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We set the future research agenda for BEBs, which should include broadening research to include greater diversity of BEBs than in the past, standardising monitoring techniques, including the development of global databases using citizen science and developing specific management tools for BEBs. We must recognise BEBs as unique coastal features and develop the required fundamental knowledge and tools to effectively manage them, so they can continue providing their unique ecosystem services."> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1017/cft.2024.7"> <link rel="alternate" href="/core/journals/cambridge-prisms-coastal-futures/article/morphodynamics-and-management-challenges-for-beaches-in-modified-estuaries-and-bays/1EA7518A1F5B71DB7851C9AB89C8E2BA" hreflang="en" /> <link rel="icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/css/app.css?version=v7.401.0"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://usage.prod.aop.cambridge.org/v1/events"> <link rel="stylesheet" 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data-v-63dfaf6e>Cambridge Prisms: Coastal Futures</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><a href="/core/journals/cambridge-prisms-coastal-futures/volume/14BD8C243BCA17FDE5CDB4131315C143" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 2</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><span data-v-3692cf84>Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches...</span></li></ul></div></div> <div class="language" data-v-3692cf84><ul class="language-switch" data-v-6b1118dd data-v-3692cf84><li aria-label="English" data-v-6b1118dd><span class="language-option current divider" data-v-6b1118dd>English</span></li><li aria-label="Français" data-v-6b1118dd><span role="button" tabindex="0" href="#" lang="fr" class="language-option" data-v-6b1118dd> Français </span></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div class="container container__modified" data-v-01274b1d>  <div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div role="complementary" aria-label="table of content" class="column__left" data-v-01274b1d><div class="col journal-container row" data-v-146270e8 data-v-01274b1d><img src="https://static.cambridge.org/covers/CFT_0_0_0/cambridge-prisms-coastal-futures.jpg" alt="" class="journal__image" data-v-146270e8> <a href="/core/journals/cambridge-prisms-coastal-futures" class="app-link journal__title app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-146270e8><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Cambridge Prisms: Coastal Futures </span> </a> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-146270e8></div>  <div id="toc" class="table-of-content" data-v-01274b1d><h2>Article contents</h2> <div id="toc-list-wrapper" class="table-of-content__wrapper"><ul id="toc-list" class="list"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Abstract</span></a></li> <li class="list__item"><a href="#sec1" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Impact statement</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec2" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Introduction</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec3" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Case studies</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec11" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Challenges for conserving and managing BEBs in modified estuaries</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec12" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Future steps in BEBs research</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec13" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Open peer review</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec14" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Data availability statement</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec15" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Author contribution</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec16" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Financial support</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec17" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Competing interest</div></span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="column__main" data-v-01274b1d><div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div class="column__main__left" data-v-01274b1d><div id="maincontent" class="col" data-v-862424e6 data-v-01274b1d> <hgroup data-v-862424e6><h1 data-v-862424e6>Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays</h1> </hgroup>     <div class="row published-date" data-v-862424e6><p data-v-862424e6> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-862424e6>27 August 2024</strong></p></div>   <div class="contributors-details" data-v-99f6eb26 data-v-862424e6><div class="row contributors" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="col" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="row contributor-type" data-v-792406ce data-v-99f6eb26> <div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Ana%20Vila-Concejo&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Ana Vila-Concejo</span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-3094" data-test-orcid="Ana Vila-Concejo" class="app-link contributor-type__contributor__orcid app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="Open the ORCID record for Ana Vila-Concejo" class="app-icon icon orcid" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Thomas%20E.%20Fellowes&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Thomas E. Fellowes</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Shari%20Gallop&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Shari Gallop</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Irene%20Alejo&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Irene Alejo</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Donatus%20B.%20Angnuureng&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Donatus B. 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Brempong</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Pushpa%20Dissanayake&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Pushpa Dissanayake</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce> and</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Md%20Yousuf%20Gazi&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Md Yousuf Gazi</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce></span></div> <a href="#" class="app-link app-link__text-icon app-link--secondary reverse" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon arrow-down" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>...Show all authors </span> </a></div> </div> <div class="col-2 collapse-link" data-v-99f6eb26><a href="#authors-details" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="authors-details" class="app-link collapsed app-link__text-icon app-link--secondary reverse" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-99f6eb26><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon arrow-down" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Show author details </span> </a></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-99f6eb26> <dl id="authors-details" class="authors-details collapse" data-v-2edb8da6 data-v-99f6eb26><div data-test-author="Ana Vila-Concejo" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Ana Vila-Concejo*</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Geocoastal Research Group, School of Geosciences and Marine Studies Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, and Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, Sydney, NSW, Australia</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Thomas E. Fellowes" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Thomas E. Fellowes</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Geocoastal Research Group, School of Geosciences and Marine Studies Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, and Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, Sydney, NSW, Australia</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Shari Gallop" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Shari Gallop</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>School of Science, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand</span> </span><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Irene Alejo" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Irene Alejo</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Marine Research Centre (CIM), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Donatus B. Angnuureng" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Donatus B. Angnuureng</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Centre for Coastal Management—Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience (ACECoR), University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Javier Benavente" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Javier Benavente</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>INMAR/Earth Sciences Department, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Jorn W. Bosma" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Jorn W. Bosma</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Emmanuel K. Brempong" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Emmanuel K. Brempong</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Centre for Coastal Management—Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience (ACECoR), University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana</span> </span><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (DFAS), University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana</span> </span><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>LEGOS, OMP, UMR 5566 (CNES-CNRS-IRD-University of Toulouse), Toulouse, France</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Pushpa Dissanayake" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Pushpa Dissanayake</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Coastal Geology and Sedimentology, Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel, Germany, and NLWKN, Lower Saxony Government, Germany</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Md Yousuf Gazi" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Md Yousuf Gazi</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Geocoastal Research Group, School of Geosciences and Marine Studies Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, and Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, Sydney, NSW, Australia</span> </span><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Rita González-Villanueva" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Rita González-Villanueva</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Marine Research Centre (CIM), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Ricardo Guimarães" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Ricardo Guimarães</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Programa de Engenharia Oceânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="David M. Kennedy" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>David M. Kennedy</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="John L. Largier" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>John L. Largier</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA</span> </span><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Marlies A. van der Lugt" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Marlies A. van der Lugt</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands</span> </span><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Juan Montes" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Juan Montes</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>INMAR/Earth Sciences Department, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Mara Orescanin" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Mara Orescanin</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Charitha B. Pattiaratchi" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Charitha B. Pattiaratchi</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Oceans Graduate School & The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Luci Cajueiro Carneiro Pereira" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Luci Cajueiro Carneiro Pereira</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Universidade Federal do Pará Instituto de Estudos Costeiro, Bragança, Brazil</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Remo Luan Marinho da Costa Pereira" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Remo Luan Marinho da Costa Pereira</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Timothy Price" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Timothy Price</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Maryam Rahbani" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Maryam Rahbani</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Laura del Río" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Laura del Río</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>INMAR/Earth Sciences Department, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Michael Rosenthal" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Michael Rosenthal</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Rhelm Consulting, Neutral Bay, NSW, Australia</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Matthieu de Schipper" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Matthieu de Schipper</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Anne M. Ton" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Anne M. Ton</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Lukas WinklerPrins" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Lukas WinklerPrins</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Zhongyuan Chen" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Zhongyuan Chen</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>State Key Laboratory for Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China</span> </span></div></dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-sm-2 col-12 title" data-v-2edb8da6> * </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-2edb8da6><div class="row" data-v-2edb8da6><div class="d-sm-flex d-inline flex-sm-1 flex-sm-wrap" data-v-2edb8da6><div class="d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><div class="corresp"><span class="bold">Corresponding author:</span> Ana Vila-Concejo; Email: <a href="mailto:ana.vilaconcejo@sydney.edu.au">ana.vilaconcejo@sydney.edu.au</a></div></span></div></div></div></dd></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-2edb8da6></dl></div></div> <div id="app-tabs" class="tabs" data-v-1d90c6ce 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class="list__item__link"> <span>Impact statement</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec2" class="list__item__link"> <span>Introduction</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec3" class="list__item__link"> <span>Case studies</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec11" class="list__item__link"> <span>Challenges for conserving and managing BEBs in modified estuaries</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec12" class="list__item__link"> <span>Future steps in BEBs research</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec13" class="list__item__link"> <span>Open peer review</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec14" class="list__item__link"> <span>Data availability statement</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec15" class="list__item__link"> <span>Author contribution</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec16" class="list__item__link"> <span>Financial support</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a 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target="_blank" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=CFT&title=Morphodynamics%20and%20management%20challenges%20for%20beaches%20in%20modified%20estuaries%20and%20bays&publicationDate=27%20August%202024&author=Ana%20Vila-Concejo%2C%20Thomas%20E.%20Fellowes%2C%20Shari%20Gallop%2C%20Irene%20Alejo%2C%20Donatus%20B.%20Angnuureng%2C%20Javier%20Benavente%2C%20Jorn%20W.%20Bosma%2C%20Emmanuel%20K.%20Brempong%2C%20Pushpa%20Dissanayake%2C%20Md%20Yousuf%20Gazi%2C%20Rita%20Gonz%C3%A1lez-Villanueva%2C%20Ricardo%20Guimar%C3%A3es%2C%20David%20M.%20Kennedy%2C%20John%20L.%20Largier%2C%20Marlies%20A.%20van%20der%20Lugt%2C%20Juan%20Montes%2C%20Mara%20Orescanin%2C%20Charitha%20B.%20Pattiaratchi%2C%20Luci%20Cajueiro%20Carneiro%20Pereira%2C%20Remo%20Luan%20Marinho%20da%20Costa%20Pereira%2C%20Timothy%20Price%2C%20Maryam%20Rahbani%2C%20Laura%20del%20R%C3%ADo%2C%20Michael%20Rosenthal%2C%20Matthieu%20de%20Schipper%2C%20Anne%20M.%20Ton%2C%20Lukas%20WinklerPrins%2C%20Zhongyuan%20Chen©right=%C2%A9%20The%20Author(s)%2C%202024.%20Published%20by%20Cambridge%20University%20Press&contentID=10.1017%2Fcft.2024.7&startPage=&endPage=&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=2&issueNum=&oa=CC-BY" data-test-id="buttonRightLink" class="app-link rights-link d-print-none app-link__text-icon app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-92ee52a2 data-v-43a4d572><img src="/core/page-component/img/rights-icon.d4a677c.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon rights" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Rights & Permissions </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> <div class="share-modal-overlay" style="display:none;" data-v-43a4d572></div> <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc" class="scrollspy-content" data-v-43a4d572> <div id="sec0" class="col article-abstract sec" data-v-2fa8b348 data-v-43a4d572>  <div class="abstract-graphical" data-v-2fa8b348><h2>Abstract</h2> <div class="abstract-graphical__content"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="graphical"><p><img class="graphic" orientation mimesubtype="png" mimetype="image" position="float" type href="S2754720524000076_figAb.png" src="https://static.cambridge.org//content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS2754720524000076/resource/name/optimisedImage-png-S2754720524000076_figAb.jpg?pub-status=live" /></p></div></div> <div class="abstract-graphical__text"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>There is a relative lack of research, targeted models and tools to manage beaches in estuaries and bays (BEBs). Many estuaries and bays have been highly modified and urbanised, for example port developments and coastal revetments. This paper outlines the complications and opportunities for conserving and managing BEBs in modified estuaries. To do this, we focus on eight diverse case studies from North and South America, Asia, Europe, Africa and Australia combined with the broader global literature. Our key findings are as follows: (1) BEBs are diverse and exist under a great variety of tide and wave conditions that differentiate them from open-coast beaches; (2) BEBs often lack statutory protection and many have already been sacrificed to development; (3) BEBs lack specific management tools and are often managed using tools developed for open-coast beaches; and (4) BEBs have the potential to become important in “nature-based” management solutions. We set the future research agenda for BEBs, which should include broadening research to include greater diversity of BEBs than in the past, standardising monitoring techniques, including the development of global databases using citizen science and developing specific management tools for BEBs. We must recognise BEBs as unique coastal features and develop the required fundamental knowledge and tools to effectively manage them, so they can continue providing their unique ecosystem services.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> </div> <div class="topics-structure" data-v-3cf6938f data-v-43a4d572><h2 data-v-3cf6938f>Topics structure</h2> <div class="topics-structure__classification" data-v-3cf6938f><div class="topics-structure__topics" data-v-3cf6938f><h3 data-v-3cf6938f>Topic(s)</h3> <div class="row topics-structure__pills" data-v-3cf6938f><a href="/core/journals/cambridge-prisms-coastal-futures/article-stream?topic=Coastal+development" aria-label="Search topic Coastal development" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-3cf6938f><span v-bind:title="Coastal development" class="topics-structure__pill" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-3cf6938f>Coastal development</span></a><a href="/core/journals/cambridge-prisms-coastal-futures/article-stream?topic=Geomorphology" aria-label="Search topic Geomorphology" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-3cf6938f><span v-bind:title="Geomorphology" class="topics-structure__pill" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-3cf6938f>Geomorphology</span></a></div></div> <div class="topics-structure__subtopics" data-v-3cf6938f><h3 data-v-3cf6938f>Subtopic(s)</h3> <div class="row topics-structure__pills" data-v-3cf6938f><a href="/core/journals/cambridge-prisms-coastal-futures/article-stream?subtopic=Coupled+natural+and+human+dynamics" aria-label="Search subtopic Coupled natural and human dynamics" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-3cf6938f><span class="topics-structure__pill" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-3cf6938f>Coupled natural and human dynamics</span></a><a href="/core/journals/cambridge-prisms-coastal-futures/article-stream?subtopic=Estuarine+and+intertidal+morphodynamics" aria-label="Search subtopic Estuarine and intertidal morphodynamics" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-3cf6938f><span class="topics-structure__pill" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-3cf6938f>Estuarine and intertidal morphodynamics</span></a></div></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-3cf6938f></div> <div class="keywords" data-v-86c27100 data-v-43a4d572><h2 data-v-86c27100>Keywords</h2> <div class="row keywords__pills" data-v-86c27100><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=estuarine beaches" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>estuarine beaches</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=coastal evolution" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>coastal evolution</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=ecosystem services" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>ecosystem services</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=global coasts" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>global coasts</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-86c27100></div>  <dl class="article-details" data-v-6e32a161 data-v-43a4d572><div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Type </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161>Review</dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Information </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div class="content__journal" data-v-6e32a161><a href="/core/journals/cambridge-prisms-coastal-futures" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Cambridge Prisms: Coastal Futures </span> </a> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/cambridge-prisms-coastal-futures/volume/14BD8C243BCA17FDE5CDB4131315C143" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 2 </span> </a></span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, 2024</span>   <span data-v-6e32a161>, e11</span></div> <div class="doi-data" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161>DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> </div>  </dd></div> <div class="row creative-commons" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 creative-commons__title"> Creative Commons </dt> <dd class="col"><div class="creative-commons__content"><div class="creative-commons__icons"><img src="/core/page-component/img/license-cc-icon.e3a74ed.svg" alt="Creative Common License - 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Published by Cambridge University Press </div></dd></div></dl>  <div id="content-container" class="content-container" data-v-43a4d572><div class="content-box"><div class="article review-article NLM"> <div class="body"> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec1" id="sec1"><h2 class="A"> Impact statement</h2> <p class="p"> We bring together an international team of researchers to bring a comprehensive review and perspective on beaches on estuaries and bays (BEBs). Our work delves into recent research drawn from eight case studies spanning the Africa, Americas, Asia, Australia and Europe. By contextualising this research within the existing literature on BEBs, we have achieved a unique perspective that sheds light on the intricate challenges and complexities involved in conserving and managing these delicate ecosystems. We believe this perspective offers valuable insights into the field. Furthermore, our paper outlines our vision for the trajectory of future research in this domain. We delineate a series of progressive steps that should serve as guideposts for upcoming research on BEBs, aiming to facilitate a more holistic understanding of these environments. Our findings show that the key to setting the future research agenda for BEBs is to first broaden our research focus to include a greater diversity of BEBs, based on the great variation in the relative importance of the many factors that drive BEB morphodynamics. We recommend including more focus on mapping and monitoring BEB locations and morphology and long-term monitoring of hydrodynamic processes. Future studies should consider BEB evolution in relation to evolution and processes of the whole the estuary/bay to identify potential mitigation measures based on nature-based solutions.</p> </div> <div class="sec intro" data-magellan-destination="sec2" id="sec2"><h2 class="A"> Introduction</h2> <p class="p"> When considering beaches in estuaries and bays (BEBs), generally low energy, narrow landforms come to mind. However, the environmental settings and morphology of such beaches are highly diverse in terms of planform, cross-shore profile shape and hydrodynamic drivers. BEBs can be exposed to various combinations of ocean-generated waves and those generated inside the estuary/bay, in addition to other hydrodynamic forcing such as currents generated by rivers and tides (Vila-Concejo et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r68"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Largier, Jackson and Short</span>2020</a>). While geological inheritance is a first-order control on the location, shape, volume and stability of BEBs, the geology can also control the contemporary dynamics, for example pocket BEBs between rocky outcrops (Gallop et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r24"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Gallop, Kennedy, Loureiro, Naylor, Muñoz-Pérez, Jackson and Fellowes</span>2020a</a>). Moreover, many BEBs are in highly modified estuaries and bays, with hard engineering works and dredging also being important controls on their form and behaviour (Fellowes et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r21"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Fellowes, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Schosberg, de Staercke and Largier</span>2021</a>). Indeed, engineering interventions in estuaries and bays such as port development have caused the loss of entire BEBs systems, or their creation through artificial means (e.g. nourishments associated with groynes).</p> <p class="p"> There is a relative lack of research, models and management tools for BEBs compared with open ocean beaches (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>) (e.g. Vila-Concejo et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r68"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Largier, Jackson and Short</span>2020</a>; Ton et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r61"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ton, Vuik and Aarninkhof</span>2021</a>). Based on observations in the NE USA, Nordstrom (<a class="xref bibr" href="#r47"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Nordstrom</span>1992</a>) provided a general background to BEBs, which was followed by other work on low-energy and sheltered beaches, such as Hegge et al. (<a class="xref bibr" href="#r34"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Hegge, Eliot and Hsu</span>1996</a>) on reef-controlled, sheltered beaches on the open coast and Jackson et al. (<a class="xref bibr" href="#r38"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Jackson, Nordstrom, Eliot and Masselink</span>2002</a>), who focused on non-estuarine BEBs. There have been several classifications developed for low-energy beaches, but not specifically for BEBs. This includes the Short (<a class="xref bibr" href="#r55"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Short</span>2006</a>) and Short and Woodroffe (<a class="xref bibr" href="#r57"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Short and Woodroffe</span>2009</a>) classifications of tide-modified/dominated beaches focused on the open coast; the work of Travers (<a class="xref bibr" href="#r63"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Travers</span>2007</a>), Travers et al. (<a class="xref bibr" href="#r64"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Travers, Eliot, Eliot and Jendrzejczak</span>2010</a>) on the morphodynamics of BEBs in SW Australia and classifications of fetch-limited beaches based on the importance of wave, tidal and river forcing (Freire et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r23"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Freire, Jackson and Nordstrom</span>2013</a>, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r22"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Freire, Ferreira, Taborda, Oliveira, Carrasco, Silva, Vargas, Capitão, Fortes, Coli and Santos</span>2009</a>). Importantly, in all these studies locally generated wind waves, sometimes modulated by the tidal forces, were considered the major control for BEBs morphodynamics. There have also been studies on the dynamics of specific BEBs in Spain (Alejo et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r3"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Alejo, Costas and Vila-Concejo</span>2005</a>; Costas et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r19"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Costas, Alejo, Vila-Concejo and Nombela</span>2005</a>; Gonzalez-Villanueva et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r26"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Gonzalez-Villanueva, Costas, Alejo and Perez-Arlucea</span>2007</a>; Bernabeu et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r12"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Bernabeu, Lersundi-Kanpistegi and Vilas</span>2012</a>), Portugal (Carrasco et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r17"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Carrasco, Ferreira, Matias and Freire</span>2012</a>, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r16"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Carrasco, Ferreira, Davidson, Matias and Dias</span>2008</a>; Freire et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r23"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Freire, Jackson and Nordstrom</span>2013</a>), France (Dissanayake et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r77"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Dissanayake, Yates, Suanez, Floc’h and Krämer</span>2021</a>), Germany (Dissanayake and Brown, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r76"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Dissanayake and Brown</span>2022</a>), Hong Kong, China (Yu et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r74"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Yu, Switzer, Lau, Yeung, Chik, Chiu, Huang and Pile</span>2013</a>), SE Australia (Kennedy, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r39"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Kennedy</span>2002</a>; Gallop et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r25"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Gallop, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Harley, Rahbani and Largier</span>2020b</a>; Fellowes et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r21"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Fellowes, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Schosberg, de Staercke and Largier</span>2021</a>; Rahbani et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r53"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Rahbani, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Gallop, Winkler-Prins and Largier</span>2022</a>) and California, USA (Winkler-Prins et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r71"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Winkler-Prins, Largier, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Fellowes and Rahbani</span>2023</a>) (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>).