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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Écoumène</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> terme grec ancien pour parler du monde habitable </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Suivre</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>L'<b>écoumène</b> - ou <b>œkoumène</b> \e.ku.mɛn\ - (nom masculin, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grec_ancien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grec ancien">grec ancien</a> : οἰκουμένη, <i>oikouménē</i>, « habité »<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) est une notion <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géographie">géographique</a> qui désigne l'ensemble des terres <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthropisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthropisation">anthropisées</a> (habitées ou exploitées par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_sapiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homo sapiens">être humain</a>). Elle s'oppose en ce sens à l'érème<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> qui représente dès lors le reste de l'espace inhabité et non exploité. L'acception moderne du mot concerne généralement l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humanit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humanité">humanité</a> entière, mais le mot a eu des sens plus limités, notamment dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grèce antique">Grèce antique</a>, où il renvoyait à la <i>Terra cognita</i>, la terre connue.</p> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-modere"> <figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:%C3%80_sourcer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus."><img alt="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a> <figcaption> Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/45px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/68px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/90px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources</a></strong> <small>(<time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-12" data-sort-value="2011-12">décembre 2011</time>).</small></p> <p>Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les <b>références utiles à sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rifiabilit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Vérifiabilité">vérifiabilité</a></b> et en les liant à la section « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Insérer une référence">Notes et références</a> ».</p> <p><b>En pratique :</b> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Qualit%C3%A9_des_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">Quelles sources sont attendues ?</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_(%C3%89diteur_visuel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Insérer une référence (Éditeur visuel)">Comment ajouter mes sources ?</a></p> </div> </div> <p>Le terme est à nouveau utilisé aujourd'hui, particulièrement par le géographe <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_Berque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin Berque">Augustin Berque</a> qui l'utilisait pour désigner la relation de l'humain à son milieu (relation sensible et concrète, symbolique et technique). <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serge_Valdinoci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serge Valdinoci">Serge Valdinoci</a> l'utilisa à son tour dans son exploration d'une théorie de l'habitat immanent de l'humain dans son univers sémantique (voir l'article <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europanalyse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europanalyse">europanalyse</a></i>).</p> <p>Dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">Église catholique</a> médiévale, le terme écoumène est utilisé pour désigner le monde dans sa totalité.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89tymologie"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Étymologie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gr%C3%A8ce_antique"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Grèce antique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Usage_philosophique"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Usage philosophique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dans_la_litt%C3%A9rature"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Dans la littérature</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Références</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Étymologie"><span id=".C3.89tymologie"></span>Étymologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Étymologie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>En français le mot <i>œkoumène</i> vient du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">latin</a> d'époque impériale <i>oecumene</i> « la terre habitée », lui-même emprunté au grec ancien, dans l'expression <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25CE%25BF%25E1%25BC%25B0%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25BC%25CE%25AD%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B7%23grc" class="extiw" title="wikt:οἰκουμένη">οἰκουμένη</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25CE%25B3%25E1%25BF%2586%23grc" class="extiw" title="wikt:γῆ">γῆ</a> (<i>oikouménē gé)</i> qui signifie, « terre habitée », <i>oikouménē</i> étant un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Participe_pr%C3%A9sent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Participe présent">participe présent</a> au féminin, pour s'accorder au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nom_(grammaire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nom (grammaire)">substantif</a> féminin <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25CE%25B3%25E1%25BF%2586%23grc" class="extiw" title="wikt:γῆ">γῆ</a> <i>gé</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><i>.</i> Mais dès l'Antiquité, on a sous-entendu le mot « terre », et <i>oikouménē</i> a ainsi été <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Substantivation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Substantivation">substantivé</a> pour prendre le sens de « terre habitée, c'est-à-dire cultivée ou habitée »<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou de « toute la terre, l'univers »<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'orthographe du mot n'est pas absolument fixée, et l'on rencontre <i>écoumène</i> ou <i>œkoumène</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <span class="need_ref" title="Une source est souhaitée pour ce passage (demandé le 25 mars 2022)." style="cursor:help;"><i>œcoumène</i> ou <i>œcumène</i></span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr> souhaitée]</a></sup>, ou encore <i>oïcoumène,</i> chez l'astrophysicien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_Blamont?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques Blamont">Jacques Blamont</a>. Quant au genre d’<i>œkoumène</i>, il est en général masculin<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, mais certains auteurs, comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_Berque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin Berque">Augustin Berque</a>, l'emploient au féminin pour respecter le genre du mot grec originel</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Grèce_antique"><span id="Gr.C3.A8ce_antique"></span>Grèce antique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Grèce antique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Grâce à ses observations et à ses mesures <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronomie">astronomiques</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ratosth%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ératosthène">Ératosthène</a> parvint à mesurer la circonférence du globe terrestre avec une précision étonnante<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et à dresser une carte de sa partie habitée connue à l'époque. Comme le pensait avant lui <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aristote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aristote">Aristote</a>, Ératosthène voit l'écoumène comme une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Ele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Île">île</a> gigantesque, entourée par un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Océan">océan</a> unique, à la surface d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terre">Terre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sph%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sphère">sphérique</a>. Par la suite, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolémée">Ptolémée</a> tenta de cartographier l'écoumène dans son ouvrage intitulé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_(Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géographie (Ptolémée)"><i>Géographie</i></a>.