especially wool) and with a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network spread into the countryside from the late 1850s. Construction started on further major public buildings in the 1860s and 1870s, such as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria" title="Supreme Court of Victoria">Supreme Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Melbourne" title="Government House, Melbourne">Government House</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Market" title="Queen Victoria Market">Queen Victoria Market</a>. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline, with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases (particularly <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a><a href="#cite_note-rbg.vic.gov.au-29">[27]</a>), frontier violence and dispossession of their lands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_boom_and_bust">Land boom and bust</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Land boom and bust" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Street_Melbourne_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Elizabeth_Street_Melbourne_1900.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Street_Melbourne_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="1166"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Elizabeth_Street_Melbourne_1900.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Street_Melbourne_1900.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Elizabeth_Street_Melbourne_1900.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_Street_Melbourne_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Elizabeth_Street_Melbourne_1900.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_Street_Melbourne_1900.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Street,_Melbourne" title="Elizabeth Street, Melbourne">Elizabeth Street</a> lined with buildings from the "Marvellous Melbourne" era</figcaption></figure> The 1880s saw extraordinary growth: consumer confidence, easy access to credit, and steep increases in land prices led to an enormous amount of construction. During this "land boom", Melbourne reputedly became the richest city in the world,<a href="#cite_note-RobertCervero320-20">[18]</a> and the second-largest (after London) in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> The decade began with the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880, held in the large purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exhibition_Building" title="Royal Exhibition Building">Exhibition Building</a>. A telephone exchange was established that year, and the foundations of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Melbourne" title="St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne">St Paul's</a> were laid. In 1881, electric light was installed in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Market,_Melbourne" title="Eastern Market, Melbourne">Eastern Market</a>, and a generating station capable of supplying 2,000 incandescent lamps was in operation by 1882.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_cable_tramway_system" title="Melbourne cable tramway system">Melbourne cable tramway system</a> opened in 1885 and became one of the world's most extensive systems by 1890. In 1885, visiting English journalist <a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Henry_Sala" class="mw-redirect" title="George Augustus Henry Sala">George Augustus Henry Sala</a> coined the phrase "Marvellous Melbourne", which stuck long into the twentieth century and has come to refer to the opulence and energy of the 1880s,<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> during which time large commercial buildings, grand hotels, banks, <a href="/wiki/Coffee_palace" title="Coffee palace">coffee palaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrace_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace house">terrace housing</a> and palatial mansions proliferated in the city.<a href="#cite_note-University1-64">[62]</a> The establishment of the Melbourne Hydraulic Power Company in 1886 led to the availability of high-pressure piped water, allowing for the installation of hydraulically powered <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a>, which led to the construction of the first high-rise buildings in the city.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> The period also saw the huge expansion of a significant radial rail-based transport network throughout the city and suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-Miles47-67">[65]</a> Melbourne's land-boom peaked in 1888,<a href="#cite_note-University1-64">[62]</a> the year it hosted the Centennial Exhibition. The brash <a href="/wiki/Boosterism" title="Boosterism">boosterism</a> that had typified Melbourne during that time ended in the early 1890s. The bubble supporting the local finance and property industries burst, resulting in a severe economic depression.<a href="#cite_note-University1-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-localhistories-68">[66]</a> Sixteen small <a href="/wiki/Land_banking" title="Land banking">land banks</a> and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies went into liquidation. The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor to the <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Australian economic depression of the 1890s</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_banking_crisis_of_1893" title="Australian banking crisis of 1893">Australian banking crisis of 1893</a>. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, with virtually no significant construction until the late 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica1-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-welovemelbourne-70">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temporary_capital_of_Australia_and_World_War_II">Temporary capital of Australia and World War II</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Temporary capital of Australia and World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="718"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/330px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/440px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Picture_(painting)" title="The Big Picture (painting)">The Big Picture</a>, the opening of the first <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> on 9 May 1901, painted by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Roberts" title="Tom Roberts">Tom Roberts</a></figcaption></figure> At the time of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federation</a> on 1 January 1901 Melbourne became the seat of government of the federated <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>. The first federal parliament convened on 9 May 1901 in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exhibition_Building" title="Royal Exhibition Building">Royal Exhibition Building</a>, subsequently moving to the Victorian Parliament House, where it sat until it moved to <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> in 1927. The <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a> resided at <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Melbourne" title="Government House, Melbourne">Government House</a> in Melbourne until 1930, and many major national institutions remained in Melbourne well into the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-Miles113-71">[69]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the city hosted American military forces who were fighting the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, and the government requisitioned the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a> for military use.<a href="#cite_note-MCGCite-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_period">Post-war period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the immediate years after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Melbourne expanded rapidly, its growth boosted by <a href="/wiki/Post-war_immigration_to_Australia" title="Post-war immigration to Australia">post-war immigration to Australia</a>, primarily from Southern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> While the "Paris End" of Collins Street began Melbourne's boutique shopping and open air <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">cafe</a> cultures,<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> the city centre was seen by many as stale—the dreary domain of office workers—something expressed by <a href="/wiki/John_Brack" title="John Brack">John Brack</a> in his famous painting <a href="/wiki/Collins_St.,_5_pm" title="Collins St., 5 pm">Collins St., 5 pm</a> (1955).<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Up until the 21st century, Melbourne was considered Australia's "industrial heartland".<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orica_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Orica_House.jpg/170px-Orica_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Orica_House.jpg/170px-Orica_House.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Orica_House.jpg/255px-Orica_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Orica_House.jpg/340px-Orica_House.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orica_House" title="Orica House">Orica House</a> (formerly ICI House), a symbol of modernity in post-war Melbourne</figcaption></figure> Height limits in the CBD were lifted in 1958, after the construction of <a href="/wiki/ICI_House" class="mw-redirect" title="ICI House">ICI House</a>, transforming the city's skyline with the introduction of skyscrapers. Suburban expansion then intensified, served by new indoor malls beginning with <a href="/wiki/Chadstone_Shopping_Centre" title="Chadstone Shopping Centre">Chadstone Shopping Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The post-war period also saw a major renewal of the CBD and <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_Road" title="St Kilda Road">St Kilda Road</a> which significantly modernised the city.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> New fire regulations and redevelopment saw most of the taller pre-war CBD buildings either demolished or partially retained through a policy of <a href="/wiki/Facadism#Melbourne" title="Facadism">facadism</a>. Many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era were also either demolished or subdivided. To counter the trend towards low-density suburban residential growth, the government began a series of controversial public housing projects in the inner city by the <a href="/wiki/Housing_Commission_of_Victoria" title="Housing Commission of Victoria">Housing Commission of Victoria</a>, which resulted in the demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high-rise towers.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In later years, with the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership, the investment in freeway and highway developments greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawl and declining inner-city population. The <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bolte" title="Henry Bolte">Bolte</a> government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne. Major road projects including the remodelling of <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_Junction" title="St Kilda Junction">St Kilda Junction</a>, the widening of <a href="/wiki/Hoddle_Highway" title="Hoddle Highway">Hoddle Street</a> and then the extensive <a href="/wiki/1969_Melbourne_Transportation_Plan" title="1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan">1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan</a> changed the face of the city into a car-dominated environment.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Australia's financial and mining booms during 1969 and 1970 resulted in establishment of the headquarters of many major companies (<a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a>, among others) in the city. <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>'s then booming economy resulted in several ambitious investments in Melbourne, such as <a href="/wiki/Nauru_House" title="Nauru House">Nauru House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Melbourne remained Australia's main business and financial centre until the late 1970s, when it began to lose this primacy to Sydney.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Melbourne experienced an economic downturn between 1989 and 1992, following the collapse of several local financial institutions. In 1992, the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Kennett" title="Jeff Kennett">Kennett</a> government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of public works coupled with the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on major events and sports tourism.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> During this period the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Grand_Prix" title="Australian Grand Prix">Australian Grand Prix</a> moved to Melbourne from <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Street_Circuit" title="Adelaide Street Circuit">Adelaide</a>. Major projects included the construction of a new facility for the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Museum" title="Melbourne Museum">Melbourne Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation_Square" title="Federation Square">Federation Square</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Convention_%26_Exhibition_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre">Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Melbourne" title="Crown Melbourne">Crown Casino</a> and the <a href="/wiki/CityLink" title="CityLink">CityLink</a> <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">tollway</a>. Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services, including power and public transport, and a reduction in funding to public services such as health, education and public transport infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Miles206-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Melbourne">Contemporary Melbourne</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary Melbourne" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_city_skyline_from_the_perspective_of_Port_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Melbourne_city_skyline_from_the_perspective_of_Port_Melbourne.jpg/220px-Melbourne_city_skyline_from_the_perspective_of_Port_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Melbourne_city_skyline_from_the_perspective_of_Port_Melbourne.jpg/220px-Melbourne_city_skyline_from_the_perspective_of_Port_Melbourne.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Melbourne_city_skyline_from_the_perspective_of_Port_Melbourne.jpg/330px-Melbourne_city_skyline_from_the_perspective_of_Port_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Melbourne_city_skyline_from_the_perspective_of_Port_Melbourne.jpg/440px-Melbourne_city_skyline_from_the_perspective_of_Port_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The skyline of Melbourne from <a href="/wiki/Port_Melbourne" title="Port Melbourne">Port Melbourne</a>, 2023</figcaption></figure> Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Southbank,_Victoria" title="Southbank, Victoria">Southbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Melbourne" title="Port Melbourne">Port Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Docklands" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Docklands">Melbourne Docklands</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Wharf" title="South Wharf">South Wharf</a>. Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city from 2001 to 2004.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> From 2006, the growth of the city extended into "green wedges" and beyond the city's <a href="/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">urban growth boundary</a>. Predictions of the city's population reaching 5 million people pushed the state government to review the growth boundary in 2008 as part of its Melbourne @ Five Million strategy.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In 2009, Melbourne was less affected by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> in comparison to other Australian cities. At this time, more new jobs were created in Melbourne than any other Australian city—almost as many as the next two fastest growing cities, Brisbane and Perth, combined,<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> and Melbourne's property market remained highly priced,<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> resulting in historically high property prices and widespread rent increases.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Beginning in the 2010s the State Government of Victoria initiated a number of major infrastructure projects designed to reduce congestion in Melbourne and encourage economic growth, including the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Tunnel" title="Metro Tunnel">Metro Tunnel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Gate_Tunnel" title="West Gate Tunnel">West Gate Tunnel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Level_Crossing_Removal_Project" title="Level Crossing Removal Project">Level Crossing Removal Project</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suburban_Rail_Loop" title="Suburban Rail Loop">Suburban Rail Loop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> New urban renewal zones were initiated in inner-city areas like <a href="/wiki/Fishermans_Bend,_Victoria" title="Fishermans Bend, Victoria">Fisherman's Bend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arden_railway_station,_Melbourne" title="Arden railway station, Melbourne">Arden</a>, while suburban growth continued on the urban periphery in Melbourne's outer west and east in suburbs like <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Vale" title="Wyndham Vale">Wyndham Vale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cranbourne,_Victoria" title="Cranbourne, Victoria">Cranbourne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Middle suburbs like <a href="/wiki/Box_Hill,_Victoria" title="Box Hill, Victoria">Box Hill</a> became denser as a greater proportion of Melburnians began living in apartments.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> A construction boom resulted in 34 new <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a> being built in the central business district between 2010 and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> In 2020, Melbourne was classified as an Alpha city by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Out of all major Australian cities, Melbourne was the worst affected by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and spent a long time under lockdown restrictions,<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> with Melbourne experiencing six lockdowns totalling 262 days.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> While this contributed to a net outflow of migration causing a slight reduction in Melbourne's population over the course of 2020 to 2022, Melbourne is projected to be the fastest growing capital city in Australia from 2023–24 onwards, overtaking Sydney as the nation's largest city in 2029–30 at just over 5.9 million, exceeding 6 million people the following year.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_from_Waterfront_City,_Docklands_Pano_21.08.22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of the Docklands and city skyline from Waterfront City, looking across Victoria Harbour"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Melbourne_from_Waterfront_City%2C_Docklands_Pano_21.08.22.jpg/700px-Melbourne_from_Waterfront_City%2C_Docklands_Pano_21.08.22.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13228" data-file-height="3774"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 700px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Melbourne_from_Waterfront_City%2C_Docklands_Pano_21.08.22.jpg/700px-Melbourne_from_Waterfront_City%2C_Docklands_Pano_21.08.22.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="700" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Melbourne_from_Waterfront_City%2C_Docklands_Pano_21.08.22.jpg/1050px-Melbourne_from_Waterfront_City%2C_Docklands_Pano_21.08.22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Melbourne_from_Waterfront_City%2C_Docklands_Pano_21.08.22.jpg/1400px-Melbourne_from_Waterfront_City%2C_Docklands_Pano_21.08.22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_from_Waterfront_City,_Docklands_Pano_21.08.22.jpg" title="File:Melbourne from Waterfront City, Docklands Pano 21.08.22.jpg"> </a></div>A panoramic view of the Docklands and city skyline from Waterfront City, looking across <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Docklands#Victoria_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Docklands">Victoria Harbour</a></div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Melbourne" title="Geography of Melbourne">Geography of Melbourne</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lakes_and_reservoirs_of_Melbourne" title="Lakes and reservoirs of Melbourne">Lakes and reservoirs of Melbourne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Melbourne_Map_4_-_May_2008.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Greater_Melbourne_Map_4_-_May_2008.png/220px-Greater_Melbourne_Map_4_-_May_2008.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="3363"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 221px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Greater_Melbourne_Map_4_-_May_2008.png/220px-Greater_Melbourne_Map_4_-_May_2008.png" data-width="220" data-height="221" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Greater_Melbourne_Map_4_-_May_2008.png/330px-Greater_Melbourne_Map_4_-_May_2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Greater_Melbourne_Map_4_-_May_2008.png/440px-Greater_Melbourne_Map_4_-_May_2008.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of Melbourne and <a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a> urban areas</figcaption></figure> Melbourne is in the southeastern part of mainland Australia, within the state of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Geologically, it is built on the confluence of <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> lava flows to the west, <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstones</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> sand accumulation to the southeast along <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip" title="Port Phillip">Port Phillip</a>. The southeastern suburbs are situated on the <a href="/wiki/Selwyn_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Selwyn fault">Selwyn fault</a>, which transects <a href="/wiki/Mount_Martha,_Victoria" title="Mount Martha, Victoria">Mount Martha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cranbourne,_Victoria" title="Cranbourne, Victoria">Cranbourne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> The western portion of the metropolitan area lies within the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Volcanic_Plain_grasslands" title="Victorian Volcanic Plain grasslands">Victorian Volcanic Plain grasslands</a> vegetation community,<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> and the southeast falls in the <a href="/wiki/Gippsland_Plains_Grassy_Woodland" title="Gippsland Plains Grassy Woodland">Gippsland Plains Grassy Woodland</a> zone.<a href="#cite_note-agriculture-104">[102]</a> Melbourne extends northward through the undulating bushland valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Yarra_Valley" title="Yarra Valley">Yarra Valley</a>'s tributaries—<a href="/wiki/Moonee_Ponds_Creek" title="Moonee Ponds Creek">Moonee Ponds Creek</a> (toward <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Airport" title="Melbourne Airport">Melbourne Airport</a>),<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Merri_Creek" title="Merri Creek">Merri Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darebin_Creek" title="Darebin Creek">Darebin Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plenty_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenty River">Plenty River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bonzle-106">[104]</a> The city reaches southeast through <a href="/wiki/Dandenong,_Victoria" title="Dandenong, Victoria">Dandenong</a> to the growth corridor of <a href="/wiki/Pakenham,_Victoria" title="Pakenham, Victoria">Pakenham</a> towards <a href="/wiki/West_Gippsland" title="West Gippsland">West Gippsland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> In the west, it extends along the <a href="/wiki/Maribyrnong_River" title="Maribyrnong River">Maribyrnong River</a> and its tributaries north towards <a href="/wiki/Sunbury,_Victoria" title="Sunbury, Victoria">Sunbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Melbourne's major bayside beaches are in the various suburbs along the shores of Port Phillip Bay, in areas like <a href="/wiki/Port_Melbourne" title="Port Melbourne">Port Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Park,_Victoria" title="Albert Park, Victoria">Albert Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Victoria" title="St Kilda, Victoria">St Kilda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elwood,_Victoria" title="Elwood, Victoria">Elwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighton,_Victoria" title="Brighton, Victoria">Brighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandringham,_Victoria" title="Sandringham, Victoria">Sandringham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentone,_Victoria" title="Mentone, Victoria">Mentone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankston,_Victoria" title="Frankston, Victoria">Frankston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Victoria" title="Altona, Victoria">Altona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Williamstown,_Victoria" title="Williamstown, Victoria">Williamstown</a> and Werribee South. The nearest <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean surface wave">surf</a> beaches are 85 km (53 mi) south of the Melbourne CBD in the back-beaches of <a href="/wiki/Rye,_Victoria" title="Rye, Victoria">Rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorrento,_Victoria" title="Sorrento, Victoria">Sorrento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portsea,_Victoria" title="Portsea, Victoria">Portsea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smhbeach-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-epabeach-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Melbourne" title="Climate of Melbourne">Climate of Melbourne</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Melbourne" title="Environmental issues in Melbourne">Environmental issues in Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_in_Melbourne" title="Extreme weather events in Melbourne">Extreme weather events in Melbourne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Storm_clouds_and_blue_sky_over_Melbourne_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Storm_clouds_and_blue_sky_over_Melbourne_skyline.jpg/220px-Storm_clouds_and_blue_sky_over_Melbourne_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Storm_clouds_and_blue_sky_over_Melbourne_skyline.jpg/220px-Storm_clouds_and_blue_sky_over_Melbourne_skyline.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Storm_clouds_and_blue_sky_over_Melbourne_skyline.jpg/330px-Storm_clouds_and_blue_sky_over_Melbourne_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Storm_clouds_and_blue_sky_over_Melbourne_skyline.jpg/440px-Storm_clouds_and_blue_sky_over_Melbourne_skyline.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Storm passing over the CBD in August. Melbourne is said to have "four seasons in one day" due to its changeable weather.</figcaption></figure> Melbourne has a temperate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> Cfb), with warm summers and cool winters.