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vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=DOS" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=DOS" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-設計架構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#設計架構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>設計架構</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-設計架構-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关設計架構子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-設計架構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-腳本語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腳本語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>腳本語言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腳本語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-硬體存取" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#硬體存取"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>硬體存取</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-硬體存取-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-裝置保留名稱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#裝置保留名稱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>裝置保留名稱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-裝置保留名稱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-磁碟命名法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#磁碟命名法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>磁碟命名法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-磁碟命名法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-開機流程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#開機流程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>開機流程</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-開機流程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-淡出" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#淡出"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>淡出</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-淡出-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-持續發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#持續發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>持續發展</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-持續發展-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关持續發展子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-持續發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-嵌入式系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#嵌入式系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>嵌入式系統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-嵌入式系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-模擬器" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#模擬器"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>模擬器</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-模擬器-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-與Microsoft_Windows的關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#與Microsoft_Windows的關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>與Microsoft Windows的關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-與Microsoft_Windows的關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-軟體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#軟體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>軟體</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-軟體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-易用性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#易用性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>易用性</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-易用性-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关易用性子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-易用性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-用户界面" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#用户界面"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>用户界面</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-用户界面-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-多工" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#多工"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>多工</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-多工-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-限制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#限制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>限制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-限制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-命令集" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#命令集"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>命令集</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-命令集-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">DOS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。59种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_(bedryfstelsel)" title="DOS (bedryfstelsel) – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="DOS (bedryfstelsel)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84)" title="دوس (نظام تشغيل) – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوس (نظام تشغيل)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-kompatibles_DOS" title="PC-kompatibles DOS – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="PC-kompatibles DOS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketta-ops%C3%BCsteem" title="Ketta-opsüsteem – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ketta-opsüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84)" title="داس (سیستم‌عامل) – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داس (سیستم‌عامل)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8" title="डॉस – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डॉस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_(DOS)" title="ಡಾಸ್‌ (DOS) – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಾಸ್‌ (DOS)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="도스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_(Disk_Operating_System)" title="DOS (Disk Operating System) – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="DOS (Disk Operating System)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡോസ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="DOS үйлдлийн систем – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="DOS үйлдлийн систем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_(besturingssysteem)" title="DOS (besturingssysteem) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DOS (besturingssysteem)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਡਾਸ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="DOS (оперативни систем) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="DOS (оперативни систем)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="டாஸ் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டாஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="డిస్క్ ఆపరేటింగ్ సిస్టమ్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డిస్క్ ఆపరేటింగ్ సిస్టమ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA_(%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3)" title="ดอส (ระบบปฏิบัติการ) – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดอส (ระบบปฏิบัติการ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ڈاس – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈاس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="DOS" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170434#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DOS" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:DOS" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" 