</p><section><div class="fig" data-magellan-destination="fig1" id="fig1"> <div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240828064129484-0418:S2754720524000076:S2754720524000076_fig1.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="2100" height="1070" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240828064129484-0418:S2754720524000076:S2754720524000076_fig1.png" data-zoomable="true"></div> <div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 1.</span> World map of BEBs in the peer-reviewed literature (black dots) and case studies presented in this paper (blue dots).</p> </div></div></section> <p class="p"> While many BEBs have been lost to urbanisation, the remaining BEBs in urban environments provide important places for people to connect with nature and ecosystem services such as providing habitat and feeding areas and protective buffers for wetlands (Nordstrom and Jackson, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r49"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Nordstrom and Jackson</span>2012</a>), as well as providing safe swimming areas (Largier and Taggart, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r41"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Largier and Taggart</span>2006</a>). This socio-ecological role is highlighted by artificial BEBs created to upgrade flood defences and to provide a more natural transition between land and water than traditional shore protection works, such as in the Netherlands (Ton et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r60"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ton, Vuik and Aarninkhof</span>2023</a>) and California (SFEI and Baye, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r54"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Baye</span>2020</a>). While many BEBs are often protected from large waves, severe erosion can still occur when storms come from directions that can propagate large swells inside estuaries/bays (Gallop et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r25"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Gallop, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Harley, Rahbani and Largier</span>2020b</a>) In fact, further research has shown that BEBs in those environments are mostly controlled by the swell energy propagating into the estuaries and bays (Rahbani et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r53"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Rahbani, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Gallop, Winkler-Prins and Largier</span>2022</a>). Moreover, recovery of BEBs after erosive events can be slow and take years (Nordstrom, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r48"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Nordstrom</span>1980</a>; Costas et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r19"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Costas, Alejo, Vila-Concejo and Nombela</span>2005</a>; Fellowes et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r21"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Fellowes, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Schosberg, de Staercke and Largier</span>2021</a>). As such, with their generally low-lying nature, sensitivity to changes in wave direction or extreme winds and slow recovery, BEBs are highly sensitive to climate-driven changes in wave forcing and impacts of compound events including precipitation and storm surge. Maintaining healthy BEBs contributes to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals number 11, 14 and 15 (UN, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r65">2015</a>). Vila-Concejo et al. (<a class="xref bibr" href="#r68"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Largier, Jackson and Short</span>2020</a>) provide a complete overview on the geological setting and oceanographic conditions that determine where BEBs form and what they look like.</p> <p class="p"> Despite recent increased research on BEBs, the need remains to better understand their processes to develop models to underpin their management. We take a step towards this here by bringing together an international group of BEB researchers and practitioners to share and consolidate understanding of BEB morphodynamics and set a collective research agenda. Our aim is to highlight diverse morphologies of BEBs in estuaries, bays and coastal lagoons from around the world and their management issues. This paper provides case studies from seven regions with BEBs in Ghana, Brazil, USA, Australia, China, Spain and the Netherlands, selected for their diverse morphodynamics and management issues. The case studies include pristine BEBs (e.g. Northern Brazil) and with large anthropogenic impact and undergoing erosion (e.g. China). The tides in the cases studied go from microtidal (e.g. SE Australia) to mesotidal (e.g. San Francisco, USA) to macrotidal (Northern Brazil), and they include BEBs that never receive any swell energy (e.g. the Netherlands) and those that may be controlled by swell (e.g. SE Australia). This is followed by discussion of the key challenges in conserving and managing BEBs in modified estuaries, bays and lagoons, and our perspectives on the future agenda of BEB research against the backdrop of climate change and increased infrastructure development resulting from population growth.</p> </div> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec3" id="sec3"><h2 class="A"> Case studies</h2> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec4" id="sec4"><h3 class="B"> BEBs in the lower Volta Delta (Ghana, West Africa)</h3> <p class="p"> West African beaches have undergone rapid changes in recent years due to natural and anthropogenic factors (Alves et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r5"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Alves, Angnuureng, Morand and Almar</span>2020</a>). The Volta Delta situated on Ghana’s eastern coast is a prime example of a highly dynamic and erosion-prone region (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>). The Volta Estuary of the Volta Delta is at the mouth of three major West African rivers that drain large parts of Ghana, Togo, Burkina Faso and smaller portions of Côte d’Ivoire, Mali and Benin and accommodate many BEBs that have great significance. These BEBs typically front narrow sandy barriers that are facing significant erosion, posing risks to coastal settlements and natural ecosystems. On the open coast, beaches are wave-dominated, with an average H<sub>s</sub> of 1.4 m and peak wave period (T<sub>p</sub>) of 11 s (Angnuureng et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r6"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Angnuureng, Jayson-Quashigah, Almar, Stieglitz, Anthony, Aheto and Appeaning Addo</span>2020</a>). The tidal range is about 1 m (Addo et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r2"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Addo, Nicholls, Codjoe and Abu</span>2018</a>). The Volta Delta coast has extensive swamps with intermittent mangrove areas of predominantly red mangrove (Kortatsi et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r40"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Kortatsi, Young and Mensah-Bonsu</span>2005</a>) and savannah woodlands (Boatema et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r14"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Boatema, Addo and Mensah</span>2013</a>). Due to increased flooding and the construction of the Akosombo Dam in 1963 on the Volta River, the BEBs inside the Volta Estuary and adjacent open-coast beaches have experienced rapid shoreline transgression. For example, the open-coast Fuveme community, west of the mouth, lost 37% of its area, resulting in the displacement of people and the destruction of houses with the entire community being lost in November 2021. Ada Foah beach to the east of the mouth suffered from both erosion and flooding, also causing the loss of schools and settlements (Addo et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r2"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Addo, Nicholls, Codjoe and Abu</span>2018</a>). Wave overtopping occurs on the coastal area of the Delta due to its low-lying nature, thus causing salinisation within the BEBs. This has the potential to degrade the freshwater ecosystems within the Delta, perhaps an unexpected consequence arising from BEB erosion. Although there is a lack of studies on the evolution of BEBs in this estuary, it is evident that like the beaches on the open coast, most of the major BEBs near the estuary entrance have also undergone severe erosion over decades since the dam construction. As the shoreline has adjusted to changes in catchment sediment yields, beach erosion has been further exacerbated as residents have attempted ad hoc hard infrastructure protection such as placing rocks on the beach. To effectively manage the BEBs in the Volta Estuary, there is a need for a deeper understanding of their processes, targeted models and management practices with particular attention being paid to the regional and local sediment budgets.</p> </div> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec5" id="sec5"><h3 class="B"> BEBs in south and Southeast China (Asia)</h3> <p class="p"> BEBs in China, often encompassing tidal flats, are extensively developed along the S and SE coasts and associated to large rivers like the Yellow, the Yangtze and the Pearl (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>). The most prominent geographical setting of these BEBs is the high supply of fluvial materials (sediment, discharge and nutrients), combined with strong coastal tidal/wave currents and the presence of densely urbanised landscapes (Zhang et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r75"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Zhang, Chen and Luo</span>2016</a>; Wu et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r73"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Wu, Milliman, Zhao, Cao, Zhou and Zhou</span>2018</a>). However, the construction of large dams along with rising marine hazards, for example saltwater intrusion and coastal erosion, has largely affected the habitats on BEBs (Chen et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r18"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Chen, Wang, Finlayson, Chen and Yin</span>2010</a>; Wu et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r72"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Wu, Cheng, Xu, Li and Zheng</span>2016</a>). Consequently, dams now prevent the transport of sufficient sediments into the estuaries, and therefore, BEBs are eroding with hard engineering structures in place to prevent coastal erosion. This is particularly concerning when considering potential seasonal high energy conditions induced by tropical storms (typhoons) from the West Pacific Ocean. Examples of these profoundly modified BEBs can be found in the metropolitan city of Shanghai and Guangzhou inhabited by 18–20 million people. These socio-ecological settings in China’s estuaries are alarming to the stakeholders underscoring the urgent need for legislative action at both municipal and national levels to curb further degradation of BEBs.</p> </div> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec6" id="sec6"><h3 class="B"> BEBs on the Amazon and South Atlantic coasts (Brazil, South America)</h3> <p class="p"> Brazil has a broad range of BEBs in its diverse estuarine systems. BEBs along the Marajó estuary, part of the Amazon River estuarine system (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>), are exposed to macro-/mesotides (3–6 m) that modulate the low-to-moderate waves (H<sub>s</sub> = 0.5–1.5 m) propagating over the inter- to subtidal sand-/mudbanks (Pereira et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r51"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Pereira, Vila-Concejo, Short, Short and Klein</span>2016</a>). On the eastern side of the estuary, there are 157 beaches along 265 km of mangrove-dominated shoreline, intersected with rivers and creeks forming bays, distributary islands and extensive tidal shoals (Anthony et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r7"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Anthony, Gardel, Gratiot, Proisy, Allison, Dolique and Fromard</span>2010</a>). Some of these BEBs are narrow (up to 50–70 m width) and have a high-gradient intertidal zone (> 5°) with reflective characteristics, composed of medium sand (e.g. Murubira; <a class="xref fig" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>). Other BEBs have intermediate characteristics, are wide (up to 350–450 m) and have a low-gradient intertidal zone (1°) (e.g. Colares; <a class="xref fig" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>).</p><section><div class="fig" data-magellan-destination="fig2" id="fig2"> <div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240828064129484-0418:S2754720524000076:S2754720524000076_fig2.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="2443" height="1947" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240828064129484-0418:S2754720524000076:S2754720524000076_fig2.png" data-zoomable="true"></div> <div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 2.</span> BEBs case study locations and photographs. For world location, please refer to <a class="xref fig" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>.</p> </div></div></section> <p class="p"> In southern Brazil, the microtidal (0.25 m tidal range) Patos Lagoon (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>) plays a significant role in the regional sediment dynamics (Marques et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r44"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Marques, Fernandes, Moraes, Möller and Malcherek</span>2010</a>). Export rates of suspended sediment to the coast are up to 1.37 10<sup class="sup">7</sup> t/year of total suspended matter (Marques et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r44"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Marques, Fernandes, Moraes, Möller and Malcherek</span>2010</a>). The area of fresh-/salt water mixing extends 60 km from the lagoon’s entrance, which is mostly composed of fine sand in the shallower sections transitioning to silt and clay within the deeper channels (Marques et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r44"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Marques, Fernandes, Moraes, Möller and Malcherek</span>2010</a>). BEB morphodynamics inside this estuary are controlled largely by the river discharge, together with the wind patterns. For example, Praia do Laranjal (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>), a BEB bounding the west jetty of the Patos Lagoon mouth, is highly dissipative with a low intertidal gradient (2°) and mostly wave-dominated (H<sub>s</sub> = is up to 0.6 m, compared to the average of 1–1.5 m on the open coast) (Tozzi and Calliari, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r62"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Tozzi and Calliari</span>2000</a>), typically presenting multiple bar systems (Guedes et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r27"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Guedes, Pereira and Calliari</span>2009</a>).</p> <p class="p"> One major issue for BEBs in Brazil, both in the North and in the South and especially with climate change, is the lack of specific tools and models with sufficient local data to help inform management.</p> </div> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec7" id="sec7"><h3 class="B"> BEBs in San Francisco Bay (USA, North America)</h3> <p class="p"> San Francisco Bay (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>) has many BEBs, including the urban Crissy Field beach (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>), located 0.5 to 2 km from the entrance on the southern side of the estuary and near the flood tide delta – a sandy BEB connected to a small marsh, facing towards the NE Pacific. Offshore waves that can propagate into the estuary typically approach from the north-west (NW) with H<sub>s</sub> between 1 and2 m (peak periods >10s), although it is not unusual for H<sub>s</sub> to exceed 5 m outside the mouth during storms (with T<sub>p</sub> approaching 20 s). Ocean waves that reach Crissy Field have refracted and decayed with dominant directions from the north-NW and heights between 0.2 and0.4 m. In addition, strong sea breezes over a fetch of 2–3 km can generate high-frequency waves with similar amplitudes, and infragravity waves also occur at this beach. All waves propagate from the west causing strong eastward littoral transport. Given the BEB’s proximity to the bay entrance, the sand supply to Crissy Field is a combination of tidal and wave-driven transport, with sand originating on nearby beaches seawards of the mouth (Barnard et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r10"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Barnard, Foxgrover, Elias, Erikson, Hein, McGann, Mizell, Rosenbauer, Swarzenski, Takesue, Wong and Woodrow</span>2013</a>) (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>). The BEB encloses a marsh and small 0.07 km<sup class="sup">2</sup> tidal lagoon that closes intermittently, typically when the offshore wave height exceeds 3.5 m driving strong littoral drift across the lagoon mouth (Battalio et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r11"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Battalio, Danmeier and Williams</span>2007</a>; Hanes et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r31"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Hanes, Ward and Erikson</span>2011</a>; Hanes and Erikson, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r30"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Hanes and Erikson</span>2013</a>). Under low-wave conditions, the tidal currents driven by the 1–2.25 m tides can scour the inlet channel and maintain the lagoon–bay connection (Battalio et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r11"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Battalio, Danmeier and Williams</span>2007</a>). When open, outflow from the lagoon builds a small ebb-tide delta and disrupts longshore transport, accounting for a step in the shoreline with the BEB being narrower east of the inlet.</p> <p class="p"> BEBs beyond the influence of ocean waves in San Francisco Bay are shaped by waves generated in the bay (Talke and Stacey, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r58"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Talke and Stacey</span>2003</a>), with longer period and larger waves incident from directions with longer wind fetch. Wind-generated waves can approach BEBs from multiple directions, resulting in seasonal cycles; for example, Marina Bay beach, further into the estuary, is worked by SW wind waves during winter as well as by refracted NW wind waves during summer (Accordino, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r1"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Accordino</span>2022</a>). Here, and at other BEBs in the bay, compound events result in morphological change, such as sand overwash fans and beach/marsh erosion. Increasingly BEBs are being included in designs for marsh restoration around the bay (SFEI and Baye, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r54"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Baye</span>2020</a>).</p> </div> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec8" id="sec8"><h3 class="B"> Swell-dominated BEBs in SE Australia</h3> <p class="p"> The coast of SE Australia is microtidal with mean tidal ranges of 1.6 m and 1.3 m for spring and neap tides, respectively. It receives swells with H<sub>s</sub> of 1.6 m and a 10-s peak period (Short and Trenaman, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r56"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Short and Trenaman</span>1992</a>). This moderate wave climate has important repercussions for those BEBs located inside estuaries with wide mouths that allow swell penetration (Vila-Concejo et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r69"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Vila-Concejo, Hughes, Short and Ranasinghe</span>2010</a>; Gallop et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r25"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Gallop, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Harley, Rahbani and Largier</span>2020b</a>). Indeed, the wave energy controlling BEB morphodynamics in those estuaries is dominated by swell waves under all conditions, particularly under high-energy conditions (Rahbani et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r53"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Rahbani, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Gallop, Winkler-Prins and Largier</span>2022</a>). The relatively recent urban development of Australian cities and the high wave energy in the open coast have led to engineering developments inside estuaries (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>). For example, Sydney Airport and its commercial port were developed in Gamay estuary (Aboriginal name of Botany Bay) and the engineering works including coastal reclamation, river deviation, revetments, seawalls and dredging led to the erosion of urban BEBs that were deemed sacrificial for the sake of urban development (Fellowes et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r21"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Fellowes, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Schosberg, de Staercke and Largier</span>2021</a>). At the same time, some of Australia’s most expensive real estate in Sydney Harbour is protected by BEBs (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>), and some of the most prominent erosion hotspots correspond to BEBs, for example Jimmy’s Beach in Port Stephens (Vila-Concejo et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r68"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Largier, Jackson and Short</span>2020</a>, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r69"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Vila-Concejo, Hughes, Short and Ranasinghe</span>2010</a>).</p> </div> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec9" id="sec9"><h3 class="B"> Modified BEBs in the bay of Algeciras (southern Spain, South-Western Europe)</h3> <p class="p"> The Bay of Algeciras (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>) faces south into the Strait of Gibraltar, is microtidal (mean spring tidal range 0.98 m) and sheltered from ocean-generated waves. Waves approach mostly from the SE and have significant wave heights (H<sub>s</sub>) less than 0.1 m, with 1.5 m H<sub>s</sub> being exceeded several times per year (Montes, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r45"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Montes</span>2021</a>). The Rinconcillo–Palmones System (RPS) on the NW side of the bay includes an urban beach (Rinconcillo) and a sandspit (Palmones) (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>). The RPS is adjacent to Bahía de Algeciras Port, one of Europe’s most important ports.</p> <p class="p"> The Algeciras port interrupts the prevailing northward longshore drift and was enlarged significantly in 2000 and 2010, currently extending more than 1.5 km into the sea. This modified the local wave patterns adjacent to seawalls and jetties. BEBs are very sensitive to changes in wave direction (Gallop et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r25"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Gallop, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Harley, Rahbani and Largier</span>2020b</a>), and consequently, the RPS is now rotating counterclockwise because of these changes, except for at the spit end, which is controlled largely by currents at the mouth of the Palmones River. Since 2000, the shoreline has prograded at rates over 4 m/yr. at the southern end of the RPS (next to the port), while the northern area has eroded at a rate of around 1 m/yr (Montes, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r45"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Montes</span>2021</a>). In areas behind the narrowing beach, there is more frequent damage to private property and infrastructure during storms. As occurs at other BEBs (e.g. Costas et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r19"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Costas, Alejo, Vila-Concejo and Nombela</span>2005</a>; Harris et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r33"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Harris, Vila-Concejo, Austin and Benavente</span>2020</a>), beach recovery at RPS, which does not usually reach pre-storm state, requires several months of calm conditions (Montes, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r45"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Montes</span>2021</a>).</p> <p class="p"> The RPS has a bimodal longshore drift that transports eroded sand alongshore and into deeper areas offshore (Montes, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r45"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Montes</span>2021</a>). Northward sediment transport occurs during modal conditions transporting material towards the Palmones river mouth and ebb-tidal delta. From there, sediment can be lost to deeper areas in the Bay of Algeciras as depths greater than 50 m occur very close to the coast. Southward sediment transport occurs during storms, when material is transported from the north, where an eroded dune system occurs (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>) and deposited adjacent to the port. The modified sediment transport pathways, because of the port construction and later expansion, have caused the southward sediment transport mode to now become prevalent.</p> </div> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec10" id="sec10"><h3 class="B"> Artificial BEBs in the Netherlands (North-Western Europe)</h3> <p class="p"> Dutch estuarine and lake shores are often lined with hard (i.e. asphalt, concrete and stone) flood defences, which require regular reinforcement to withstand current and future marine processes. In recent years, the creation of artificial beaches (e.g. Prins Hendrikzanddijk; <a class="xref fig" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a>) in front of hard defences is a paradigm shift from reinforcement of old coastal infrastructure with hard material to nature-based or hybrid solutions (Perk et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r52"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Perk, van Rijn, Koudstaal and Fordeyn</span>2019</a>). Despite ample experience in nourishing large volumes of sand at the wave-dominated Dutch open coast (Brand et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r15"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Brand, Ramaekers and Lodder</span>2022</a>), the understanding of artificial BEBs mainly stems from a “learning by doing” approach, in which continuous monitoring is key to understanding and predicting their development, ultimately enabling safety assessments.</p> <p class="p"> The BEBs in the northern Netherlands are subjected to locally generated wind waves with mean H<sub>s</sub> of 0.1 to 0.3 m, reaching up to 1.5 m. Longshore currents include relatively strong tidal currents (~0.6 m/s) which are strongly influenced by wind-driven circulation (~0.25 m/s) in the (semi-) enclosed regions (Ton et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r60"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ton, Vuik and Aarninkhof</span>2023</a>). As the nourishment sediment is often coarser than the native material (to limit erosion), the surface armouring provided by these coarser sediments causes beach response to be mostly event-driven.</p> <p class="p"> The subsequent equilibration of the profile and planform shape by natural forces depends on the orientation and geometry of the beach with respect to the hydrodynamic forcing. Cross-shore profile adjustment often involves a strong retreat and steepening of the beach face, coinciding with the development of a more concave upward profile and a relatively stable platform at water depths around the depth of closure (Hallermeier, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r28"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Hallermeier</span>1980</a>, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r29"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Hallermeier</span>1978</a>), where the surface waves reach the limit of their erosive action (Ton et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r61"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ton, Vuik and Aarninkhof</span>2021</a>). In addition, longshore drift further redistributes and sorts the nourished sediment, leading to beach rotation, spit formation (10s of meters per year) and the development of cuspate shorelines (van Kouwen et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r67"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference van Kouwen, Ton, Vos, Vijverberg, Reniers and Aarninkhof</span>2023</a>).