</p> <p>Le tracé de la carte plane du monde, lointaine ancêtre de notre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géographie">géographie</a>, se faisait selon deux axes orthogonaux : la <i>description métrique</i> (correspondant à notre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latitude">latitude</a> moderne) et la <i>description périégétique</i> (la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longitude">longitude</a>). La <i>description métrique</i>, relativement précise, consistait à tracer le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9ridien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méridien">méridien</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9ro%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méroé">Méroé</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thul%C3%A9_(mythologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thulé (mythologie)">Thulé</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, sur une longueur de 30 000 <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stade_(unit%C3%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stade (unité)">stades</a>. La <i>description périégétique</i> était beaucoup moins précise, s'appuyant uniquement sur des matériaux hétéroclites (témoignages de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9riple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Périple">périples</a>). La carte d'Ératosthène était complétée par une description topographique et des remarques sur l'activité humaine et l'économie.</p> <p>L'écoumène n'occupait qu'un quart de la surface du globe terrestre<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, s'étendant des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonnes_d%27Hercule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonnes d'Hercule">colonnes d'Hercule</a> à l'ouest aux colonnes d'Alexandre à l'est, sur une distance d'environ 120 à 180°.</p> <p>Vers 220 av. J.-C., Ératosthène décrivait bien après <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eudoxe_de_Cnide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eudoxe de Cnide">Eudoxe</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aristote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aristote">Aristote</a> le globe terrestre divisé en cinq zones parallèles à l'équateur ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climat_(Antiquit%C3%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climat (Antiquité)">climats</a> : la <i>canicule</i>, bande centrée sur l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quateur_(ligne_%C3%A9quinoxiale)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Équateur (ligne équinoxiale)">équateur</a>, deux <i>calottes polaires</i> (une à chacun des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%B4le_g%C3%A9ographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pôle géographique">pôles</a>), et deux <i>zones tempérées</i>, comprises entre la canicule et les calottes polaires.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Usage_philosophique">Usage philosophique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Usage philosophique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>La notion d'écoumène englobe une réalité plus vaste que le simple ensemble des terres habitées. Le terme comprend aussi la relation de l'Homme à l'espace habité, une sorte d'<i>englobant</i> à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Jaspers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a> pour la géographie. Car la notion d'écoumène ne peut se détacher d'une réflexion <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ontologique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontologique">ontologique</a> : si l'être humain se crée avec sa temporalité (comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bergson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergson">Bergson</a> l'a montré), il se crée aussi avec sa spatialité, sa vision personnelle de l'espace qu'il s'approprie. Ainsi l'écoumène se détache de la simple géographie pour entrer de plain-pied dans la philosophie de l'être, comme s'est attaché à le montrer <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_Berque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin Berque">Augustin Berque</a> dans son ouvrage <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne_(Augustin_Berque)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Écoumène (Augustin Berque)">Écoumène : Introduction à l’étude des milieux humains</a></i>.</p> <p>L'écoumène désignant le monde civilisé, il est envisageable que longtemps l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occident">Occident</a> ait découpé l'écoumène de la philosophie en en excluant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophie_indienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophie indienne">philosophie indienne</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophie_chinoise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophie chinoise">philosophie chinoise</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophie_japonaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophie japonaise">philosophie japonaise</a>. On retrouve cet usage du concept chez <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Stevens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Stevens">Bernard Stevens</a>, qui le reprend pour sa part à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_Berque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin Berque">Augustin Berque</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Dans_la_littérature"><span id="Dans_la_litt.C3.A9rature"></span>Dans la littérature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Dans la littérature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Dans son œuvre en cinq volumes <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Geste_des_Princes-D%C3%A9mons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Geste des Princes-Démons">La Geste des Princes-Démons</a></i> (1964-1981), l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89crivain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écrivain">écrivain</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">américain</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science-fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science-fiction">science-fiction</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jack_Vance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jack Vance">Jack Vance</a> (1916-2013) appelle Œcumène la portion civilisée et policée de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voie lactée">notre galaxie</a>, dont une large partie a été colonisée par l'espèce humaine dans ce lointain futur où se déroule le roman.</p> <p>Le <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cycle_de_l%27%C3%89kumen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cycle de l'Ékumen">Cycle de l'Ékumen</a></i> (1964-2002), également connu sous le titre <i>Cycle de Hain</i>, est un cycle de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science-fiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science-fiction">science-fiction</a> composé de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_(litt%C3%A9rature)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman (littérature)">romans</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle">nouvelles</a>, écrit par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (1929-2018).