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Supreme Law</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/constitution-conan/article-6">Clause II</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/constitution-conan/article-6/clause-2/historical-background"> Historical Background</a></li> <li class="breadcrumb-item breadcrumb-last"> Debate and Ratification of Supremacy Clause</li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <main id="main" class="container-fluid"> <div id="content" class="col-sm-8"> <div class="pagewrapper"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div title="Definitions Frame"></div> <div id="prevnext"> <a href="/constitution-conan/article-6/supremacy-clause-and-the-constitutional-convention" title="">prev</a> | next </div> <div class="chunkcontent" divtype="anncon2"> <div class="topic_block" level="3"> <div class="header">ArtVI.C2.2.3 Debate and Ratification of Supremacy Clause</div> <p class="const-intro">Article VI, Clause 2:</p> <p class="const-context">This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.</p> <p class="indent-paragraph">The Supremacy Clause generated significant controversy during debates over the Constitution’s ratification. Anti-Federalist opponents of the Constitution argued that the Clause would make the national government overly powerful and infringe on state sovereignty. The stridency of these criticisms varied.</p> <p class="indent-paragraph">One Anti-Federalist contended that the Clause would force the country into “one large system of lordly government.” <a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn1art6" id="fn1" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023890" /> A Federal Republican, “A Review of the Constitution” (Nov. 28, 1787), <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">14 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 255, 269 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1983)</span>. '>1</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023890"></span>A Federal Republican, “A Review of the Constitution” (Nov. 28, 1787), <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">14 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 255, 269 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1983)</span>.</span> Another critic similarly argued that the Constitution would effectuate “a complete consolidation of all of the states into one, however diverse the parts of it may be.” <a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn2art6" id="fn2" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023891" /> Agrippa X, Massachusetts Gazette (Jan. 1, 1788), <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">5 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 576 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1998)</span>. '>2</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023891"></span>Agrippa X, Massachusetts Gazette (Jan. 1, 1788), <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">5 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 576 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1998)</span>.</span> Some Anti-Federalists framed this criticism as a conceptual argument, asserting that two sovereigns could not exist within the same territory, and that one would “necessarily” destroy the other.<a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn3art6" id="fn3" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023892" /> The Impartial Examiner I, Virginia Independent Chronicles (Feb. 20, 1787), <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">8 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 387, 392 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1988)</span>; <em>see also</em> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>George Mason</span>, <span>Debates of the Virginia Convention</span> (June 19, 1788)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">10 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 1402 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1993)</span> (arguing that the Constitution would “destroy the State Governments, whatever may have been the intention.” ); <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>Robert Whitehill</span>, <span>Debates of the Pennsylvania Convention</span> (Dec. 8, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">2 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 526 (Merill Jensen et al. eds., 1976)</span> (arguing that the Supremacy Clause was a “concluding clause[ ] that the state governments will be abolished” ). '>3</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023892"></span>The Impartial Examiner I, Virginia Independent Chronicles (Feb. 20, 1787), <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">8 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 387, 392 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1988)</span>; <em>see also</em> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span class="author">George Mason</span>, <span class="title">Debates of the Virginia Convention</span> (June 19, 1788)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">10 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 1402 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1993)</span> (arguing that the Constitution would “destroy the State Governments, whatever may have been the intention.” ); <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span class="author">Robert Whitehill</span>, <span class="title">Debates of the Pennsylvania Convention</span> (Dec. 8, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">2 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 526 (Merill Jensen et al. eds., 1976)</span> (arguing that the Supremacy Clause was a “concluding clause[ ] that the state governments will be abolished” ).</span> Along these lines, one opponent claimed that the Supremacy Clause would allow the federal government to prevent states from levying taxes and thereby “absorb” their powers.