</p> </div> </div> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec11" id="sec11"><h2 class="A"> Challenges for conserving and managing BEBs in modified estuaries</h2> <p class="p"> The case studies above highlight the diversity of the environmental settings and morphodynamics of BEBs, and the many common (and unique) management issues they face worldwide. While BEBs are common globally, they are still relatively small morphological features that require the right balance of conditions to form including accommodation space, sediment supply and wave conditions to build and then maintain the beach. The case studies highlight the variety of tidal (micro- to macrotidal), wave conditions and hydrodynamic circulation that maintains BEBs. This includes swell-dominated environments such as BEBs in SE Australia (e.g. Vila-Concejo et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r69"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Vila-Concejo, Hughes, Short and Ranasinghe</span>2010</a>; Rahbani et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r53"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Rahbani, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Gallop, Winkler-Prins and Largier</span>2022</a>) and BEBs near the entrance of San Francisco Bay (e.g. Hanes and Erikson, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r30"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Hanes and Erikson</span>2013</a>), through very low energy environments where the main forcing is the wind-driven waves and circulation (Ton et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r61"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ton, Vuik and Aarninkhof</span>2021</a>), to BEBs where locally generated wind waves are the main forcing (e.g. Nordstrom, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r47"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Nordstrom</span>1992</a>; Nordstrom and Jackson, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r49"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Nordstrom and Jackson</span>2012</a>; Winkler-Prins et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r71"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Winkler-Prins, Largier, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Fellowes and Rahbani</span>2023</a>). The role of boat wakes on BEB morphodynamics has also been acknowledged but not studied in depth (e.g. Parnell and Kofoed-Hansen, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r50"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Parnell and Kofoed-Hansen</span>2001</a>; Hughes et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r35"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Hughes, FitzGerald, Howes and Rosen</span>2007</a>; Bilkovic et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r13"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Bilkovic, Mitchell, Davis, Herman, Andrews, King, Mason, Tahvildari, Davis and Dixon</span>2019</a>).</p> <p class="p"> Historically, BEBs have lacked the “status” necessary to consider protection and have often been sacrificed to development. This is obvious both in the case studies and in the published literature. The sacrificial status of BEBs is exacerbated by their sensitivity to erosion combined with slow recovery. Many BEBs exist in highly modified coastal environments with many competing stakeholders who often benefit from this lack of status (e.g. Nordstrom, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r47"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Nordstrom</span>1992</a>; Vila-Concejo et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r68"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Largier, Jackson and Short</span>2020</a>), for example private property owners wanting their own beach front often via engineered means (e.g. Alterman and Pellach, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r4"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Alterman and Pellach</span>2022</a>; Iveson and Vila-Concejo, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r37"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Iveson, Vila-Concejo and Low</span>2023</a>), coastal infrastructure altering local waves (e.g. Fellowes et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r21"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Fellowes, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Schosberg, de Staercke and Largier</span>2021</a>; Montes, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r45"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Montes</span>2021</a>) and dam construction changing the sediment discharge in coastal estuaries (e.g. Ly, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r43"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ly</span>1980</a>; Addo et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r2"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Addo, Nicholls, Codjoe and Abu</span>2018</a>). However, as urban sprawl and gentrification reshape estuarine cities of the world, some of these often-derelict sacrificial BEBs become valued enough to be protected, such as in Gamay, Sydney (Fellowes et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r21"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Fellowes, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Schosberg, de Staercke and Largier</span>2021</a>) and San Francisco Bay (SFEI and Baye, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r54"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Baye</span>2020</a>).</p> <p class="p"> All case studies in this paper emphasise the lack of knowledge, classifications/models and management tools specific for BEBs (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig3">Figure 3</a>). The management of open-coast beaches is underpinned by the knowledge on the drivers of erosion and recovery processes on beaches and the existence of classification models. Often, one-size-fits-all management guidelines such as erosion prone area mapping are developed based on open-coast processes which are, in turn, and inappropriately, applied to BEBs. While ocean waves and locally generated wind waves may be the cause of erosion under high-energy events (e.g. Gallop et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r25"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Gallop, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Harley, Rahbani and Largier</span>2020b</a>); in other cases, erosion might be caused by engineering interventions, sometimes nearby, sometimes hundreds of kilometres away, that alter the sediment pathways to the BEBs. Moreover, in the case of some Dutch artificial beaches, it is the wind-driven circulation combined with very-low-energy waves that may cause erosive processes (Ton et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r60"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ton, Vuik and Aarninkhof</span>2023</a>). Another key consideration is accounting for where eroded sediment goes after being removed (such as during a storm). BEBs seldom have subtidal bars where the eroded sand can be stored; indeed, in the case studies, this is only described for some of the BEBs in Brazil. More often, the eroded sand is transported into the estuary where it can be lost to deep basins/channels or transported to shoals and/or the flood tide delta. In any case, the pathways and mechanisms by which this lost sediment may be restored to the BEBs are unknown or non-existent. The complexity of BEB morphodynamics is exacerbated further in that many have a mixed sediment composition including sand, clay, shells and often gravel (Nordstrom, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r47"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Nordstrom</span>1992</a>).</p><section><div class="fig" data-magellan-destination="fig3" id="fig3"> <div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240828064129484-0418:S2754720524000076:S2754720524000076_fig3.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="2100" height="1381" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240828064129484-0418:S2754720524000076:S2754720524000076_fig3.png" data-zoomable="true"></div> <div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 3.</span> Conceptual diagram showing the challenges of managing BEBs in modified estuaries and a summary of the future steps arising from this paper.</p> </div></div></section> <p class="p"> Recent decades have seen the advent of “nature-based” engineering solutions for coastal protection that aim to replicate nature rather than to work against it. Our paper highlights the potential of BEBs for this approach, through their ability to protect crucial human infrastructure, in case of the Dutch artificial beaches, and through their inclusion in marsh restoration projects in the San Francisco Bay. Indeed, BEB research and management constitutes an important example of a socio-ecological challenge where the complexity of the relationships between the ecological and social realms remains unexplained (Diedrich and Tintoré, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r20"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Diedrich and Tintoré</span>2012</a>). Research has shown that comparing what people perceive with what is occurring in environmental management scenarios can help identify potential discords and, hence, shape environmentally significant behaviour (Diedrich and Tintoré, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r20"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Diedrich and Tintoré</span>2012</a>). One example of this complex socio-ecological challenge is the common disagreement between the priorities of beach managers and the needs identified through research. For example, in countries where tourism represents an important industry, management typically prioritises the socio-economic objectives (tourism) over the ecological objectives (e.g. environmental conservation) (Ariza et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r8"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ariza, Jiménez and Sardá</span>2008</a>). Despite both academic circles and governance having adopted a holistic view of coastal management including both social and ecological realms, at a lower than national level, private interests and sectorial approaches make the social override of the ecosystem approach (Ariza et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r9"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ariza, Pons and Breton</span>2016</a>). Recent developments of nature-based solutions (Temmerman et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r59"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Temmerman, Meire, Bouma, Herman, Ysebaert and De Vriend</span>2013</a>; Narayan et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r46"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Narayan, Beck, Reguero, Losada, Wesenbeeck, Pontee, Sanchirico, Ingram, Lange and Burks-Copes</span>2016</a>) represent opportunities to consolidate a socio-ecological approach to engage with oyster reef restoration, living shorelines and other ecosystem restoration projects in which BEBs should be considered.</p> </div> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec12" id="sec12"><h2 class="A"> Future steps in BEBs research</h2> <p class="p"> In this section, we present four steps to guide future research on BEBs based on our discussions above (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig3">Figure 3</a>). The first two are focused on data acquisition, and the last two are focused on tool development.</p> <p class="p"> The key to setting the future research agenda for BEBs is to first broaden our research focus to include a greater diversity of BEBs, based on the great variation in the relative importance of the many factors that drive BEB morphodynamics. For example, including different types of estuaries and bays in different parts of the world as current research is clustered sporadically around the globe (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>) and tends to focus mostly on wind waves as the key driver, with little focus on swell, infragravity and tidal waves. Moreover, the influence of anthropogenic activity such as reclamation and impacts from boat wakes should also be considered. In addition, given the importance that extreme storms have on BEBs, with many BEBs typically exhibiting relict post-storm morphology (Costas et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r19"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Costas, Alejo, Vila-Concejo and Nombela</span>2005</a>), future research should focus on storm erosion and recovery processes, including focus on the mechanism by which BEBs recover, as many have an absence of swell waves and yet erosion may not be a one-way process. Despite such research requiring multi-year data sets (e.g. van der Lugt et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r66"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference van der Lugt, Bosma, de Schipper, Price, van Maarseveen, van der Gaag, Ruessink, Reniers and Aarninkhof</span>2023</a>), sediment transport pathways within the estuaries and bays will clarify the relative importance of cross- and long-shore processes and how these relate to estuarine/bay circulation and geomorphology.</p> <p class="p"> We recommend including more focus on mapping and monitoring BEB locations and morphology and long-term monitoring of hydrodynamic processes, drawing inspiration from approaches focused on the open coast (e.g. Luijendijk et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r42"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Luijendijk, Hagenaars, Ranasinghe, Baart, Donchyts and Aarninkhof</span>2018</a>; Vos et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r70"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Vos, Harley, Turner and Splinter</span>2023</a>). Future studies should consider BEB evolution in relation to evolution and processes of the whole estuary/bay to identify potential mitigation measures based on nature-based solutions. This should include findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR) data acquisition programmes that could involve citizen science programmes such as the Victorian Coastal Monitoring Programme (Ierodiaconou et al., <a class="xref bibr" href="#r36"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ierodiaconou, Kennedy, Pucino, Allan, McCarroll, Ferns, Carvalho, Sorrell, Leach and Young</span>2022</a>) or Coast Snap (Harley and Kinsela, <a class="xref bibr" href="#r32"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Harley and Kinsela</span>2022</a>).</p> <p class="p"> The new data sets will be used to develop specific tools to understand and manage BEBs. For example, new quantitative methods for morphodynamic classification that will allow direct comparison of the diverse BEBs and that can be used to underpin management and inform policy. Subsequent research should also focus on developing numerical models to predict BEB evolution at decadal scales. As anthropogenic climate change modifies our environment driving sea-level rise and changes in wave and wind climates, the ecosystem service of coastal protection provided by BEBs, as well as the other contributions to SDGs 11, 14 and 15, will become more important. Understanding BEB morphodynamics is essential for the success of ecosystem restoration practices such as ecosystem restoration or “living shorelines” that are needed to ensure the future of our coastal estuaries and the cities they serve. Long-term coastal prediction can only be meaningful for BEBs if we study their idiosyncrasies and consider them properly in our classification models and coastal management tools and interventions.</p> </div> </div> <div class="back"> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec13" id="sec13"><h2 class="A"> Open peer review</h2> <p class="p"> To view the open peer review materials for this article, please visit <a class="uri" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7">http://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7</a>.</p> </div> <div class="sec data-availability" data-magellan-destination="sec14" id="sec14"><h2 class="A"> Data availability statement</h2> <p class="p"> This manuscript does not present any new data.</p> </div> <div class="ack"><h2 class="A"> Acknowledgements</h2> <p class="p"> Thank you to the NSW Government Chief Scientist and Engineer Conference Sponsorship Program for the initial workshop to develop this publication. The ICCE 2022 organisers in Sydney helped us disseminating the workshop. JLL and AVC were supported by University of Sydney partnership funding. SLG is grateful to the Marsden Fund Council from New Zealand Government funding, managed by Royal Society Te Apārangi. JWB, MAdS, TDP and MAvdL were supported by NWO grant #18035 EURECCA. J.M. was supported by contract BES-2015-073218 (MINECO ADACOSTA project, grant CGL2014-53153-R). This work is a contribution to the research group RNM-328 of the Andalusian Research Plan (PAI) and to project CRISIS (grant PID2019-109143RB-I00) funded by MICINN and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). PD is supported by REST-COAST: EU Horizon 2020 Green-Deal project. AMT was supported by Rijkswaterstaat, the Netherlands, through the LakeSIDE project. LCCP was supported by CNPq (314037/2021-7). This work is a contribution to IGCP Project 725 “Forecasting Coastal Change.” This work has received financial support from the Xunta de Galicia (Centro de Investigación de Galicia accreditation 2019-2022) and the European Union (ERDF). We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers who provided feedback that substantially improved this manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="sec" data-magellan-destination="sec15" id="sec15"><h2 class="A"> Author contribution</h2> <p class="p"> A.V-C., T.E.F. and S.L.G. conceived the research and organised a workshop that was attended by most other authors. A.V-C., T.E.F. and S.L.G. led the writing and figure design. All authors participated in their regional case studies and contributed to writing and editing the text and figures.</p> </div> <div class="sec funding-statement" data-magellan-destination="sec16" id="sec16"><h2 class="A"> Financial support</h2> <p class="p"> This research was partially funded by the following sources:</p><ul class="list nomark"> <li class="list-item"> <p class="p"><span class="label">-</span> The NSW Government Chief Scientist and Engineer Conference Sponsorship Program</p> </li> <li class="list-item"> <p class="p"><span class="label">-</span> University of Sydney – University of California, Davis partnership funding</p> </li> <li class="list-item"> <p class="p"><span class="label">-</span> Marsden Fund Council from New Zealand Government funding, managed by Royal Society Te Apārangi.</p> </li> <li class="list-item"> <p class="p"><span class="label">-</span> NWO grant #18035 EURECCA</p> </li> <li class="list-item"> <p class="p"><span class="label">-</span> Contract BES-2015-073218 (MINECO ADACOSTA project, grant CGL2014–53153-R)</p> </li> <li class="list-item"> <p class="p"><span class="label">-</span> Project CRISIS (grant PID2019-109143RB-I00) funded by MICINN and ERDF</p> </li> <li class="list-item"> <p class="p"><span class="label">-</span> REST-COAST: EU Horizon 2020 Green-Deal project</p> </li> <li class="list-item"> <p class="p"><span class="label">-</span> LakeSIDE project Rijkswaterstaat, the Netherlands</p> </li> <li class="list-item"> <p class="p"><span class="label">-</span> CNPq (314,037/2021–7)</p> </li> <li class="list-item"> <p class="p"><span class="label">-</span> Financial support from the Xunta de Galicia (Centro de Investigación de Galicia accreditation 2019–2022)</p> </li> <li class="list-item"> <p class="p"><span class="label">-</span> European Union (ERDF)</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sec coi-statement" data-magellan-destination="sec17" id="sec17"><h2 class="A"> Competing interest</h2> <p class="p"> The authors declare none.</p> </div> </div> </div></div>   <hr aria-hidden="true" class="list-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a> <div id="references-list" class="circle-list"><h2>References</h2> <div id="r1" aria-flowto="reference-1-content reference-1-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 1 in the content" id="reference-1-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-1-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Accordino</span>, <span class="given-names">MFM</span></span> (<span class="year">2022</span>) Studies on an Estuarine Beach: Short- and Long-Term Morphological Change of Marina Bay Beach in San Francisco Bay. 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Hydrobiology</span> <span class="volume">16</span>, <span class="fpage">39</span>–<span class="lpage">44</span>. <span class="ext-link doi" href="#10.1016/j.ecohyd.2015.10.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2015.10.001</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for ) An overview of ecohydrology of the Yellow River delta wetland' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2015.10.001>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ) An overview of ecohydrology of the Yellow River delta wetland' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=)+An+overview+of+ecohydrology+of+the+Yellow+River+delta+wetland&author=Zhang+H&author=Chen+X&author=Luo+Y&publication+year=2016&journal=Ecohydrology+%26+Hydrobiology&volume=16&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ecohyd.2015.10.001&pages=39-44>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div>  <div id="figures-tab" class="figures tab-pane" data-v-241a4b23><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 0" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241220091618-39564-mediumThumb-png-S2754720524000076_fig1.jpg" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241220091618-62866-optimisedImage-png-S2754720524000076_fig1.jpg" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Figure 1.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">World map of BEBs in the peer-reviewed literature (black dots) and case studies presented in this paper (blue dots).</span></span></p></div> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator dashed" data-v-7036083a data-v-241a4b23></div><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 1" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241220091618-85564-mediumThumb-png-S2754720524000076_fig2.jpg" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241220091618-00222-optimisedImage-png-S2754720524000076_fig2.jpg" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Figure 2.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">BEBs case study locations and photographs. For world location, please refer to Figure 1.</span></span></p></div> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator dashed" data-v-7036083a data-v-241a4b23></div><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 2" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241220091618-92955-mediumThumb-png-S2754720524000076_fig3.jpg" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241220091618-22097-optimisedImage-png-S2754720524000076_fig3.jpg" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Figure 3.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">Conceptual diagram showing the challenges of managing BEBs in modified estuaries and a summary of the future steps arising from this paper.</span></span></p></div> </div></div> </div></div>        <div id="peer-review-tab" class="peer-review tab-pane" data-v-4d0e8700>  <div id="full-review-1" class="review" data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__headings" data-v-4d0e8700><h2 data-v-4d0e8700><div class="article-title">Author comment: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R0/PR1</div></h2> <button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonCiteOptions" data-prod-id="14E5B1DE6577A994FBE474527E1E4938" data-toggle="modal" href="#cite-modal" class="app-button cite-button d-print-none app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary export-citation-product" data-v-2a038744 data-v-2ce5f61d data-v-4d0e8700><img src="/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon cite" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Cite</span></button></div> <div class="review__metadata" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-4d0e8700><span class="app-date" data-v-d415a782 data-v-4d0e8700> 27 August 2024 </span></strong></div> DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr1" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr1 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <div class="review__reviewer" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__author" data-v-4d0e8700><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Ana%20Vila-Concejo&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Ana Vila-Concejo </span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-3094" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Ana Vila-Concejo in new tab/window" class="app-link review__author__orcid app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0idXRmLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMjIiIGhlaWdodD0iMjIiIHZlcnNpb249IjEuMSIgaWQ9IkxheWVyXzEiIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgeG1sbnM6eGxpbms9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTkveGxpbmsiIHg9IjBweCIgeT0iMHB4IgoJIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyNTYgMjU2IiBzdHlsZT0iZW5hYmxlLWJhY2tncm91bmQ6bmV3IDAgMCAyNTYgMjU2OyIgeG1sOnNwYWNlPSJwcmVzZXJ2ZSI+CjxzdHlsZSB0eXBlPSJ0ZXh0L2NzcyI+Cgkuc3Qwe2ZpbGw6I0E2Q0UzOTt9Cgkuc3Qxe2ZpbGw6I0ZGRkZGRjt9Cjwvc3R5bGU+CjxwYXRoIGNsYXNzPSJzdDAiIGQ9Ik0yNTYsMTI4YzAsNzAuNy01Ny4zLDEyOC0xMjgsMTI4QzU3LjMsMjU2LDAsMTk4LjcsMCwxMjhDMCw1Ny4zLDU3LjMsMCwxMjgsMEMxOTguNywwLDI1Niw1Ny4zLDI1NiwxMjh6Ii8+CjxnPgoJPHBhdGggY2xhc3M9InN0MSIgZD0iTTg2LjMsMTg2LjJINzAuOVY3OS4xaDE1LjR2NDguNFYxODYuMnoiLz4KCTxwYXRoIGNsYXNzPSJzdDEiIGQ9Ik0xMDguOSw3OS4xaDQxLjZjMzkuNiwwLDU3LDI4LjMsNTcsNTMuNmMwLDI3LjUtMjEuNSw1My42LTU2LjgsNTMuNmgtNDEuOFY3OS4xeiBNMTI0LjMsMTcyLjRoMjQuNQoJCWMzNC45LDAsNDIuOS0yNi41LDQyLjktMzkuN2MwLTIxLjUtMTMuNy0zOS43LTQzLjctMzkuN2gtMjMuN1YxNzIuNHoiLz4KCTxwYXRoIGNsYXNzPSJzdDEiIGQ9Ik04OC43LDU2LjhjMCw1LjUtNC41LDEwLjEtMTAuMSwxMC4xYy01LjYsMC0xMC4xLTQuNi0xMC4xLTEwLjFjMC01LjYsNC41LTEwLjEsMTAuMS0xMC4xCgkJQzg0LjIsNDYuNyw4OC43LDUxLjMsODguNyw1Ni44eiIvPgo8L2c+Cjwvc3ZnPgo=" alt="" class="app-icon icon orcid" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <span class="review__author__affiliation" data-v-4d0e8700><span data-v-4d0e8700> Geocoastal Research Group, The University of Sydney Faculty of Science, Australia </span></span></div></div></div>  <div data-v-4d0e8700>Revision round: 0</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Role: author</div> </div>  <div class="review__comments" data-v-4d0e8700><h3 data-v-4d0e8700>Comments</h3> <div data-v-4d0e8700><p>Dear Brad Murray,</p><p>Enclosed, please find our contribution entitled “Morphodynamics and Management Challenges for Beaches in Modified Estuaries and Enclosed Bays,” to which I am the lead and corresponding author.</p><p>In this paper, we present, as per your request, a comprehensive review and perspectives on the subject of beaches in estuaries and bays (BEBs). Our work delves into recent research drawn from six case studies spanning the Americas, Europe, and Africa. By contextualizing this research within the existing literature on BEBs, we have achieved a unique perspective that sheds light on the intricate challenges and complexities involved in conserving and managing these delicate ecosystems. We believe this perspective offers valuable insights to the field. Furthermore, our paper outlines our vision for the trajectory of future research in this domain. We delineate a series of progressive steps that should serve as guideposts for upcoming research on BEBs, aiming to facilitate a more holistic understanding of these environments.</p><p>We believe that our submission is well-suited for consideration in the journal Coastal Futures. Writing this paper has been a collaborative effort involving a diverse consortium of authors. With this publication, we aspire to catalyse knowledge dissemination and to initiate future collaborations.</p><p>We thank you for your time and consideration of our manuscript.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="review__separator separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-4d0e8700></div><div id="full-review-2" class="review" data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__headings" data-v-4d0e8700><h2 data-v-4d0e8700><div class="article-title">Recommendation: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R0/PR2</div></h2> <button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonCiteOptions" data-prod-id="138BD5D945D83A36F313BBD55E6C5F55" data-toggle="modal" href="#cite-modal" class="app-button cite-button d-print-none app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary export-citation-product" data-v-2a038744 data-v-2ce5f61d data-v-4d0e8700><img src="/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon cite" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Cite</span></button></div> <div class="review__metadata" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-4d0e8700><span class="app-date" data-v-d415a782 data-v-4d0e8700> 27 August 2024 </span></strong></div> DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr2" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr2 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <div class="review__reviewer" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__author" data-v-4d0e8700><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Yining%20Chen&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Yining Chen </span> </a>  <span class="review__author__affiliation" data-v-4d0e8700><span data-v-4d0e8700> Second Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources, China </span></span></div></div></div> <div data-v-4d0e8700> Date of review: <strong data-v-4d0e8700><span class="app-date" data-v-d415a782 data-v-4d0e8700> 07 November 2023 </span></strong></div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Revision round: 0</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Role: Handling Editor</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Recommendation/decision: major-revision</div></div>  <div class="review__comments" data-v-4d0e8700><h3 data-v-4d0e8700>Comments</h3> <div data-v-4d0e8700><p>Thank you for submitting your manuscript to our journal. I apologize profusely for the delay in getting this decision to you. I now have received 2 reviews of your manuscript. Both reviewers found this review is important and interesting, which could fill the knowledge gaps in BEBs. However, they also expressed some concerns regarding more case studies and other problems. On the basis of the referees' reports, I recommend ‘Major revision’ and I encourage the authors to revise your manuscript before it could be accepted.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="review__separator separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-4d0e8700></div><div id="full-review-3" class="review" data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__headings" data-v-4d0e8700><h2 data-v-4d0e8700><div class="article-title">Decision: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R0/PR3</div></h2> <button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonCiteOptions" data-prod-id="0568EF85D3B20BD040655D1E7E56691E" data-toggle="modal" href="#cite-modal" class="app-button cite-button d-print-none app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary export-citation-product" data-v-2a038744 data-v-2ce5f61d data-v-4d0e8700><img src="/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon cite" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Cite</span></button></div> <div class="review__metadata" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-4d0e8700><span class="app-date" data-v-d415a782 data-v-4d0e8700> 27 August 2024 </span></strong></div> DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr3" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr3 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <div class="review__reviewer" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__author" data-v-4d0e8700><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tom%20Spencer&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Tom Spencer </span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2610-6201" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Tom Spencer in new tab/window" class="app-link review__author__orcid app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon orcid" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <span class="review__author__affiliation" data-v-4d0e8700><span data-v-4d0e8700> Geography, Cambridge University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland </span></span></div></div></div>  <div data-v-4d0e8700>Revision round: 0</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Role: Editor in Chief</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Recommendation/decision: major-revision</div></div>  <div class="review__comments" data-v-4d0e8700><h3 data-v-4d0e8700>Comments</h3> <div data-v-4d0e8700><p>No accompanying comment.