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Melbourne is well known for its <a href="/wiki/Southerly_buster" title="Southerly buster">changeable weather conditions</a>, mainly due to it being located on the boundary of hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause strong <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold fronts</a> to form. These cold fronts can be responsible for varied forms of severe weather from <a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">gales</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>, large temperature drops and heavy rain. Winters, while exceptionally dry by southern Victorian standards, are nonetheless drizzly and overcast. The lack of winter rainfall is owed to Melbourne's <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadowed</a> location between the <a href="/wiki/Otway_Ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Otway Ranges">Otway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedon_Ranges" title="Macedon Ranges">Macedon Ranges</a>, which block much of the rainfall arriving from the north and west. <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip" title="Port Phillip">Port Phillip</a> is often warmer than the surrounding oceans or the land mass, particularly in spring and autumn; this can set up a "<a href="/wiki/Lake-effect_rain" title="Lake-effect rain">bay effect rain</a>", where showers are intensified leeward of the bay. Relatively narrow streams of heavy showers can often affect the same places (usually the eastern suburbs) for an extended period, while the rest of Melbourne and surrounds stays dry. Overall, the area around Melbourne is, owing to its rain shadow, nonetheless significantly drier than average for southern Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Within the city and surrounds, rainfall varies widely, from around 425 mm (17 in) at <a href="/wiki/Little_River,_Victoria" title="Little River, Victoria">Little River</a> to 1,250 mm (49 in) on the eastern fringe at <a href="/wiki/Gembrook,_Victoria" title="Gembrook, Victoria">Gembrook</a>. Melbourne receives 48.6 clear days annually. Dewpoint temperatures in the summer range from 9.5 to 11.7 °C (49.1 to 53.1 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Bureau-114">[112]</a> Melbourne is also prone to isolated convective showers forming when a <a href="/wiki/Cold_pool" title="Cold pool">cold pool</a> crosses the state, especially if there is considerable daytime heating. These showers are often heavy and can include hail, squalls, and significant drops in temperature, but they often pass through very quickly with a rapid clearing trend to sunny and relatively calm weather and the temperature rising back to what it was before the shower. This can occur in the space of minutes and can be repeated many times a day, giving Melbourne a reputation for having "four seasons in one day",<a href="#cite_note-Bureau-114">[112]</a> a phrase that is part of local <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> The lowest temperature on record is −2.8 °C (27.0 °F), on 21 July 1869.<a href="#cite_note-Monthly_climate_statistics-116">[114]</a> The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), on <a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_bushfires" title="Black Saturday bushfires">7 February 2009</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Monthly_climate_statistics-116">[114]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Snow_in_Australia" title="Snow in Australia">snow</a> is occasionally seen at higher elevations in the outskirts of the city, and dustings were observed in 2020, it has not been recorded in the Central Business District since 1986.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The sea temperature in Melbourne is warmer than the surrounding ocean during the summer months, and colder during the winter months. This is predominantly due to Port Phillip Bay being an enclosed and shallow bay that is largely protected from the ocean,<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> resulting in greater temperature variation across seasons. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Melbourne Airport (1991–2020 averages, 1970–2022 extremes) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.0 (114.8) </td> <td style="background: #BB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.4 (115.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.8 (105.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 (94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8 (71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3 (70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6 (106.9) </td> <td style="background: #D40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.6 (112.3) </td> <td style="background: #BB0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.4 (115.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4 (104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2 (100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7 (94.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8 (83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6 (99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.3 (106.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.2 (68.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (34.3) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 (37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.2 (32.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 (38.7) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 (34.2) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9 (30.4) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1 (30.0) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−2.5 (27.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.3 (1.55) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.4 (1.63) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (1.48) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.1 (1.66) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (1.35) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.5 (1.63) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (1.29) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.3 (1.55) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.1 (1.81) </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.5 (1.91) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.1 (2.37) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.5 (2.07) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">515.5 (20.30) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) </th> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.8 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">135.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average afternoon <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #B6FFB6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">52 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">272.8 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231.7 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.3 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.0 </td> <td style="background: #C0C022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.6 </td> <td style="background: #B8B855; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.0 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.4 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.4 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.3 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">263.5 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,381 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">53 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Average sea temperature (<a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Victoria" title="St Kilda, Victoria">St Kilda</a>)<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fc6; color:black;">21.1 °C (70.0 °F) </td> <td style="background:#fc6; color:black;">21.4 °C (70.5 °F) </td> <td style="background:#fc6; color:black;">20.2 °C (68.4 °F) </td> <td style="background:#ff6; color:black;">17.9 °C (64.2 °F) </td> <td style="background:#ff6; color:black;">15.1 °C (59.2 °F) </td> <td style="background:#ff6; color:black;">12.7 °C (54.9 °F) </td> <td style="background:#ff6; color:black;">11.1 °C (52.0 °F) </td> <td style="background:#ff6; color:black;">10.9 °C (51.6 °F) </td> <td style="background:#ff6; color:black;">12.3 °C (54.1 °F) </td> <td style="background:#ff6; color:black;">14.5 °C (58.1 °F) </td> <td style="background:#ff6; color:black;">17.1 °C (62.8 °F) </td> <td style="background:#ff6; color:black;">19.2 °C (66.6 °F) </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Urban_structure">Urban structure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Urban structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_city_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne city centre">Melbourne city centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_listed_buildings_in_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heritage listed buildings in Melbourne">List of heritage listed buildings in Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanes_and_arcades_of_Melbourne" title="Lanes and arcades of Melbourne">Lanes and arcades of Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parks_and_gardens_of_Melbourne" title="Parks and gardens of Melbourne">Parks and gardens of Melbourne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Melbourne" title="List of tallest buildings in Melbourne">List of tallest buildings in Melbourne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_density.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Melbourne_density.jpg/220px-Melbourne_density.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3535"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Melbourne_density.jpg/220px-Melbourne_density.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Melbourne_density.jpg/330px-Melbourne_density.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Melbourne_density.jpg/440px-Melbourne_density.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Melbourne population density by mesh blocks (MB), according to the 2016 census</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_skyline_sor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Melbourne_skyline_sor.jpg/220px-Melbourne_skyline_sor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1454"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Melbourne_skyline_sor.jpg/220px-Melbourne_skyline_sor.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Melbourne_skyline_sor.jpg/330px-Melbourne_skyline_sor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Melbourne_skyline_sor.jpg/440px-Melbourne_skyline_sor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The CBD as viewed from above <a href="/wiki/Kings_Domain" title="Kings Domain">Kings Domain</a></figcaption></figure> Melbourne's <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a> is approximately 2,704 km2, the largest in Australia and the 33rd largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hoddle_Grid" title="Hoddle Grid">Hoddle Grid</a>, a grid of streets measuring approximately <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1 by 1⁄2 mi (1.61 by 0.80 km), forms the nucleus of Melbourne's <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a> (CBD). The grid's southern edge fronts onto the <a href="/wiki/Yarra_River" title="Yarra River">Yarra River</a>. More recent office, commercial and public developments in the adjoining districts of <a href="/wiki/Southbank,_Victoria" title="Southbank, Victoria">Southbank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Docklands" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Docklands">Docklands</a> have made these areas into extensions of the CBD in all but name. A byproduct of the CBD's layout is its network of lanes and <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcades</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Block_Arcade,_Melbourne" title="Block Arcade, Melbourne">Block Arcade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arcade,_Melbourne" title="Royal Arcade, Melbourne">Royal Arcade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Melbourne's CBD has become Australia's most densely populated area, with approximately 19,500 residents per square kilometre,<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> and is home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Australia#Cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of tallest buildings in Australia">more skyscrapers than any other Australian city</a>, the tallest being <a href="/wiki/Australia_108" title="Australia 108">Australia 108</a>, situated in Southbank.<a href="#cite_note-Aus108CTBUH-127">[125]</a> Melbourne's newest planned skyscraper, <a href="/wiki/Southbank_by_Beulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Southbank by Beulah">Southbank By Beulah</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> (also known as "Green Spine"), has recently been approved for construction and will be the tallest structure in Australia by 2025. The CBD and surrounds also contain many significant historic buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exhibition_Building" title="Royal Exhibition Building">Royal Exhibition Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Town_Hall" title="Melbourne Town Hall">Melbourne Town Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Melbourne" title="Parliament House, Melbourne">Parliament House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walking_Melbourne-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-MTG-130">[128]</a> Although the area is described as the centre, it is not actually the demographic centre of Melbourne at all, due to an urban sprawl to the southeast, the demographic centre being located at <a href="/wiki/Camberwell,_Victoria" title="Camberwell, Victoria">Camberwell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dream" title="Australian Dream">Australian Dream</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the auto-centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs. Much of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan</a> Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low-density sprawl, whilst its inner-city areas feature predominantly medium-density, transit-oriented urban forms. The city centre, Docklands, St. Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high-density forms. Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria is known as the garden state.<a href="#cite_note-Age3-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-wilmap-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-goway-136">[134]</a> There is an abundance of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_parks_and_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne parks and gardens">parks and gardens in Melbourne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-COM-137">[135]</a> many close to the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Central_Business_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Central Business District">CBD</a> with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways and tree-lined avenues. Melbourne's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Australia's major cities.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, such as in the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/City_of_Stonnington" title="City of Stonnington">Stonnington</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Boroondara" title="City of Boroondara">Boroondara</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_Port_Phillip" title="City of Port Phillip">Port Phillip</a>, southeast of the central business district. Several <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> have been designated around the urban area of Melbourne, including the <a href="/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula_National_Park" title="Mornington Peninsula National Park">Mornington Peninsula National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip_Heads_Marine_National_Park" title="Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park">Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Point_Nepean,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Nepean, Victoria">Point Nepean National Park</a> in the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Organ_Pipes_National_Park" title="Organ Pipes National Park">Organ Pipes National Park</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Dandenong_Ranges_National_Park" title="Dandenong Ranges National Park">Dandenong Ranges National Park</a> to the east. There are also a number of significant state parks just outside Melbourne.<a href="#cite_note-parkweb-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local government areas,<a href="#cite_note-vicnet-141">[139]</a> 31 of which are located within the metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Housing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Victoria,_Australia" title="Housing in Victoria, Australia">Housing in Victoria, Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drummond_Street_Terrace_Houses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Drummond_Street_Terrace_Houses.jpg/220px-Drummond_Street_Terrace_Houses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Drummond_Street_Terrace_Houses.jpg/220px-Drummond_Street_Terrace_Houses.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Drummond_Street_Terrace_Houses.jpg/330px-Drummond_Street_Terrace_Houses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Drummond_Street_Terrace_Houses.jpg/440px-Drummond_Street_Terrace_Houses.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>19th-century terrace houses are common in the inner suburbs.</figcaption></figure> Melbourne has minimal public housing and high demand for rental housing, which is becoming unaffordable for some.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Public housing is managed and provided by the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_State_Government" title="Victoria State Government">Victorian Government's</a> <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Families,_Fairness_and_Housing" title="Department of Families, Fairness and Housing">Department of Families, Fairness and Housing</a>, and operates within the framework of the Commonwealth-State Housing Agreement, by which both federal and state governments provide funding for housing. Melbourne is experiencing high population growth, generating high demand for housing. This housing boom has increased house prices and rents, as well as the availability of all types of housing. <a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision</a> regularly occurs in the outer areas of Melbourne, with numerous developers offering house and land packages. However, since the release of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_2030" title="Melbourne 2030">Melbourne 2030</a> in 2002, planning policies have encouraged <a href="/wiki/Medium-density_housing" title="Medium-density housing">medium-density</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_density_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="High density housing">high-density</a> development in existing areas with good access to <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> and other services. As a result of this, Melbourne's middle and outer-ring suburbs have seen significant <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">brownfields</a> redevelopment.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Melbourne" title="Architecture of Melbourne">Architecture of Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Melbourne" title="List of tallest buildings in Melbourne">List of tallest buildings in Melbourne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_Collins_Street_Architecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Melbourne_Collins_Street_Architecture.jpg/220px-Melbourne_Collins_Street_Architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Melbourne_Collins_Street_Architecture.jpg/220px-Melbourne_Collins_Street_Architecture.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Melbourne_Collins_Street_Architecture.jpg/330px-Melbourne_Collins_Street_Architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Melbourne_Collins_Street_Architecture.jpg/440px-Melbourne_Collins_Street_Architecture.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Victorian era buildings on <a href="/wiki/Collins_Street,_Melbourne" title="Collins Street, Melbourne">Collins Street</a>, preserved by setting skyscrapers back from the street</figcaption></figure> On the back of the 1850s gold rush and 1880s land boom, Melbourne became renowned as one of the world's great Victorian-era cities, a reputation that persists due to its diverse range of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> High concentrations of well-preserved Victorian-era buildings can be found in the inner suburbs, such as <a href="/wiki/Carlton,_Victoria" title="Carlton, Victoria">Carlton</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Melbourne" title="East Melbourne">East Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Melbourne" title="South Melbourne">South Melbourne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Outstanding examples of Melbourne's built Victorian heritage include the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage</a>-listed <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exhibition_Building" title="Royal Exhibition Building">Royal Exhibition Building</a> (1880), the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Melbourne" title="General Post Office, Melbourne">General Post Office</a> (1867), <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Windsor_(Melbourne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Windsor (Melbourne)">Hotel Windsor</a> (1884) and the <a href="/wiki/Block_Arcade,_Melbourne" title="Block Arcade, Melbourne">Block Arcade</a> (1891).<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Comparatively little remains of Melbourne's pre-gold rush architecture; <a href="/wiki/St_James_Old_Cathedral" title="St James Old Cathedral">St James Old Cathedral</a> (1839) and <a href="/wiki/St_Francis%27_Church,_Melbourne" title="St Francis' Church, Melbourne">St Francis' Church</a> (1845) are among the few examples left in the CBD. Many of the CBD's Victorian boom-time landmarks were also demolished in the decades after World War II, including the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Coffee_Palace" title="Federal Coffee Palace">Federal Coffee Palace</a> (1888) and the <a href="/wiki/APA_Building,_Melbourne" title="APA Building, Melbourne">APA Building</a> (1889), one of the tallest <a href="/wiki/Early_skyscraper" class="mw-redirect" title="Early skyscraper">early skyscrapers</a> upon completion.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-WalkingMelbourne-151">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage-listed_buildings_in_Melbourne" title="List of heritage-listed buildings in Melbourne">Heritage listings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Overlay" title="Heritage Overlay">heritage overlays</a> have since been introduced in an effort to prevent further losses of the city's historic fabric. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_of_Melbourne_(Feb_2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Skyline_of_Melbourne_%28Feb_2021%29.jpg/220px-Skyline_of_Melbourne_%28Feb_2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5444" data-file-height="3627"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Skyline_of_Melbourne_%28Feb_2021%29.jpg/220px-Skyline_of_Melbourne_%28Feb_2021%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Skyline_of_Melbourne_%28Feb_2021%29.jpg/330px-Skyline_of_Melbourne_%28Feb_2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Skyline_of_Melbourne_%28Feb_2021%29.jpg/440px-Skyline_of_Melbourne_%28Feb_2021%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Melbourne is home of <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Melbourne" title="List of tallest buildings in Melbourne">77 skyscrapers</a>, the tallest being <a href="/wiki/Australia_108" title="Australia 108">Australia 108</a> (centre-right), the Southern Hemisphere's only <a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_with_100_floors_or_more" title="List of buildings with 100 floors or more">100-plus-storey building</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Tower" title="Eureka Tower">Eureka Tower</a> (right), February 2021.</figcaption></figure> In line with the city's expansion during the early 20th century, suburbs such as <a href="/wiki/Hawthorn,_Victoria" title="Hawthorn, Victoria">Hawthorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camberwell,_Victoria" title="Camberwell, Victoria">Camberwell</a> are defined largely by <a href="/wiki/Federation_architecture" title="Federation architecture">Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_architecture" title="Edwardian architecture">Edwardian</a> architectural styles. The <a href="/wiki/City_Baths,_Melbourne" title="City Baths, Melbourne">City Baths</a>, built in 1903, are a prominent example of the latter style in the CBD. The 1926 <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Building" title="Nicholas Building">Nicholas Building</a> is the city's grandest example of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(architecture)" title="Chicago school (architecture)">Chicago School</a> style, while the influence of <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> is apparent in the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Unity_Building" title="Manchester Unity Building">Manchester Unity Building</a>, completed in 1932. The city also features the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Remembrance" title="Shrine of Remembrance">Shrine of Remembrance</a>, which was built as a memorial to the men and women of Victoria who served in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and is now a memorial to all Australians who have served in war. Residential architecture is not defined by a single architectural style, but rather an eclectic mix of large <a href="/wiki/McMansion" title="McMansion">McMansion</a>-style houses (particularly in areas of urban sprawl), apartment buildings, condominiums, and townhouses which generally characterise the medium-density inner-city neighbourhoods. Freestanding dwellings with relatively large gardens are perhaps the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne. Victorian terrace housing, townhouses and historic <a href="/wiki/Italianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Italianate">Italianate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tudor_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor revival">Tudor revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Neo-Georgian</a> mansions are all common in inner-city neighbourhoods such as Carlton, Fitzroy and further into suburban enclaves like <a href="/wiki/Toorak" title="Toorak">Toorak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Melbourne" title="Culture of Melbourne">Culture of Melbourne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Library_of_Victoria_Dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/State_Library_of_Victoria_Dome.jpg/170px-State_Library_of_Victoria_Dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="4781"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/State_Library_of_Victoria_Dome.jpg/170px-State_Library_of_Victoria_Dome.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/State_Library_of_Victoria_Dome.jpg/255px-State_Library_of_Victoria_Dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/State_Library_of_Victoria_Dome.jpg/340px-State_Library_of_Victoria_Dome.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>La Trobe Reading Room, <a href="/wiki/State_Library_Victoria" title="State Library Victoria">State Library Victoria</a></figcaption></figure> Often referred to as Australia's cultural capital, Melbourne is known for its music, theatre and arts scenes, as well as its diverse range of cultural events and festivals, including the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_International_Arts_Festival" title="Melbourne International Arts Festival">Melbourne International Arts Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Fringe_Festival" title="Melbourne Fringe Festival">Melbourne Fringe Festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moomba_Festival" title="Moomba Festival">Moomba</a>, Australia's largest free community festival.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> For much of the 2010s, Melbourne topped <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Intelligence_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Economist Intelligence Unit">The Economist Intelligence Unit</a>'s list of the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_most_liveable_cities#World's_Most_Liveable_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="World's most liveable cities">world's most liveable cities</a>, partly due to its cultural attributes.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_20170816-24">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/State_Library_Victoria" title="State Library Victoria">State Library Victoria</a>, founded in 1854, is one of the world's oldest free <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public libraries</a> and, as of 2018, the fourth most-visited library globally.<a href="#cite_note-temple-154">[152]</a> During the 19th-century boom period, Melbourne-based authors and poets <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Clarke" title="Marcus Clarke">Marcus Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Lindsay_Gordon" title="Adam Lindsay Gordon">Adam Lindsay Gordon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Boldrewood" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolf Boldrewood">Rolf Boldrewood</a> produced classic visions of colonial life,<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> and many visiting writers recorded literary responses to the city: for <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kendall_(poet)" title="Henry Kendall (poet)">Henry Kendall</a>, it was a "wild bleak Bohemia",<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kingsley" title="Henry Kingsley">Henry Kingsley</a> stated that, in its rapid growth, Melbourne "surpasses all human experience".