</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le mot peut aussi s'orthographier <i>œcoumène</i>, <i>œcumène</i>, <i>œkoumène</i> ou <i>oïcoumène</i> (Jacques Blamont). Le genre n'a jamais non plus été fixé : il est généralement masculin mais certains auteurs, comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_Berque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin Berque">Augustin Berque</a>, l'emploient au féminin pour mieux respecter le genre du mot grec originel. Il est à noter qu'en grec ancien, le mot οἰκουμένη est un adjectif (exactement, un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Participe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Participe">participe passé</a>), par définition sans genre, qui qualifie le mot γή (terre) : c'est ce mot qui est féminin.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">A. Bailly note que le terme s'oppose à ἔρημος « érémos », qui signifie <i>désert</i>, <i>inhabité</i>. Cela explique l'introduction du terme technique <i>érémé</i> (masc.) pour « désigne[r] l’espace situé hors de l’écoumène, c’est-à-dire ni urbain, ni rural. » <small>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/glossaire/ereme">Voir le lexique de Géoconfluences</a> (page consultée le 25 mars 2022)]</small></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/glossaire/ereme"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Érème</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-03-25" data-sort-value="2022-03-25">25 mars 2022</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/oekoum%25C3%25A8ne"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Œkoumène</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">cnrtl.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-03-25" data-sort-value="2022-03-25">25 mars 2022</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_4-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_4-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatole_Bailly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatole Bailly">Anatole Bailly</a>, <i>Dictionnaire Grec - Français,</i> Paris, Hachette, 1935, p. 1355c-1356a <small>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/BaillyDictionnaireGrecFrancais/page/n1355/mode/2up?view%3Dtheater">lire en ligne</a> (page consultée le 25 mars 2022)]</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_6-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_6-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/%25C3%25A9coum%25C3%25A8ne/27696"><cite style="font-style:normal;">écoumène ou œkoumène</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Larousse.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-03-25" data-sort-value="2022-03-25">25 mars 2022</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_7-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_7-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bonnerot,_Estelle_Ducom,_Fernand_Joly"><span class="ouvrage" id="Guy_Bonnerot,_Estelle_Ducom,_Fernand_Joly">Guy Bonnerot, Estelle Ducom, Fernand Joly, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/cartographie/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Cartographie</cite></a> » <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès limité au document"> <noscript> <img alt="Accès limité" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" data-alt="Accès limité" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span>, sur <span class="italique">universalis.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-03-25" data-sort-value="2022-03-25">25 mars 2022</time>)</small></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Ville sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nil">Nil</a>, dans l'actuel <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soudan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soudan">Soudan</a>, qui disparut au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IVe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, dont il reste d'importants vestiges.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Nom donné par les Anciens à une île du nord de l'Europe, peut-être l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islande?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islande">Islande</a> ou l'une des îles <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shetland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25C3%25A9coum%25C3%25A8ne" class="extiw" title="wikt:écoumène">écoumène</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_Brunet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roger Brunet">Roger Brunet</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Ferras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Ferras">Robert Ferras</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Th%C3%A9ry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hervé Théry">Hervé Théry</a> (dir.), <i>Les mots de la géographie, dictionnaire critique</i>, Reclus-La Documentation française, 1992, <abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> éd. 1993, 518 pages <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-11-003036-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-11-003036-4"><span class="nowrap">2-11-003036-4</span></a>)</small>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Berque2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Augustin_Berque2015">Augustin Berque, <cite class="italique">Écoumène. Introduction à l’étude des milieux humains</cite>, Paris, Belin, <time>2015</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 2000), 446 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-701-19951-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-701-19951-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-701-19951-1</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne.+Introduction+%C3%A0+l%E2%80%99%C3%A9tude+des+milieux+humains&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Belin&rft.aulast=Berque&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rft.date=2015&rft.tpages=446&rft.isbn=978-2-701-19951-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Berque2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Augustin_Berque2000">Augustin Berque, <cite class="italique">Médiance, de milieux en paysages</cite>, Paris, Belin, <time>2000</time> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 1990), 156 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.persee.fr/doc/geoca_0035-113x_1990_num_65_4_5750">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9diance%2C+de+milieux+en+paysages&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Belin&rft.aulast=Berque&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rft.date=2000&rft.tpages=156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne"></span></span></span></li> <li>Augustin Berque, <i>Écoumène. Introduction à l’étude des milieux humains</i>, Paris, Belin, coll. « Mappemonde », 2000, 272 p. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-7011-2381-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-7011-2381-X"><span class="nowrap">2-7011-2381-X</span></a>)</small>.</li> <li>Jacques Blamont, <i>Le Chiffre et le Songe. Histoire politique de la découverte</i>, Paris, Odile Jacob, 1993, 941 p. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-7381-0193-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-7381-0193-3"><span class="nowrap">2-7381-0193-3</span></a>)</small>.</li> <li>Moreau et Romaric Jannel à l'occasion de la parution du livre <i>Poétique de la Terre. Histoire naturelle et histoire humaine</i>, essai de mésologie).</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89coum%C3%A8ne&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ecoumene.blogspot.com/">Mésologiques</a> Le site fédérant les travaux autour de la notion d'écoumène, par Augustin Berque (résumés de cours, textes en lignes, vidéos, bibliographie).