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="review__separator separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-4d0e8700></div><div id="full-review-4" class="review" data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__headings" data-v-4d0e8700><h2 data-v-4d0e8700><div class="article-title">Author comment: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R1/PR4</div></h2> <button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonCiteOptions" data-prod-id="636BB663E270191B627DF6F98718B3FB" data-toggle="modal" href="#cite-modal" class="app-button cite-button d-print-none app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary export-citation-product" data-v-2a038744 data-v-2ce5f61d data-v-4d0e8700><img src="/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon cite" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Cite</span></button></div> <div class="review__metadata" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-4d0e8700><span class="app-date" data-v-d415a782 data-v-4d0e8700> 27 August 2024 </span></strong></div> DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr4" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr4 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <div class="review__reviewer" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__author" data-v-4d0e8700><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Ana%20Vila-Concejo&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Ana Vila-Concejo </span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-3094" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Ana Vila-Concejo in new tab/window" class="app-link review__author__orcid app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon orcid" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <span class="review__author__affiliation" data-v-4d0e8700><span data-v-4d0e8700> Geocoastal Research Group, The University of Sydney Faculty of Science, Australia </span></span></div></div></div>  <div data-v-4d0e8700>Revision round: 1</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Role: author</div> </div>  <div class="review__comments" data-v-4d0e8700><h3 data-v-4d0e8700>Comments</h3> <div data-v-4d0e8700><p>Please find enclosed the revised version of our manuscript “Morphodynamics and Management Challenges for Beaches in Modified Estuaries and Enclosed Bays,” to which I am the lead and corresponding author.</p><p>We have implemented most of the reviews and suggestions by the two reviewers and the editors and the manuscript has improved substantially. As per request of one of the reviewers, we have added a new author to our extensive list of contributors who has contributed a case study from China. We need to add this author to the author list, can you please let us know how to do that?</p><p>We thank you for your time and consideration of our manuscript.</p><p>Sincerely,</p><p>Ana Vila-Concejo</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="review__separator separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-4d0e8700></div><div id="full-review-5" class="review" data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__headings" data-v-4d0e8700><h2 data-v-4d0e8700><div class="article-title">Recommendation: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R1/PR5</div></h2> <button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonCiteOptions" data-prod-id="00181A9EB81278F4340F07F2A534AB32" data-toggle="modal" href="#cite-modal" class="app-button cite-button d-print-none app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary export-citation-product" data-v-2a038744 data-v-2ce5f61d data-v-4d0e8700><img src="/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon cite" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Cite</span></button></div> <div class="review__metadata" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-4d0e8700><span class="app-date" data-v-d415a782 data-v-4d0e8700> 27 August 2024 </span></strong></div> DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr5" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr5 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <div class="review__reviewer" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__author" data-v-4d0e8700><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Yining%20Chen&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Yining Chen </span> </a>  <span class="review__author__affiliation" data-v-4d0e8700><span data-v-4d0e8700> Second Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources, China </span></span></div></div></div> <div data-v-4d0e8700> Date of review: <strong data-v-4d0e8700><span class="app-date" data-v-d415a782 data-v-4d0e8700> 22 January 2024 </span></strong></div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Revision round: 1</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Role: Handling Editor</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Recommendation/decision: minor-revision</div></div>  <div class="review__comments" data-v-4d0e8700><h3 data-v-4d0e8700>Comments</h3> <div data-v-4d0e8700><p>No accompanying comment.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="review__separator separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-4d0e8700></div><div id="full-review-6" class="review" data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__headings" data-v-4d0e8700><h2 data-v-4d0e8700><div class="article-title">Decision: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R1/PR6</div></h2> <button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonCiteOptions" data-prod-id="284E1E6D813D3816D920F88343C6F6D6" data-toggle="modal" href="#cite-modal" class="app-button cite-button d-print-none app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary export-citation-product" data-v-2a038744 data-v-2ce5f61d data-v-4d0e8700><img src="/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon cite" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Cite</span></button></div> <div class="review__metadata" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-4d0e8700><span class="app-date" data-v-d415a782 data-v-4d0e8700> 27 August 2024 </span></strong></div> DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr6" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr6 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <div class="review__reviewer" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__author" data-v-4d0e8700><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tom%20Spencer&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Tom Spencer </span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2610-6201" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Tom Spencer in new tab/window" class="app-link review__author__orcid app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon orcid" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <span class="review__author__affiliation" data-v-4d0e8700><span data-v-4d0e8700> Geography, Cambridge University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland </span></span></div></div></div>  <div data-v-4d0e8700>Revision round: 1</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Role: Editor in Chief</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Recommendation/decision: minor-revision</div></div>  <div class="review__comments" data-v-4d0e8700><h3 data-v-4d0e8700>Comments</h3> <div data-v-4d0e8700><p>No accompanying comment.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="review__separator separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-4d0e8700></div><div id="full-review-7" class="review" data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__headings" data-v-4d0e8700><h2 data-v-4d0e8700><div class="article-title">Author comment: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R2/PR7</div></h2> <button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonCiteOptions" data-prod-id="1571AA79A40B61CF9CC8FCDC689236D5" data-toggle="modal" href="#cite-modal" class="app-button cite-button d-print-none app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary export-citation-product" data-v-2a038744 data-v-2ce5f61d data-v-4d0e8700><img src="/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon cite" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Cite</span></button></div> <div class="review__metadata" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-4d0e8700><span class="app-date" data-v-d415a782 data-v-4d0e8700> 27 August 2024 </span></strong></div> DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr7" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr7 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <div class="review__reviewer" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__author" data-v-4d0e8700><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Ana%20Vila-Concejo&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Ana Vila-Concejo </span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-3094" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Ana Vila-Concejo in new tab/window" class="app-link review__author__orcid app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon orcid" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <span class="review__author__affiliation" data-v-4d0e8700><span data-v-4d0e8700> Geocoastal Research Group, The University of Sydney Faculty of Science, Australia </span></span></div></div></div>  <div data-v-4d0e8700>Revision round: 2</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Role: author</div> </div>  <div class="review__comments" data-v-4d0e8700><h3 data-v-4d0e8700>Comments</h3> <div data-v-4d0e8700><p>Dear Professor Tom Spencer and Dr Yining Chen,</p><p>Please find enclosed the revised version of our manuscript “Morphodynamics and Management Challenges for Beaches in Modified Estuaries and Enclosed Bays,” to which I am the lead and corresponding author.</p><p>First, I would like to present my apologies for the lateness of this review. I was first on holidays (Austral summer) and then had surgery followed by my intense teaching period. This delay has given us plenty of time to discuss and ponder the suggested review.</p><p>There was only one suggestion requesting a section detailing the theories and general/science research outcome. We have carefully pondered this suggestion, and after reviewing the Introduction carefully, we agree that we already touch upon the most significant points and previous studies. One of the co-authors suggested creating a Galloway diagram without realising that I had published such diagram in Vila-Concejo et al. (2020), and that the figure was cited in the first paragraph of our manuscript (that is the citation in Line 93). After much consideration, we cannot see how we could create an additional section without duplicating what is already in the introduction and published in the review Chapter that I led in 2020. We have therefore added a sentence to the Introduction (lines 136-138) stating: “Vila-Concejo et al. (2020) provide a complete overview on the geological setting and oceanographic conditions that determine where BEBs form and what they look like.”</p><p>We thank you for your time and consideration of our manuscript.</p><p>Sincerely,</p><p>Ana Vila-Concejo</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="review__separator separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-4d0e8700></div><div id="full-review-8" class="review" data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__headings" data-v-4d0e8700><h2 data-v-4d0e8700><div class="article-title">Recommendation: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R2/PR8</div></h2> <button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonCiteOptions" data-prod-id="F21C4B0BC79D9E7C6B769981FAAC1BF8" data-toggle="modal" href="#cite-modal" class="app-button cite-button d-print-none app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary export-citation-product" data-v-2a038744 data-v-2ce5f61d data-v-4d0e8700><img src="/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon cite" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Cite</span></button></div> <div class="review__metadata" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-4d0e8700><span class="app-date" data-v-d415a782 data-v-4d0e8700> 27 August 2024 </span></strong></div> DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr8" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr8 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <div class="review__reviewer" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__author" data-v-4d0e8700><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Yining%20Chen&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Yining Chen </span> </a>  <span class="review__author__affiliation" data-v-4d0e8700><span data-v-4d0e8700> Second Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources, China </span></span></div></div></div> <div data-v-4d0e8700> Date of review: <strong data-v-4d0e8700><span class="app-date" data-v-d415a782 data-v-4d0e8700> 14 April 2024 </span></strong></div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Revision round: 2</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Role: Handling Editor</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Recommendation/decision: accept</div></div>  <div class="review__comments" data-v-4d0e8700><h3 data-v-4d0e8700>Comments</h3> <div data-v-4d0e8700><p>No accompanying comment.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="review__separator separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-4d0e8700></div><div id="full-review-9" class="review" data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__headings" data-v-4d0e8700><h2 data-v-4d0e8700><div class="article-title">Decision: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R2/PR9</div></h2> <button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonCiteOptions" data-prod-id="5D28EA89BA825472DCC08226B0024F8B" data-toggle="modal" href="#cite-modal" class="app-button cite-button d-print-none app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary export-citation-product" data-v-2a038744 data-v-2ce5f61d data-v-4d0e8700><img src="/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon cite" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Cite</span></button></div> <div class="review__metadata" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-4d0e8700><span class="app-date" data-v-d415a782 data-v-4d0e8700> 27 August 2024 </span></strong></div> DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr9" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7.pr9 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <div class="review__reviewer" data-v-4d0e8700><div data-v-4d0e8700><div class="review__author" data-v-4d0e8700><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tom%20Spencer&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Tom Spencer </span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2610-6201" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Tom Spencer in new tab/window" class="app-link review__author__orcid app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-4d0e8700><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon orcid" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <span class="review__author__affiliation" data-v-4d0e8700><span data-v-4d0e8700> Geography, Cambridge University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland </span></span></div></div></div>  <div data-v-4d0e8700>Revision round: 2</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Role: Editor in Chief</div> <div data-v-4d0e8700>Recommendation/decision: accept</div></div>  <div class="review__comments" data-v-4d0e8700><h3 data-v-4d0e8700>Comments</h3> <div data-v-4d0e8700><p>No accompanying comment.</p></div></div> </div></div> <div id="metrics-tab" publication-date="27 August 2024" class="metrics tab-pane" data-v-c41a0c86><div class="app-loader" data-v-c41a0c86></div></div></div></div> </div> <div role="complementary" aria-label="related contents" class="column__main__right" data-v-01274b1d><div class="access-block row access-status" data-v-5fad35b8 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Brempong",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Emmanuel%20K.%20Brempong&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Pushpa",surname:"Dissanayake",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:"Coastal Geology and Sedimentology, Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel, Germany, and NLWKN, Lower Saxony Government, Germany"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Pushpa Dissanayake",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Pushpa%20Dissanayake&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Md Yousuf",surname:"Gazi",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:R},{text:"Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Md Yousuf Gazi",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Md%20Yousuf%20Gazi&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Rita",surname:"González-Villanueva",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:as}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Rita González-Villanueva",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Rita%20Gonz%C3%A1lez-Villanueva&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-6583-2348"},{givenNames:"Ricardo",surname:"Guimarães",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:"Programa de Engenharia Oceânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Ricardo Guimarães",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Ricardo%20Guimar%C3%A3es&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"David M.",surname:"Kennedy",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:"School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"David M. Kennedy",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=David%20M.%20Kennedy&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"John L.",surname:"Largier",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:"Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USA"},{text:"Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"John L. Largier",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=John%20L.%20Largier&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Marlies A.",surname:"van der Lugt",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:av},{text:aw}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Marlies A. van der Lugt",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Marlies%20A.%20van%20der%20Lugt&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Juan",surname:"Montes",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:S}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Juan Montes",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Juan%20Montes&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Mara",surname:"Orescanin",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:"Department of Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Mara Orescanin",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Mara%20Orescanin&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Charitha B.",surname:"Pattiaratchi",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:"Oceans Graduate School & The UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Charitha B. Pattiaratchi",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Charitha%20B.%20Pattiaratchi&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Luci",surname:"Cajueiro Carneiro Pereira",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:"Universidade Federal do Pará Instituto de Estudos Costeiro, Bragança, Brazil"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Luci Cajueiro Carneiro Pereira",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Luci%20Cajueiro%20Carneiro%20Pereira&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Remo Luan",surname:"Marinho da Costa Pereira",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:"Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Remo Luan Marinho da Costa Pereira",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Remo%20Luan%20Marinho%20da%20Costa%20Pereira&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Timothy",surname:"Price",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:au}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Timothy Price",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Timothy%20Price&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Maryam",surname:"Rahbani",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:"Department of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Maryam Rahbani",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Maryam%20Rahbani&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Laura",surname:"del Río",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:S}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Laura del Río",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Laura%20del%20R%C3%ADo&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Michael",surname:"Rosenthal",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:"Rhelm Consulting, Neutral Bay, NSW, Australia"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Michael Rosenthal",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Michael%20Rosenthal&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Matthieu",surname:"de Schipper",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:aw}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Matthieu de Schipper",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Matthieu%20de%20Schipper&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Anne M.",surname:"Ton",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:av}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Anne M. Ton",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Anne%20M.%20Ton&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Lukas",surname:"WinklerPrins",nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:"Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Lukas WinklerPrins",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Lukas%20WinklerPrins&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d},{givenNames:"Zhongyuan",surname:G,nameStyle:h,affiliations:[{text:"State Key Laboratory for Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"}],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Zhongyuan Chen",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Zhongyuan%20Chen&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:d}]},translators:{contributors:[],label:"Translated by"}},collections:[],publishedDate:"27 August 2024",keywords:[{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=estuarine beaches",name:"estuarine beaches"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=coastal evolution",name:"coastal evolution"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=ecosystem services",name:"ecosystem services"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=global coasts",name:"global coasts"}],openPracticeBadges:[],doi:{url:ax,value:ay},copyright:{statement:["© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press"],holder:["The Author(s)"],year:[2024]},creativeCommons:{descriptions:["This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited."],oaLicenseType:"CC-BY",licenses:["CC","BY"]},acceptedManuscript:b,type:"review-article",typeDescription:"Review",eNumber:"e11",resultTypes:[],commentsCount:T,topicsAndSubtopics:{topics:[{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fcambridge-prisms-coastal-futures\u002Farticle-stream?topic=Coastal+development",name:"Coastal development"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fcambridge-prisms-coastal-futures\u002Farticle-stream?topic=Geomorphology",name:i}],subTopics:[{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fcambridge-prisms-coastal-futures\u002Farticle-stream?subtopic=Coupled+natural+and+human+dynamics",name:"Coupled natural and human dynamics"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fcambridge-prisms-coastal-futures\u002Farticle-stream?subtopic=Estuarine+and+intertidal+morphodynamics",name:"Estuarine and intertidal morphodynamics"}]}},journal:{id:az,title:H,titleSlug:aA,mnemonic:"CFT",titleHistory:[],isFirstView:b,journalSlug:aA,isCompanion:b,parentCompanionJournalName:H,associatedParentCollection:{id:"8EC93649AF7D48F5F59BC2D366F3B8D1",identifier:"CAMBRIDGE PRISMS",url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fproduct\u002F8EC93649AF7D48F5F59BC2D366F3B8D1"},url:aB,firstViewUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fcambridge-prisms-coastal-futures\u002Ffirstview",coverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcovers\u002FCFT_0_0_0\u002Fcambridge-prisms-coastal-futures.jpg",submitMaterialsUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fcambridge-prisms-coastal-futures\u002Finformation\u002Fauthor-instructions\u002Fsubmitting-your-materials",hasHistory:b,latestTitle:H,latestId:az,hasPastTitle:b,volume:{id:"14BD8C243BCA17FDE5CDB4131315C143",number:I,title:aC,publishedDate:"2024",printPublishTimestamp:1704067200000,url:aD}},abstract:{graphicalAbstract:{title:"Abstract",graphicalContent:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"graphical\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"graphic\" orientation mimesubtype=\"png\" mimetype=\"image\" position=\"float\" type href=\"S2754720524000076_figAb.png\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002F\u002Fcontent\u002Fid\u002Furn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS2754720524000076\u002Fresource\u002Fname\u002FoptimisedImage-png-S2754720524000076_figAb.jpg?pub-status=live\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",textContent:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere is a relative lack of research, targeted models and tools to manage beaches in estuaries and bays (BEBs). Many estuaries and bays have been highly modified and urbanised, for example port developments and coastal revetments. This paper outlines the complications and opportunities for conserving and managing BEBs in modified estuaries. To do this, we focus on eight diverse case studies from North and South America, Asia, Europe, Africa and Australia combined with the broader global literature. Our key findings are as follows: (1) BEBs are diverse and exist under a great variety of tide and wave conditions that differentiate them from open-coast beaches; (2) BEBs often lack statutory protection and many have already been sacrificed to development; (3) BEBs lack specific management tools and are often managed using tools developed for open-coast beaches; and (4) BEBs have the potential to become important in “nature-based” management solutions. We set the future research agenda for BEBs, which should include broadening research to include greater diversity of BEBs than in the past, standardising monitoring techniques, including the development of global databases using citizen science and developing specific management tools for BEBs. We must recognise BEBs as unique coastal features and develop the required fundamental knowledge and tools to effectively manage them, so they can continue providing their unique ecosystem services.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}},content:{html:"\u003Cdiv class=\"article review-article NLM\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"body\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1\" id=\"sec1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Impact statement\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E We bring together an international team of researchers to bring a comprehensive review and perspective on beaches on estuaries and bays (BEBs). Our work delves into recent research drawn from eight case studies spanning the Africa, Americas, Asia, Australia and Europe. By contextualising this research within the existing literature on BEBs, we have achieved a unique perspective that sheds light on the intricate challenges and complexities involved in conserving and managing these delicate ecosystems. We believe this perspective offers valuable insights into the field. Furthermore, our paper outlines our vision for the trajectory of future research in this domain. We delineate a series of progressive steps that should serve as guideposts for upcoming research on BEBs, aiming to facilitate a more holistic understanding of these environments. Our findings show that the key to setting the future research agenda for BEBs is to first broaden our research focus to include a greater diversity of BEBs, based on the great variation in the relative importance of the many factors that drive BEB morphodynamics. We recommend including more focus on mapping and monitoring BEB locations and morphology and long-term monitoring of hydrodynamic processes. Future studies should consider BEB evolution in relation to evolution and processes of the whole the estuary\u002Fbay to identify potential mitigation measures based on nature-based solutions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec intro\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec2\" id=\"sec2\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Introduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E When considering beaches in estuaries and bays (BEBs), generally low energy, narrow landforms come to mind. However, the environmental settings and morphology of such beaches are highly diverse in terms of planform, cross-shore profile shape and hydrodynamic drivers. BEBs can be exposed to various combinations of ocean-generated waves and those generated inside the estuary\u002Fbay, in addition to other hydrodynamic forcing such as currents generated by rivers and tides (Vila-Concejo et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r68\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Largier, Jackson and Short\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). While geological inheritance is a first-order control on the location, shape, volume and stability of BEBs, the geology can also control the contemporary dynamics, for example pocket BEBs between rocky outcrops (Gallop et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r24\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Gallop, Kennedy, Loureiro, Naylor, Muñoz-Pérez, Jackson and Fellowes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020a\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Moreover, many BEBs are in highly modified estuaries and bays, with hard engineering works and dredging also being important controls on their form and behaviour (Fellowes et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r21\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Fellowes, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Schosberg, de Staercke and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Indeed, engineering interventions in estuaries and bays such as port development have caused the loss of entire BEBs systems, or their creation through artificial means (e.g. nourishments associated with groynes).