<a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn4art6" id="fn4" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023893" /> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>Brutus I</span>, <span>New York Journal</span> (Oct. 18, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">13 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 411, 415 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1981)</span>; <em>see also</em> An Old Whig VI, Philadelphia Independent Gazette (Nov. 24, 1787), <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">14 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 215–16 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1983)</span> (arguing that. under the Supremacy Clause, “no individual state can collect a penny, unless by the permission of Congress . . . Not a single source of revenue will remain to any state, which Congress may not stop at their [sic] sovereign will and pleasure” ). '>4</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023893"></span><span class="cite cite-type-other"><span class="author">Brutus I</span>, <span class="title">New York Journal</span> (Oct. 18, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">13 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 411, 415 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1981)</span>; <em>see also</em> An Old Whig VI, Philadelphia Independent Gazette (Nov. 24, 1787), <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">14 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 215–16 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1983)</span> (arguing that. under the Supremacy Clause, “no individual state can collect a penny, unless by the permission of Congress . . . Not a single source of revenue will remain to any state, which Congress may not stop at their [sic] sovereign will and pleasure” ).</span></p> <p class="indent-paragraph">Other Anti-Federalists offered more limited criticisms. Some critics objected to making treaties supreme to state law. These commentators contended that this aspect of the Supremacy Clause would allow for the displacement of state law without the approval of both Houses of Congress, because the President and the Senate could make treaties without the approval of the House of Representatives.<a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn5art6" id="fn5" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023894" /> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>An Old Whig III, Philadelphia Independent Gazetteer</span> (Oct. 20, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">13 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 425–26 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1981)</span>; <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>Federal Farmer IV, Letters to the Republican</span> (Oct. 12, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">14 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 42–43 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1983)</span>; <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>George Mason</span>, <span>Objections to the Constitution</span> (Oct. 7, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">8 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 40, 44–45 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1988)</span>. '>5</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023894"></span><span class="cite cite-type-other"><span class="title">An Old Whig III, Philadelphia Independent Gazetteer</span> (Oct. 20, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">13 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 425–26 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1981)</span>; <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span class="title">Federal Farmer IV, Letters to the Republican</span> (Oct. 12, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">14 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 42–43 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1983)</span>; <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span class="author">George Mason</span>, <span class="title">Objections to the Constitution</span> (Oct. 7, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">8 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 40, 44–45 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1988)</span>.</span> Some opponents also argued that, without a federal bill of rights, the Supremacy Clause would allow the federal government to override state constitutional guarantees of individual liberties.<a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn6art6" id="fn6" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023895" /> <em>See</em> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>Patrick Henry</span>, <span>Debates of the Virginia Convention</span> (June 19, 1788)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">10 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 1349 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1993)</span>; <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>Elbridge Gerry</span>, <span>Objections to Signing the National Constitution</span> (Nov. 3, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">13 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 546, 548 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1981)</span>; <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>George Mason</span>, <span>Objections to the Constitution</span> (Oct. 7, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">8 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 40, 43 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1988)</span>. '>6</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023895"></span><em>See</em> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span class="author">Patrick Henry</span>, <span class="title">Debates of the Virginia Convention</span> (June 19, 1788)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">10 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 1349 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1993)</span>; <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span class="author">Elbridge Gerry</span>, <span class="title">Objections to Signing the National Constitution</span> (Nov. 3, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">13 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 546, 548 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1981)</span>; <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span class="author">George Mason</span>, <span class="title">Objections to the Constitution</span> (Oct. 7, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">8 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 40, 43 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1988)</span>.</span></p> <p class="indent-paragraph">Federalist supporters of the Constitution rejected these arguments. Some supporters dismissed concerns about the elimination of state governments, noting that the Constitution granted the federal government only limited powers.