<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fergus_Hume" title="Fergus Hume">Fergus Hume</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_a_Hansom_Cab" title="The Mystery of a Hansom Cab">The Mystery of a Hansom Cab</a> (1886), the fastest-selling crime novel of the era, is set in Melbourne, as is Australia's best-selling book of poetry, <a href="/wiki/The_Songs_of_a_Sentimental_Bloke" title="The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke">The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke</a> (1915) by <a href="/wiki/C._J._Dennis" title="C. J. Dennis">C. J. Dennis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Contemporary Melbourne authors who have set novels in the city include <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carey_(novelist)" title="Peter Carey (novelist)">Peter Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Garner" title="Helen Garner">Helen Garner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Murnane" title="Gerald Murnane">Gerald Murnane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> Melbourne has Australia's widest range of bookstores, as well as the nation's largest publishing sector.<a href="#cite_note-CityofLiterature-160">[158]</a> The city also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Writers_Festival" title="Melbourne Writers Festival">Melbourne Writers Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Premier%27s_Literary_Awards" title="Victorian Premier's Literary Awards">Victorian Premier's Literary Awards</a>. In 2008, it became the second UNESCO <a href="/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_Theatre,_Melbourne,_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Princess_Theatre%2C_Melbourne%2C_Australia.jpg/220px-Princess_Theatre%2C_Melbourne%2C_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Princess_Theatre%2C_Melbourne%2C_Australia.jpg/220px-Princess_Theatre%2C_Melbourne%2C_Australia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Princess_Theatre%2C_Melbourne%2C_Australia.jpg/330px-Princess_Theatre%2C_Melbourne%2C_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Princess_Theatre%2C_Melbourne%2C_Australia.jpg/440px-Princess_Theatre%2C_Melbourne%2C_Australia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Founded in 1854, the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Theatre_(Melbourne)" title="Princess Theatre (Melbourne)">Princess Theatre</a> is the oldest theatre in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_Theatre_District" title="East End Theatre District">East End Theatre District</a>.</figcaption></figure> Melbourne is home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Melbourne" title="List of theatres in Melbourne">many theatres</a>, eight of which are concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_Theatre_District" title="East End Theatre District">East End Theatre District</a>, including the Victorian era <a href="/wiki/Athenaeum,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenaeum, Melbourne">Athenaeum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre,_Melbourne" title="Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne">Her Majesty's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Theatre,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Theatre, Melbourne">Princess</a> theatres, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Forum_Theatre" title="Forum Theatre">Forum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Regent_Theatre,_Melbourne" title="Regent Theatre, Melbourne">Regent</a>. Other heritage-listed theatres include the avant-garde picture palace <a href="/wiki/The_Capitol,_Melbourne" title="The Capitol, Melbourne">The Capitol</a> and St Kilda's <a href="/wiki/Palais_Theatre" title="Palais Theatre">Palais Theatre</a>, Australia's largest seated theatre with a capacity of 3,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Arts_Precinct" title="Melbourne Arts Precinct">Arts Precinct</a> in Southbank is home to <a href="/wiki/Arts_Centre_Melbourne" title="Arts Centre Melbourne">Arts Centre Melbourne</a> (which includes the <a href="/wiki/State_Theatre_(Melbourne)" title="State Theatre (Melbourne)">State Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamer_Hall,_Melbourne" title="Hamer Hall, Melbourne">Hamer Hall</a>), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Recital_Centre" title="Melbourne Recital Centre">Melbourne Recital Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malthouse_Theatre" title="Malthouse Theatre">Malthouse Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southbank_Theatre" title="Southbank Theatre">Southbank Theatre</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Theatre_Company" title="Melbourne Theatre Company">Melbourne Theatre Company</a>, Australia's oldest professional theatre company.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Ballet" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Ballet">Australian Ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_Australia" title="Opera Australia">Opera Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Melbourne Symphony Orchestra">Melbourne Symphony Orchestra</a> are also based in the precinct. Many of Melbourne's theatres join the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Town_Hall" title="Melbourne Town Hall">Melbourne Town Hall</a> in hosting the annual <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_International_Comedy_Festival" title="Melbourne International Comedy Festival">Melbourne International Comedy Festival</a>, one of the world's three largest comedy festivals.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Hotel_Crystal_Ballroom_St_Kilda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/George_Hotel_Crystal_Ballroom_St_Kilda.jpg/220px-George_Hotel_Crystal_Ballroom_St_Kilda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="1612"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/George_Hotel_Crystal_Ballroom_St_Kilda.jpg/220px-George_Hotel_Crystal_Ballroom_St_Kilda.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/George_Hotel_Crystal_Ballroom_St_Kilda.jpg/330px-George_Hotel_Crystal_Ballroom_St_Kilda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/George_Hotel_Crystal_Ballroom_St_Kilda.jpg/440px-George_Hotel_Crystal_Ballroom_St_Kilda.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>St Kilda's <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Ballroom_(Melbourne)" title="Crystal Ballroom (Melbourne)">Crystal Ballroom</a>, famed for hosting local and international <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> bands</figcaption></figure> Melbourne has been called "the live music capital of the world";<a href="#cite_note-Donoughue-2018-165">[163]</a> one study found it has more music venues per capita than any other world city sampled, with 17.5 million patron visits to 553 venues in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Donoughue-2018-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Australia's first global music star, opera singer <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Melba" title="Nellie Melba">Nellie Melba</a>, took her stage name from her hometown. Composer <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a> followed her in becoming the most famous Melburnian of the Edwardian era. The <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Myer_Music_Bowl" title="Sidney Myer Music Bowl">Sidney Myer Music Bowl</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kings_Domain" title="Kings Domain">Kings Domain</a> hosted the largest crowd ever for a music concert in Australia when an estimated 200,000 attendees saw Melbourne band <a href="/wiki/The_Seekers" title="The Seekers">The Seekers</a> in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> Airing between 1974 and 1987, Melbourne's <a href="/wiki/Countdown_(music_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="Countdown (music show)">Countdown</a> helped launch the careers of local acts as diverse as <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a>. Several distinct <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> scenes flourished in Melbourne during the late 1970s and early 1980s, including the <a href="/wiki/Little_Band_scene" title="Little Band scene">Little Band scene</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Victoria#Music" title="St Kilda, Victoria">St Kilda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Ballroom_(Melbourne)" title="Crystal Ballroom (Melbourne)">Crystal Ballroom</a> scene, which gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Dead_Can_Dance" title="Dead Can Dance">Dead Can Dance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Cave_and_the_Bad_Seeds" title="Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds">Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> More recent independent acts from Melbourne to achieve global recognition include <a href="/wiki/The_Avalanches" title="The Avalanches">The Avalanches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotye" title="Gotye">Gotye</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Gizzard_and_the_Lizard_Wizard" class="mw-redirect" title="King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard">King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard</a>. Melbourne is also regarded as a centre of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">EDM</a>, and lends its name to the <a href="/wiki/Electro_house#Melbourne_bounce" title="Electro house">Melbourne Bounce</a> genre and the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Shuffle" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Shuffle">Melbourne Shuffle</a> dance style, both of which emerged from the city's underground <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a> scene.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Gallery_of_Victoria_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="NGV International, home of the National Gallery of Victoria's international collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/National_Gallery_of_Victoria_2024.jpg/220px-National_Gallery_of_Victoria_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2252"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/National_Gallery_of_Victoria_2024.jpg/220px-National_Gallery_of_Victoria_2024.jpg" data-alt="NGV International, home of the National Gallery of Victoria's international collection" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/National_Gallery_of_Victoria_2024.jpg/330px-National_Gallery_of_Victoria_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/National_Gallery_of_Victoria_2024.jpg/440px-National_Gallery_of_Victoria_2024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>NGV International in Southbank, home of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">National Gallery of Victoria</a>'s international collection</figcaption></figure> Established in 1861, the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">National Gallery of Victoria</a> is Australia's oldest and largest art museum, and houses its collection across two sites: <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria#St_Kilda_Road:_NGV_International" title="National Gallery of Victoria">NGV International</a> in Southbank and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Potter_Centre:_NGV_Australia" title="Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia">NGV Australia</a> at Federation Square. Several art movements originated in Melbourne, most famously the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_School" title="Heidelberg School">Heidelberg School</a> of impressionists, named after <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg,_Victoria" title="Heidelberg, Victoria">a suburb</a> where they camped to paint <a href="/wiki/En_plein_air" title="En plein air">en plein air</a> in the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Tonalism">Australian tonalists</a> followed in the 1910s,<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> some of whom founded <a href="/wiki/Montsalvat" title="Montsalvat">Montsalvat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eltham,_Victoria" title="Eltham, Victoria">Eltham</a>, Australia's oldest surviving art colony. Mid-century Melbourne became a stronghold of figurative modernism through the paintings of the <a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a>; the latter group often met at a pastoral estate in <a href="/wiki/Bulleen,_Victoria" title="Bulleen, Victoria">Bulleen</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/Heide_Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Heide Museum of Modern Art">Heide Museum of Modern Art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The city is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Centre_for_Contemporary_Art" title="Australian Centre for Contemporary Art">Australian Centre for Contemporary Art</a>, as well as numerous independent galleries and artist-run spaces. In the 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Street_art_in_Melbourne" title="Street art in Melbourne">street art proliferated in Melbourne</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a> saying its graffiti scene "leads the world",<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> and "laneway galleries" becoming major tourist sites; <a href="/wiki/Hosier_Lane" title="Hosier Lane">Hosier Lane</a> for example attracts more <a href="/wiki/Instagram#Hashtags" title="Instagram">Instagram hashtags</a> than some of the city's traditional destinations, like the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Zoo" title="Melbourne Zoo">Melbourne Zoo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Melbourne's <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Melbourne" title="List of public art in Melbourne">many public artworks</a> range from the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Burke_and_Wills_Monument.jpg" class="extiw" title="c:File:Burke and Wills Monument.jpg">Burke and Wills monument</a> (1865) to the abstract sculpture <a href="/wiki/Vault_(sculpture)" title="Vault (sculpture)">Vault</a> (1978), the latter a popular reference point amongst Melbourne designers.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RMIT_Capitol_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/RMIT_Capitol_Melbourne.jpg/220px-RMIT_Capitol_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/RMIT_Capitol_Melbourne.jpg/220px-RMIT_Capitol_Melbourne.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/RMIT_Capitol_Melbourne.jpg/330px-RMIT_Capitol_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/RMIT_Capitol_Melbourne.jpg/440px-RMIT_Capitol_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Capitol,_Melbourne" title="The Capitol, Melbourne">The Capitol</a>, built in 1924, was Melbourne's first major <a href="/wiki/Picture_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture palace">picture palace</a>.</figcaption></figure> The oldest film in Australia's <a href="/wiki/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive" title="National Film and Sound Archive">National Film and Sound Archive</a> is of the <a href="/wiki/1896_Melbourne_Cup" title="1896 Melbourne Cup">1896 Melbourne Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-film1-178">[176]</a> Melbourne filmmakers spurred Australia's first cinematic boom with <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="The Story of the Kelly Gang">The Story of the Kelly Gang</a> (1906), shot a quarter century after <a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">bushranger</a> <a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly" title="Ned Kelly">Ned Kelly</a>'s execution at <a href="/wiki/Old_Melbourne_Gaol" title="Old Melbourne Gaol">Old Melbourne Gaol</a>, and since recognised as the world's first feature-length narrative film.<a href="#cite_note-Bushranger1-179">[177]</a> Melbourne remained a world leader in film production until the mid-1910s, when several factors, including a <a href="/wiki/Bushranger_ban" title="Bushranger ban">ban on bushranger films</a>, contributed to a decades-long decline of the industry.<a href="#cite_note-Bushranger1-179">[177]</a> A notable film shot and set in Melbourne during this lull was <a href="/wiki/On_the_Beach_(1959_film)" title="On the Beach (1959 film)">On the Beach</a> (1959).<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> In the wake of the 1970s <a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian Film Revival</a>, many <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Melbourne" title="List of films shot in Melbourne">films have been shot and set in Melbourne</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mad_Max_(film)" title="Mad Max (film)">Mad Max</a> (1979),<a href="#cite_note-film2-181">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romper_Stomper" title="Romper Stomper">Romper Stomper</a> (1992),<a href="#cite_note-film1-178">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chopper_(film)" title="Chopper (film)">Chopper</a> (2000) and <a href="/wiki/Animal_Kingdom_(film)" title="Animal Kingdom (film)">Animal Kingdom</a> (2010).<a href="#cite_note-film2-181">[179]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_International_Film_Festival" title="Melbourne International Film Festival">Melbourne International Film Festival</a> began in 1952 and is one of the world's oldest film festivals.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/AACTA_Awards" title="AACTA Awards">AACTA Awards</a>, Australia's top screen awards, were inaugurated by the festival in 1958. <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Studios_Melbourne" title="Docklands Studios Melbourne">Docklands Studios Melbourne</a> is the city's largest film and television studio complex and has attracted major international productions.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> Melbourne is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Centre_for_the_Moving_Image" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Centre for the Moving Image">Australian Centre for the Moving Image</a> and the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Village_Roadshow_Pictures" title="Village Roadshow Pictures">Village Roadshow Pictures</a>, Australia's largest film production company. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Victoria" title="Sport in Victoria">Sport in Victoria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Wills_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tom_Wills_Statue.jpg/220px-Tom_Wills_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tom_Wills_Statue.jpg/220px-Tom_Wills_Statue.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tom_Wills_Statue.jpg/330px-Tom_Wills_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tom_Wills_Statue.jpg/440px-Tom_Wills_Statue.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue at the MCG of <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wills" title="Tom Wills">Tom Wills</a> umpiring an 1858 football match. The first games of Australian rules were played in adjacent parklands.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rod_Laver_Arena_Melbourne_Park_Australian_Open_2023_quarter_final.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne during the Australian Open, 2023" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rod_Laver_Arena_Melbourne_Park_Australian_Open_2023_quarter_final.jpg/220px-Rod_Laver_Arena_Melbourne_Park_Australian_Open_2023_quarter_final.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rod_Laver_Arena_Melbourne_Park_Australian_Open_2023_quarter_final.jpg/220px-Rod_Laver_Arena_Melbourne_Park_Australian_Open_2023_quarter_final.jpg" data-alt="Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne during the Australian Open, 2023" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rod_Laver_Arena_Melbourne_Park_Australian_Open_2023_quarter_final.jpg/330px-Rod_Laver_Arena_Melbourne_Park_Australian_Open_2023_quarter_final.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Rod_Laver_Arena_Melbourne_Park_Australian_Open_2023_quarter_final.jpg/440px-Rod_Laver_Arena_Melbourne_Park_Australian_Open_2023_quarter_final.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Melbourne hosts the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a>, the first of four annual <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tennis tournaments.</figcaption></figure> Melbourne has long been regarded as Australia's sporting capital due to the role it has played in the development of Australian sport, the range and quality of its sporting events and venues, and its high rates of spectatorship and participation.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> The city is also home to <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Victoria#Melbourne_2" title="Sport in Victoria">27 professional sports teams</a> competing at the national level, the most of any Australian city. Melbourne's sporting reputation was recognised in 2016 when, after being ranked as the world's top sports city three times biennially, the Ultimate Sports City Awards in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> named it 'Sports City of the Decade'.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> The city has hosted a number of major international sporting events, most notably the <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Summer Olympics</a>, the first Olympic Games held outside Europe and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Melbourne also hosted the <a href="/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006 Commonwealth Games</a>, and is home to several major annual international events, including the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a>, the first of the four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tennis tournaments. First held in 1861 and declared a public holiday for all Melburnians in 1873, the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cup" title="Melbourne Cup">Melbourne Cup</a> is the world's richest handicap horse race, and is known as "the race that stops a nation". The <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Grand_Prix" title="Australian Grand Prix">Australian Grand Prix</a> has been held at the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Park_Circuit" title="Albert Park Circuit">Albert Park Circuit</a> since 1996. <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> was one of the first sports to become organised in Melbourne with the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Club" title="Melbourne Cricket Club">Melbourne Cricket Club</a> forming within three years of settlement. The club manages one of the world's largest stadiums, the 100,000 capacity <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a> (MCG).<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Established in 1853, the MCG is notable for hosting the first <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test</a> match and the first <a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">One Day International</a>, played between <a href="/wiki/Australia_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia cricket team">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team">England</a> in 1877 and 1971, respectively. It is also the home of the <a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="National Sports Museum">National Sports Museum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> and serves as the home ground of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_cricket_team" title="Victoria cricket team">Victoria cricket team</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Twenty20" title="Twenty20">Twenty20</a> level, the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Stars" title="Melbourne Stars">Melbourne Stars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Renegades" title="Melbourne Renegades">Melbourne Renegades</a> compete in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bash_League" title="Big Bash League">Big Bash League</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>, Australia's most popular spectator sport, traces <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Australian_rules_football" title="Origins of Australian rules football">its origins</a> to matches played in <a href="/wiki/Yarra_Park" title="Yarra Park">parklands</a> next to the MCG in 1858. Its first laws were codified the following year by the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club" title="Melbourne Football Club">Melbourne Football Club</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> also a founding member, in 1896, of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> (AFL), the sport's elite professional competition. Headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Stadium" title="Docklands Stadium">Docklands Stadium</a>, the AFL fields a further eight Melbourne-based clubs: <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club" title="Carlton Football Club">Carlton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club" title="Collingwood Football Club">Collingwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club" title="Essendon Football Club">Essendon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club" title="Hawthorn Football Club">Hawthorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club" title="North Melbourne Football Club">North Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club" title="Richmond Football Club">Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_Football_Club" title="St Kilda Football Club">St Kilda</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bulldogs" title="Western Bulldogs">Western Bulldogs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> The city hosts up to five AFL matches per round during the home and away season, attracting an average of 40,000 spectators per game.<a href="#cite_note-AFL12321312-191">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/AFL_Grand_Final" title="AFL Grand Final">AFL Grand Final</a>, traditionally held at the MCG, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_attendance_figures" title="List of sports attendance figures">highest attended club championship event in the world</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a>, Melbourne is represented in the <a href="/wiki/A-League" class="mw-redirect" title="A-League">A-League</a> by <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC" title="Melbourne Victory FC">Melbourne Victory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC" title="Melbourne City FC">Melbourne City FC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_United_FC" title="Western United FC">Western United FC</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> it is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a> team, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Storm" title="Melbourne Storm">Melbourne Storm</a>. North American sports have also gained popularity in Melbourne: basketball sides <a href="/wiki/South_East_Melbourne_Phoenix" title="South East Melbourne Phoenix">South East Melbourne Phoenix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_United" title="Melbourne United">Melbourne United</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)" title="National Basketball League (Australia)">NBL</a>; <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Ice" title="Melbourne Ice">Melbourne Ice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Mustangs" title="Melbourne Mustangs">Melbourne Mustangs</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Ice_Hockey_League" title="Australian Ice Hockey League">Australian Ice Hockey League</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Aces" title="Melbourne Aces">Melbourne Aces</a> plays in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League" title="Australian Baseball League">Australian Baseball League</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a> also forms part of Melbourne's sporting identity, with a number of clubs located on the Yarra River, out of which many Australian Olympians trained. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Melbourne" title="Category:Companies based in Melbourne">Category:Companies based in Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Melbourne" title="Tourism in Melbourne">Tourism in Melbourne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_Central_Coop%27s_Shot_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Melbourne_Central_Coop%27s_Shot_Tower.jpg/170px-Melbourne_Central_Coop%27s_Shot_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Melbourne_Central_Coop%27s_Shot_Tower.jpg/170px-Melbourne_Central_Coop%27s_Shot_Tower.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Melbourne_Central_Coop%27s_Shot_Tower.jpg/255px-Melbourne_Central_Coop%27s_Shot_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Melbourne_Central_Coop%27s_Shot_Tower.jpg/340px-Melbourne_Central_Coop%27s_Shot_Tower.