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E There is a relative lack of research, models and management tools for BEBs compared with open ocean beaches (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) (e.g. Vila-Concejo et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r68\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Largier, Jackson and Short\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Ton et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r61\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ton, Vuik and Aarninkhof\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Based on observations in the NE USA, Nordstrom (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r47\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Nordstrom\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) provided a general background to BEBs, which was followed by other work on low-energy and sheltered beaches, such as Hegge et al. (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r34\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Hegge, Eliot and Hsu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1996\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) on reef-controlled, sheltered beaches on the open coast and Jackson et al. (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r38\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Jackson, Nordstrom, Eliot and Masselink\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), who focused on non-estuarine BEBs. There have been several classifications developed for low-energy beaches, but not specifically for BEBs. This includes the Short (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r55\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Short\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and Short and Woodroffe (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r57\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Short and Woodroffe\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) classifications of tide-modified\u002Fdominated beaches focused on the open coast; the work of Travers (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r63\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Travers\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), Travers et al. (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r64\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Travers, Eliot, Eliot and Jendrzejczak\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) on the morphodynamics of BEBs in SW Australia and classifications of fetch-limited beaches based on the importance of wave, tidal and river forcing (Freire et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r23\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Freire, Jackson and Nordstrom\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2013\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r22\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Freire, Ferreira, Taborda, Oliveira, Carrasco, Silva, Vargas, Capitão, Fortes, Coli and Santos\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Importantly, in all these studies locally generated wind waves, sometimes modulated by the tidal forces, were considered the major control for BEBs morphodynamics. There have also been studies on the dynamics of specific BEBs in Spain (Alejo et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r3\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Alejo, Costas and Vila-Concejo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Costas et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r19\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Costas, Alejo, Vila-Concejo and Nombela\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Gonzalez-Villanueva et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r26\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Gonzalez-Villanueva, Costas, Alejo and Perez-Arlucea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Bernabeu et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r12\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Bernabeu, Lersundi-Kanpistegi and Vilas\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), Portugal (Carrasco et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r17\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Carrasco, Ferreira, Matias and Freire\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r16\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Carrasco, Ferreira, Davidson, Matias and Dias\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Freire et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r23\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Freire, Jackson and Nordstrom\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2013\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), France (Dissanayake et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r77\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Dissanayake, Yates, Suanez, Floc’h and Krämer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), Germany (Dissanayake and Brown, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r76\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Dissanayake and Brown\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), Hong Kong, China (Yu et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r74\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Yu, Switzer, Lau, Yeung, Chik, Chiu, Huang and Pile\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2013\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), SE Australia (Kennedy, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r39\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Kennedy\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Gallop et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r25\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Gallop, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Harley, Rahbani and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020b\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Fellowes et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r21\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Fellowes, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Schosberg, de Staercke and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Rahbani et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r53\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Rahbani, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Gallop, Winkler-Prins and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and California, USA (Winkler-Prins et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r71\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Winkler-Prins, Largier, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Fellowes and Rahbani\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig1\" id=\"fig1\"\u003E\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240828064129484-0418:S2754720524000076:S2754720524000076_fig1.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"2100\" height=\"1070\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240828064129484-0418:S2754720524000076:S2754720524000076_fig1.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E World map of BEBs in the peer-reviewed literature (black dots) and case studies presented in this paper (blue dots).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E While many BEBs have been lost to urbanisation, the remaining BEBs in urban environments provide important places for people to connect with nature and ecosystem services such as providing habitat and feeding areas and protective buffers for wetlands (Nordstrom and Jackson, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r49\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Nordstrom and Jackson\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), as well as providing safe swimming areas (Largier and Taggart, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r41\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Largier and Taggart\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). This socio-ecological role is highlighted by artificial BEBs created to upgrade flood defences and to provide a more natural transition between land and water than traditional shore protection works, such as in the Netherlands (Ton et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r60\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ton, Vuik and Aarninkhof\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and California (SFEI and Baye, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r54\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Baye\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). While many BEBs are often protected from large waves, severe erosion can still occur when storms come from directions that can propagate large swells inside estuaries\u002Fbays (Gallop et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r25\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Gallop, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Harley, Rahbani and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020b\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) In fact, further research has shown that BEBs in those environments are mostly controlled by the swell energy propagating into the estuaries and bays (Rahbani et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r53\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Rahbani, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Gallop, Winkler-Prins and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Moreover, recovery of BEBs after erosive events can be slow and take years (Nordstrom, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r48\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Nordstrom\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1980\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Costas et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r19\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Costas, Alejo, Vila-Concejo and Nombela\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Fellowes et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r21\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Fellowes, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Schosberg, de Staercke and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). As such, with their generally low-lying nature, sensitivity to changes in wave direction or extreme winds and slow recovery, BEBs are highly sensitive to climate-driven changes in wave forcing and impacts of compound events including precipitation and storm surge. Maintaining healthy BEBs contributes to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals number 11, 14 and 15 (UN, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r65\"\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Vila-Concejo et al. (\u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r68\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Largier, Jackson and Short\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) provide a complete overview on the geological setting and oceanographic conditions that determine where BEBs form and what they look like.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Despite recent increased research on BEBs, the need remains to better understand their processes to develop models to underpin their management. We take a step towards this here by bringing together an international group of BEB researchers and practitioners to share and consolidate understanding of BEB morphodynamics and set a collective research agenda. Our aim is to highlight diverse morphologies of BEBs in estuaries, bays and coastal lagoons from around the world and their management issues. This paper provides case studies from seven regions with BEBs in Ghana, Brazil, USA, Australia, China, Spain and the Netherlands, selected for their diverse morphodynamics and management issues. The case studies include pristine BEBs (e.g. Northern Brazil) and with large anthropogenic impact and undergoing erosion (e.g. China). The tides in the cases studied go from microtidal (e.g. SE Australia) to mesotidal (e.g. San Francisco, USA) to macrotidal (Northern Brazil), and they include BEBs that never receive any swell energy (e.g. the Netherlands) and those that may be controlled by swell (e.g. SE Australia). This is followed by discussion of the key challenges in conserving and managing BEBs in modified estuaries, bays and lagoons, and our perspectives on the future agenda of BEB research against the backdrop of climate change and increased infrastructure development resulting from population growth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec3\" id=\"sec3\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Case studies\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec4\" id=\"sec4\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E BEBs in the lower Volta Delta (Ghana, West Africa)\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E West African beaches have undergone rapid changes in recent years due to natural and anthropogenic factors (Alves et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r5\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Alves, Angnuureng, Morand and Almar\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The Volta Delta situated on Ghana’s eastern coast is a prime example of a highly dynamic and erosion-prone region (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The Volta Estuary of the Volta Delta is at the mouth of three major West African rivers that drain large parts of Ghana, Togo, Burkina Faso and smaller portions of Côte d’Ivoire, Mali and Benin and accommodate many BEBs that have great significance. These BEBs typically front narrow sandy barriers that are facing significant erosion, posing risks to coastal settlements and natural ecosystems. On the open coast, beaches are wave-dominated, with an average H\u003Csub\u003Es\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E of 1.4 m and peak wave period (T\u003Csub\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) of 11 s (Angnuureng et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r6\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Angnuureng, Jayson-Quashigah, Almar, Stieglitz, Anthony, Aheto and Appeaning Addo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The tidal range is about 1 m (Addo et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r2\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Addo, Nicholls, Codjoe and Abu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The Volta Delta coast has extensive swamps with intermittent mangrove areas of predominantly red mangrove (Kortatsi et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r40\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Kortatsi, Young and Mensah-Bonsu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and savannah woodlands (Boatema et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r14\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Boatema, Addo and Mensah\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2013\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Due to increased flooding and the construction of the Akosombo Dam in 1963 on the Volta River, the BEBs inside the Volta Estuary and adjacent open-coast beaches have experienced rapid shoreline transgression. For example, the open-coast Fuveme community, west of the mouth, lost 37% of its area, resulting in the displacement of people and the destruction of houses with the entire community being lost in November 2021. Ada Foah beach to the east of the mouth suffered from both erosion and flooding, also causing the loss of schools and settlements (Addo et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r2\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Addo, Nicholls, Codjoe and Abu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Wave overtopping occurs on the coastal area of the Delta due to its low-lying nature, thus causing salinisation within the BEBs. This has the potential to degrade the freshwater ecosystems within the Delta, perhaps an unexpected consequence arising from BEB erosion. Although there is a lack of studies on the evolution of BEBs in this estuary, it is evident that like the beaches on the open coast, most of the major BEBs near the estuary entrance have also undergone severe erosion over decades since the dam construction. As the shoreline has adjusted to changes in catchment sediment yields, beach erosion has been further exacerbated as residents have attempted ad hoc hard infrastructure protection such as placing rocks on the beach. To effectively manage the BEBs in the Volta Estuary, there is a need for a deeper understanding of their processes, targeted models and management practices with particular attention being paid to the regional and local sediment budgets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec5\" id=\"sec5\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E BEBs in south and Southeast China (Asia)\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E BEBs in China, often encompassing tidal flats, are extensively developed along the S and SE coasts and associated to large rivers like the Yellow, the Yangtze and the Pearl (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The most prominent geographical setting of these BEBs is the high supply of fluvial materials (sediment, discharge and nutrients), combined with strong coastal tidal\u002Fwave currents and the presence of densely urbanised landscapes (Zhang et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r75\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Zhang, Chen and Luo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Wu et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r73\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Wu, Milliman, Zhao, Cao, Zhou and Zhou\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). However, the construction of large dams along with rising marine hazards, for example saltwater intrusion and coastal erosion, has largely affected the habitats on BEBs (Chen et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r18\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Chen, Wang, Finlayson, Chen and Yin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Wu et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r72\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Wu, Cheng, Xu, Li and Zheng\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Consequently, dams now prevent the transport of sufficient sediments into the estuaries, and therefore, BEBs are eroding with hard engineering structures in place to prevent coastal erosion. This is particularly concerning when considering potential seasonal high energy conditions induced by tropical storms (typhoons) from the West Pacific Ocean. Examples of these profoundly modified BEBs can be found in the metropolitan city of Shanghai and Guangzhou inhabited by 18–20 million people. These socio-ecological settings in China’s estuaries are alarming to the stakeholders underscoring the urgent need for legislative action at both municipal and national levels to curb further degradation of BEBs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec6\" id=\"sec6\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E BEBs on the Amazon and South Atlantic coasts (Brazil, South America)\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Brazil has a broad range of BEBs in its diverse estuarine systems. BEBs along the Marajó estuary, part of the Amazon River estuarine system (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), are exposed to macro-\u002Fmesotides (3–6 m) that modulate the low-to-moderate waves (H\u003Csub\u003Es\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E = 0.5–1.5 m) propagating over the inter- to subtidal sand-\u002Fmudbanks (Pereira et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r51\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Pereira, Vila-Concejo, Short, Short and Klein\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). On the eastern side of the estuary, there are 157 beaches along 265 km of mangrove-dominated shoreline, intersected with rivers and creeks forming bays, distributary islands and extensive tidal shoals (Anthony et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r7\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Anthony, Gardel, Gratiot, Proisy, Allison, Dolique and Fromard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Some of these BEBs are narrow (up to 50–70 m width) and have a high-gradient intertidal zone (> 5°) with reflective characteristics, composed of medium sand (e.g. Murubira; \u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig2\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Other BEBs have intermediate characteristics, are wide (up to 350–450 m) and have a low-gradient intertidal zone (1°) (e.g. Colares; \u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig2\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig2\" id=\"fig2\"\u003E\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240828064129484-0418:S2754720524000076:S2754720524000076_fig2.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"2443\" height=\"1947\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240828064129484-0418:S2754720524000076:S2754720524000076_fig2.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 2.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E BEBs case study locations and photographs. For world location, please refer to \u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E In southern Brazil, the microtidal (0.25 m tidal range) Patos Lagoon (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) plays a significant role in the regional sediment dynamics (Marques et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r44\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Marques, Fernandes, Moraes, Möller and Malcherek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Export rates of suspended sediment to the coast are up to 1.37 10\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E t\u002Fyear of total suspended matter (Marques et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r44\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Marques, Fernandes, Moraes, Möller and Malcherek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The area of fresh-\u002Fsalt water mixing extends 60 km from the lagoon’s entrance, which is mostly composed of fine sand in the shallower sections transitioning to silt and clay within the deeper channels (Marques et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r44\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Marques, Fernandes, Moraes, Möller and Malcherek\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). BEB morphodynamics inside this estuary are controlled largely by the river discharge, together with the wind patterns. For example, Praia do Laranjal (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig2\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), a BEB bounding the west jetty of the Patos Lagoon mouth, is highly dissipative with a low intertidal gradient (2°) and mostly wave-dominated (H\u003Csub\u003Es\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E = is up to 0.6 m, compared to the average of 1–1.5 m on the open coast) (Tozzi and Calliari, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r62\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Tozzi and Calliari\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), typically presenting multiple bar systems (Guedes et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r27\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Guedes, Pereira and Calliari\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E One major issue for BEBs in Brazil, both in the North and in the South and especially with climate change, is the lack of specific tools and models with sufficient local data to help inform management.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec7\" id=\"sec7\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E BEBs in San Francisco Bay (USA, North America)\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E San Francisco Bay (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) has many BEBs, including the urban Crissy Field beach (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig2\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), located 0.5 to 2 km from the entrance on the southern side of the estuary and near the flood tide delta – a sandy BEB connected to a small marsh, facing towards the NE Pacific. Offshore waves that can propagate into the estuary typically approach from the north-west (NW) with H\u003Csub\u003Es\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E between 1 and2 m (peak periods >10s), although it is not unusual for H\u003Csub\u003Es\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E to exceed 5 m outside the mouth during storms (with T\u003Csub\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E approaching 20 s). Ocean waves that reach Crissy Field have refracted and decayed with dominant directions from the north-NW and heights between 0.2 and0.4 m. In addition, strong sea breezes over a fetch of 2–3 km can generate high-frequency waves with similar amplitudes, and infragravity waves also occur at this beach. All waves propagate from the west causing strong eastward littoral transport. Given the BEB’s proximity to the bay entrance, the sand supply to Crissy Field is a combination of tidal and wave-driven transport, with sand originating on nearby beaches seawards of the mouth (Barnard et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r10\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Barnard, Foxgrover, Elias, Erikson, Hein, McGann, Mizell, Rosenbauer, Swarzenski, Takesue, Wong and Woodrow\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2013\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The BEB encloses a marsh and small 0.07 km\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E tidal lagoon that closes intermittently, typically when the offshore wave height exceeds 3.5 m driving strong littoral drift across the lagoon mouth (Battalio et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r11\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Battalio, Danmeier and Williams\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Hanes et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r31\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Hanes, Ward and Erikson\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2011\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Hanes and Erikson, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r30\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Hanes and Erikson\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2013\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Under low-wave conditions, the tidal currents driven by the 1–2.25 m tides can scour the inlet channel and maintain the lagoon–bay connection (Battalio et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r11\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Battalio, Danmeier and Williams\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). When open, outflow from the lagoon builds a small ebb-tide delta and disrupts longshore transport, accounting for a step in the shoreline with the BEB being narrower east of the inlet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E BEBs beyond the influence of ocean waves in San Francisco Bay are shaped by waves generated in the bay (Talke and Stacey, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r58\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Talke and Stacey\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2003\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), with longer period and larger waves incident from directions with longer wind fetch. Wind-generated waves can approach BEBs from multiple directions, resulting in seasonal cycles; for example, Marina Bay beach, further into the estuary, is worked by SW wind waves during winter as well as by refracted NW wind waves during summer (Accordino, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r1\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Accordino\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Here, and at other BEBs in the bay, compound events result in morphological change, such as sand overwash fans and beach\u002Fmarsh erosion. Increasingly BEBs are being included in designs for marsh restoration around the bay (SFEI and Baye, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r54\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Baye\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec8\" id=\"sec8\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E Swell-dominated BEBs in SE Australia\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The coast of SE Australia is microtidal with mean tidal ranges of 1.6 m and 1.3 m for spring and neap tides, respectively. It receives swells with H\u003Csub\u003Es\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E of 1.6 m and a 10-s peak period (Short and Trenaman, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r56\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Short and Trenaman\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). This moderate wave climate has important repercussions for those BEBs located inside estuaries with wide mouths that allow swell penetration (Vila-Concejo et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r69\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Vila-Concejo, Hughes, Short and Ranasinghe\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Gallop et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r25\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Gallop, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Harley, Rahbani and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020b\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Indeed, the wave energy controlling BEB morphodynamics in those estuaries is dominated by swell waves under all conditions, particularly under high-energy conditions (Rahbani et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r53\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Rahbani, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Gallop, Winkler-Prins and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The relatively recent urban development of Australian cities and the high wave energy in the open coast have led to engineering developments inside estuaries (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig2\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). For example, Sydney Airport and its commercial port were developed in Gamay estuary (Aboriginal name of Botany Bay) and the engineering works including coastal reclamation, river deviation, revetments, seawalls and dredging led to the erosion of urban BEBs that were deemed sacrificial for the sake of urban development (Fellowes et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r21\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Fellowes, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Schosberg, de Staercke and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). At the same time, some of Australia’s most expensive real estate in Sydney Harbour is protected by BEBs (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig2\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), and some of the most prominent erosion hotspots correspond to BEBs, for example Jimmy’s Beach in Port Stephens (Vila-Concejo et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r68\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Largier, Jackson and Short\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r69\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Vila-Concejo, Hughes, Short and Ranasinghe\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec9\" id=\"sec9\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E Modified BEBs in the bay of Algeciras (southern Spain, South-Western Europe)\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The Bay of Algeciras (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) faces south into the Strait of Gibraltar, is microtidal (mean spring tidal range 0.98 m) and sheltered from ocean-generated waves. Waves approach mostly from the SE and have significant wave heights (H\u003Csub\u003Es\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) less than 0.1 m, with 1.5 m H\u003Csub\u003Es\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E being exceeded several times per year (Montes, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r45\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Montes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The Rinconcillo–Palmones System (RPS) on the NW side of the bay includes an urban beach (Rinconcillo) and a sandspit (Palmones) (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig2\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The RPS is adjacent to Bahía de Algeciras Port, one of Europe’s most important ports.