<a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn7art6" id="fn7" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023896" /> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>A Native of Virginia, Observations upon the Proposed Plan of Federal Government</span> (Apr. 2, 1788)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">9 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 655, 692 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1990)</span>. '>7</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023896"></span><span class="cite cite-type-other"><span class="title">A Native of Virginia, Observations upon the Proposed Plan of Federal Government</span> (Apr. 2, 1788)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">9 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 655, 692 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1990)</span>.</span> Others minimized the Supremacy Clause’s significance, characterizing it as a truism that “resulted by necessary and unavoidable implication from the very act of constituting a Federal Government[ ] and vesting it with certain specified powers.” <a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn8art6" id="fn8" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023897" /> <a class="external" aria-describedby="new-window-0" href="https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-31-40#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493387" target="_blank"><span class="cite cite-type-book"><span>The Federalist No. 33</span> (Alexander Hamilton)</span></a>. '>8</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023897"></span><a href="https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-31-40#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493387"><span class="cite cite-type-book"><span class="title">The Federalist No. 33</span> (Alexander Hamilton)</span></a>.</span> In response to concerns about the treaty power, Federalists contended that the supremacy of treaties was essential to the federal government’s credibility as a negotiator with foreign powers.<a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn9art6" id="fn9" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023898" /> <a class="external" aria-describedby="new-window-0" href="https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-61-70#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493451" target="_blank"><span class="cite cite-type-book"><span>The Federalist No. 64</span> (John Jay)</span></a>. '>9</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023898"></span><a href="https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-61-70#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493451"><span class="cite cite-type-book"><span class="title">The Federalist No. 64</span> (John Jay)</span></a>.</span> Others argued that, while the House of Representatives had no formal role in the ratification of treaties, it nevertheless operated as a “restraining influence” on that process because of its general legislative powers.<a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn10art6" id="fn10" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023899" /> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>James Wilson</span>, <span>Debates of the Pennsylvania Convention</span> (Dec. 11, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">2 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 416 (Merrill Jensen et al. eds., 1976)</span>. '>10</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023899"></span><span class="cite cite-type-other"><span class="author">James Wilson</span>, <span class="title">Debates of the Pennsylvania Convention</span> (Dec. 11, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">2 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 416 (Merrill Jensen et al. eds., 1976)</span>.</span> Finally, while a federal Bill of Rights was ultimately adopted after the Constitution’s ratification, some Federalists challenged the necessity of those amendments during the ratification debates.<a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn11art6" id="fn11" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023900" /> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>James Wilson</span>, <span>Speech at a Public Meeting in Philadelphia</span> (Oct. 6, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">13 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 337, 339–340 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1981)</span>. '>11</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023900"></span><span class="cite cite-type-other"><span class="author">James Wilson</span>, <span class="title">Speech at a Public Meeting in Philadelphia</span> (Oct. 6, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">13 <span class="title">Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 337, 339–340 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1981)</span>.</span> These advocates contended that explicit rights guarantees were superfluous, because the federal government’s limited powers would prevent it from infringing individual liberties.<a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn12art6" id="fn12" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023901" /> <span class="cite cite-type-book"><em>Id.</em></span> '>12</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023901"></span><span class="cite cite-type-book"><em>Id.</em></span></span></p> <p class="indent-paragraph">The Federalists prevailed. In June 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution, giving it effect in the ratifying states.<a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn13art6" id="fn13" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023902" /> <span class="cite cite-type-book"><span>Christopher R. Drahozal</span>, <span>The Supremacy Clause: A Reference Guide to the United States Constitution</span> 34 (2004)</span>. '>13</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023902"></span><span class="cite cite-type-book"><span class="author">Christopher R. Drahozal</span>, <span class="title">The Supremacy Clause: A Reference Guide to the United States Constitution</span> 34 (2004)</span>.</span> Federal law thus became the “supreme Law of the Land.” <a class="footnote" data-toggle="tooltip" href="#fn14art6" id="fn14" title='<span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023903" /> <span> <a href="/constitution/articlevi" aria-label="US Constitution Article vi">U.S. Const. art. VI</a> cl. 2</span>. '>14</a> <span aria-hidden="true" class="essay-tooltip-text footnotes aside" hidden=""><span class="text-accent h4">Footnote<br/></span><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023903"></span><span class="cite cite-type-constitution"><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlevi"><span class="title">U.S. Const.</span> art. VI cl. 2</a></span>.