</li> <li>Augustin Berque : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.archivesaudiovisuelles.fr/84/introduction.asp">L'Ecoumène et l'étude des milieux humains</a> (Entretien réalisé avec Peter Stockinger le 11 décembre 2002 et diffusé en ligne sur les Archives Audiovisuelles de la Recherche).</li> <li>Augustin Berque : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list%3DPLtXPgDKXZjKGKttRy9M7hAJR2icIPuZC4">Poétique de la Terre</a> (quatre entretiens réalisés 8 mars 2014 par Yoann</li> </ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Gr%C3%A8ce_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la Grèce antique"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Discobolus_icon.png/16px-Discobolus_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="147" data-file-height="220"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Discobolus_icon.png/16px-Discobolus_icon.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="16" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Discobolus_icon.png/24px-Discobolus_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Discobolus_icon.png/32px-Discobolus_icon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Gr%C3%A8ce_antique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Grèce antique">Portail de la Grèce antique</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:G%C3%A9ographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la géographie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/24px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/24px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/36px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/48px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:G%C3%A9ographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Géographie">Portail de la géographie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Philosophie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la philosophie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png/17px-Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="70"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png/17px-Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="17" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png/26px-Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png/34px-Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Philosophie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Philosophie">Portail de la philosophie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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10:36</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oykumena" title="Oykumena – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oykumena" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Айкумена – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Айкумена" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5" title="Ойкумене – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ойкумене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ecumene" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25DB%2595%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7" title="ئیکیومەنا – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیکیومەنا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekumena" title="Ekumena – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekumena" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2598kumene" title="Økumene – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Økumene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikumene" title="Oikumene – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oikumene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekumen" title="Ekumen – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ekumen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259F%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25BC%25CE%25AD%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B7" title="Οικουμένη – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικουμένη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ecumene" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ec%25C3%25BAmene" title="Ecúmene – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecúmene" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="یکمان – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یکمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikumene" title="Oikumene – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oikumene" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ec%25C3%25BAmene" title="Ecúmene – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ecúmene" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%2595%25D7%2599%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%25A0%25D7%2594" title="אויקומנה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אויקומנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2595%25D5%25B5%25D5%25AF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1" title="Օյկումենա – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օյկումենա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikumene" title="Oikumene – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oikumene" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ecumene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594" title="ოიკუმენე – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოიკუმენე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0,_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Эйкумена, ойкумена – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эйкумена, ойкумена" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2599%25B8%25EC%25BF%25A0%25EB%25A9%2594%25EB%2584%25A4" title="외쿠메네 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외쿠메네" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecumene" title="Oecumene – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oecumene" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ecumene" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikumena" title="Oikumena – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oikumena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%2588%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A9%2581%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A9%2587%25E0%25A8%25A8" title="ਈਕੁਮੇਨ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈਕੁਮੇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekumena" title="Ekumena – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekumena" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ec%25C3%25BAmena" title="Ecúmena – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ecúmena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oicumen%25C4%2583" title="Oicumenă – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oicumenă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Ойкумена – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ойкумена" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekumena" title="Ekumena – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekumena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekum%25C3%25A9na_(geografia)" title="Ekuména (geografia) – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ekuména (geografia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekumena" title="Ekumena – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ekumena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekumena" title="Ekumena – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekumena" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Екумена – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Екумена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikoumene" title="Oikoumene – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oikoumene" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek%25C3%25BCmen" title="Ekümen – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekümen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Ойкумена – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ойкумена" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 19 novembre 2024 à 10:36.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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