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The Algeciras port interrupts the prevailing northward longshore drift and was enlarged significantly in 2000 and 2010, currently extending more than 1.5 km into the sea. This modified the local wave patterns adjacent to seawalls and jetties. BEBs are very sensitive to changes in wave direction (Gallop et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r25\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Gallop, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Harley, Rahbani and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020b\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), and consequently, the RPS is now rotating counterclockwise because of these changes, except for at the spit end, which is controlled largely by currents at the mouth of the Palmones River. Since 2000, the shoreline has prograded at rates over 4 m\u002Fyr. at the southern end of the RPS (next to the port), while the northern area has eroded at a rate of around 1 m\u002Fyr (Montes, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r45\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Montes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). In areas behind the narrowing beach, there is more frequent damage to private property and infrastructure during storms. As occurs at other BEBs (e.g. Costas et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r19\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Costas, Alejo, Vila-Concejo and Nombela\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Harris et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r33\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Harris, Vila-Concejo, Austin and Benavente\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), beach recovery at RPS, which does not usually reach pre-storm state, requires several months of calm conditions (Montes, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r45\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Montes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The RPS has a bimodal longshore drift that transports eroded sand alongshore and into deeper areas offshore (Montes, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r45\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Montes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Northward sediment transport occurs during modal conditions transporting material towards the Palmones river mouth and ebb-tidal delta. From there, sediment can be lost to deeper areas in the Bay of Algeciras as depths greater than 50 m occur very close to the coast. Southward sediment transport occurs during storms, when material is transported from the north, where an eroded dune system occurs (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig2\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and deposited adjacent to the port. The modified sediment transport pathways, because of the port construction and later expansion, have caused the southward sediment transport mode to now become prevalent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec10\" id=\"sec10\"\u003E\u003Ch3 class=\"B\"\u003E Artificial BEBs in the Netherlands (North-Western Europe)\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Dutch estuarine and lake shores are often lined with hard (i.e. asphalt, concrete and stone) flood defences, which require regular reinforcement to withstand current and future marine processes. In recent years, the creation of artificial beaches (e.g. Prins Hendrikzanddijk; \u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig2\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) in front of hard defences is a paradigm shift from reinforcement of old coastal infrastructure with hard material to nature-based or hybrid solutions (Perk et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r52\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Perk, van Rijn, Koudstaal and Fordeyn\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Despite ample experience in nourishing large volumes of sand at the wave-dominated Dutch open coast (Brand et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r15\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Brand, Ramaekers and Lodder\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), the understanding of artificial BEBs mainly stems from a “learning by doing” approach, in which continuous monitoring is key to understanding and predicting their development, ultimately enabling safety assessments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The BEBs in the northern Netherlands are subjected to locally generated wind waves with mean H\u003Csub\u003Es\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E of 0.1 to 0.3 m, reaching up to 1.5 m. Longshore currents include relatively strong tidal currents (~0.6 m\u002Fs) which are strongly influenced by wind-driven circulation (~0.25 m\u002Fs) in the (semi-) enclosed regions (Ton et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r60\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ton, Vuik and Aarninkhof\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). As the nourishment sediment is often coarser than the native material (to limit erosion), the surface armouring provided by these coarser sediments causes beach response to be mostly event-driven.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The subsequent equilibration of the profile and planform shape by natural forces depends on the orientation and geometry of the beach with respect to the hydrodynamic forcing. Cross-shore profile adjustment often involves a strong retreat and steepening of the beach face, coinciding with the development of a more concave upward profile and a relatively stable platform at water depths around the depth of closure (Hallermeier, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r28\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Hallermeier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1980\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r29\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Hallermeier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1978\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), where the surface waves reach the limit of their erosive action (Ton et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r61\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ton, Vuik and Aarninkhof\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). In addition, longshore drift further redistributes and sorts the nourished sediment, leading to beach rotation, spit formation (10s of meters per year) and the development of cuspate shorelines (van Kouwen et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r67\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference van Kouwen, Ton, Vos, Vijverberg, Reniers and Aarninkhof\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec11\" id=\"sec11\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Challenges for conserving and managing BEBs in modified estuaries\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The case studies above highlight the diversity of the environmental settings and morphodynamics of BEBs, and the many common (and unique) management issues they face worldwide. While BEBs are common globally, they are still relatively small morphological features that require the right balance of conditions to form including accommodation space, sediment supply and wave conditions to build and then maintain the beach. The case studies highlight the variety of tidal (micro- to macrotidal), wave conditions and hydrodynamic circulation that maintains BEBs. This includes swell-dominated environments such as BEBs in SE Australia (e.g. Vila-Concejo et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r69\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Vila-Concejo, Hughes, Short and Ranasinghe\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Rahbani et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r53\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Rahbani, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Gallop, Winkler-Prins and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and BEBs near the entrance of San Francisco Bay (e.g. Hanes and Erikson, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r30\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Hanes and Erikson\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2013\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), through very low energy environments where the main forcing is the wind-driven waves and circulation (Ton et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r61\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ton, Vuik and Aarninkhof\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), to BEBs where locally generated wind waves are the main forcing (e.g. Nordstrom, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r47\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Nordstrom\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Nordstrom and Jackson, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r49\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Nordstrom and Jackson\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Winkler-Prins et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r71\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Winkler-Prins, Largier, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Fellowes and Rahbani\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The role of boat wakes on BEB morphodynamics has also been acknowledged but not studied in depth (e.g. Parnell and Kofoed-Hansen, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r50\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Parnell and Kofoed-Hansen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2001\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Hughes et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r35\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Hughes, FitzGerald, Howes and Rosen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Bilkovic et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r13\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Bilkovic, Mitchell, Davis, Herman, Andrews, King, Mason, Tahvildari, Davis and Dixon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Historically, BEBs have lacked the “status” necessary to consider protection and have often been sacrificed to development. This is obvious both in the case studies and in the published literature. The sacrificial status of BEBs is exacerbated by their sensitivity to erosion combined with slow recovery. Many BEBs exist in highly modified coastal environments with many competing stakeholders who often benefit from this lack of status (e.g. Nordstrom, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r47\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Nordstrom\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Vila-Concejo et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r68\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Largier, Jackson and Short\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), for example private property owners wanting their own beach front often via engineered means (e.g. Alterman and Pellach, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r4\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Alterman and Pellach\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Iveson and Vila-Concejo, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r37\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Iveson, Vila-Concejo and Low\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), coastal infrastructure altering local waves (e.g. Fellowes et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r21\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Fellowes, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Schosberg, de Staercke and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Montes, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r45\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Montes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and dam construction changing the sediment discharge in coastal estuaries (e.g. Ly, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r43\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ly\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1980\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Addo et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r2\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Addo, Nicholls, Codjoe and Abu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). However, as urban sprawl and gentrification reshape estuarine cities of the world, some of these often-derelict sacrificial BEBs become valued enough to be protected, such as in Gamay, Sydney (Fellowes et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r21\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Fellowes, Vila-Concejo, Gallop, Schosberg, de Staercke and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and San Francisco Bay (SFEI and Baye, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r54\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Baye\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E All case studies in this paper emphasise the lack of knowledge, classifications\u002Fmodels and management tools specific for BEBs (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig3\"\u003EFigure 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The management of open-coast beaches is underpinned by the knowledge on the drivers of erosion and recovery processes on beaches and the existence of classification models. Often, one-size-fits-all management guidelines such as erosion prone area mapping are developed based on open-coast processes which are, in turn, and inappropriately, applied to BEBs. While ocean waves and locally generated wind waves may be the cause of erosion under high-energy events (e.g. Gallop et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r25\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Gallop, Vila-Concejo, Fellowes, Harley, Rahbani and Largier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2020b\u003C\u002Fa\u003E); in other cases, erosion might be caused by engineering interventions, sometimes nearby, sometimes hundreds of kilometres away, that alter the sediment pathways to the BEBs. Moreover, in the case of some Dutch artificial beaches, it is the wind-driven circulation combined with very-low-energy waves that may cause erosive processes (Ton et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r60\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ton, Vuik and Aarninkhof\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Another key consideration is accounting for where eroded sediment goes after being removed (such as during a storm). BEBs seldom have subtidal bars where the eroded sand can be stored; indeed, in the case studies, this is only described for some of the BEBs in Brazil. More often, the eroded sand is transported into the estuary where it can be lost to deep basins\u002Fchannels or transported to shoals and\u002For the flood tide delta. In any case, the pathways and mechanisms by which this lost sediment may be restored to the BEBs are unknown or non-existent. The complexity of BEB morphodynamics is exacerbated further in that many have a mixed sediment composition including sand, clay, shells and often gravel (Nordstrom, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r47\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Nordstrom\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig3\" id=\"fig3\"\u003E\n\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240828064129484-0418:S2754720524000076:S2754720524000076_fig3.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"2100\" height=\"1381\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20240828064129484-0418:S2754720524000076:S2754720524000076_fig3.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 3.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Conceptual diagram showing the challenges of managing BEBs in modified estuaries and a summary of the future steps arising from this paper.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Recent decades have seen the advent of “nature-based” engineering solutions for coastal protection that aim to replicate nature rather than to work against it. Our paper highlights the potential of BEBs for this approach, through their ability to protect crucial human infrastructure, in case of the Dutch artificial beaches, and through their inclusion in marsh restoration projects in the San Francisco Bay. Indeed, BEB research and management constitutes an important example of a socio-ecological challenge where the complexity of the relationships between the ecological and social realms remains unexplained (Diedrich and Tintoré, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r20\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Diedrich and Tintoré\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Research has shown that comparing what people perceive with what is occurring in environmental management scenarios can help identify potential discords and, hence, shape environmentally significant behaviour (Diedrich and Tintoré, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r20\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Diedrich and Tintoré\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). One example of this complex socio-ecological challenge is the common disagreement between the priorities of beach managers and the needs identified through research. For example, in countries where tourism represents an important industry, management typically prioritises the socio-economic objectives (tourism) over the ecological objectives (e.g. environmental conservation) (Ariza et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r8\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ariza, Jiménez and Sardá\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Despite both academic circles and governance having adopted a holistic view of coastal management including both social and ecological realms, at a lower than national level, private interests and sectorial approaches make the social override of the ecosystem approach (Ariza et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r9\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ariza, Pons and Breton\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Recent developments of nature-based solutions (Temmerman et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r59\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Temmerman, Meire, Bouma, Herman, Ysebaert and De Vriend\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2013\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Narayan et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r46\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Narayan, Beck, Reguero, Losada, Wesenbeeck, Pontee, Sanchirico, Ingram, Lange and Burks-Copes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) represent opportunities to consolidate a socio-ecological approach to engage with oyster reef restoration, living shorelines and other ecosystem restoration projects in which BEBs should be considered.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec12\" id=\"sec12\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Future steps in BEBs research\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E In this section, we present four steps to guide future research on BEBs based on our discussions above (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig3\"\u003EFigure 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The first two are focused on data acquisition, and the last two are focused on tool development.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The key to setting the future research agenda for BEBs is to first broaden our research focus to include a greater diversity of BEBs, based on the great variation in the relative importance of the many factors that drive BEB morphodynamics. For example, including different types of estuaries and bays in different parts of the world as current research is clustered sporadically around the globe (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and tends to focus mostly on wind waves as the key driver, with little focus on swell, infragravity and tidal waves. Moreover, the influence of anthropogenic activity such as reclamation and impacts from boat wakes should also be considered. In addition, given the importance that extreme storms have on BEBs, with many BEBs typically exhibiting relict post-storm morphology (Costas et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r19\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Costas, Alejo, Vila-Concejo and Nombela\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), future research should focus on storm erosion and recovery processes, including focus on the mechanism by which BEBs recover, as many have an absence of swell waves and yet erosion may not be a one-way process. Despite such research requiring multi-year data sets (e.g. van der Lugt et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r66\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference van der Lugt, Bosma, de Schipper, Price, van Maarseveen, van der Gaag, Ruessink, Reniers and Aarninkhof\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), sediment transport pathways within the estuaries and bays will clarify the relative importance of cross- and long-shore processes and how these relate to estuarine\u002Fbay circulation and geomorphology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E We recommend including more focus on mapping and monitoring BEB locations and morphology and long-term monitoring of hydrodynamic processes, drawing inspiration from approaches focused on the open coast (e.g. Luijendijk et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r42\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Luijendijk, Hagenaars, Ranasinghe, Baart, Donchyts and Aarninkhof\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Vos et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r70\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Vos, Harley, Turner and Splinter\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Future studies should consider BEB evolution in relation to evolution and processes of the whole estuary\u002Fbay to identify potential mitigation measures based on nature-based solutions. This should include findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR) data acquisition programmes that could involve citizen science programmes such as the Victorian Coastal Monitoring Programme (Ierodiaconou et al., \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r36\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ierodiaconou, Kennedy, Pucino, Allan, McCarroll, Ferns, Carvalho, Sorrell, Leach and Young\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) or Coast Snap (Harley and Kinsela, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#r32\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Harley and Kinsela\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The new data sets will be used to develop specific tools to understand and manage BEBs. For example, new quantitative methods for morphodynamic classification that will allow direct comparison of the diverse BEBs and that can be used to underpin management and inform policy. Subsequent research should also focus on developing numerical models to predict BEB evolution at decadal scales. As anthropogenic climate change modifies our environment driving sea-level rise and changes in wave and wind climates, the ecosystem service of coastal protection provided by BEBs, as well as the other contributions to SDGs 11, 14 and 15, will become more important. Understanding BEB morphodynamics is essential for the success of ecosystem restoration practices such as ecosystem restoration or “living shorelines” that are needed to ensure the future of our coastal estuaries and the cities they serve. Long-term coastal prediction can only be meaningful for BEBs if we study their idiosyncrasies and consider them properly in our classification models and coastal management tools and interventions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"back\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec13\" id=\"sec13\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Open peer review\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E To view the open peer review materials for this article, please visit \u003Ca class=\"uri\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002Fcft.2024.7\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002Fcft.2024.7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec data-availability\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec14\" id=\"sec14\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Data availability statement\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E This manuscript does not present any new data.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"ack\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Acknowledgements\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Thank you to the NSW Government Chief Scientist and Engineer Conference Sponsorship Program for the initial workshop to develop this publication. The ICCE 2022 organisers in Sydney helped us disseminating the workshop. JLL and AVC were supported by University of Sydney partnership funding. SLG is grateful to the Marsden Fund Council from New Zealand Government funding, managed by Royal Society Te Apārangi. JWB, MAdS, TDP and MAvdL were supported by NWO grant #18035 EURECCA. J.M. was supported by contract BES-2015-073218 (MINECO ADACOSTA project, grant CGL2014-53153-R). This work is a contribution to the research group RNM-328 of the Andalusian Research Plan (PAI) and to project CRISIS (grant PID2019-109143RB-I00) funded by MICINN and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). PD is supported by REST-COAST: EU Horizon 2020 Green-Deal project. AMT was supported by Rijkswaterstaat, the Netherlands, through the LakeSIDE project. LCCP was supported by CNPq (314037\u002F2021-7). This work is a contribution to IGCP Project 725 “Forecasting Coastal Change.” This work has received financial support from the Xunta de Galicia (Centro de Investigación de Galicia accreditation 2019-2022) and the European Union (ERDF). We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers who provided feedback that substantially improved this manuscript.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec15\" id=\"sec15\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Author contribution\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E A.V-C., T.E.F. and S.L.G. conceived the research and organised a workshop that was attended by most other authors. A.V-C., T.E.F. and S.L.G. led the writing and figure design. All authors participated in their regional case studies and contributed to writing and editing the text and figures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec funding-statement\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec16\" id=\"sec16\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Financial support\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E This research was partially funded by the following sources:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul class=\"list nomark\"\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E-\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The NSW Government Chief Scientist and Engineer Conference Sponsorship Program\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E-\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E University of Sydney – University of California, Davis partnership funding\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E-\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Marsden Fund Council from New Zealand Government funding, managed by Royal Society Te Apārangi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E-\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E NWO grant #18035 EURECCA\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E-\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Contract BES-2015-073218 (MINECO ADACOSTA project, grant CGL2014–53153-R)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E-\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Project CRISIS (grant PID2019-109143RB-I00) funded by MICINN and ERDF\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E-\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E REST-COAST: EU Horizon 2020 Green-Deal project\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E-\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E LakeSIDE project Rijkswaterstaat, the Netherlands\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E-\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E CNPq (314,037\u002F2021–7)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E-\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Financial support from the Xunta de Galicia (Centro de Investigación de Galicia accreditation 2019–2022)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\"list-item\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E-\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E European Union (ERDF)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec coi-statement\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec17\" id=\"sec17\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Competing interest\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The authors declare none.