</span></p> <dl class="footnotes"> Footnotes <dt id="fn1art6">1 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023890407cc9dc-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> A Federal Republican, “A Review of the Constitution” (Nov. 28, 1787), <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">14 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 255, 269 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1983)</span>. <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 1" href="#fn1"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> <dt id="fn2art6">2 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023891407cc9dd-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> Agrippa X, Massachusetts Gazette (Jan. 1, 1788), <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">5 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 576 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1998)</span>. <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 2" href="#fn2"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> <dt id="fn3art6">3 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023892407cc9de-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> The Impartial Examiner I, Virginia Independent Chronicles (Feb. 20, 1787), <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">8 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 387, 392 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1988)</span>; <em>see also</em> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>George Mason</span>, <span>Debates of the Virginia Convention</span> (June 19, 1788)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">10 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 1402 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1993)</span> (arguing that the Constitution would “destroy the State Governments, whatever may have been the intention.” ); <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>Robert Whitehill</span>, <span>Debates of the Pennsylvania Convention</span> (Dec. 8, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">2 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 526 (Merill Jensen et al. eds., 1976)</span> (arguing that the Supremacy Clause was a “concluding clause[ ] that the state governments will be abolished” ). <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 3" href="#fn3"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> <dt id="fn4art6">4 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023893407cc9df-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>Brutus I</span>, <span>New York Journal</span> (Oct. 18, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">13 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 411, 415 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1981)</span>; <em>see also</em> An Old Whig VI, Philadelphia Independent Gazette (Nov. 24, 1787), <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">14 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 215–16 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1983)</span> (arguing that. under the Supremacy Clause, “no individual state can collect a penny, unless by the permission of Congress . . . Not a single source of revenue will remain to any state, which Congress may not stop at their [sic] sovereign will and pleasure” ). <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 4" href="#fn4"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> <dt id="fn5art6">5 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023894407cc9e0-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>An Old Whig III, Philadelphia Independent Gazetteer</span> (Oct. 20, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">13 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 425–26 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1981)</span>; <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>Federal Farmer IV, Letters to the Republican</span> (Oct. 12, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">14 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 42–43 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1983)</span>; <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>George Mason</span>, <span>Objections to the Constitution</span> (Oct. 7, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">8 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 40, 44–45 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1988)</span>. <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 5" href="#fn5"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> <dt id="fn6art6">6 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023895407cc9e1-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> <em>See</em> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>Patrick Henry</span>, <span>Debates of the Virginia Convention</span> (June 19, 1788)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">10 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 1349 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1993)</span>; <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>Elbridge Gerry</span>, <span>Objections to Signing the National Constitution</span> (Nov. 3, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">13 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 546, 548 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1981)</span>; <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>George Mason</span>, <span>Objections to the Constitution</span> (Oct. 7, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">8 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 40, 43 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1988)</span>. <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 6" href="#fn6"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> <dt id="fn7art6">7 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023896407cc9e2-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>A Native of Virginia, Observations upon the Proposed Plan of Federal Government</span> (Apr. 2, 1788)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">9 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 655, 692 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1990)</span>. <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 7" href="#fn7"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> <dt id="fn8art6">8 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023897407cc9e3-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> <a aria-describedby="new-window-0" class="external" href="https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-31-40#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493387" target="_blank"><span class="cite cite-type-book"><span>The Federalist No. 33</span> (Alexander Hamilton)</span></a>. <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 8" href="#fn8"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> <dt id="fn9art6">9 