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class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/DOS" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/DOS" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/DOS" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/DOS" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/DOS" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DOS"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DOS"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/DOS" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/DOS" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上传" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&oldid=85632776" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=DOS&id=85632776&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDOS"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDOS"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=DOS&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DOS" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170434" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-85253fa2" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/25px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/38px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/50px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><b>提示</b>：此条目的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a></b>或<b><a href="/wiki/ProDOS" title="ProDOS">ProDOS</a></b>。</div> <div id="noteTA-85253fa2" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="IT"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:磁盘操作系统; zh-tw:磁碟作業系統;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:命令行界面; zh-tw:命令列介面;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:字符用户界面; zh-tw:字符使用者介面;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:命令行; zh-tw:命令列;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:图形用户界面; zh-tw:圖形使用者介面;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:用户界面; zh-tw:使用者介面;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:界面; zh-tw:介面;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:软件; zh-sg:软件; zh-tw:軟體; zh-hk:軟件;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:程序; zh-hant:程式;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:鼠标; zh-sg:滑鼠; zh-hant:滑鼠;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:命令提示符; zh-hant:命令提示字元;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:计算机; zh-hant:電腦;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:磁盘; zh-tw:磁碟;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:兼容机; zh-tw:相容機;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:进程; zh-tw:行程;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:纯文本; zh-tw:純文字;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:硬件; zh-sg:硬件; zh-tw:硬體; zh-hk:硬件;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:可执行文件; zh-hant:執行檔;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:软盘; zh-tw:軟碟片;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:分区; zh-tw:分割區;"></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/40px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/60px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是磁碟作業系統（Disk Operating System），多數內容以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91" title="个人电脑">PC</a>為主。关于一種網路攻擊手段（拒絕服務攻擊，DoS），请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E6%96%B7%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A" title="阻斷服務攻擊">阻斷服務攻擊</a></b>」。关于其他意義或其他電腦的磁碟作業系統，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/DOS_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="DOS (消歧义)">DOS (消歧义)</a></b>」。</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_(command_line_interface)_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_%28command_line_interface%29_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png/350px-FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_%28command_line_interface%29_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_%28command_line_interface%29_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png/525px-FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_%28command_line_interface%29_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_%28command_line_interface%29_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png/700px-FreeDOS_Beta_9_pre-release5_%28command_line_interface%29_on_Bochs_sshot20040912.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>DOS畫面</figcaption></figure> <p><b>DOS</b>，是<b>磁碟作業系統</b>（英文：<b>D</b>isk <b>O</b>perating <b>S</b>ystem）的縮寫，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="個人電腦">個人電腦</a>上的一類<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="作業系統">作業系統</a>。從1981年直到1995年的15年間，DOS在<a href="/wiki/IBM_PC%E5%85%BC%E5%AE%B9%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC兼容機">IBM PC相容機</a>市場中佔有舉足輕重的地位。且若将部份以DOS為基礎的<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>版本，如<a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>、<a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">98</a>和<a href="/wiki/Windows_Me" title="Windows Me">Me</a>等都算入其寿命，那麼其商業壽命至少可至2000年。 </p><p>DOS家族包括<a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>、<a href="/wiki/PC-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-DOS">PC-DOS</a>、<a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a>、<a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="PTS-DOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="PTS-DOS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=PTS-DOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PTS-DOS（页面不存在）">PTS-DOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTS-DOS" class="extiw" title="en:PTS-DOS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">PTS-DOS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="ROM-DOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ROM-DOS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROM-DOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ROM-DOS（页面不存在）">ROM-DOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM-DOS" class="extiw" title="en:ROM-DOS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ROM-DOS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、JM-OS等，其中以MS-DOS最為著名。雖然這些系統常被簡稱為「DOS」，但沒有任何一個系統單純以「DOS」命名（只有一個毫無關連的1960年代<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="DOS/360" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="DOS/360"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS/360&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOS/360（页面不存在）">IBM大型主機作業系統</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS/360" class="extiw" title="en:DOS/360"><span lang="en" dir="auto">DOS/360</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>以此命名）。