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Coop%27s_Shot_Tower" title="Coop's Shot Tower">Coop's Shot Tower</a> enclosed in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Central_Shopping_Centre" title="Melbourne Central Shopping Centre">Melbourne Central</a>, one of the city's major retail hubs</figcaption></figure> Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters of many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and five of the largest seven in the country (based on <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalisation">market capitalisation</a>);<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australia_%26_New_Zealand_Banking_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia & New Zealand Banking Group">ANZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Australia_Bank" title="National Australia Bank">National Australia Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSL_Limited" title="CSL Limited">CSL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a>, as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the <a href="/wiki/Business_Council_of_Australia" title="Business Council of Australia">Business Council of Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Council_of_Trade_Unions" title="Australian Council of Trade Unions">Australian Council of Trade Unions</a>. Melbourne's suburbs also have the head offices of <a href="/wiki/Coles_Group" title="Coles Group">Coles Group</a> (owner of <a href="/wiki/Coles_Supermarkets" title="Coles Supermarkets">Coles Supermarkets</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Wesfarmers" title="Wesfarmers">Wesfarmers</a> companies <a href="/wiki/Bunnings" title="Bunnings">Bunnings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Target_Australia" title="Target Australia">Target</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kmart_Australia" title="Kmart Australia">K-Mart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Officeworks" title="Officeworks">Officeworks</a>, as well as the head office for <a href="/wiki/Australia_Post" title="Australia Post">Australia Post</a>. The city is home to Australia's second busiest <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Melbourne" title="Port of Melbourne">seaport</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Port_Botany" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Botany">Port Botany</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Airport" title="Melbourne Airport">Melbourne Airport</a> provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> Melbourne is also an important financial centre. In the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a>, Melbourne was ranked as having the 28th most competitive financial centre in the world.<a href="#cite_note-GFCI2-23">[21]</a> Two of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(banks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Four (banks)">big four</a> banks, the ANZ and National Australia Bank, are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia's leading centre for <a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">superannuation</a> (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of <a href="/wiki/Industry_superannuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry superannuation">industry super-funds</a> including the AU$109 billion-dollar Federal Government <a href="/wiki/Future_Fund" title="Future Fund">Future Fund</a>. The city was rated 41st within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2008),<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> second only to Sydney (12th) in Australia. Melbourne is Australia's second-largest industrial centre.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_Casino_Complex_Melbourne_20180723-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Crown_Casino_Complex_Melbourne_20180723-002.jpg/220px-Crown_Casino_Complex_Melbourne_20180723-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4008" data-file-height="3008"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Crown_Casino_Complex_Melbourne_20180723-002.jpg/220px-Crown_Casino_Complex_Melbourne_20180723-002.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Crown_Casino_Complex_Melbourne_20180723-002.jpg/330px-Crown_Casino_Complex_Melbourne_20180723-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Crown_Casino_Complex_Melbourne_20180723-002.jpg/440px-Crown_Casino_Complex_Melbourne_20180723-002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Crown_Melbourne" title="Crown Melbourne">Crown Casino and Entertainment Complex</a> contributes AU$2 billion to the Victorian economy annually.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a></figcaption></figure> It is the Australian base for a number of significant manufacturers including <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Australia" title="Boeing Australia">Boeing Australia</a>, truck-makers <a href="/wiki/Kenworth" title="Kenworth">Kenworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iveco" title="Iveco">Iveco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jayco" title="Jayco">Jayco</a>, among others. It is also home to a wide variety of other manufacturers, ranging from petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals to fashion garments, paper manufacturing and food processing.<a href="#cite_note-sov-198">[196]</a> The south-eastern suburb of <a href="/wiki/Scoresby,_Victoria" title="Scoresby, Victoria">Scoresby</a> is home to <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Australia">Nintendo's Australian headquarters</a>. The city also has a research and development hub for <a href="/wiki/Ford_Australia" title="Ford Australia">Ford Australia</a>, as well as a global design studio and technical centre for <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Australia" title="Toyota Australia">Toyota Australia</a> respectively. <a href="/wiki/CSL_Limited" title="CSL Limited">CSL</a>, one of the world's top five biotech companies, and <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma Pharmaceuticals">Sigma Pharmaceuticals</a> have their headquarters in Melbourne. The two are the largest listed Australian pharmaceutical companies.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Melbourne has an important <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technology">ICT</a> industry, home to more than half of Australia's top 20 technology companies, and employs over 91,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), with a turnover of AU$34 billion and export revenues of AU$2.5 billion in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> In addition, tourism also plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with 10.8 million domestic overnight tourists and 2.9 million international overnight tourists in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Melbourne has been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of an AU$1 billion 5000-seat international convention centre, <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="Hilton Hotels & Resorts">Hilton Hotel</a> and commercial precinct adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Convention_%26_Exhibition_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre">Melbourne Convention & Exhibition Centre</a> to link development along the <a href="/wiki/Yarra_River" title="Yarra River">Yarra River</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Southbank,_Victoria" title="Southbank, Victoria">Southbank precinct</a> and multibillion-dollar <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Docklands" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Docklands">Docklands</a> redevelopment.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Melbourne" title="Tourism in Melbourne">Tourism in Melbourne</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parks_and_gardens_of_Melbourne" title="Parks and gardens of Melbourne">Parks and gardens of Melbourne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CentrePlace-rain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/CentrePlace-rain.jpg/170px-CentrePlace-rain.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/CentrePlace-rain.jpg/170px-CentrePlace-rain.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/CentrePlace-rain.jpg/255px-CentrePlace-rain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/CentrePlace-rain.jpg/340px-CentrePlace-rain.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Known for its bars, <a href="/wiki/Street_art_in_Melbourne" title="Street art in Melbourne">street art</a> and coffee culture, the <a href="/wiki/Lanes_and_arcades_of_Melbourne" title="Lanes and arcades of Melbourne">inner city's network of laneways and arcades</a> is a popular cultural attraction.</figcaption></figure> Melbourne is the second most visited city in Australia and the seventy-third most visited city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> In 2018, 10.8 million domestic overnight tourists and 2.9 million international overnight tourists visited Melbourne.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> The most visited attractions are <a href="/wiki/Federation_Square" title="Federation Square">Federation Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Market" title="Queen Victoria Market">Queen Victoria Market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Melbourne" title="Crown Melbourne">Crown Casino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southbank,_Victoria" title="Southbank, Victoria">Southbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Zoo" title="Melbourne Zoo">Melbourne Zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Aquarium">Melbourne Aquarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Docklands,_Victoria" title="Docklands, Victoria">Docklands</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">National Gallery of Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Museum" title="Melbourne Museum">Melbourne Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Tower#Observation_deck_(Melbourne_Skydeck)" title="Eureka Tower">Melbourne Observation Deck</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Arts_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Arts Centre">Arts Centre Melbourne</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Victoria's_Top_20_Attractions-205">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="State Library of Victoria">State Library of Victoria</a> is the fourth most visited in the world.<a href="#cite_note-temple-154">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luna_Park,_Melbourne" title="Luna Park, Melbourne">Luna Park</a>, a theme park modelled on New York's <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a> and Seattle's <a href="/wiki/Luna_Park,_Seattle" title="Luna Park, Seattle">Luna Park</a>,<a href="#cite_note-formalopen-206">[204]</a> is also a popular destination for visitors.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> In its annual survey of readers, the <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Traveler" title="Condé Nast Traveler">Condé Nast Traveler</a> magazine found that both Melbourne and <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> were considered the world's friendliest cities in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Melbourne's laneways and arcades are of particular importance for the city's tourism–<a href="/wiki/Hosier_Lane" title="Hosier Lane">Hosier Lane</a> attracted one million visitors in each year prior to the COVID pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> The laneways of Melbourne have been gentrified and now include prominent displays of <a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a>, which attracts international tourists. Melbourne is considered one of the safest world cities for travellers.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_photograph_of_Queen_Victoria_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Aerial_photograph_of_Queen_Victoria_Market.jpg/220px-Aerial_photograph_of_Queen_Victoria_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="1434"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Aerial_photograph_of_Queen_Victoria_Market.jpg/220px-Aerial_photograph_of_Queen_Victoria_Market.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="105" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Aerial_photograph_of_Queen_Victoria_Market.jpg/330px-Aerial_photograph_of_Queen_Victoria_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Aerial_photograph_of_Queen_Victoria_Market.jpg/440px-Aerial_photograph_of_Queen_Victoria_Market.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Market" title="Queen Victoria Market">Queen Victoria Market</a> is the Southern Hemisphere's largest open air market.</figcaption></figure> Melbourne has a renowned culinary scene that attracts international tourists.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lygon_Street" title="Lygon Street">Lygon Street</a>, which runs through the inner-northern suburbs of Melbourne, is a popular dining destination with an abundance of Italian and Greek restaurants that date back to earlier European immigration of the city. Food festivals are of particular popularity in Melbourne, many of which are held during early autumn, earning this period the nickname "mad March". The most well-known of these events, the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Food_and_Wine_Festival" title="Melbourne Food and Wine Festival">Melbourne Food and Wine Festival</a>, takes place over the course of ten days and began in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> Melbourne is also home to many annual events and festivals. The <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_International_Comedy_Festival" title="Melbourne International Comedy Festival">Melbourne International Comedy Festival</a> is held every year in March through to April. Established in 1987, it is one of the three largest international comedy festivals in the world. Other notable festivals and events include the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_International_Flower_and_Garden_Show" title="Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show">Melbourne Flower and Garden Show</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_International_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne International Jazz Festival">Melbourne International Jazz Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Royal_Show" title="Melbourne Royal Show">Melbourne Royal Show</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Midsumma_Festival" title="Midsumma Festival">Midsumma Festival</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Melbourne" title="Demographics of Melbourne">Demographics of Melbourne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_Chinatown_from_Exhibition_St.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Melbourne_Chinatown_from_Exhibition_St.jpg/220px-Melbourne_Chinatown_from_Exhibition_St.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="1310"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Melbourne_Chinatown_from_Exhibition_St.jpg/220px-Melbourne_Chinatown_from_Exhibition_St.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Melbourne_Chinatown_from_Exhibition_St.jpg/330px-Melbourne_Chinatown_from_Exhibition_St.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Melbourne_Chinatown_from_Exhibition_St.jpg/440px-Melbourne_Chinatown_from_Exhibition_St.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Established during the gold rush, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Melbourne" title="Chinatown, Melbourne">Chinatown</a> is the longest continuous Chinese settlement outside Asia.</figcaption></figure> Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the population of the Melbourne statistical division has grown by about 70,000 people a year since 2005. Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake on percentage, as well as having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living.<a href="#cite_note-Oleary-218">[216]</a> In recent years, <a href="/wiki/Shire_of_Melton" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire of Melton">Melton</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Wyndham" title="City of Wyndham">Wyndham</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_Casey" title="City of Casey">Casey</a>, part of the Melbourne statistical division, have recorded the highest growth rate of all <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">local government areas</a> in Australia. Melbourne is on track to overtake <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> in population between 2028 and 2030.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> After a trend of declining population density since World War II, the city has seen increased density in the inner and <a href="/wiki/Western_Suburbs_(Melbourne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Suburbs (Melbourne)">western suburbs</a>, aided in part by Victorian Government planning, such as <a href="/wiki/Postcode_3000" title="Postcode 3000">Postcode 3000</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_2030" title="Melbourne 2030">Melbourne 2030</a>, which have aimed to curtail urban sprawl.<a href="#cite_note-Melbourne2030-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit">[update]</a>, the CBD is the most densely populated area in Australia with more than 19,000 residents per square kilometre, and the inner city suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Carlton,_Victoria" title="Carlton, Victoria">Carlton</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Yarra" title="South Yarra">South Yarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy,_Victoria" title="Fitzroy, Victoria">Fitzroy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collingwood,_Victoria" title="Collingwood, Victoria">Collingwood</a> make up Victoria's top five.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry_and_immigration">Ancestry and immigration</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ancestry and immigration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Country of birth (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics-224">[222]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Birthplace<a href="#cite_note-225">[note 3]</a></th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>2,947,136 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>242,635 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a></td> <td>166,023 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td> <td>132,912 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>90,552 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>82,939 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td> <td>65,152 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>58,935 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>58,081 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td>57,345 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>44,956 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>29,067 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>27,056 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>25,041 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong SAR</a></td> <td>24,428 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>23,525 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>20,922 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>20,231 </td></tr></tbody></table> At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:<a href="#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics-224">[222]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Australian">English</a> (24.8%)</li> <li>Australian (22.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Chinese</a> (8.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Australian">Irish</a> (8.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish</a> (6.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Australian">Italian</a> (6.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Australian">Indian</a> (5.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Australians" title="Greek Australians">Greek</a> (3.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Australian">German</a> (2.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Australian">Vietnamese</a> (2.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Australians" title="Filipino Australians">Filipino</a> (1.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Australians" title="Dutch Australians">Dutch</a> (1.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Australians" title="Maltese Australians">Maltese</a> (1.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Australians" title="Polish Australians">Polish</a> (1.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Australians" title="Sri Lankan Australians">Sri Lankan</a> (1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Australians" title="Lebanese Australians">Lebanese</a> (1%)</li></ul></div> At the 2021 census, 0.7% of Melbourne's population identified as being <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a> — <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics-2-227">[223]</a> In Greater Melbourne at the 2021 census, 59.9% of residents were born in Australia. The other most common countries of birth were <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (4.9%), <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> (3.4%), <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> (2.7%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (1.8%) and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (1.7%).<a href="#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics-2-227">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> At the time of the 2021 census, 61.1% of Melburnians speak only English at home. <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (4.3%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (2.3%), <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (2.1%), <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (2%), and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> (1.8%) were the most common foreign languages spoken at home by residents of Melbourne. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral-Gothic_Revival_Style_(East_Side).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral-Gothic_Revival_Style_%28East_Side%29.jpg/220px-St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral-Gothic_Revival_Style_%28East_Side%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="2807"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral-Gothic_Revival_Style_%28East_Side%29.jpg/220px-St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral-Gothic_Revival_Style_%28East_Side%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral-Gothic_Revival_Style_%28East_Side%29.jpg/330px-St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral-Gothic_Revival_Style_%28East_Side%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral-Gothic_Revival_Style_%28East_Side%29.jpg/440px-St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral-Gothic_Revival_Style_%28East_Side%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Melbourne" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne">St Patrick's Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> Melbourne has a wide range of religious faiths, the most widely held of which is <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. This is signified by the city's two large cathedrals—<a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Melbourne" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne">St Patrick's</a> (Roman Catholic), and <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Melbourne" title="St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne">St Paul's</a> (Anglican). Both were built in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> and are of considerable heritage significance as major landmarks of the city.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> In recent years, Greater Melbourne's irreligious community has grown to be one of the largest in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> According to the 2021 Census, persons stating that they had <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a> constituted 36.9% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics-2-227">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was the most popular religious affiliation at 40.1%.<a href="#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics-2-227">[223]</a> The largest Christian denominations were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church in Australia">Catholicism</a> (20.8%) and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicanism in Australia">Anglicanism</a> (5.5%).<a href="#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics-2-227">[223]</a> The most popular non-Christian religious affiliations were <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (5.3%), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (4.1%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (3.9%), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (1.7%) and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (0.9%).<a href="#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics-2-227">[223]</a> Over 258,000 Muslims live in Melbourne.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> Muslim religious life in Melbourne is centred on about 25 mosques and a number of prayer rooms at university campuses, workplaces and other venues.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> As of 2000<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit">[update]</a>, Melbourne had the largest population of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> and Holocaust survivors in Australia, and the largest number of Jewish institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Freda-232">[228]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Melbourne" title="Education in Melbourne">Education in Melbourne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_(Ormond_College).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg/170px-Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg/170px-Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg/255px-Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg/340px-Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ormond_College" title="Ormond College">Ormond College</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a></figcaption></figure> Of the top twenty high schools in Australia according to the My Choice Schools Ranking, five are in Melbourne.<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> There has also been a rapid increase in the number of International students studying in the city, with Melbourne considered the 4th best city in the world for studying abroad in the 2024 Best Student Cities ranking by <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> and voted the world's fourth top university city in 2008 after London, Boston and Tokyo in a poll commissioned by <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology">the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> Eight public universities operate in Melbourne: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swinburne_University_of_Technology" title="Swinburne University of Technology">Swinburne University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deakin_University" title="Deakin University">Deakin University</a>, <a href="/wiki/RMIT_University" class="mw-redirect" title="RMIT University">Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University)</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Trobe_University" title="La Trobe University">La Trobe University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Catholic_University" title="Australian Catholic University">Australian Catholic University (ACU)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria University of Technology">Victoria University (VU)</a>. Melbourne universities have campuses all over Australia and some internationally. Swinburne University and Monash University have campuses in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, RMIT in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, with Monash also having research centres in <a href="/wiki/Prato" title="Prato">Prato</a>, Italy, and a joint partnership research academy with <a href="/wiki/IIT_Bombay" title="IIT Bombay">IIT Bombay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, India. The University of Melbourne, the second oldest university in Australia,<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> is the highest ranked university in Australia across the three major global rankings – QS (13th), <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">THES</a> (34th) and the Academic Ranking of World Universities (32nd),<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> with Monash University also ranking within the top 50 – QS (37nd) and THES (44th).<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> Both are members of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight_(Australian_universities)" title="Group of Eight (Australian universities)">Group of Eight</a>, a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> As of 2024 <a href="/wiki/RMIT_University" class="mw-redirect" title="RMIT University">RMIT University</a> is ranked 18th in the world in both Art & Design, and Architecture.