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Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="800" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_cita-d-t" data-cid="gs_md_cita-l" data-wfc="gs_md_cita-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_cita-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_cita-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_md_cita-b-save" aria-label="Save" class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_md_cita-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_md_cita-d{width:90%;max-width:1000px;}.gs_el_ph 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0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"><div id="gsc_sb_ui" class="gs_bdy_sb_sec"><a href="/citations?user=jpha2igAAAAJ&hl=en" class="gs_ibl"><span class="gs_rimg gs_pp_sm"><img alt="Advances in Automobile Engineering" sizes="56px" src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w" width="56" height="56"></span></a><div><a href="/citations?user=jpha2igAAAAJ&hl=en">Advances in Automobile Engineering</a></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gsc_vcpb" data-edit-link="/citations?view_op=edit_citation&hl=en&user=jpha2igAAAAJ&citation_for_view=jpha2igAAAAJ:j3f4tGmQtD8C&citation_for_view=jpha2igAAAAJ:j3f4tGmQtD8C&back_view_op=view_citation"><form method="post" id="gsc_vcpb_btns" action="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="ADIE8skAAAAAZ0MTs2FYDmmPpHXZD1ybwMg9Rmg"><input type="hidden" name="s" value="jpha2igAAAAJ:j3f4tGmQtD8C"><input type="hidden" name="continue" value="/citations?view_op=list_works&hl=en&hl=en&user=jpha2igAAAAJ"></form><div id="gsc_oci_title_wrapper"><div id="gsc_oci_title_gg"><div class="gsc_oci_title_ggi"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kalyan-Annamalai/publication/276240459_Respiratory_Quotient_Rq_Exhaust_Gas_Analyses_CO2_Emission_and_Applications_in_Automobile_Engineering/links/613675990360302a00841edf/Respiratory-Quotient-Rq-Exhaust-Gas-Analyses-CO2-Emission-and-Applications-in-Automobile-Engineering.pdf" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ei=M8JBZ5OBG6aIy9YPj4bQgAQ"><span class='gsc_vcd_title_ggt'>[PDF]</span> from researchgate.net</a></div></div><div id="gsc_oci_title"><a class="gsc_oci_title_link" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kalyan-Annamalai/publication/276240459_Respiratory_Quotient_Rq_Exhaust_Gas_Analyses_CO2_Emission_and_Applications_in_Automobile_Engineering/links/613675990360302a00841edf/Respiratory-Quotient-Rq-Exhaust-Gas-Analyses-CO2-Emission-and-Applications-in-Automobile-Engineering.pdf" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ei=M8JBZ5OBG6aIy9YPj4bQgAQ">Respiratory quotient (Rq), exhaust gas analyses, CO2 emission and applications in automobile engineering</a></div></div><div id="gsc_oci_table"><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Authors</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">Kalyan Annamalai</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Publication date</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">2013</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Journal</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">Adv Automob Eng</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Volume</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">2</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Pages</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">2-4</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Description</div><div class="gsc_oci_value" id="gsc_oci_descr"><div class="gsh_small"><div class="gsh_csp">Development and economic growth throughout the world will result in increased demand for energy. Currently almost 90% of the total world energy demand is met utilizing fossil fuels [1]. Petroleum and other liquid fuels include 37% of the total fossil reserves consumed for transportation and other industrial processes [1]. Emission of harmful gases in the form of nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides and mercury are the major concerns from the combustion of conventional energy sources. In addition to these pollutants, huge amount of carbon dioxide is liberated into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is one of the green house gases which cause global warming. Though technology is being developed to sequester the CO2 from stationary power generating sources, it is difficult to implement such a technology in non-stationary automobile IC engines.</div><div class="gsh_csp">Some of the methods which has been studied to reduce the amount of CO2 being released from the IC engines include blending ethanol with gasoline. Ethanol produced from corn, sugarcane bagasse and lignocellulosic biomass is considered to be carbon neutral. It is assumed that the carbon released during combustion of ethanol will be readily absorbed by the plants and will be recycled and hence the carbon released in such a process will not be accounted in the carbon footprint. But such an approach with biomass is being challenged by a number of recent studies. Land use change, use of electrical energy and fossil based energy for collection, and transportation and processing of biomass, energy conversion efficiency and productivity of forest land impacts the decision on carbon neutrality of biomass …</div></div></div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Total citations</div><div class="gsc_oci_value"><div style="margin-bottom:1em"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11134278720950716925&as_sdt=5">Cited by 17</a></div><div id="gsc_oci_graph_wrapper"><div id="gsc_oci_graph" style="width:360px;"><div id="gsc_oci_graph_x"></div><div id="gsc_oci_graph_bars"><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:0px">2014</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:33px">2015</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:66px">2016</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:99px">2017</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:132px">2018</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:165px">2019</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:198px">2020</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:231px">2021</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:264px">2022</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:297px">2023</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:330px">2024</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11134278720950716925&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2014&as_yhi=2014" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:5px;height:29px;top:28px;z-index:11"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">2</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11134278720950716925&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2015&as_yhi=2015" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:38px;height:14px;top:43px;z-index:10"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">1</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11134278720950716925&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2016&as_yhi=2016" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:71px;height:29px;top:28px;z-index:9"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">2</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11134278720950716925&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2017&as_yhi=2017" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:104px;height:14px;top:43px;z-index:8"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">1</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11134278720950716925&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2018&as_yhi=2018" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:137px;height:14px;top:43px;z-index:7"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">1</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11134278720950716925&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2019&as_yhi=2019" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:170px;height:14px;top:43px;z-index:6"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">1</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11134278720950716925&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2020&as_yhi=2020" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:203px;height:14px;top:43px;z-index:5"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">1</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11134278720950716925&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2021&as_yhi=2021" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:236px;height:43px;top:14px;z-index:4"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">3</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11134278720950716925&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2022&as_yhi=2022" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:269px;height:14px;top:43px;z-index:3"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">1</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11134278720950716925&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2024&as_yhi=2024" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:335px;height:57px;top:0px;z-index:1"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">4</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Scholar articles</div><div class="gsc_oci_value"><div class="gsc_oci_merged_snippet"><div><a href="/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=11134278720950716925&btnI=1&hl=en">Respiratory quotient (Rq), exhaust gas analyses, CO2 emission and applications in automobile engineering</a></div><div>K Annamalai - Adv Automob Eng, 2013</div><div><a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11134278720950716925&as_sdt=5">Cited by 17</a> <a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&q=related:_Ul1OIHnhJoJ:scholar.google.com/">Related articles</a> <a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cluster=11134278720950716925">All 2 versions</a> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>