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",tableOfContent:[{level:k,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EImpact statement\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec1"},{level:k,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EIntroduction\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec2"},{level:k,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003ECase studies\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec3"},{level:k,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EChallenges for conserving and managing BEBs in modified estuaries\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec11"},{level:k,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EFuture steps in BEBs research\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec12"},{level:k,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EOpen peer review\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec13"},{level:k,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EData availability statement\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec14"},{level:k,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EAuthor contribution\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec15"},{level:k,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EFinancial support\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec16"},{level:k,current:b,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003ECompeting interest\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec17"}],footnotes:[],fulltextNotes:[],references:[{id:"r1",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAccordino\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMFM\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2022\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) Studies on an Estuarine Beach: Short- and Long-Term Morphological Change of Marina Bay Beach in San Francisco Bay. (MSc Thesis). University of California Davis.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Accordino, MFM (2022) Studies on an Estuarine Beach: Short- and Long-Term Morphological Change of Marina Bay Beach in San Francisco Bay. (MSc Thesis). University of California Davis.' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Accordino,+MFM+(2022)+Studies+on+an+Estuarine+Beach:+Short-+and+Long-Term+Morphological+Change+of+Marina+Bay+Beach+in+San+Francisco+Bay.+(MSc+Thesis).+University+of+California+Davis.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Accordino,+MFM+(2022)+Studies+on+an+Estuarine+Beach:+Short-+and+Long-Term+Morphological+Change+of+Marina+Bay+Beach+in+San+Francisco+Bay.+(MSc+Thesis).+University+of+California+Davis.",openUrlParams:{genre:q,date:p,sid:e,title:d},innerRefId:"ref1",title:"Accordino, MFM (2022) Studies on an Estuarine Beach: Short- and Long-Term Morphological Change of Marina Bay Beach in San Francisco Bay. (MSc Thesis). University of California Davis.",doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"r2",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAddo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKA\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ENicholls\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERJ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECodjoe\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ESNA\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAbu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2018\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EA biophysical and 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href=\"#10.1007\u002Fs11852-020-00755-7\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11852-020-00755-7\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for A review on coastal erosion and flooding risks and best management practices in West Africa: What has been done and should be done' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11852-020-00755-7\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for A review on coastal erosion and flooding risks and best management practices in West Africa: What has been done and should be done' 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class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EJayson-Quashigah\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP-N\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAlmar\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ER\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EStieglitz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ETC\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAnthony\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EEJ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAheto\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EDW\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAppeaning Addo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EK\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EApplication of shore-based video and unmanned aerial vehicles (drones): Complementary tools for beach studies\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ERemote Sensing\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E394\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.3390\u002Frs12030394\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Frs12030394\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Application of shore-based video and unmanned aerial vehicles (drones): Complementary tools for beach studies' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.3390\u002Frs12030394\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca 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class=\"surname\"\u003EFromard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EF\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2010\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EThe Amazon-influenced muddy coast of South America: A review of mud-bank–shoreline interactions\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EEarth Science Reviews\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E103\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E99\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E121\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002Fj.earscirev.2010.09.008\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.earscirev.2010.09.008\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The Amazon-influenced muddy coast of South America: A review of mud-bank–shoreline interactions' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.earscirev.2010.09.008\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The Amazon-influenced muddy coast of South America: A review of mud-bank–shoreline interactions' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+Amazon-influenced+muddy+coast+of+South+America%3A+A+review+of+mud-bank%E2%80%93shoreline+interactions&author=Anthony+EJ&author=Gardel+A&author=Gratiot+N&author=Proisy+C&author=Allison+MA&author=Dolique+F&author=Fromard+F&publication+year=2010&journal=Earth+Science+Reviews&volume=103&doi=10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2010.09.008&pages=99-121\u003EGoogle 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Inputs from Spanish Mediterranean beaches' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ocecoaman.2016.10.006\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Is “socio-ecological culture” really being taken into account to manage conflicts in the coastal zone? 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class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EFoxgrover\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAC\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EElias\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EEPL\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EErikson\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELH\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHein\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJR\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMcGann\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan 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class=\"surname\"\u003EWoodrow\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EDL\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2013\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EIntegration of bed characteristics, geochemical tracers, current measurements, and numerical modeling for assessing the provenance of beach sand in the San Francisco Bay coastal system\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMarine Geology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E345\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E181\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E206\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002Fj.margeo.2013.08.007\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.margeo.2013.08.007\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Integration of bed characteristics, geochemical tracers, current 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Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Integration+of+bed+characteristics%2C+geochemical+tracers%2C+current+measurements%2C+and+numerical+modeling+for+assessing+the+provenance+of+beach+sand+in+the+San+Francisco+Bay+coastal+system&author=Barnard+PL&author=Foxgrover+AC&author=Elias+EPL&author=Erikson+LH&author=Hein+JR&author=McGann+M&author=Mizell+K&author=Rosenbauer+RJ&author=Swarzenski+PW&author=Takesue+RK&author=Wong+FL&author=Woodrow+DL&publication+year=2013&journal=Marine+Geology&volume=345&doi=10.1016%2Fj.margeo.2013.08.007&pages=181-206",openUrlParams:{genre:f,atitle:a$,jtitle:o,title:o,volume:"345",artnum:"67487200a0c3d864c2318a12",spage:"181",epage:"206",date:r,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:ba,au:a},innerRefId:"ref10",title:a$,doi:ba,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.margeo.2013.08.007",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"r11",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBattalio\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EB\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDanmeier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ED\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWilliams\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EPredicting closure and breaching frequencies of small tidal inlets? A quantified conceptual model\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ECoastal Engineering 2006\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EWorld Scientific Publishing Company\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E3937\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E3949\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1142\u002F9789812709554_0331\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1142\u002F9789812709554_0331\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Coastal Engineering 2006' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1142\u002F9789812709554_0331\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Coastal Engineering 2006' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Coastal+Engineering+2006&author=Battalio+B&author=Danmeier+D&author=Williams+P&publication+year=2007&pages=3937-3949\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Coastal+Engineering+2006&author=Battalio+B&author=Danmeier+D&author=Williams+P&publication+year=2007&pages=3937-3949",openUrlParams:{genre:y,btitle:W,title:W,atitle:"Predicting closure and breaching frequencies of small tidal inlets? 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class=\"volume\"\u003E251\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E156\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E166\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002FJ.MARGEO.2008.02.009\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FJ.MARGEO.2008.02.009\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for An evolutionary categorisation model for backbarrier environments' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.margeo.2008.02.009\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for An evolutionary categorisation model for backbarrier environments' 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Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=An+evolutionary+categorisation+model+for+backbarrier+environments&author=Carrasco+AR&author=Ferreira+%C3%93&author=Davidson+M&author=Matias+A&author=Dias+JMA&publication+year=2008&journal=Marine+Geology&volume=251&doi=10.1016%2Fj.margeo.2008.02.009&pages=156-166",openUrlParams:{genre:f,atitle:bp,jtitle:o,title:o,volume:"251",artnum:"67487200a0c3d864c2318a18",spage:"156",epage:"166",date:aW,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:bq,au:a},innerRefId:"ref16",title:bp,doi:bq,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.margeo.2008.02.009",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"r17",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECarrasco\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAR\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EFerreira\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EÓ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMatias\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EFreire\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2012\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ENatural and human-induced coastal dynamics at a back-barrier beach\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EGeomorphology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E159\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E30\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E36\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' 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Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Implications+of+flow+control+by+the+three+gorges+dam+on+sediment+and+channel+dynamics+of+the+middle+Yangtze+(Changjiang)+river%2C+China&author=Chen+Z&author=Wang+Z&author=Finlayson+B&author=Chen+J&author=Yin+D&publication+year=2010&journal=Geology&volume=38&doi=10.1130%2FG31271.1&pages=1043-1046",openUrlParams:{genre:f,atitle:bu,jtitle:bv,title:bv,volume:aN,artnum:"67487200a0c3d864c2318a1a",spage:"1043",epage:"1046",date:w,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:bw,au:a},innerRefId:"ref18",title:bu,doi:bw,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1130\u002FG31271.1",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"r19",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECostas\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ES\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAlejo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EI\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVila-Concejo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ENombela\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMA\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2005\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EPersistence of storm-induced morphology on a modal low-energy beach: A case study from NW-Iberian Peninsula\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMarine Geology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E224\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E43\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E56\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. 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Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Persistence+of+storm-induced+morphology+on+a+modal+low-energy+beach%3A+A+case+study+from+NW-Iberian+Peninsula&author=Costas+S&author=Alejo+I&author=Vila-Concejo+A&author=Nombela+MA&publication+year=2005&journal=Marine+Geology&volume=224&doi=10.1016%2Fj.margeo.2005.08.003&pages=43-56",openUrlParams:{genre:f,atitle:bx,jtitle:o,title:o,volume:"224",artnum:"67487200a0c3d864c2318a1b",spage:by,epage:"56",date:V,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:bz,au:a},innerRefId:"ref19",title:bx,doi:bz,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.margeo.2005.08.003",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"r76",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDissanayake\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan 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Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Morphodynamics+of+fetch-limited+beaches+in+contrasting+environments&author=Freire+P&author=Ferreira+%C3%93&author=Taborda+R&author=Oliveira+F&author=Carrasco+AR&author=Silva+A&author=Vargas+C&author=Capit%C3%A3o+R&author=Fortes+C&author=Coli+A&author=Santos+J&publication+year=2009&journal=Journal+of+Coastal+Research&volume=2009&pages=183-187",openUrlParams:{genre:f,atitle:bK,jtitle:j,title:j,volume:O,artnum:"67487200a0c3d864c2318a20",spage:aZ,epage:"187",date:O,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref22",title:bK,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"r23",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EFreire\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EP\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EJackson\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ENL\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ENordstrom\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKF\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2013\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDefining beaches and their evolutionary states in estuaries\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EJournal of Coastal Research\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E65\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E482\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E487\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.2112\u002FSI65-082.1\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2112\u002FSI65-082.1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for 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class=\"surname\"\u003ELargier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJL\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2020b\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EWave direction shift triggered severe erosion of beaches in estuaries and bays with limited post-storm recovery\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EEarth Surface Processes and Landforms\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E45\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E3854\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E3868\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1002\u002Fesp.5005\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fesp.5005\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Wave direction shift triggered severe erosion of beaches in estuaries and bays with limited post-storm recovery' 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class=\"given-names\"\u003ER\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECostas\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ES\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAlejo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EI\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPerez-Arlucea\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2007\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EMorphological changes forced by the tidal cycle in a low energy estuarine beach\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EJournal of Coastal Research, SI\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E50\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 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class=\"surname\"\u003EPereira\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EPS\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECalliari\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELJ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2009\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EMorfodinâmica da Praia e zona de arrebentação do Cassino, RS através de técnicas de vídeo imageamento eperfis de Praia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EPesquisas em Geociências\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E36\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E165\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E180\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.22456\u002F1807-9806.17863\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.22456\u002F1807-9806.17863\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca 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Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=A+Report+on+the+Enclosed+Beach+Symposium+and+Workshop+(Clean+Beaches+Initiative)&author=Largier+JL&author=Taggart+M&publication+year=2006",openUrlParams:{genre:y,btitle:Z,title:Z,atitle:"Improving water quality at enclosed beaches",aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:"State of California State Water Resources Control Board Clean Beaches Initiative",date:cx,spage:d,epage:d,doi:a,sid:e},innerRefId:"ref41",title:Z,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"r42",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELuijendijk\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHagenaars\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EG\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, 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Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.",doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"r46",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ENarayan\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ES\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBeck\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMW\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EReguero\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EBG\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELosada\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EIJ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWesenbeeck\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan 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class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ENordstrom\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKF\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1992\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) Estuarine Beaches: An introduction to the physical and human factors affecting use and management of beaches in estuaries, lagoons, bays and fjords. 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href=\"#10.1016\u002Fj.coastaleng.2022.104268\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.coastaleng.2022.104268\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Longshore sediment transport by large-scale lake circulations at low-energy, non-tidal beaches: A field and model study' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.coastaleng.2022.104268\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Longshore sediment transport by large-scale lake circulations at low-energy, non-tidal beaches: A field and model study' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Longshore+sediment+transport+by+large-scale+lake+circulations+at+low-energy%2C+non-tidal+beaches%3A+A+field+and+model+study&author=Ton+AM&author=Vuik+V&author=Aarninkhof+SGJ&publication+year=2023&journal=Coastal+Engineering&volume=180&doi=10.1016%2Fj.coastaleng.2022.104268\u003EGoogle 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class=\"surname\"\u003EVuik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EV\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAarninkhof\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ESGJ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2021\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ESandy beaches in low-energy, non-tidal environments: Linking morphological development to hydrodynamic forcing\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EGeomorphology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E374\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E107522\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002FJ.GEOMORPH.2020.107522\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FJ.GEOMORPH.2020.107522\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for 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U. N. Sustain. Dev. Goals. Available at \u003Ca class=\"uri\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsdgs.un.org\u002Fgoals\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fsdgs.un.org\u002Fgoals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (accessed 21 August 2023).\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for UN (2015) THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development (WWW Document). U. N. Sustain. Dev. Goals. 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class=\"surname\"\u003ETon\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAM\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVos\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ESE\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVijverberg\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ET\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EReniers\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAJHM\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAarninkhof\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ESGJ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan 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class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGallop\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ESL\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELargier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJL\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003ESandy beaches in estuaries and bays\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. 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class=\"given-names\"\u003EMD\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETurner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EIL\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESplinter\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKD\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2023\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EPacific shoreline erosion and accretion patterns controlled by El Niño\u002Fsouthern oscillation\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ENature Geoscience\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E140\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E146\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1038\u002Fs41561-022-01117-8\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fs41561-022-01117-8\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Pacific shoreline erosion and accretion patterns controlled by El Niño\u002Fsouthern oscillation' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fs41561-022-01117-8\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Pacific shoreline erosion and accretion patterns controlled by El Niño\u002Fsouthern oscillation' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Pacific+shoreline+erosion+and+accretion+patterns+controlled+by+El+Ni%C3%B1o%2Fsouthern+oscillation&author=Vos+K&author=Harley+MD&author=Turner+IL&author=Splinter+KD&publication+year=2023&journal=Nature+Geoscience&volume=16&doi=10.1038%2Fs41561-022-01117-8&pages=140-146\u003EGoogle 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class=\"article-title\"\u003EComponents and tidal modulation of the wave field in a semi-enclosed shallow bay\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EEstuaries and Coasts\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E46\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E645\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E659\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for Components and tidal modulation of the wave field in a semi-enclosed shallow bay' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs12237-022-01154-x\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Components and tidal modulation of the wave field in a semi-enclosed shallow bay' 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class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ECheng\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EH\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EXu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EYJ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EZheng\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ES\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDecadal changes in bathymetry of the Yangtze River estuary: Human impacts and potential saltwater intrusion\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan 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href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Decadal+changes+in+bathymetry+of+the+Yangtze+River+estuary%3A+Human+impacts+and+potential+saltwater+intrusion&author=Wu+S&author=Cheng+H&author=Xu+YJ&author=Li+J&author=Zheng+S&publication+year=2016&journal=Estuarine%2C+Coastal+and+Shelf+Science&volume=182&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ecss.2016.10.002&pages=158-169\u003EGoogle 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href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Geomorphologic+changes+in+the+lower+Pearl+River+Delta%2C+1850%E2%80%932015%2C+largely+due+to+human+activity&author=Wu+Z&author=Milliman+JD&author=Zhao+D&author=Cao+Z&author=Zhou+J&author=Zhou+C&publication+year=2018&journal=Geomorphology&volume=314&doi=10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2018.05.001&pages=42-54\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Geomorphologic+changes+in+the+lower+Pearl+River+Delta%2C+1850%E2%80%932015%2C+largely+due+to+human+activity&author=Wu+Z&author=Milliman+JD&author=Zhao+D&author=Cao+Z&author=Zhou+J&author=Zhou+C&publication+year=2018&journal=Geomorphology&volume=314&doi=10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2018.05.001&pages=42-54",openUrlParams:{genre:f,atitle:dI,jtitle:i,title:i,volume:"314",artnum:"67487200a0c3d864c2318a53",spage:aa,epage:"54",date:U,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:dJ,au:a},innerRefId:"ref73",title:dI,doi:dJ,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.geomorph.2018.05.001",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"r74",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EYu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EF\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESwitzer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAD\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELau\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAYA\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EYeung\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHYE\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EChik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ESW\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EChiu\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHC\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHuang\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EZ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EPile\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2013\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EA comparison of the post-storm recovery of two sandy beaches on Hong Kong Island, southern China\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EQuaternary International\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E304\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E163\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E175\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002Fj.quaint.2013.04.002\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.quaint.2013.04.002\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for A comparison of the post-storm recovery of two sandy beaches on Hong Kong Island, southern China' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.quaint.2013.04.002\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for A comparison of the post-storm recovery of two sandy beaches on Hong Kong Island, southern China' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=A+comparison+of+the+post-storm+recovery+of+two+sandy+beaches+on+Hong+Kong+Island%2C+southern+China&author=Yu+F&author=Switzer+AD&author=Lau+AYA&author=Yeung+HYE&author=Chik+SW&author=Chiu+HC&author=Huang+Z&author=Pile+J&publication+year=2013&journal=Quaternary+International&volume=304&doi=10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2013.04.002&pages=163-175\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=A+comparison+of+the+post-storm+recovery+of+two+sandy+beaches+on+Hong+Kong+Island%2C+southern+China&author=Yu+F&author=Switzer+AD&author=Lau+AYA&author=Yeung+HYE&author=Chik+SW&author=Chiu+HC&author=Huang+Z&author=Pile+J&publication+year=2013&journal=Quaternary+International&volume=304&doi=10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2013.04.002&pages=163-175",openUrlParams:{genre:f,atitle:dK,jtitle:dL,title:dL,volume:"304",artnum:"67487200a0c3d864c2318a54",spage:"163",epage:"175",date:r,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:dM,au:a},innerRefId:"ref74",title:dK,doi:dM,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.quaint.2013.04.002",pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"r75",displayNumber:a,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EZhang\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EH\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EChen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EX\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELuo\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EY\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2016\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003E) An overview of ecohydrology of the Yellow River delta wetland\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EEcohydrology & Hydrobiology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E16\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E39\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E44\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"ext-link doi\" href=\"#10.1016\u002Fj.ecohyd.2015.10.001\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ecohyd.2015.10.001\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for ) An overview of ecohydrology of the Yellow River delta wetland' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ecohyd.2015.10.001\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ) An overview of ecohydrology of the Yellow River delta wetland' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=)+An+overview+of+ecohydrology+of+the+Yellow+River+delta+wetland&author=Zhang+H&author=Chen+X&author=Luo+Y&publication+year=2016&journal=Ecohydrology+%26+Hydrobiology&volume=16&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ecohyd.2015.10.001&pages=39-44\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=)+An+overview+of+ecohydrology+of+the+Yellow+River+delta+wetland&author=Zhang+H&author=Chen+X&author=Luo+Y&publication+year=2016&journal=Ecohydrology+%26+Hydrobiology&volume=16&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ecohyd.2015.10.001&pages=39-44",openUrlParams:{genre:f,atitle:dN,jtitle:dO,title:dO,volume:dB,artnum:"67487200a0c3d864c2318a55",spage:"39",epage:"44",date:x,sid:e,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:dP,au:a},innerRefId:"ref75",title:dN,doi:dP,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ecohyd.2015.10.001",pubMedLink:a}]}],figures:[{contentId:"fig1",label:"Figure 1.