<a href="#cite_note-QS_Rankings_by_subject_2024-240">[236]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swinburne_University_of_Technology" title="Swinburne University of Technology">Swinburne University of Technology</a>, based in the inner-city Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn, was as of 2014 ranked 76th–100th in the world for physics by the Academic Ranking of World Universities.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deakin_University" title="Deakin University">Deakin University</a> maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong, and is the third largest university in Victoria. In recent years, the number of <a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international students</a> at Melbourne's universities has risen rapidly, a result of an increasing number of places being made available for them.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> Education in Melbourne is overseen by the Victorian <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_and_Training_(Victoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Education and Training (Victoria)">Department of Education</a> (DET), whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education'.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Melbourne" title="Media in Melbourne">Media in Melbourne</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_radio_stations#Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Australian radio stations">List of Australian radio stations § Melbourne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federation_Square_(SBS_Building).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg/220px-Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg/220px-Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg/330px-Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg/440px-Federation_Square_%28SBS_Building%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Melbourne offices of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a> (SBS), located at Federation Square</figcaption></figure> Three daily newspapers serve Melbourne: the <a href="/wiki/Herald_Sun" title="Herald Sun">Herald Sun</a> (tabloid), <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a> (compact) and <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a> (national broadsheet). There are six primary free-to-air <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> stations operating in Greater Melbourne and Geelong: <a href="/wiki/ABC_Television_(Australian_TV_network)" title="ABC Television (Australian TV network)">ABC</a> Victoria, (<a href="/wiki/ABV_(TV_station)" title="ABV (TV station)">ABV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a> Victoria (SBS), <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven</a> Melbourne (<a href="/wiki/HSV_(TV_station)" title="HSV (TV station)">HSV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine</a> Melbourne (<a href="/wiki/GTV_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="GTV (Australia)">GTV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Network_10" title="Network 10">Ten</a> Melbourne (<a href="/wiki/ATV_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="ATV (Australia)">ATV</a>), <a href="/wiki/C31_Melbourne" title="C31 Melbourne">C31 Melbourne</a> (MGV) – community television.<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> Each station (excluding C31) broadcasts a primary channel and several multichannels.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> Some digital media companies such as <a href="/wiki/Broadsheet_(website)" title="Broadsheet (website)">Broadsheet</a> are based in and primarily serve Melbourne. Many AM and FM radio stations broadcast to greater Melbourne. These include public (i.e., state-owned <a href="/wiki/ABC_Radio_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Radio (Australia)">ABC</a> and <a href="/wiki/SBS_Radio" title="SBS Radio">SBS</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Community_radio#Australia" title="Community radio">community</a> stations. Many <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial</a> stations are networked-owned: <a href="/wiki/Nova_Entertainment" title="Nova Entertainment">Nova Entertainment</a> owns <a href="/wiki/Nova_100" title="Nova 100">Nova 100</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smooth_91.5" title="Smooth 91.5">Smooth</a>; <a href="/wiki/Australian_Radio_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Radio Network">ARN</a> controls <a href="/wiki/Gold_104.3" title="Gold 104.3">Gold 104.3</a> and <a href="/wiki/KIIS_101.1" title="KIIS 101.1">KIIS 101.1</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Austereo" title="Southern Cross Austereo">Southern Cross Austereo</a> runs both <a href="/wiki/Fox_FM_(Melbourne)" title="Fox FM (Melbourne)">Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triple_M_Melbourne" title="Triple M Melbourne">Triple M</a>. Youth stations include ABC <a href="/wiki/Triple_J" title="Triple J">Triple J</a> and youth-run <a href="/wiki/3SYN" class="mw-redirect" title="3SYN">SYN</a>. Triple J, and community stations <a href="/wiki/3PBS" class="mw-redirect" title="3PBS">PBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/3RRR" title="3RRR">Triple R</a>, strive to play under represented music. <a href="/wiki/3JOY" class="mw-redirect" title="3JOY">JOY 94.9</a> caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender audiences. <a href="/wiki/3MBS" title="3MBS">3MBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/ABC_Classic_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Classic FM">ABC Classic FM</a> play classical music. <a href="/wiki/Light_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Light FM">Light FM</a> is a contemporary Christian station. AM stations include ABC: <a href="/wiki/ABC_Radio_Melbourne" title="ABC Radio Melbourne">ABC Radio Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_National" title="Radio National">Radio National</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ABC_NewsRadio" title="ABC NewsRadio">News Radio</a>; also <a href="/wiki/Nine_Entertainment" title="Nine Entertainment">Nine Entertainment</a> affiliates <a href="/wiki/3AW" title="3AW">3AW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Magic_1278" title="Magic 1278">Magic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">easy listening</a>). <a href="/wiki/SEN_1116" class="mw-redirect" title="SEN 1116">SEN 1116</a> broadcasts sports coverage. Melbourne has many community run stations that serve alternative interests, such as <a href="/wiki/3CR_(Melbourne)" class="mw-redirect" title="3CR (Melbourne)">3CR</a> and <a href="/wiki/3KND" title="3KND">3KND</a> (Indigenous). Many suburbs have low powered community run stations serving local audiences.<a href="#cite_note-cbaa-246">[242]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Governance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_House_East_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Parliament_House_East_Melbourne.jpg/220px-Parliament_House_East_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4611" data-file-height="2891"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Parliament_House_East_Melbourne.jpg/220px-Parliament_House_East_Melbourne.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Parliament_House_East_Melbourne.jpg/330px-Parliament_House_East_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Parliament_House_East_Melbourne.jpg/440px-Parliament_House_East_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Melbourne" title="Parliament House, Melbourne">Parliament House</a></figcaption></figure> The governance of Melbourne is split between the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Victoria">government of Victoria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Areas_of_Victoria#Municipalities_of_Greater_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Areas of Victoria">27 cities and four shires</a> that make up the metropolitan area. There is no ceremonial or political head of Melbourne, but the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of Melbourne">Lord Mayor of the City of Melbourne</a> often fulfils such a role as a first among equals.<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> The local governments are responsible for providing the functions set out in the Local Government Act 1989<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>. Most other government services are provided or regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Victoria">Victorian state government</a>, which governs from <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Melbourne" title="Parliament House, Melbourne">Parliament House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spring_Street,_Melbourne" title="Spring Street, Melbourne">Spring Street</a>. These include services associated with local government in other countries and include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, health and planning of major infrastructure projects. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Roads" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Melbourne" title="Transport in Melbourne">Transport in Melbourne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolte_bridge_dusk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bolte_bridge_dusk.jpg/220px-Bolte_bridge_dusk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bolte_bridge_dusk.jpg/220px-Bolte_bridge_dusk.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bolte_bridge_dusk.jpg/330px-Bolte_bridge_dusk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bolte_bridge_dusk.jpg/440px-Bolte_bridge_dusk.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bolte_Bridge" title="Bolte Bridge">Bolte Bridge</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/CityLink" title="CityLink">CityLink</a> tollway system.</figcaption></figure>Like many Australian cities, Melbourne has a high <a href="/wiki/Car_dependency" title="Car dependency">dependency on the automobile</a> for transport,<a href="#cite_note-newman-249">[245]</a> particularly in the outer suburban areas where the largest number of cars are bought,<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> with a total of 3.6 million private vehicles using 22,320 km (13,870 mi) of road, and one of the highest lengths of road per capita in the world.<a href="#cite_note-newman-249">[245]</a> The early 20th century saw an increase in popularity of automobiles, resulting in large-scale suburban expansion and a tendency towards the development of <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>—like all Australian cities, inhabitants would live in the suburbs and commute to the city for work.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> By the mid-1950s, there were just under 200 passenger vehicles per 1000 people, and by 2013, there were 600 passenger vehicles per 1000 people.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Victoria" title="Roads in Victoria">road network in Victoria</a> is managed by <a href="/wiki/VicRoads" title="VicRoads">Vicroads</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transport_(Victoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Transport (Victoria)">Department of Transport</a>, who oversee the planning and integration. Maintenance of roads is undertaken by different bodies, depending on the road. Local roads are maintained by local governments, while secondary and main roads are the responsibility of Vicroads. Major national freeways and roads integral to national trade are overseen by the Federal Government.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> Today, Melbourne has an extensive network of freeways and arterial roadways. These are used by private vehicles, including road freight vehicles, as well as road-based public transport modes like buses and taxis. Major highways feeding into the city include the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Freeway,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Freeway, Melbourne">Eastern Freeway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monash_Freeway" title="Monash Freeway">Monash Freeway</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Gate_Freeway" title="West Gate Freeway">West Gate Freeway</a> (which spans the large <a href="/wiki/West_Gate_Bridge" title="West Gate Bridge">West Gate Bridge</a>). Other freeways include the <a href="/wiki/Calder_Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Calder Freeway">Calder Freeway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tullamarine_Freeway" title="Tullamarine Freeway">Tullamarine Freeway</a>, which is the main airport link, and the <a href="/wiki/Hume_Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hume Freeway">Hume Freeway</a>, which connects Melbourne to Canberra and Sydney. Melbourne's middle suburbs are connected via an orbital freeway, the <a href="/wiki/M80_Ring_Road" title="M80 Ring Road">M80 Ring Road</a>, which will be completed when the <a href="/wiki/North_East_Link" title="North East Link">North East Link</a> opens.<a href="#cite_note-VicRoads-254">[250]</a> Out of Melbourne's twenty declared freeways open or under construction, six are electronic toll roads. This includes the <a href="/wiki/CityLink" title="CityLink">M1 and M2 CityLink</a> (which includes the large <a href="/wiki/Bolte_Bridge" title="Bolte Bridge">Bolte Bridge</a>), <a href="/wiki/EastLink,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="EastLink, Melbourne">Eastlink</a>, North East Link, and the <a href="/wiki/West_Gate_Tunnel" title="West Gate Tunnel">West Gate Tunnel</a>. Apart from <a href="/wiki/EastLink_(Melbourne)" title="EastLink (Melbourne)">Eastlink</a> which is owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/ConnectEast" title="ConnectEast">ConnectEast</a>, the toll roads in Melbourne are run by <a href="/wiki/Transurban" title="Transurban">Transurban</a>. In Melbourne, tollways have blue and yellow signage compared to the green signs used for free roads. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Public transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Melbourne" title="Transport in Melbourne">Transport in Melbourne</a></div> Melbourne has an integrated public transport system based around extensive train, tram, bus and taxi systems. <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Street_railway_station" title="Flinders Street railway station">Flinders Street station</a> was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne's tram network overtook Sydney's to become the world's largest in the 1940s. From the 1940s, public transport use in Melbourne declined due to a rapid expansion of the road and freeway network, with the largest declines in tram and bus usage.<a href="#cite_note-Mees-2014-255">[251]</a> This decline quickened in the early 1990s due to large public transport service cuts.<a href="#cite_note-Mees-2014-255">[251]</a> The operations of Melbourne's public transport system was privatised in 1999 through a franchising model, with operational responsibilities for the train, tram and bus networks licensed to private companies.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> After 1996 there was a rapid increase in public transport patronage due to growth in employment in central Melbourne, with the mode share for commuters increasing to 14.8% and 8.4% of all trips.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mees-2014-255">[251]</a> A target of 20% public transport mode share for Melbourne by 2020 was set by the state government in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-TransportFringe-258">[254]</a> Since 2006 public transport patronage has grown by over 20% and a number of projects have commenced aimed at expanding public transport usage.<a href="#cite_note-TransportFringe-258">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Train">Train</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Train" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railways_in_Melbourne" title="Railways in Melbourne">Railways in Melbourne</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Victoria" title="Rail transport in Victoria">Rail transport in Victoria</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Cross_Station_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Southern_Cross_Station_at_night.jpg/220px-Southern_Cross_Station_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Southern_Cross_Station_at_night.jpg/220px-Southern_Cross_Station_at_night.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Southern_Cross_Station_at_night.jpg/330px-Southern_Cross_Station_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Southern_Cross_Station_at_night.jpg/440px-Southern_Cross_Station_at_night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Situated on the City Loop, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_railway_station" title="Southern Cross railway station">Southern Cross station</a> is Victoria's main hub for regional and interstate trains.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_rail_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne rail network">Melbourne metropolitan rail network</a> dates back to the 1850s <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rush</a> era, and today consists of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Melbourne_railway_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Melbourne railway stations">222 suburban stations</a> on sixteen lines which radiate from the <a href="/wiki/City_Loop" title="City Loop">City Loop</a>, a mostly-underground subway system around the CBD. <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Street_railway_station" title="Flinders Street railway station">Flinders Street station</a>, one of Australia's busiest <a href="/wiki/Transportation_hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation hub">rail hubs</a>, serves the entire network, and remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities run by <a href="/wiki/V/Line" title="V/Line">V/Line</a>, as well as direct interstate rail services which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_railway_station" title="Southern Cross railway station">Southern Cross station</a>, in Docklands. <a href="/wiki/The_Overland" title="The Overland">The Overland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> departs twice a week, while the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_XPT" title="New South Wales XPT">XPT</a> to Sydney departs twice daily. In the 2017–2018 financial year, the Melbourne metropolitan rail network recorded 240.9 million passenger trips, the highest ridership in its history.<a href="#cite_note-Public_Transport_Victoria-2018-260">[256]</a> Many rail lines, along with dedicated lines and <a href="/wiki/Rail_yards" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail yards">rail yards</a>, are also used for freight. An assortment of new railways are under construction in Melbourne. A new heavy rail corridor through the inner city, the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Tunnel" title="Metro Tunnel">Metro Tunnel</a>, is set to open by 2025, and will reduce congestion on the City Loop. The ongoing <a href="/wiki/Level_Crossing_Removal_Project" title="Level Crossing Removal Project">Level Crossing Removal Project</a> is grade separating much of the network, and rebuilding many older stations. In June 2022, early works commenced on the <a href="/wiki/Suburban_Rail_Loop" title="Suburban Rail Loop">Suburban Rail Loop</a>, a 90-kilometre underground automated <a href="/wiki/Circle_route" title="Circle route">orbital line</a> through Melbourne's middle suburbs around 12–18 km (7.5–11.2 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_CBD" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne CBD">CBD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Airport_rail_link" title="Melbourne Airport rail link">An airport rail connection</a> has commenced with early works in Keilor East.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tram">Tram</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tram" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Melbourne" title="Trams in Melbourne">Trams in Melbourne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_3034_at_Box_Hill_terminus,_route_109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/C_3034_at_Box_Hill_terminus%2C_route_109.jpg/220px-C_3034_at_Box_Hill_terminus%2C_route_109.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5091" data-file-height="3394"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/C_3034_at_Box_Hill_terminus%2C_route_109.jpg/220px-C_3034_at_Box_Hill_terminus%2C_route_109.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/C_3034_at_Box_Hill_terminus%2C_route_109.jpg/330px-C_3034_at_Box_Hill_terminus%2C_route_109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/C_3034_at_Box_Hill_terminus%2C_route_109.jpg/440px-C_3034_at_Box_Hill_terminus%2C_route_109.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/C-class_Melbourne_tram" title="C-class Melbourne tram">C-class tram</a> in suburban Box Hill, 14 km east of the CBD. <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Melbourne" title="Trams in Melbourne">The city's tram network</a> consists of 493 trams and is the largest in the world.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Melbourne" title="Trams in Melbourne">Melbourne's tram network</a> dates from the 1880s land boom and, as of 2021, consists of 250 km (155.3 mi) of double track, 475 trams, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Melbourne_tram_routes" title="List of Melbourne tram routes">25 routes</a>, and 1,763 <a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">tram stops</a>, making it the largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Yarra_Trams-263">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-DOT_tram-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-railpage-264">[260]</a> In 2017–2018, 206.3 million passenger trips were made by tram.<a href="#cite_note-Public_Transport_Victoria-2018-260">[256]</a> Around 75 per cent of Melbourne's tram network shares road space with other vehicles, while the rest of the network is separated or are <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> routes.<a href="#cite_note-Yarra_Trams-263">[259]</a> Melbourne's trams are recognised as iconic cultural assets and a tourist attraction. <a href="/wiki/W-class_Melbourne_tram" title="W-class Melbourne tram">Heritage trams</a> operate on the free <a href="/wiki/City_Circle_tram" title="City Circle tram">City Circle route</a> around the CBD.<a href="#cite_note-Metlink1-265">[261]</a> Trams are free within the central city Free Tram Zone and run 24-hours on weekends.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bus">Bus</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Melbourne" title="Buses in Melbourne">Buses in Melbourne</a></div> Melbourne's bus network consists of more than <a href="/wiki/List_of_Melbourne_bus_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Melbourne bus routes">400 routes</a> which mainly service the outer suburbs and fill the gaps in the network between rail and tram services.<a href="#cite_note-Victoria's_Bus_plan-267">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metlink1-265">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buses-268">[264]</a> 127.6 million passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2013–2014, an increase of 10.2 percent on the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-PTVannualreport-269">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airports">Airports</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Airports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Melbourne_area" title="List of airports in the Melbourne area">List of airports in the Melbourne area</a></div> Melbourne has four airports. <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Airport" title="Melbourne Airport">Melbourne Airport</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Tullamarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tullamarine">Tullamarine</a>, is the city's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia, with a traffic of over 37 million passengers in 2018–19.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> The airport, which comprises four terminals,<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> is the home base for passenger airline <a href="/wiki/Jetstar" title="Jetstar">Jetstar</a> and cargo airlines <a href="/wiki/Australian_airExpress" title="Australian airExpress">Australian airExpress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Team_Global_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Global Express">Team Global Express</a>, and is a major hub for <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Australia" title="Virgin Australia">Virgin Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Airport" title="Avalon Airport">Avalon Airport</a>, located between Melbourne and <a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a>, is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports. A <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Airport_rail_link" title="Melbourne Airport rail link">rail link to Tullamarine</a> is planned to open in the 2030s.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients.<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a> Melbourne also has a significant <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> airport, <a href="/wiki/Moorabbin_Airport" title="Moorabbin Airport">Moorabbin Airport</a> in the city's southeast that also handles a small number of passenger flights. <a href="/wiki/Essendon_Airport" title="Essendon Airport">Essendon Airport</a>, which was once the city's main airport, also handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights.<a href="#cite_note-EssendonAir-274">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_transport">Water transport</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Water transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ship transport is an important component of Melbourne's transport system. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Melbourne" title="Port of Melbourne">Port of Melbourne</a> is Australia's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest. The port handled two million shipping containers in a 12-month period during 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-pom-275">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Station_Pier" title="Station Pier">Station Pier</a> on Port Phillip Bay is the main passenger ship terminal with <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise ships">cruise ships</a> docking there. Ferries and water taxis run from <a href="/wiki/Berth_(moorings)" title="Berth (moorings)">berths</a> along the Yarra River as far upstream as South Yarra and across Port Phillip Bay. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Health" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Children%27s_Hospital_Atrium_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Royal_Children%27s_Hospital_Atrium_Melbourne.jpg/220px-Royal_Children%27s_Hospital_Atrium_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5261" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Royal_Children%27s_Hospital_Atrium_Melbourne.jpg/220px-Royal_Children%27s_Hospital_Atrium_Melbourne.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Royal_Children%27s_Hospital_Atrium_Melbourne.jpg/330px-Royal_Children%27s_Hospital_Atrium_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Royal_Children%27s_Hospital_Atrium_Melbourne.jpg/440px-Royal_Children%27s_Hospital_Atrium_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Royal Children's Hospital">Royal Children's Hospital</a></figcaption></figure> Among Australian capital cities, Melbourne ties with Canberra in first place for the highest male life expectancy (80.0 years) and ranks second behind Perth in female life expectancy (84.1 years).<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> The Victorian Government's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Victoria)" title="Department of Health (Victoria)">Department of Health</a> oversees about 30 public hospitals in the Melbourne metropolitan region and 13 health services organisations.