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023898407cc9e4-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> <a aria-describedby="new-window-0" class="external" href="https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-61-70#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493451" target="_blank"><span class="cite cite-type-book"><span>The Federalist No. 64</span> (John Jay)</span></a>. <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 9" href="#fn9"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> <dt id="fn10art6">10 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023899407cc9e5-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>James Wilson</span>, <span>Debates of the Pennsylvania Convention</span> (Dec. 11, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">2 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 416 (Merrill Jensen et al. eds., 1976)</span>. <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 10" href="#fn10"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> <dt id="fn11art6">11 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023900407cc9e6-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> <span class="cite cite-type-other"><span>James Wilson</span>, <span>Speech at a Public Meeting in Philadelphia</span> (Oct. 6, 1787)</span>, <em>in</em> <span class="cite cite-type-book">13 <span>Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution</span> 337, 339–340 (John P. Kaminski et al. eds., 1981)</span>. <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 11" href="#fn11"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> <dt id="fn12art6">12 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023901407cc9e7-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> <span class="cite cite-type-book"><em>Id.</em></span> <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 12" href="#fn12"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> <dt id="fn13art6">13 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023902407cc9e8-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> <span class="cite cite-type-book"><span>Christopher R. Drahozal</span>, <span>The Supremacy Clause: A Reference Guide to the United States Constitution</span> 34 (2004)</span>. <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 13" href="#fn13"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> <dt id="fn14art6">14 </dt> <dd><span class="fn_ref" id="_ALDF_00023903407cc9e9-484a-11ef-b8c7-e9213680cfdc"></span> <span> <a aria-label="US Constitution Article vi" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlevi">U.S. Const. art. VI</a> cl. 2</span>. <a aria-label="Back to text at footnote reference 14" href="#fn14"><img alt="back" class="back-to-text" src="/images/back_to_text.png"/></a></dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="page-bottom" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="region region-bottom"> <div id="block-liidfp-2" class="block block-liidfp first last odd"> <div class="gfs"> <div id="div-gpt-ad-bottom" data-google-query-id="CNH77Z7C7d8CFURLAQodp9oMpg"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-bottom'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <aside id="supersizeme" class="col-sm-4" aria-label="Sponsor Listings and Toolbox panel"> <div class="block" id="toolbox"> <h2 class="title toolbox"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-briefcase"></span> U.S. Constitution Annotated Toolbox </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/anncon/">Explanation of the Constitution</a> - from the Congressional Research Service </li> </ul> <div class="socSep"> <hr /> </div> <div class="addthis_sharing_toolbox"></div> <div class="socSep"> <hr /> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var addthis_config = { data_track_addressbar: false, data_track_clickback: true, publid: 'liiadverts', ui_tabindex: 0, ui_508_compliant: true }; var addthis_share = { url_transforms: { shorten: { twitter: 'bitly' } }, shorteners: { bitly: { login: 'liicornell', apiKey: 'R_75b99d95e1c3033c4dbea23ce04bf5d3' } }, passthrough: { twitter: { via: 'LIICornell' } } }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=liiadverts" async="async"></script> </div> <div class="block" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="gfs"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-top'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-top'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="gfs"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-middle'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-middle'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-lii-justia-find-lawyers-sidebar" class="block block-lii last even"> <div id="block-lii-justia-lawyers" class="block block-lii last even"> <div class="sidebar"> <div class="results-sponsored"> <div data-directive="j-find-a-lawyer" data-crosslink="seemorelawyers" data-domain="lawyers.law.cornell.edu"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </main> <footer id="liifooter" class="container-fluid"> <ul id="liifooternav" class="nav navbar-nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/lii/about/accessibility" class="nav">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="first"> <a href="/lii/about/about_lii" class="nav">About LII</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/about/contact_us" class="nav">Contact us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help_out/sponsor">Advertise here</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help" class="nav">Help</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/terms/documentation" class="nav">Terms of use</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/lii/terms/privacy_policy" class="nav">Privacy</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li> <a href="/" title="LII home page"> <img width="62" height="43" src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/images/LII_logo_footer.gif" alt="LII logo"> </a> </li> </ul> </footer> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery("#liisearchlink").click(function () { jQuery("#liisearch").toggle('slide'); jQuery("#liinavbarstuff").toggleClass('searchboxslid'); }); }); jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').each(function () { var $elem = jQuery(this); $elem.tooltip({ html: true, container: $elem, delay: { hide: 400 } }); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/staticsite_scripts/htmldiff.js"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/staticsite_scripts/lii_scriptinator.min.js"> </script> <script> window.addEventListener("load", function () { window.cookieconsent.initialise( { "palette": { "popup": { "background": "#000" }, "button": { "background": "#f1d600" } } }) }); </script> </body>