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003EWorld map of BEBs in the peer-reviewed literature (black dots) and case studies presented in this paper (blue dots).\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241220091618-39564-mediumThumb-png-S2754720524000076_fig1.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241220091618-62866-optimisedImage-png-S2754720524000076_fig1.jpg",attrib:[]},{contentId:"fig2",label:"Figure 2.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003EBEBs case study locations and photographs. For world location, please refer to Figure 1.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241220091618-85564-mediumThumb-png-S2754720524000076_fig2.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241220091618-00222-optimisedImage-png-S2754720524000076_fig2.jpg",attrib:[]},{contentId:"fig3",label:"Figure 3.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003EConceptual diagram showing the challenges of managing BEBs in modified estuaries and a summary of the future steps arising from this paper.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241220091618-92955-mediumThumb-png-S2754720524000076_fig3.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241220091618-22097-optimisedImage-png-S2754720524000076_fig3.jpg",attrib:[]}]},pdf:{standardResolution:{fileUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fservices\u002Faop-cambridge-core\u002Fcontent\u002Fview\u002F1EA7518A1F5B71DB7851C9AB89C8E2BA\u002FS2754720524000076a.pdf\u002Fmorphodynamics-and-management-challenges-for-beaches-in-modified-estuaries-and-bays.pdf",fileSizeInMb:k,articleTitle:Q,slugTitle:"morphodynamics-and-management-challenges-for-beaches-in-modified-estuaries-and-bays"},highResolution:d,media:d},classification:[],supplementaryMaterials:[],relations:{corrections:[],correctionsOriginals:[],retractions:[],retractionsOriginals:[],addendums:[],addendumsOriginals:[],hasAnyRelations:b,hasAnyOriginalArticle:b},settings:{hasAccess:c,isOpenAccess:c,displayRightsLink:c,shouldDisplayCrossMark:b,shouldDisplayNasaAds:b,suppressPdf:b,isShareable:c,isAnnotationsEnabled:b,disableArticleCommentary:b,displayArticleCommentaryAsDiscussionLinks:b,isCommentsEnabled:b,hasContent:c,shouldDisplaySubmitContent:b,isResearchDirections:b,isQuestionCollection:b,isMathjaxEnabled:b},citationCount:T,openUrlParams:"?genre=article&atitle=Morphodynamics%20and%20management%20challenges%20for%20beaches%20in%20modified%20estuaries%20and%20bays&jtitle=Cambridge%20Prisms%3A%20Coastal%20Futures&title=Cambridge%20Prisms%3A%20Coastal%20Futures&date=2024&volume=2&artnum=e11&sid=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore&aulast=Vila-Concejo&aufirst=Ana&doi=10.1017\u002Fcft.2024.7",ecommerceProducts:{digitalSku:"S2754720524000076",paperBackSku:d,hardBackSku:d},peerReviews:{doi:{url:ax,value:ay},editors:[],reviews:[{title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"article-title\"\u003EAuthor comment: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R0\u002FPR1\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",productId:"14E5B1DE6577A994FBE474527E1E4938",position:k,sections:[],contributor:{givenNames:B,surname:C,nameStyle:d,affiliations:[{text:ad}],isCorresponding:b,notes:d,isAnonymous:b,fullName:D,searchUrl:E,orcidUrl:F},comments:"\u003Cp\u003EDear Brad Murray,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEnclosed, please find our contribution entitled “Morphodynamics and Management Challenges for Beaches in Modified Estuaries and Enclosed Bays,” to which I am the lead and corresponding author.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn this paper, we present, as per your request, a comprehensive review and perspectives on the subject of beaches in estuaries and bays (BEBs). Our work delves into recent research drawn from six case studies spanning the Americas, Europe, and Africa. By contextualizing this research within the existing literature on BEBs, we have achieved a unique perspective that sheds light on the intricate challenges and complexities involved in conserving and managing these delicate ecosystems. We believe this perspective offers valuable insights to the field. Furthermore, our paper outlines our vision for the trajectory of future research in this domain. We delineate a series of progressive steps that should serve as guideposts for upcoming research on BEBs, aiming to facilitate a more holistic understanding of these environments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe believe that our submission is well-suited for consideration in the journal Coastal Futures. Writing this paper has been a collaborative effort involving a diverse consortium of authors. With this publication, we aspire to catalyse knowledge dissemination and to initiate future collaborations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe thank you for your time and consideration of our manuscript.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",onlinePublishDate:m,reviewerRole:ae,revisionRound:af},{title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"article-title\"\u003ERecommendation: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R0\u002FPR2\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",productId:"138BD5D945D83A36F313BBD55E6C5F55",position:2,sections:[],contributor:{givenNames:ag,surname:G,nameStyle:d,affiliations:[{text:ah}],isCorresponding:b,notes:d,isAnonymous:b,fullName:ai,searchUrl:aj,orcidUrl:d},comments:"\u003Cp\u003EThank you for submitting your manuscript to our journal. I apologize profusely for the delay in getting this decision to you. I now have received 2 reviews of your manuscript. Both reviewers found this review is important and interesting, which could fill the knowledge gaps in BEBs. However, they also expressed some concerns regarding more case studies and other problems. On the basis of the referees' reports, I recommend ‘Major revision’ and I encourage the authors to revise your manuscript before it could be accepted.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",publishDate:"2023-11-07T00:00:00.000Z",onlinePublishDate:m,reviewerRole:ak,recommendation:dQ,revisionRound:af},{title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"article-title\"\u003EDecision: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R0\u002FPR3\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",productId:"0568EF85D3B20BD040655D1E7E56691E",position:3,sections:[],contributor:{givenNames:al,surname:am,nameStyle:d,affiliations:[{text:an}],isCorresponding:b,notes:d,isAnonymous:b,fullName:ao,searchUrl:ap,orcidUrl:aq},comments:A,onlinePublishDate:m,reviewerRole:ar,recommendation:dQ,revisionRound:af},{title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"article-title\"\u003EAuthor comment: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R1\u002FPR4\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",productId:"636BB663E270191B627DF6F98718B3FB",position:4,sections:[],contributor:{givenNames:B,surname:C,nameStyle:d,affiliations:[{text:ad}],isCorresponding:b,notes:d,isAnonymous:b,fullName:D,searchUrl:E,orcidUrl:F},comments:"\u003Cp\u003EPlease find enclosed the revised version of our manuscript “Morphodynamics and Management Challenges for Beaches in Modified Estuaries and Enclosed Bays,” to which I am the lead and corresponding author.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe have implemented most of the reviews and suggestions by the two reviewers and the editors and the manuscript has improved substantially. As per request of one of the reviewers, we have added a new author to our extensive list of contributors who has contributed a case study from China. We need to add this author to the author list, can you please let us know how to do that?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe thank you for your time and consideration of our manuscript.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESincerely,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAna Vila-Concejo\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",onlinePublishDate:m,reviewerRole:ae,revisionRound:z},{title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"article-title\"\u003ERecommendation: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R1\u002FPR5\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",productId:"00181A9EB81278F4340F07F2A534AB32",position:5,sections:[],contributor:{givenNames:ag,surname:G,nameStyle:d,affiliations:[{text:ah}],isCorresponding:b,notes:d,isAnonymous:b,fullName:ai,searchUrl:aj,orcidUrl:d},comments:A,publishDate:"2024-01-22T00:00:00.000Z",onlinePublishDate:m,reviewerRole:ak,recommendation:dR,revisionRound:z},{title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"article-title\"\u003EDecision: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R1\u002FPR6\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",productId:"284E1E6D813D3816D920F88343C6F6D6",position:6,sections:[],contributor:{givenNames:al,surname:am,nameStyle:d,affiliations:[{text:an}],isCorresponding:b,notes:d,isAnonymous:b,fullName:ao,searchUrl:ap,orcidUrl:aq},comments:A,onlinePublishDate:m,reviewerRole:ar,recommendation:dR,revisionRound:z},{title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"article-title\"\u003EAuthor comment: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R2\u002FPR7\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",productId:"1571AA79A40B61CF9CC8FCDC689236D5",position:7,sections:[],contributor:{givenNames:B,surname:C,nameStyle:d,affiliations:[{text:ad}],isCorresponding:b,notes:d,isAnonymous:b,fullName:D,searchUrl:E,orcidUrl:F},comments:"\u003Cp\u003EDear Professor Tom Spencer and Dr Yining Chen,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPlease find enclosed the revised version of our manuscript “Morphodynamics and Management Challenges for Beaches in Modified Estuaries and Enclosed Bays,” to which I am the lead and corresponding author.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFirst, I would like to present my apologies for the lateness of this review. I was first on holidays (Austral summer) and then had surgery followed by my intense teaching period. This delay has given us plenty of time to discuss and ponder the suggested review.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere was only one suggestion requesting a section detailing the theories and general\u002Fscience research outcome. We have carefully pondered this suggestion, and after reviewing the Introduction carefully, we agree that we already touch upon the most significant points and previous studies. One of the co-authors suggested creating a Galloway diagram without realising that I had published such diagram in Vila-Concejo et al. (2020), and that the figure was cited in the first paragraph of our manuscript (that is the citation in Line 93). After much consideration, we cannot see how we could create an additional section without duplicating what is already in the introduction and published in the review Chapter that I led in 2020. We have therefore added a sentence to the Introduction (lines 136-138) stating: “Vila-Concejo et al. (2020) provide a complete overview on the geological setting and oceanographic conditions that determine where BEBs form and what they look like.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe thank you for your time and consideration of our manuscript.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESincerely,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAna Vila-Concejo\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",onlinePublishDate:m,reviewerRole:ae,revisionRound:I},{title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"article-title\"\u003ERecommendation: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — R2\u002FPR8\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",productId:"F21C4B0BC79D9E7C6B769981FAAC1BF8",position:8,sections:[],contributor:{givenNames:ag,surname:G,nameStyle:d,affiliations:[{text:ah}],isCorresponding:b,notes:d,isAnonymous:b,fullName:ai,searchUrl:aj,orcidUrl:d},comments:A,publishDate:"2024-04-14T00:00:00.000Z",onlinePublishDate:m,reviewerRole:ak,recommendation:dS,revisionRound:I},{title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"article-title\"\u003EDecision: Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays — 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of Coastal Research",1,"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","2024-08-27T00:00:00.000Z","Ocean and Coastal Management","Marine Geology","2022","unknown","2013","Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","Continental Shelf Research","2023","2020","2010","2016","chapter","1","\u003Cp\u003ENo accompanying comment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","Ana","Vila-Concejo","Ana Vila-Concejo","\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Ana%20Vila-Concejo&eventCode=SE-AU","https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-4069-3094","Chen","Cambridge Prisms: Coastal Futures","2","Earth Science Reviews","2007","2012","2021","Coastal Management","2009","Coastal Engineering","Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays","Geocoastal Research Group, School of Geosciences and Marine Studies Institute, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, and Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, Sydney, NSW, Australia","INMAR\u002FEarth Sciences Department, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain",0,"2018","2005","Coastal Engineering 2006","1980","Beach Politics: Illiberal Urbanism and the Privatization of Public Space","A Report on the Enclosed Beach Symposium and Workshop (Clean Beaches Initiative)","Brazilian Beach Systems","The Coast of Australia","42","23","Sandy Beach Morphodynamics","Geocoastal Research Group, The University of Sydney Faculty of Science, Australia","author","0","Yining","Second Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources, China","Yining Chen","\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Yining%20Chen&eventCode=SE-AU","Handling Editor","Tom","Spencer","Geography, Cambridge University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","Tom Spencer","\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Tom%20Spencer&eventCode=SE-AU","https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0003-2610-6201","Editor in Chief","Marine Research Centre (CIM), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain","Centre for Coastal Management—Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience (ACECoR), University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana","Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands","Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands","Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002Fcft.2024.7","10.1017\u002Fcft.2024.7","9CC038B1592D95311CC63CB43FC02B0F","cambridge-prisms-coastal-futures","\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fcambridge-prisms-coastal-futures","Volume 2","\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fcambridge-prisms-coastal-futures\u002Fvolume\u002F14BD8C243BCA17FDE5CDB4131315C143","A biophysical and socioeconomic review of the Volta Delta, Ghana","10.2112\u002FJCOASTRES-D-17-00129.1","Littoral evolution as a response to human action: The case of two sedimentary systems in a Galician ria","69","Beach access, property rights, and social-distributive questions: A cross-National Legal Perspective of fifteen countries","Sustainability","10.3390\u002Fsu14074237","A review on coastal erosion and flooding risks and best management practices in West Africa: What has been done and should be done","Journal of Coastal Conservation","38","10.1007\u002Fs11852-020-00755-7","Application of shore-based video and unmanned aerial vehicles (drones): Complementary tools for beach studies","Remote Sensing","12","10.3390\u002Frs12030394","The Amazon-influenced muddy coast of South America: A review of mud-bank–shoreline interactions","10.1016\u002Fj.earscirev.2010.09.008","A critical assessment of beach management on the Catalan coast","2008","10.1016\u002Fj.ocecoaman.2007.02.009","Is “socio-ecological culture” really being taken into account to manage conflicts in the coastal zone? Inputs from Spanish Mediterranean beaches","183","10.1016\u002Fj.ocecoaman.2016.10.006","Integration of bed characteristics, geochemical tracers, current measurements, and numerical modeling for assessing the provenance of beach sand in the San Francisco Bay coastal system","10.1016\u002Fj.margeo.2013.08.007","10.1142\u002F9789812709554_0331",") Gradation from oceanic to estuarine beaches in a ría environment: A case study in the Ría de Vigo","60","10.1016\u002Fj.ecss.2012.03.001","Defining boat wake impacts on shoreline stability toward management and policy solutions","182","2019","10.1016\u002Fj.ocecoaman.2019.104945","Impacts of shoreline morphological change and sea level rise on mangroves: The case of the Keta coastal zone","E3 Journal of Environmental Research and Management","4","Dutch experience with sand nourishments for dynamic coastline conservation – An operational overview","217","10.1016\u002Fj.ocecoaman.2021.106008","An evolutionary categorisation model for backbarrier environments","10.1016\u002Fj.margeo.2008.02.009","Natural and human-induced coastal dynamics at a back-barrier beach","36","10.1016\u002Fj.geomorph.2012.03.001","Implications of flow control by the three gorges dam on sediment and channel dynamics of the middle Yangtze (Changjiang) river, China","Geology","10.1130\u002FG31271.1","Persistence of storm-induced morphology on a modal low-energy beach: A case study from NW-Iberian Peninsula","43","10.1016\u002Fj.margeo.2005.08.003","Modelling the Effect of ‘Roller Dynamics’ on Storm Erosion: Sylt, North Sea","10","10.3390\u002Fjmse10030305","Climate Change Impacts on Coastal Wave Dynamics at Vougot Beach, France","10.3390\u002Fjmse9091009","Multi-method approach to exploring social–ecological dimensions in a Mediterranean Suburban Beach setting","40","10.1080\u002F08920753.2012.677636","Decadal shoreline erosion and recovery of beaches in modified and natural estuaries","10.1016\u002Fj.geomorph.2021.107884","Morphodynamics of fetch-limited 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microtidal middle harbour, Sydney","Australian Geographical Studies","10.1111\u002F1467-8470.00176","Potential impact of large scale abstraction on the quality of shallow groundwater for irrigation in the Keta strip, Ghana","West African Journal of Applied Ecology","8","2006","The state of the World’s beaches","Scientific Reports","10.1038\u002Fs41598-018-24630-6","The role of the Akosombo dam on the Volta river in causing coastal erosion in central and eastern Ghana (West Africa)","10.1016\u002F0025-3227(80)90108-5","Dynamics of the Patos lagoon coastal plume and its contribution to the deposition pattern of the southern Brazilian inner shelf","Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans","22","The effectiveness, costs and coastal protection benefits of natural and nature-based Defences","PLoS One","11","10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0154735","1992","Cyclic and Seasonal Beach response: A comparison of Oceanside and bayside beaches","Physical Geography","10.1080\u002F02723646.1980.10642199","Physical processes and landforms on beaches in short fetch environments in estuaries, small lakes and reservoirs: A review","10.1016\u002Fj.earscirev.2011.12.004","Wakes from large high-speed ferries in confined coastal waters: Management approaches with examples from New Zealand and Denmark","29","10.1007\u002F978-3-319-30394-9_4","A rational method for the Design of Sand Dike\u002Fdune Systems at Sheltered Sites; Wadden Sea coast of Texel, the Netherlands","10.3390\u002Fjmse7090324","Spatial patterns in wave signatures on beaches in estuaries and bays","10.1016\u002Fj.geomorph.2021.108070","Australian beach systems - Nature and distribution","27","10.2112\u002F05A-0002.1","Wave climate of the Sydney region, an energetic and highly variable ocean wave regime","Marine and Freshwater Research","10.1071\u002FMF9920765","The influence of oceanic swell on flows over an estuarine intertidal mudflat in San Francisco Bay","10.1016\u002FS0272-7714(03)00132-X","Ecosystem-based coastal defence in the face of global change","Nature","10.1038\u002Fnature12859","Longshore sediment transport by large-scale lake circulations at low-energy, non-tidal beaches: A field and model study","10.1016\u002Fj.coastaleng.2022.104268","Sandy beaches in low-energy, non-tidal environments: Linking morphological development to hydrodynamic forcing","10.1016\u002Fj.geomorph.2020.107522","Morfodinâmica da Praia do Cassino, RS","Pesquisas Em Geociências","10.22456\u002F1807-9806.20176","Low-energy beach morphology with respect to physical setting: A case study from Cockburn sound, southwestern Australia","10.2112\u002F04-0275.1","Sheltered sandy beaches of southwestern Australia","Geological Society of London, Special Publication","10.1144\u002FSP346.3","Measurements of morphodynamics of a sheltered beach along the Dutch Wadden Sea","Earth System Science Data Discussions","Quantifying spit growth and its hydrodynamic drivers 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wetland","Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology","10.1016\u002Fj.ecohyd.2015.10.001","major-revision","minor-revision","accept"));</script><script src="/core/page-component/06cd607.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/20147ec.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/66884fb.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/6f4302c.js" defer></script> </div> </div> <div id="article-new-home-productCitations" class="product-citations-modal reveal-modal medium" data-reveal role="dialog" aria-labelledby="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader"> <div class="header"> <div class="heading_07 margin-bottom" id="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader">Cited by</div> </div> <div class="citation-content"> <div class="row collapse header margin-top productCitations-content"> <ul class="small-12 small-centered columns citations"> <li class="fade-in section-container active"> <a href="#" class="section-button" data-id="article-new-home-crossref-citations"> <div class="circular medium 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Ton</a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a16" class="">(a16)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Lukas WinklerPrins&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Lukas WinklerPrins</a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a24" class="">(a24)</sup><span class="separator "> and </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Zhongyuan Chen&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Zhongyuan Chen</a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a25" class="">(a25)</sup> </li> <li class="meta-info">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7" target="_blank" class="url">https://doi.org/10.1017/cft.2024.7</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row wrapper no-padding-top"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <form id="sendTodropboxForm" action="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/sendto" method="GET"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <fieldset> <legend>Available formats</legend> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="formats" class="formats" value="pdf" required /> PDF </label> <small class="error formats" style="display:none">Please select a format to save.</small> </fieldset> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <label for="usagePolicydropbox"> <input type="checkbox" name="usagePolicydropbox" id="usagePolicydropbox" value="Usage" required/> By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services <small class="error usagePolicy" style="display:none">Please confirm that you accept the terms of use.</small> </label> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="suppressTrackingEvent" value="false" /> <input type="hidden" name="service" value="dropbox" /> <input type="hidden" name="documents" value="1EA7518A1F5B71DB7851C9AB89C8E2BA" /> <input type="hidden" name="finalReturn" value="/core/journals/cambridge-prisms-coastal-futures/article/morphodynamics-and-management-challenges-for-beaches-in-modified-estuaries-and-bays/1EA7518A1F5B71DB7851C9AB89C8E2BA" /> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="qI13sQps-xJ0Eiwbp8tDB5dCbpc_eynDVDIM"> </form>  <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button href="#" class="button radius transparent right closeModal">Cancel</button> </div> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button type="submit" onClick="$('#sendTodropboxForm').submit();" class="button blue radius left"> Save </button> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $('#sendTodropboxForm').on('submit', validatedropboxForm); var _formdropbox = $('#sendTodropboxForm'); function resetValidationdropboxForm() { var _form = _formdropbox; _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } function validatedropboxFormats(e) { var _form = _formdropbox; var errors = false; var formats = _form.find('input[name="formats"]:checked'); if (formats.length < 1) { _form.find('.error.formats').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); } return errors; } function validatedropboxUsagePolicy(e) { var _form = _formdropbox; var usagePolicy = _form.find('input[name="usagePolicydropbox"]'); var errors = false; if (!usagePolicy.is(':checked')) { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } return errors; } function validatedropboxForm(e) { var _form = _formdropbox; var resultPolicy = validatedropboxUsagePolicy(); var resultFormats = validatedropboxFormats(); if (resultPolicy) { $('#usagePolicydropbox', _form).one('change', validatedropboxUsagePolicy); } if (resultFormats) { $('.formats', _form).one('change', validatedropboxFormats); } return !resultPolicy && !resultFormats ; } $(document).ready(function () { // reset validation when the modal opens $(document).on('open.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function () { resetValidationdropboxForm(); // automatically select if there's only one format if ($('#sendTodropboxForm input[name="formats"]').length === 1) { $('#sendTodropboxForm input[name="formats"]').prop('checked', true); } }); }); </script><div id="googleDriveModal" class="reveal-modal large" data-reveal> <div class="header"> <h1 class="heading_07">Save article to Google Drive</h1> </div> <div class="panel"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns margin-bottom"> <p> To save this article to your Google Drive account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you used this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your Google Drive account. <a href="/core/help">Find out more about saving content to Google Drive</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row book-title"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="heading_08"><div class="title">Morphodynamics and management challenges for beaches in modified estuaries and bays</div></div> </div> </div> <div class="row book-details book-overview"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li class="volume-issue">Volume 2</li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Ana Vila-Concejo&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Ana Vila-Concejo</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-3094" aria-label="Open the ORCID record for Ana Vila-Concejo in new tab/window"></a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a1" class="">(a1)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Thomas E. 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Angnuureng</a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a5" class="">(a5)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Javier Benavente&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Javier Benavente</a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a6" class="">(a6)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Jorn W. Bosma&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Jorn W. Bosma</a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a7" class="">(a7)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Emmanuel K. Brempong&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Emmanuel K. 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