<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> Major medical, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> research institutions located in Melbourne include the <a href="/wiki/St._Vincent%27s_Institute_of_Medical_Research" title="St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research">St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Stem_Cell_Centre" title="Australian Stem Cell Centre">Australian Stem Cell Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Burnet_Institute" title="Burnet Institute">Burnet Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Doherty_Institute" title="Doherty Institute">Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Regenerative_Medicine_Institute" title="Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute">Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute</a>, Victorian Institute of Chemical Sciences, Brain Research Institute, <a href="/wiki/Peter_MacCallum_Cancer_Centre" title="Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre">Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Walter_and_Eliza_Hall_Institute_of_Medical_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research">Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Neuropsychiatry_Centre" title="Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre">Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre</a>. The headquarters of Australian pharmaceutical company <a href="/wiki/CSL_Limited" title="CSL Limited">CSL Limited</a> is located in the Melbourne Biomedical Precinct in <a href="/wiki/Parkville,_Victoria" title="Parkville, Victoria">Parkville</a>, which contains over 40 biomedical and research institutions.<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> It was announced in 2021 that a new Australian Institute for Infectious Disease would also be built in Parkville.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> Other institutions include the <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Florey Institute">Howard Florey Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_Childrens_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Murdoch Childrens Research Institute">Murdoch Childrens Research Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baker_Heart_and_Diabetes_Institute" title="Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute">Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Synchrotron" title="Australian Synchrotron">Australian Synchrotron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-health-280">[276]</a> Many of these institutions are associated with and located near to universities. Melbourne is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Royal Children's Hospital">Royal Children's Hospital</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monash_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Monash Children's Hospital">Monash Children's Hospital</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Utilities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Victoria (Australia)">Energy in Victoria (Australia)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarloaf_Reservoir_Melbourne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sugarloaf_Reservoir_Melbourne.jpg/220px-Sugarloaf_Reservoir_Melbourne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sugarloaf_Reservoir_Melbourne.jpg/220px-Sugarloaf_Reservoir_Melbourne.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sugarloaf_Reservoir_Melbourne.jpg/330px-Sugarloaf_Reservoir_Melbourne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sugarloaf_Reservoir_Melbourne.jpg/440px-Sugarloaf_Reservoir_Melbourne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sugarloaf Reservoir at <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Hills,_Victoria" title="Christmas Hills, Victoria">Christmas Hills</a> in the metropolitan area is one of Melbourne's closest water supplies.</figcaption></figure> Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Water" title="Melbourne Water">Melbourne Water</a>, which is owned by the Victorian Government. The organisation is also responsible for management of sewerage and the major water catchments in the region as well as the <a href="/wiki/Wonthaggi_desalination_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wonthaggi desalination plant">Wonthaggi desalination plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/North-South_Pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="North-South Pipeline">North–South Pipeline</a>. Water is stored in a series of reservoirs located within and outside the Greater Melbourne area. The largest dam, the <a href="/wiki/Thomson_River_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson River Dam">Thomson River Dam</a>, located in the Victorian Alps, is capable of holding around 60% of Melbourne's water capacity,<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> while smaller dams such as the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Yarra_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Yarra Dam">Upper Yarra Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yan_Yean_Reservoir" title="Yan Yean Reservoir">Yan Yean Reservoir</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cardinia_Reservoir" title="Cardinia Reservoir">Cardinia Reservoir</a> carry secondary supplies. Gas is provided by three distribution companies: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AusNet_Services" title="AusNet Services">AusNet Services</a>, which provides gas from Melbourne's inner western suburbs to southwestern Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-smh05172013-282">[278]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinet_Gas" title="Multinet Gas">Multinet Gas</a>, which provides gas from Melbourne's inner eastern suburbs to eastern Victoria (owned by SP AusNet after acquisition, but continuing to trade under the brand name Multinet Gas).<a href="#cite_note-age040917-283">[279]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Gas_Networks" title="Australian Gas Networks">Australian Gas Networks</a>, which provides gas from Melbourne's inner northern suburbs to northern Victoria, as well as the majority of southeastern Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-age040917-283">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-age101017-284">[280]</a></li></ul> Electricity is provided by five distribution companies: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citipower" class="mw-redirect" title="Citipower">Citipower</a>, which provides power to Melbourne's CBD, and some inner suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-spark-285">[281]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powercor" class="mw-redirect" title="Powercor">Powercor</a>, which provides power to the outer western suburbs, as well as all of western <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> (Citipower and Powercor are owned by the same entity).<a href="#cite_note-spark-285">[281]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemena" title="Jemena">Jemena</a>, which provides power to the northern and inner western suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-alinta-286">[282]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alinta" title="Alinta">United Energy</a>, which provides power to the inner eastern and southeastern suburbs, and the <a href="/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula" title="Mornington Peninsula">Mornington Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alinta-286">[282]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AusNet_Services" title="AusNet Services">AusNet Services</a>, which provides power to the outer eastern suburbs and all of the north and east of Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-smh05172013-282">[278]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output 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.portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/64px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Victoria" title="Portal:Victoria">Victoria portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Melbourne" title="Naval Base Melbourne">Naval Base Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Victoria" title="Regions of Victoria">Regions of Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Melbourne" title="Environmental issues in Melbourne">Environmental issues in Melbourne</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Lists" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Melbourne" title="Outline of Melbourne">Outline of Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Melbourne_suburbs" title="List of Melbourne suburbs">List of Melbourne suburbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Melbourne" title="List of museums in Melbourne">List of museums in Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Melbourne" title="List of people from Melbourne">List of people from Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Melbourne" title="List of songs about Melbourne">List of songs about Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria" title="Local government in Victoria">Local government in Victoria</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The spelling pronunciation <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmɛlbɔːrn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MEL-born</a> is also accepted within British <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a>. In Australian English, ⟨our⟩ in the second syllable always stands for the <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel reduction in English">reduced</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ər/</a> as in "labour".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> The use of the term Melburnian can be traced back to 1876 where the case for Melburnian over Melbournian was made in the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Grammar_School" title="Melbourne Grammar School">Melbourne Grammar School</a> publication, the Melburnian. "The diphthong, 'ou' is not a Latin diphthong: hence, we argued this way, Melburnia would be [the] Latin form of name, and from it comes Melburnian."<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacqDict-15">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> and the Special Administrative Regions of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> are listed separately. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23pop-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-23pop_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-23pop_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-23pop_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release">"Greater Melbourne"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231010145251/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greater+Melbourne&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpopulation%2Fregional-population%2Flatest-release&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub2016.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2016~Community%20Profile~2GMEL/%24File/GCP_2GMEL.zip?OpenElement">"2016 Census of Population and Housing: General Community Profile"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817141733/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub2016.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2016~Community%20Profile~2GMEL/%24File/GCP_2GMEL.zip?OpenElement">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+Census+of+Population+and+Housing%3A+General+Community+Profile&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2FCensusOutput%2Fcopsub2016.NSF%2FAll%2520docs%2520by%2520catNo%2F2016~Community%2520Profile~2GMEL%2F%24File%2FGCP_2GMEL.zip%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=131&placename=canberra&placetype=0&state=ACT&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661">"Great Circle Distance between MELBOURNE and CANBERRA"</a>. Geoscience Australia. March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604151727/https://geodesyapps.ga.gov.au/distance?rec1=131&placename=canberra&placetype=0&state=ACT&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+MELBOURNE+and+CANBERRA&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D131%26placename%3Dcanberra%26placetype%3D0%26state%3DACT%26place1%3DMELBOURNE%26place1long%3D144.975555%26place1lat%3D-37.817661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=163285&placename=adelaide&placetype=0&state=SA+&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661">"Great Circle Distance between MELBOURNE and ADELAIDE"</a>. Geoscience Australia. March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604151843/https://geodesyapps.ga.gov.au/distance?rec1=163285&placename=adelaide&placetype=0&state=SA+&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+MELBOURNE+and+ADELAIDE&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D163285%26placename%3Dadelaide%26placetype%3D0%26state%3DSA%2B%26place1%3DMELBOURNE%26place1long%3D144.975555%26place1lat%3D-37.817661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=87421&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=NSW&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661">"Great Circle Distance between MELBOURNE and SYDNEY"</a>. Geoscience Australia. March 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+MELBOURNE+and+SYDNEY&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D87421%26placename%3Dsydney%26placetype%3D0%26state%3DNSW%26place1%3DMELBOURNE%26place1long%3D144.975555%26place1lat%3D-37.817661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=brisbane&placetype=0&state=QLD&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661">"Great Circle Distance between MELBOURNE and BRISBANE"</a>. Geoscience Australia. March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220145905/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=brisbane&placetype=0&state=QLD&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+MELBOURNE+and+BRISBANE&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D126867%26placename%3Dbrisbane%26placetype%3D0%26state%3DQLD%26place1%3DMELBOURNE%26place1long%3D144.975555%26place1lat%3D-37.817661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=WA+&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661">"Great Circle Distance between MELBOURNE and PERTH"</a>. Geoscience Australia. March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220145902/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=WA+&place1=MELBOURNE&place1long=144.975555&place1lat=-37.817661">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Circle+Distance+between+MELBOURNE+and+PERTH&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fcocky%2Fcgi%2Frun%2Fdistancedraw2%3Frec1%3D304529%26placename%3Dperth%26placetype%3D0%26state%3DWA%2B%26place1%3DMELBOURNE%26place1long%3D144.975555%26place1lat%3D-37.817661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405881180" title="Special:BookSources/9781405881180"><bdi>9781405881180</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405881180&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2013" class="citation book cs1">Butler, S., ed. (2013). "Melbourne". <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a> (6th ed.). Sydney: Macmillan Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-18-7642-966-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-18-7642-966-9"><bdi>978-18-7642-966-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Melbourne&rft.btitle=Macquarie+Dictionary&rft.place=Sydney&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-18-7642-966-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-naarm-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naarm_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naarm_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2002" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Ian D. (2002). Dictionary of Aboriginal placenames of Melbourne and Central Victoria. Melbourne: Victorian Aboriginal Corp. for Languages. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0957936052" title="Special:BookSources/0957936052"><bdi>0957936052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Aboriginal+placenames+of+Melbourne+and+Central+Victoria&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Victorian+Aboriginal+Corp.+for+Languages&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0957936052&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholsonJones2020" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Mandy; Jones, David (2020). "Wurundjeri-al Narrm-u (Wurundjeri's Melbourne): Aboriginal living heritage in Australia's urban landscapes". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429486470-30/wurundjeri-al-narrm-wurundjeri-melbourne-mandy-nicholson-david-jones">The Routledge Handbook on Historic Urban Landscapes in the Asia-Pacific</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429486470-30">10.4324/9780429486470-30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-48647-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-48647-0"><bdi>978-0-429-48647-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213567108">213567108</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604152111/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429486470-30/wurundjeri-al-narrm-wurundjeri-melbourne-mandy-nicholson-david-jones">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wurundjeri-al+Narrm-u+%28Wurundjeri%27s+Melbourne%29%3A+Aboriginal+living+heritage+in+Australia%27s+urban+landscapes&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+on+Historic+Urban+Landscapes+in+the+Asia-Pacific&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213567108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429486470-30&rft.isbn=978-0-429-48647-0&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Mandy&rft.au=Jones%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780429486470-30%2Fwurundjeri-al-narrm-wurundjeri-melbourne-mandy-nicholson-david-jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub2016.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2016~Community%20Profile~2GMEL/%24File/GCP_2GMEL.zip?OpenElement">"2016 Census of Population and Housing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402131758/https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub2016.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2016~Community%20Profile~2GMEL/%24File/GCP_2GMEL.zip?OpenElement">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2FCensusOutput%2Fcopsub2016.NSF%2FAll%2520docs%2520by%2520catNo%2F2016~Community%2520Profile~2GMEL%2F%24File%2FGCP_2GMEL.zip%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MelbLGAs-13"><a href="#cite_ref-MelbLGAs_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090915144252/http://www.localgovernment.vic.gov.au/Web20/rwpgslib.nsf/GraphicFiles/Victorian+Local+Government+Directory+-+Sept+09/%24file/Victorian+Local+Government+Directory+-+Sept+09.pdf">"Victorian Local Government Directory"</a> (PDF). Department of Planning and Community Development, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Victoria (Australia)">Government of Victoria</a>. p. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localgovernment.vic.gov.au/Web20/rwpgslib.nsf/GraphicFiles/Victorian+Local+Government+Directory+-+Sept+09/%24file/Victorian+Local+Government+Directory+-+Sept+09.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 September 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victorian+Local+Government+Directory&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Department+of+Planning+and+Community+Development%2C+Government+of+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localgovernment.vic.gov.au%2FWeb20%2Frwpgslib.nsf%2FGraphicFiles%2FVictorian%2BLocal%2BGovernment%2BDirectory%2B-%2BSept%2B09%2F%24file%2FVictorian%2BLocal%2BGovernment%2BDirectory%2B-%2BSept%2B09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series, iii, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUGcAQAAQBAJ&q=melburnian&pg=PA291">Melburnian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126084412/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA291&dq=oed+melburnian&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIrtWm4sr0xwIVxyKmCh1yUAPF#v=onepage&q=melburnian&f=false">Archived</a> 26 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-MacqDict-15"><a href="#cite_ref-MacqDict_15-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition</a> (2005). Or less commonly Melbournites. Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876429-14-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-876429-14-3">1-876429-14-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-settlement8-9-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-settlement8-9_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-settlement8-9_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-settlement8-9_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/history-city-of-melbourne.pdf">"History of the City of Melbourne"</a> (PDF). City of Melbourne. November 1997. pp. 8–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508155951/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/history-city-of-melbourne.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+City+of+Melbourne&rft.pages=8-10&rft.pub=City+of+Melbourne&rft.date=1997-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melbourne.vic.gov.au%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2Fhistory-city-of-melbourne.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-merrimerri-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-merrimerri_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-merrimerri_18-1">b</a> Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days, Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9577728-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9577728-0-7">0-9577728-0-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-MilesLewis25-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MilesLewis25_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MilesLewis25_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1995" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Miles (1995). Melbourne: the city's history and development (2nd ed.). Melbourne: City of Melbourne. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949624-71-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-949624-71-3"><bdi>0-949624-71-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melbourne%3A+the+city%27s+history+and+development&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=City+of+Melbourne&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-949624-71-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Miles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RobertCervero320-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RobertCervero320_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RobertCervero320_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCervero1998" class="citation book cs1">Cervero, Robert B. (1998). The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry. Chicago: Island Press. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-591-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-591-6"><bdi>1-55963-591-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transit+Metropolis%3A+A+Global+Inquiry&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-55963-591-6&rft.aulast=Cervero&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation news cs1">Davidson, Jim (2 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/rise-and-fall-of-british-empire-viewed-through-its-cities/news-story/a9f6ecb00ef2f6f13f4064a756a755ee">"Rise and fall of British empire viewed through its cities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114101416/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/rise-and-fall-of-british-empire-viewed-through-its-cities/news-story/a9f6ecb00ef2f6f13f4064a756a755ee">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Rise+and+fall+of+British+empire+viewed+through+its+cities&rft.date=2014-08-02&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Farts%2Freview%2Frise-and-fall-of-british-empire-viewed-through-its-cities%2Fnews-story%2Fa9f6ecb00ef2f6f13f4064a756a755ee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601083947/http://www.comlaw.gov.au/comlaw/comlaw.nsf/440c19285821b109ca256f3a001d59b7/57dea3835d797364ca256f9d0078c087/%24FILE/ConstitutionAct.pdf">"Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act"</a> (PDF). Department of the Attorney-General, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Government of Australia</a>. p. 45 (Section 125). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comlaw.gov.au/comlaw/comlaw.nsf/440c19285821b109ca256f3a001d59b7/57dea3835d797364ca256f9d0078c087/%24FILE/ConstitutionAct.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+of+Australia+Constitution+Act&rft.pages=45+%28Section+125%29&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Attorney-General%2C+Government+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comlaw.gov.au%2Fcomlaw%2Fcomlaw.nsf%2F440c19285821b109ca256f3a001d59b7%2F57dea3835d797364ca256f9d0078c087%2F%24FILE%2FConstitutionAct.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFCI2-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GFCI2_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GFCI2_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-35-explore-the-data/gfci-35-rank/">"GFCI 35 Rank"</a>. Long Finance. 20 August 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GFCI+35+Rank&rft.pub=Long+Finance&rft.date=2024-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longfinance.net%2Fprogrammes%2Ffinancial-centre-futures%2Fglobal-financial-centres-index%2Fgfci-35-explore-the-data%2Fgfci-35-rank%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC_20170816-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_20170816_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC_20170816_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Chalkley-Rhoden2017" class="citation news cs1">Stephanie Chalkley-Rhoden (16 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-16/melbourne-named-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-seventh-year/8812196">"World's most liveable city: Melbourne takes top spot for seventh year running"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816220821/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-16/melbourne-named-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-seventh-year/8812196">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World%27s+most+liveable+city%3A+Melbourne+takes+top+spot+for+seventh+year+running&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.au=Stephanie+Chalkley-Rhoden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2017-08-16%2Fmelbourne-named-worlds-most-liveable-city-for-seventh-year%2F8812196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melbourneairport.com.au/">"Melbourne Airport – Flight Information, Shopping & Parking"</a>. www.melbourneairport.com.au. Retrieved 13 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.melbourneairport.com.au&rft.atitle=Melbourne+Airport+%E2%80%93+Flight+Information%2C+Shopping+%26+Parking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.melbourneairport.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708144910/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/1b374a6d8cae09e9ca2571cb0003c23a%21OpenDocument">"Government outlines vision for Port of Melbourne Freight Hub"</a> (Press release). 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/1b374a6d8cae09e9ca2571cb0003c23a%21OpenDocument">the original</a> on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+outlines+vision+for+Port+of+Melbourne+Freight+Hub&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.vic.gov.au%2Fdomino%2FWeb_Notes%2Fnewmedia.nsf%2F798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01%2F1b374a6d8cae09e9ca2571cb0003c23a%2521OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOT_tram-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOT_tram_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOT_tram_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ycat.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/EWLNA_2008/Main%20Report/Investing_in_Transport_East_West-Chapter03.pdf">"Investing in Transport Chapter 3 – East/West, Section 3.1.2 – Tram Network"</a> (PDF). Department of Transport, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Victoria (Australia)">Government of Victoria</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703031505/http://www.ycat.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/EWLNA_2008/Main%20Report/Investing_in_Transport_East_West-Chapter03.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Investing+in+Transport+Chapter+3+%E2%80%93+East%2FWest%2C+Section+3.1.2+%E2%80%93+Tram+Network&rft.pub=Department+of+Transport%2C+Government+of+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ycat.org.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F09%2FEWLNA_2008%2FMain%2520Report%2FInvesting_in_Transport_East_West-Chapter03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Gary Presland, The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region, (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-33150-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-646-33150-7">0-646-33150-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rbg.vic.gov.au-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rbg.vic.gov.au_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rbg.vic.gov.au_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908132608/http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1062/Indig.pdf">"Indigenous connections to the site"</a> (PDF). rbg.vic.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1062/Indig.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rbg.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=Indigenous+connections+to+the+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbg.vic.gov.au%2F__data%2Fpage%2F1062%2FIndig.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Gary Presland, Aboriginal Melbourne: The Lost Land of the Kulin People, Harriland Press (1985), Second edition 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9577004-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9577004-2-3">0-9577004-2-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-settlement-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-settlement_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-settlement_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220130102/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/History/Pages/SettlementtoCity.aspx">"Foundation of the Settlement"</a>. History of the City of Melbourne. City of Melbourne. 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/AboutMelbourne/History/Pages/SettlementtoCity.aspx">the original</a> on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+City+of+Melbourne&rft.atitle=Foundation+of+the+Settlement&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melbourne.vic.gov.au%2FAboutMelbourne%2FHistory%2FPages%2FSettlementtoCity.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-boundaries-32"><a href="#cite_ref-boundaries_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunstan2021" class="citation web cs1">Dunstan, Joseph (26 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-26/melbourne-aboriginal-traditional-owners-bunurong-wurundjeri/100236480">"Melbourne's birth destroyed Bunurong and Wurundjeri boundaries. 185 years on, they've been redrawn"</a>. ABC News. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630070654/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-26/melbourne-aboriginal-traditional-owners-bunurong-wurundjeri/100236480">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Melbourne%27s+birth+destroyed+Bunurong+and+Wurundjeri+boundaries.+185+years+on%2C+they%27ve+been+redrawn&rft.date=2021-06-26&rft.aulast=Dunstan&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-06-26%2Fmelbourne-aboriginal-traditional-owners-bunurong-wurundjeri%2F100236480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddie2021" class="citation web cs1">Eddie, Rachel (1 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/traditional-owners-formalised-in-new-boundaries-covering-central-melbourne-20210701-p585vg.html">"Traditional owners formalised in new boundaries covering central Melbourne"</a>. The Age. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220605135509/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/traditional-owners-formalised-in-new-boundaries-covering-central-melbourne-20210701-p585vg.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Traditional+owners+formalised+in+new+boundaries+covering+central+Melbourne&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft.aulast=Eddie&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fvictoria%2Ftraditional-owners-formalised-in-new-boundaries-covering-central-melbourne-20210701-p585vg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1878" class="citation book cs1">Smyth, Robert Brough (1878). Aborigines of Victoria: With Notes Relating to the Habits of the Natives of Other Parts of Australia and Tasmania Compiled from Various Sources for the Government of Victoria. Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108006569" title="Special:BookSources/9781108006569"><bdi>9781108006569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aborigines+of+Victoria%3A+With+Notes+Relating+to+the+Habits+of+the+Natives+of+Other+Parts+of+Australia+and+Tasmania+Compiled+from+Various+Sources+for+the+Government+of+Victoria.+Volume+2&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1878&rft.isbn=9781108006569&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Robert+Brough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2002" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Ian D. (2002). Dictionary of Aboriginal placenames of Melbourne and Central Victoria. Melbourne: Victorian Aboriginal Corp. for Languages. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0957936052" title="Special:BookSources/0957936052"><bdi>0957936052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Aboriginal+placenames+of+Melbourne+and+Central+Victoria&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Victorian+Aboriginal+Corp.+for+Languages&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0957936052&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2016" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Bill and Mandy (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melton.vic.gov.au/files/assets/public/services/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander/bill-and-mandy-nicholson-january-2018.pdf">Wurundjeri's Cultural Heritage of the Melton Area</a> (PDF). Melbourne: Melton City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619150947/https://www.melton.vic.gov.au/files/assets/public/services/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander/bill-and-mandy-nicholson-january-2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wurundjeri%27s+Cultural+Heritage+of+the+Melton+Area&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Melton+City+Council&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Bill+and+Mandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.melton.vic.gov.au%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fpublic%2Fservices%2Fpeople%2Faboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander%2Fbill-and-mandy-nicholson-january-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/stories/aboriginal-culture/nyernila/boon-wurrung-the-filling-of-the-bay-the-time-of-chaos/">"Boon Wurrung: The Filling of the Bay – The Time of Chaos – Nyernila"</a>. Culture Victoria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703110903/https://cv.vic.gov.au/stories/aboriginal-culture/nyernila/boon-wurrung-the-filling-of-the-bay-the-time-of-chaos/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Victoria&rft.atitle=Boon+Wurrung%3A+The+Filling+of+the+Bay+%E2%80%93+The+Time+of+Chaos+%E2%80%93+Nyernila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cv.vic.gov.au%2Fstories%2Faboriginal-culture%2Fnyernila%2Fboon-wurrung-the-filling-of-the-bay-the-time-of-chaos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButton2003" class="citation web cs1">Button, James (4 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/03/1064988393029.html?from=storyrhs">"Secrets of a forgotten settlement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105201822/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/03/1064988393029.html?from=storyrhs">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+a+forgotten+settlement&rft.date=2003-10-04&rft.aulast=Button&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F10%2F03%2F1064988393029.html%3Ffrom%3Dstoryrhs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Diane E. Barwick, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24045800'Mapping">the Past: An Atlas of Victorian Clans 1835-1904: PART 1,'</a> <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_History" title="Aboriginal History">Aboriginal History</a>, 1984, Vol. 8, No. 1/2 (1984), pp. 100-131, p.107 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kenny, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2104/ha080038">"Tricks or Treats?"</a>. History Australia. 5 (2): 38.1–38.14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Australia&rft.atitle=Tricks+or+Treats%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=38.1-38.14&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2104%2Fha080038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnear2005" class="citation book cs1">Annear, Robyn (2005). Bearbrass: Imagining Early Melbourne. Melbourne, Victoria: Black Inc. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1863953973" title="Special:BookSources/1863953973"><bdi>1863953973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bearbrass%3A+Imagining+Early+Melbourne&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Black+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1863953973&rft.aulast=Annear&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Melbourne&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32937146">"Melbourne's Godfather"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a>. Vol. 50, no. 14, 996. Western Australia. 14 July 1934. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604151735/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/32937146">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2017 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+West+Australian&rft.atitle=Melbourne%27s+Godfather.&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=14%2C+996&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1934-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article32937146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-COM2-44"><a href="#cite_ref-COM2_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220130459/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=53">"Roads"</a>. City of Melbourne. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=53">the original</a> on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roads&rft.pub=City+of+Melbourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melbourne.vic.gov.au%2Finfo.cfm%3Ftop%3D53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyon1938" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._S._Kenyon" title="A. S. Kenyon">Kenyon, A. S.</a> (29 January 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11144430">"They Called Melbourne Barebrass"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a> Weekend Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407173142/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11144430">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Argus+Weekend+Magazine&rft.atitle=They+Called+Melbourne+Barebrass&rft.date=1938-01-29&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F11144430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/title/230669736">"New South Wales Government Gazette (Sydney, NSW)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a>. Retrieved 1 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trove&rft.atitle=New+South+Wales+Government+Gazette+%28Sydney%2C+NSW%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Ftitle%2F230669736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onlymelbourne.com.au/history-of-melbourne-581">"History of Melbourne"</a>. Onlymelbourne.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121095449/https://www.onlymelbourne.com.au/history-of-melbourne-581">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Onlymelbourne.com.au&rft.atitle=History+of+Melbourne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlymelbourne.com.au%2Fhistory-of-melbourne-581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PostOffice-48"><a href="#cite_ref-PostOffice_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhoenix_Auctions_History" class="citation web cs1">Phoenix Auctions History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&filter=*Melbourne*">"Post Office List"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604151912/http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&filter=%2AMelbourne%2A">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Post+Office+List&rft.au=Phoenix+Auctions+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixauctions.com.au%2Fcgi-bin%2FwsPhoenix.sh%2FViewpocdwrapper.p%3FSortBy%3DVIC%26filter%3D%2AMelbourne%2A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Boyce_(author)" title="James Boyce (author)">Boyce, James</a> (2011). 1835: The Founding of Melbourne and the Conquest of Australia. Black Inc. p. 151,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1835%3A+The+Founding+of+Melbourne+and+the+Conquest+of+Australia&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Black+Inc&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> citing <a href="/wiki/Richard_Broome" title="Richard Broome">Richard Broome</a>, "Victoria" in Ann McGrath (ed.), Contested Ground: 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroome2005" class="citation book cs1">Broome, Richard (2005). Aboriginal Victorians: A History since 1800. 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Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climates+and+Weather+Explained&rft.place=London&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-12519-7&rft.aulast=Linacre&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Geerts%2C+Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkZa1KLHCAQC%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/rainfall">"Rainfall"</a>. State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria). 22 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316171437/http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/rainfall">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rainfall&rft.pub=State+of+Victoria+%28Agriculture+Victoria%29&rft.date=2021-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvro.agriculture.vic.gov.au%2Fdpi%2Fvro%2Fvrosite.nsf%2Fpages%2Frainfall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bureau-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bureau_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bureau_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071.shtml">"Melbourne Regional Office"</a>. Climate statistics for Australian locations. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Bureau of Meteorology</a>. Retrieved 30 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+statistics+for+Australian+locations&rft.atitle=Melbourne+Regional+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_086071.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719171215/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=269&pg=2325">"Welcome to Melbourne"</a>. City of Melbourne. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=269&pg=2325">the original</a> on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Melbourne&rft.pub=City+of+Melbourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melbourne.vic.gov.au%2Finfo.cfm%3Ftop%3D269%26pg%3D2325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monthly_climate_statistics-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monthly_climate_statistics_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monthly_climate_statistics_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071_All.shtml">"Monthly climate statistics"</a>. Bureau of Meteorology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031175240/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+climate+statistics&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_086071_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20090317054300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp4.html">"BOM – Australian Climate Extremes"</a>. webarchive.nla.gov.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp4.html">the original</a> on 17 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nla.gov.au&rft.atitle=BOM+%E2%80%93+Australian+Climate+Extremes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Flam%2Fclimate%2Flevelthree%2Fc20thc%2Ftemp4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01165b.htm">"Port Phillip Bay"</a>. eMelbourne. Retrieved 29 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eMelbourne&rft.atitle=Port+Phillip+Bay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emelbourne.net.au%2Fbiogs%2FEM01165b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086282_All.shtml">"Melbourne Airport"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410032312/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086282_All.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melbourne+Airport&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fclimate%2Faverages%2Ftables%2Fcw_086282_All.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=40&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=086282">"Melbourne Airport monthly highest temperature"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720134122/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=40&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=086282">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melbourne+Airport+monthly+highest+temperature&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fjsp%2Fncc%2Fcdio%2FweatherData%2Fav%3Fp_nccObsCode%3D40%26p_display_type%3DdataFile%26p_startYear%3D%26p_c%3D%26p_stn_num%3D086282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=43&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=086282">"Melbourne Airport monthly lowest temperature"</a>. BOM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002130349/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=43&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=086282">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melbourne+Airport+monthly+lowest+temperature&rft.pub=BOM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bom.gov.au%2Fjsp%2Fncc%2Fcdio%2FweatherData%2Fav%3Fp_nccObsCode%3D43%26p_display_type%3DdataFile%26p_startYear%3D%26p_c%3D%26p_stn_num%3D086282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seatemperature.info/st-kilda-water-temperature.html">"Water temperature in St Kilda"</a>. seatemperature.info. Retrieved 29 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seatemperature.info&rft.atitle=Water+temperature+in+St+Kilda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseatemperature.info%2Fst-kilda-water-temperature.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">"Demographia World Urban Areas"</a> (PDF). Demographia. July 2022. p. 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demographia&rft.atitle=Demographia+World+Urban+Areas&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demographia.com%2Fdb-worldua.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman-Greene2005" class="citation web cs1">Freeman-Greene, Suzy (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/Opinion/Melbournes-love-affair-with-lanes/2004/12/31/1104344983928.html">"Melbourne's love affair with lanes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. Melbourne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626122506/http://www.theage.com.au/news/Opinion/Melbournes-love-affair-with-lanes/2004/12/31/1104344983928.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Melbourne%27s+love+affair+with+lanes&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.aulast=Freeman-Greene&rft.aufirst=Suzy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2FOpinion%2FMelbournes-love-affair-with-lanes%2F2004%2F12%2F31%2F1104344983928.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston_Bate1994" class="citation book cs1">Weston Bate (1994). Essential but unplanned: the story of Melbourne's lanes. City of Melbourne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+but+unplanned%3A+the+story+of+Melbourne%27s+lanes&rft.pub=City+of+Melbourne&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Weston+Bate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2018" class="citation news cs1">Carey, Adam (17 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/population-pressure-a-fast-growing-concern-for-victorian-voters-20180614-p4zlh5.html">"Population pressure a fast-growing concern for Victorian voters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075333/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/population-pressure-a-fast-growing-concern-for-victorian-voters-20180614-p4zlh5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Population+pressure+a+fast-growing+concern+for+Victorian+voters&rft.date=2018-06-17&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fpolitics%2Fvictoria%2Fpopulation-pressure-a-fast-growing-concern-for-victorian-voters-20180614-p4zlh5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aus108CTBUH-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Aus108CTBUH_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/australia-108/14817">"Australia 108"</a>. The Skyscraper Center. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat" title="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat">Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220110614/http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/australia-108/14817">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Skyscraper+Center&rft.atitle=Australia+108&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskyscrapercenter.com%2Fbuilding%2Faustralia-108%2F14817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704022957/https://www.southbankbybeulah.com/vision">"A Mini Metropolis for the Garden State"</a>. Southbank by Beulah. Beulah. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southbankbybeulah.com/vision">the original</a> on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southbank+by+Beulah&rft.atitle=A+Mini+Metropolis+for+the+Garden+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southbankbybeulah.com%2Fvision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walking_Melbourne-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Walking_Melbourne_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/">"Walking Melbourne, Heritage, Architecture, Skyscraper and Buildings Database"</a>. Walking Melbourne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205051055/http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walking+Melbourne%2C+Heritage%2C+Architecture%2C+Skyscraper+and+Buildings+Database&rft.pub=Walking+Melbourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walkingmelbourne.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MTG-130"><a href="#cite_ref-MTG_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915024055/http://www.melbourneaustralia.org/arts-architecture.html">"Melbourne Architecture"</a>. Melbourne Travel Guide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melbourneaustralia.org/arts-architecture.html">the original</a> on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 28 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melbourne+Architecture&rft.pub=Melbourne+Travel+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melbourneaustralia.org%2Farts-architecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirianos" class="citation web cs1">Sirianos, Athos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/indian-restaurant-tandoori-dan-camberwell-named-as-centre-of-melbourne/news-story/7c67a14aae9eae48e11f705f83669a88">"Indian restaurant Tandoori Den Camberwell named as centre of Melbourne"</a>. Herald Sun. News Corp. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Herald+Sun&rft.atitle=Indian+restaurant+Tandoori+Den+Camberwell+named+as+centre+of+Melbourne&rft.aulast=Sirianos&rft.aufirst=Athos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com.au%2Fleader%2Findian-restaurant-tandoori-dan-camberwell-named-as-centre-of-melbourne%2Fnews-story%2F7c67a14aae9eae48e11f705f83669a88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/10/the-death-of-the-great-australian-dream">"The death of the great Australian dream"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 11 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218092354/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/10/the-death-of-the-great-australian-dream">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+death+of+the+great+Australian+dream&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fmar%2F10%2Fthe-death-of-the-great-australian-dream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimms,_Peter2006" class="citation book cs1">Timms, Peter (2006). Australia's quarter acre : the story of the ordinary suburban garden. Miegunyah Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85185-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85185-4"><bdi>978-0-522-85185-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+quarter+acre+%3A+the+story+of+the+ordinary+suburban+garden&rft.pub=Miegunyah+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85185-4&rft.au=Timms%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Age3-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Age3_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucasMillar2008" class="citation news cs1">Lucas, Clay; Millar, Royce (11 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/03/10/1205125821732.html">"Victoria: the garden state or greenhouse capital?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. Melbourne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920213131/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/03/10/1205125821732.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Victoria%3A+the+garden+state+or+greenhouse+capital%3F&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft.au=Millar%2C+Royce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2008%2F03%2F10%2F1205125821732.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilmap-135"><a href="#cite_ref-wilmap_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilmap.com.au/vic.html">"Victoria"</a>. wilmap.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081112034738/http://www.wilmap.com.au/vic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victoria&rft.pub=wilmap.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilmap.com.au%2Fvic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goway-136"><a href="#cite_ref-goway_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goway.com/downunder/australia/victoria/">"Victoria Australia, aka "The Garden State""</a>. goway.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501065213/http://www.goway.com/downunder/australia/victoria/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victoria+Australia%2C+aka+%22The+Garden+State%22&rft.pub=goway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goway.com%2Fdownunder%2Faustralia%2Fvictoria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-COM-137"><a href="#cite_ref-COM_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040830151740/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=25&pg=617">"City of Melbourne – Parks and Gardens"</a>. City of Melbourne. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=25&pg=617">the original</a> on 30 August 2004. Retrieved 28 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Melbourne+%E2%80%93+Parks+and+Gardens&rft.pub=City+of+Melbourne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melbourne.vic.gov.au%2Finfo.cfm%3Ftop%3D25%26pg%3D617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weekendnotes.com/melbournes-best-gardens/">"Melbourne's Best Gardens"</a>. weekendnotes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910070819/http://www.weekendnotes.com/melbournes-best-gardens/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weekendnotes.com&rft.atitle=Melbourne%27s+Best+Gardens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weekendnotes.com%2Fmelbournes-best-gardens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-parkweb-139"><a href="#cite_ref-parkweb_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725040209/http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/1aboutus.cfm">"About Parks Victoria"</a>. Parks Victoria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/1aboutus.cfm">the original</a> on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Parks+Victoria&rft.pub=Parks+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parkweb.vic.gov.au%2F1aboutus.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR_Taylor1999" class="citation book cs1">R Taylor (January 1999). Wild Places of Greater Melbourne. CSIRO Publishing. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780957747104" title="Special:BookSources/9780957747104"><bdi>9780957747104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Places+of+Greater+Melbourne&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=9780957747104&rft.au=R+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vicnet-141"><a href="#cite_ref-vicnet_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928014734/http://www.vicnet.net.au/government/localgovt/">"Vicnet Directory – Local Government"</a>. Vicnet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vicnet.net.au/government/localgovt/">the original</a> on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vicnet+Directory+%E2%80%93+Local+Government&rft.pub=Vicnet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vicnet.net.au%2Fgovernment%2Flocalgovt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124155435/http://www.liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au/living-in-victoria/melbourne-and-regional-victoria/melbourne">"Metropolitan Melbourne – Live in Victoria"</a>. Liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au. 12 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au/living-in-victoria/melbourne-and-regional-victoria/melbourne">the original</a> on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+Melbourne+%E2%80%93+Live+in+Victoria&rft.pub=Liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au%2Fliving-in-victoria%2Fmelbourne-and-regional-victoria%2Fmelbourne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2011" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Andrew (17 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.domain.com.au/domain/real-estate-news/city-shortage-pushes-up-rents-20110418-1dksd.html">"City shortage pushes up rents"</a>. Domain. Fairfax Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514003239/http://news.domain.com.au/domain/real-estate-news/city-shortage-pushes-up-rents-20110418-1dksd.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Domain&rft.atitle=City+shortage+pushes+up+rents&rft.date=2011-04-17&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.domain.com.au%2Fdomain%2Freal-estate-news%2Fcity-shortage-pushes-up-rents-20110418-1dksd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2010" class="citation web cs1">Cooke, Dewi (3 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/national/the-rental-pressure-cooker-20100402-rjvb.html">"The rental pressure cooker"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. Australia: Fairfax Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100708052251/http://www.theage.com.au/national/the-rental-pressure-cooker-20100402-rjvb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=The+rental+pressure+cooker&rft.date=2010-04-03&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Dewi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fthe-rental-pressure-cooker-20100402-rjvb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZappone2011" class="citation web cs1">Zappone, Chris (24 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/business/melbourne-housing-now-severely-unaffordable-20110123-1a17l.html?comments=141">"Melbourne housing now 'severely unaffordable'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130170855/http://www.theage.com.au/business/melbourne-housing-now-severely-unaffordable-20110123-1a17l.html?comments=141">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Melbourne+housing+now+%27severely+unaffordable%27&rft.date=2011-01-24&rft.aulast=Zappone&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fmelbourne-housing-now-severely-unaffordable-20110123-1a17l.html%3Fcomments%3D141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624013032/http://urbanmelbourne.info/projectdatabase">"Project Database"</a>. Urban Melbourne. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urbanmelbourne.info/projectdatabase">the original</a> on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urban+Melbourne&rft.atitle=Project+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furbanmelbourne.info%2Fprojectdatabase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDovey,_Kim2013" class="citation book cs1">Dovey, Kim (2013). Fluid City: Transforming Melbourne's Urban Waterfront. Routledge. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135159719" title="Special:BookSources/9781135159719"><bdi>9781135159719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fluid+City%3A+Transforming+Melbourne%27s+Urban+Waterfront&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135159719&rft.au=Dovey%2C+Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray,_JohnArmstrong,_Mark1999" class="citation book cs1">Murray, John; Armstrong, Mark (1999). Victoria: From High Country to High Culture. Lonely Planet. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780864427342" title="Special:BookSources/9780864427342"><bdi>9780864427342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria%3A+From+High+Country+to+High+Culture&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780864427342&rft.au=Murray%2C+John&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeregoy2017" class="citation web cs1">Peregoy, Beau (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/melbourne-stunning-victorian-architecture">"7 Examples to Prove Melbourne Has Stunning Victorian Architecture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Digest" title="Architectural Digest">Architectural Digest</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801045955/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/melbourne-stunning-victorian-architecture">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Digest&rft.atitle=7+Examples+to+Prove+Melbourne+Has+Stunning+Victorian+Architecture&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.aulast=Peregoy&rft.aufirst=Beau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architecturaldigest.com%2Fgallery%2Fmelbourne-stunning-victorian-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnear2014" class="citation book cs1">Annear, Robyn (2014). A City Lost and Found: Whelan the Wrecker's Melbourne. Black Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-78-192223141-3" title="Special:BookSources/9-78-192223141-3"><bdi>9-78-192223141-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+City+Lost+and+Found%3A+Whelan+the+Wrecker%27s+Melbourne&rft.pub=Black+Inc&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9-78-192223141-3&rft.aulast=Annear&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WalkingMelbourne-151"><a href="#cite_ref-WalkingMelbourne_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/building3_apa-building-the-australian-building.html">"Walking Melbourne"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222052447/http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/building3_apa-building-the-australian-building.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2012. 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Retrieved 8 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Public+transport+makes+inroads%2C+but+not+beyond+the+fringe&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fpublic-transport-makes-inroads-but-not-beyond-the-fringe%2F2008%2F01%2F13%2F1200159277533.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-140507763">"'Under the clocks' Melbourne's favourite meeting place in the 50s and 60s at Flinders Street Station, ca.1956 [picture]"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victorian+Government+Health+Information+Web+site&rft.pub=health+services%2C+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.vic.gov.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080718035023/http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water/water_storages/water_storages.asp?bhcp=1">"Dam Water Storage Levels"</a>. Melbourne Water. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water/water_storages/water_storages.asp?bhcp=1">the original</a> on 18 July 2008. 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Retrieved 11 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+State+Grid+powers+up+in+Australia&rft.date=2013-05-17&rft.aulast=Maiden&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fchinas-state-grid-powers-up-in-australia-20130517-2js2n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-age040917-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-age040917_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-age040917_283-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/melbournes-electricity-and-gas-facing-greater-chinese-control-20170409-gvh84k.html">Melbourne's electricity and gas facing greater Chinese control</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-age101017-284"><a href="#cite_ref-age101017_284-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/business/energy/they-were-ridiculously-high-flood-of-complaints-over-eyewatering-gas-bills-20171010-gyygm4.html">'They were ridiculously high': Flood of complaints over eye-watering gas bills</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-spark-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spark_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spark_285-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNNR2020" class="citation web cs1">NNR (10 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsnreleases.com/2020/11/10/spark-infrastructure-group/">"Spark Infrastructure Group"</a>. NewsnReleases. Retrieved 25 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewsnReleases&rft.atitle=Spark+Infrastructure+Group&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.au=NNR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsnreleases.com%2F2020%2F11%2F10%2Fspark-infrastructure-group%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-alinta-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alinta_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alinta_286-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080718190552/http://alinta.net.au/">"Alinta.net.au"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alinta.net.au/">the original</a> on 18 July 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alinta.net.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alinta.net.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bell, Agnes Paton (1965). Melbourne: John Batman's Village. Melbourne, Vic: Cassell Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melbourne%3A+John+Batman%27s+Village&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Vic&rft.pub=Cassell+Australia&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Agnes+Paton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Boldrewood, Rolf (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldmelbournememo00bold">Old Melbourne Memories</a>. Macmillan and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Melbourne+Memories&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Boldrewood&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldmelbournememo00bold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Borthwick, John Stephen; McGonigal, David (1990). Insight Guide: Melbourne. Prentice Hall Travel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-467713-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-467713-2"><bdi>978-0-13-467713-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insight+Guide%3A+Melbourne&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+Travel&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-13-467713-2&rft.aulast=Borthwick&rft.aufirst=John+Stephen&rft.au=McGonigal%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Briggs, John Joseph (1852). The History of Melbourne, in the County of Derby: Including Biographical Notices of the Coke, Melbourne, and Hardinge Families. Bemrose & Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Melbourne%2C+in+the+County+of+Derby%3A+Including+Biographical+Notices+of+the+Coke%2C+Melbourne%2C+and+Hardinge+Families&rft.pub=Bemrose+%26+Son&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Brown-May, Andrew; Swain, Shurlee (2005). The Encyclopedia of Melbourne. Melbourne, Vic: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521842341" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521842341"><bdi>978-0521842341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Melbourne&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Vic&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0521842341&rft.aulast=Brown-May&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Swain%2C+Shurlee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Brian (1972). Melbourne: An Illustrated History. Lansdowne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7018-0195-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7018-0195-3"><bdi>978-0-7018-0195-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melbourne%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=Lansdowne&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7018-0195-3&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cecil, David (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4">Melbourne</a>. Grosset's universal library. Bobbs-Merrill. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/54009486">54009486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melbourne&rft.series=Grosset%27s+universal+library&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F54009486&rft.aulast=Cecil&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cervero" title="Robert Cervero">Cervero, Robert</a> (1998). The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry. Washington: Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781559635912" title="Special:BookSources/9781559635912"><bdi>9781559635912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transit+Metropolis%3A+A+Global+Inquiry&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781559635912&rft.aulast=Cervero&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Collins, Jock; Mondello, Letizia; Breheney, John; Childs, Tim (1990). Cosmopolitan Melbourne. Explore the world in one city. Rhodes, New South Wales: Big Box Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9579624-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9579624-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9579624-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmopolitan+Melbourne.+Explore+the+world+in+one+city&rft.place=Rhodes%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Big+Box+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-9579624-0-8&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Jock&rft.au=Mondello%2C+Letizia&rft.au=Breheney%2C+John&rft.au=Childs%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Coote, Maree (2003). The Melbourne Book: A History of Now (2009 ed.). Melbournestyle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9757047-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9757047-4-5"><bdi>978-0-9757047-4-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Melbourne+Book%3A+A+History+of+Now&rft.edition=2009&rft.pub=Melbournestyle+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9757047-4-5&rft.aulast=Coote&rft.aufirst=Maree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jim Davidson, ed. (1986). The Sydney-Melbourne Book. North Sydney, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86861-819-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86861-819-7"><bdi>978-0-86861-819-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sydney-Melbourne+Book&rft.place=North+Sydney%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-86861-819-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Miles Bannatyne; Goad, Philip; Mayne, Alan (1994). Melbourne: The City's History and Development (2nd ed.). City of Melbourne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-949624-71-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-949624-71-0"><bdi>978-0-949624-71-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melbourne%3A+The+City%27s+History+and+Development&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=City+of+Melbourne&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-949624-71-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Miles+Bannatyne&rft.au=Goad%2C+Philip&rft.au=Mayne%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">McClymont, David; Armstrong, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pwGAAAACAAJ&q=Melbourne">Lonely Planet Melbourne</a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-124-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-124-7"><bdi>978-1-86450-124-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Melbourne&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86450-124-7&rft.aulast=McClymont&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pwGAAAACAAJ%26q%3DMelbourne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Newnham, William Henry (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHsrAAAAIAAJ">Melbourne: The Biography of a City</a>. F. W. Cheshire. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780855721442" title="Special:BookSources/9780855721442"><bdi>9780855721442</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/57032585">57032585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melbourne%3A+The+Biography+of+a+City&rft.pub=F.+W.+Cheshire&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F57032585&rft.isbn=9780855721442&rft.aulast=Newnham&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHsrAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">O'Hanlon, Seamus; Luckins, Tanja, eds. (2005). Go! Melbourne. Melbourne in the Sixties. Beaconsfield, Victoria: Melbourne Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9757802-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9757802-0-6"><bdi>978-0-9757802-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go%21+Melbourne.+Melbourne+in+the+Sixties&rft.place=Beaconsfield%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Melbourne+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9757802-0-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Priestley, Susan (1995). South Melbourne: A History. Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84664-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84664-5"><bdi>978-0-522-84664-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Melbourne%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84664-5&rft.aulast=Priestley&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tout-Smith, Deborah, ed. (2009). Melbourne: A city of stories. Museum Victoria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9803813-7-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9803813-7-5"><bdi>978-0-9803813-7-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melbourne%3A+A+city+of+stories&rft.pub=Museum+Victoria&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9803813-7-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMelbourne" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Melbourne" class="extiw" title="voy:Melbourne">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3141" class="extiw" title="d:Q3141">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> Travel <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitmelbourne.com/">Official website</a> of Tourism Victoria</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australia.com/en/places/melbourne-and-surrounds/guide-to-melbourne.html">Guide to Melbourne</a> from Tourism Australia</li></ul> General information <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liveinmelbourne.vic.gov.au/discover/melbourne-victoria/about-melbourne">About Melbourne</a> from the Victorian Government site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/about-melbourne/Pages/about-melbourne.aspx">About Melbourne</a> from the city centre local government site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Melbourne">Melbourne</a> Encyclopædia Britannica entry</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&oldid=1262224008">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&oldid=1262224008</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Melbourne&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 10 December 2024, at 07:44 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%95" title="መልበርን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መልበርን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ملبورن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملبورن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A2" title="ܡܠܒܘܪܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܠܒܘܪܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="मेलबर्न – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मेलबर्न" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melburn" title="Melburn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Melburn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ملبورن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ملبورن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8" title="মেলবোর্ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেলবোর্ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мэльбурн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэльбурн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="मेलबर्न – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मेलबर्न" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melben" title="Melben – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Melben" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мелбърн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мелбърн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93" title="མེར་བུན – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མེར་བུན" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_(kapital_sa_estado)" title="Melbourne (kapital sa estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Melbourne (kapital sa estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ميلبورن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ميلبورن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Μελβούρνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μελβούρνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melburno" title="Melburno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Melburno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ملبورن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملبورن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A8" title="મેલબોર્ન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મેલબોર્ન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%9C%EB%B2%84%EB%A5%B8" title="멜버른 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멜버른" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melepona" title="Melepona – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Melepona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6" title="Մելբուռն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մելբուռն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="मेलबॉर्न – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेलबॉर्न" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="מלבורן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלבורן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೆಲ್ಬರ್ನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಲ್ಬರ್ನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მელბურნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მელბურნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8lboun" title="Mèlboun – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mèlboun" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ເມລເບີນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເມລເບີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melburnia" title="Melburnia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Melburnia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melburna" title="Melburna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melburna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melburnas" title="Melburnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Melburnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_(Ausztr%C3%A1lia)" title="Melbourne (Ausztrália) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Melbourne (Ausztrália)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мелбурн – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мелбурн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BA" title="മെൽബൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെൽബൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poipiripi" title="Poipiripi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Poipiripi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="मेलबर्न – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेलबर्न" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მელბურნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მელბურნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ميلبورن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميلبورن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ملبورن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ملبورن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="မဲလ်ဘုန်းမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဲလ်ဘုန်းမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbon" title="Melbon – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Melbon" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malevani" title="Malevani – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Malevani" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="मेलबर्न – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मेलबर्न" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="मेलबर्न – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेलबर्न" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3" title="メルボルン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メルボルン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melban" title="Melban – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Melban" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melburn" title="Melburn – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Melburn" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮੈਲਬਰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਲਬਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="میلبورن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میلبورن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melben" title="Melben – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Melben" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melburn" title="Melburn – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Melburn" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marapana" title="Marapana – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Marapana" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melepone" title="Melepone – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Melepone" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="मेलबॉर्न – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मेलबॉर्न" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱞᱵᱳᱨᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melburni" title="Melburni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Melburni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="මෙල්බන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෙල්බන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ميلبورن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميلبورن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%86" title="مێلبۆرن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێلبۆرن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мелбурн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мелбурн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="மெல்பேர்ண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெல்பேர்ண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="మెల్‌బోర్న్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెల్‌బోర్న్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99" title="เมลเบิร์น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมลเบิร์น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мелбурн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мелбурн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melipoane" title="Melipoane – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Melipoane" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melburn" title="Melburn – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Melburn" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мельбурн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мельбурн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ملبورن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملبورن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9lburn" title="Mélburn – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Mélburn" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel%27burn" title="Mel'burn – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mel'burn" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%AC" title="墨尔本 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="墨尔本" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="מעלבארן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעלבארן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E7%88%BE%E6%9C%AC" title="墨爾本 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="墨爾本" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melborns" title="Melborns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Melborns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%AC" title="墨尔本 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="墨尔本" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Melbourne" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 December 2024, at 07:44 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57d866b47c-s7sbp","wgBackendResponseTime":343,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.015","walltime":"4.691","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31304,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1135528,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":197914,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":54,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1148517,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3799.526 1 -total"," 45.03% 1710.877 2 Template:Reflist"," 26.16% 993.849 187 Template:Cite_web"," 10.82% 410.941 33 Template:Navbox"," 10.73% 407.501 1 Template:Navboxes"," 6.59% 250.299 1 Template:Infobox_Australian_place"," 6.32% 240.303 46 Template:Cite_book"," 5.65% 214.677 54 Template:Flag_icon"," 4.56% 173.381 1 Template:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities"," 4.34% 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