此外，有幾個和DOS無關、在非x86的微電腦系統上執行的磁碟作業系統在名稱中也有「DOS」字眼，而且在專門討論該機器的場合中也會簡稱為「DOS」（例如：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="AmigaDOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="AmigaDOS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmigaDOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AmigaDOS（页面不存在）">AmigaDOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaDOS" class="extiw" title="en:AmigaDOS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">AmigaDOS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="AMSDOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="AMSDOS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=AMSDOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMSDOS（页面不存在）">AMSDOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMSDOS" class="extiw" title="en:AMSDOS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">AMSDOS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="ANDOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ANDOS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ANDOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANDOS（页面不存在）">ANDOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANDOS" class="extiw" title="en:ANDOS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ANDOS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Atari DOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Atari DOS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atari_DOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atari DOS（页面不存在）">Atari DOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_DOS" class="extiw" title="en:Atari DOS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Atari DOS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Commodore DOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Commodore DOS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodore_DOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commodore DOS（页面不存在）">Commodore DOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_DOS" class="extiw" title="en:Commodore DOS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Commodore DOS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="CSI-DOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="CSI-DOS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CSI-DOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CSI-DOS（页面不存在）">CSI-DOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI-DOS" class="extiw" title="en:CSI-DOS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">CSI-DOS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<a href="/wiki/ProDOS" title="ProDOS">ProDOS</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="TRS-DOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="TRS-DOS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRS-DOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRS-DOS（页面不存在）">TRS-DOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRS-DOS" class="extiw" title="en:TRS-DOS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">TRS-DOS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>等），但這些系統和<a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E6%AA%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOS執行檔（页面不存在）">DOS執行檔</a>以及<a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_API" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-DOS API">MS-DOS API</a>並不相容。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="設計架構"><span id=".E8.A8.AD.E8.A8.88.E6.9E.B6.E6.A7.8B"></span>設計架構</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：設計架構"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Floppy_Drive_With_DOS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/IBM_Floppy_Drive_With_DOS.jpg/240px-IBM_Floppy_Drive_With_DOS.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/IBM_Floppy_Drive_With_DOS.jpg/360px-IBM_Floppy_Drive_With_DOS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/IBM_Floppy_Drive_With_DOS.jpg/480px-IBM_Floppy_Drive_With_DOS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>放於IBM原裝軟碟機的DOS 5.25吋系統開機磁片</figcaption></figure> <p>所有DOS類的作業系統都是在使用<a href="/wiki/Intel" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>或其相容<a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>的機器上執行的（主要是<a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>及其<a href="/wiki/IBM_PC%E5%85%BC%E5%AE%B9%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC兼容機">相容機</a>）。最早的時候，DOS並未受限於此；為了在許多以<a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>為基礎，但和IBM PC不相容的機器上執行，產生了不少特定機器版本的DOS及類似的作業系統<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>DOS是單一使用者、單工的作業系統，擁有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%87%8D%E5%85%A5" title="可重入">不可重入</a>的基本<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="内核">核心</a>函式（意即同時間只能有一個程式呼叫這些函式）。有一個例外的狀況，就是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E9%A7%90%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="常駐程式">常駐程式</a>（Terminate and Stay Resident，縮寫為TSR）。某些常駐程式允許使用者<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="多工">多工</a>操作；然而此時仍有「核心不可重入」的問題：當一個行程（process）呼叫了作業系統核心中的服務函式（也就是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%91%BC%E5%8F%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="系統呼叫">系統呼叫</a>）時，在這個呼叫結束之前，其他的行程絕對不能進行系統呼叫、打斷第一個行程<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>DOS的核心為使用者程式提供了各式各樣的函式，例如：在螢幕上顯示文字、從鍵盤讀入字元、存取磁碟上的檔案等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="腳本語言"><span id=".E8.85.B3.E6.9C.AC.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"></span>腳本語言</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：腳本語言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="批处理">批處理</a></div> <p>DOS透過<i>批次檔</i>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E6%AA%94%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="副檔名">副檔名</a>為<b>.BAT</b>）提供<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2%E8%85%B3%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="界面腳本">界面腳本</a>的功能。這些檔案是純文字格式的，可以用任何的文字編輯器（像是edit.com）編輯。他們執行起來和編譯而成的程式沒有兩樣。檔案中的每一行都被視為命令來執行。批次檔也可以使用數個內部命令，例如<a href="/wiki/Goto" title="Goto">goto</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="條件運算式">條件運算式</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="硬體存取"><span id=".E7.A1.AC.E9.AB.94.E5.AD.98.E5.8F.96"></span>硬體存取</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：硬體存取"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/BIOS%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B7%E5%91%BC%E5%8F%AB" title="BIOS中斷呼叫">BIOS中斷呼叫</a></div> <p>DOS提供了簡單的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%AB%94%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%A4" title="硬體抽象層">硬體抽象層</a>，讓程式員可以開發文字界面的應用程式；但這個硬體抽象層無法存取大部份的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="硬體">計算機硬體</a>，像是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E7%A4%BA%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="顯示卡">顯示卡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E8%A1%A8%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="印表機">印表機</a>，或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="滑鼠">滑鼠</a>等。這使得程式員必須直接存取硬體，導致每個應用程式都有屬於自己的一組硬體週邊<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%85%E5%8B%95%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="驅動程式">驅動程式</a>。硬體製造商會將他們的硬體規格書釋出，以確保在受歡迎的應用程式中有它們的驅動程式<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="裝置保留名稱"><span id=".E8.A3.9D.E7.BD.AE.E4.BF.9D.E7.95.99.E5.90.8D.E7.A8.B1"></span>裝置保留名稱</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：裝置保留名稱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%9D%E7%BD%AE%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="裝置檔案系統（页面不存在）">裝置檔案系統</a></div> <p>在DOS中，有數個名稱保留給裝置使用，無法拿來當一般檔案的名稱（不管副檔名是什麼）；這些保留名稱是用來將應用程式的輸出傳送給硬體週邊用的。這樣的限制也影響到數個版本的Windows，在某些情況下甚至會造成當機和安全性弱點。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>其中一些保留名稱有：<code>NUL:</code>、<code>COM1:</code>或<code>AUX:</code>、<code>COM2:</code>、<code>COM3:</code>、<code>COM4:</code>、<code>CON:</code>、<code>LPT1:</code>或<code>PRN:</code>、<code>LPT2:</code>、<code>LPT3:</code>，以及<code>CLOCK$</code><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="磁碟命名法"><span id=".E7.A3.81.E7.A2.9F.E5.91.BD.E5.90.8D.E6.B3.95"></span>磁碟命名法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：磁碟命名法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E7%A2%9F%E4%BB%A3%E8%99%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磁碟代號的指派（页面不存在）">磁碟代號的指派</a></div> <p>在DOS中，磁碟機是利用不同的字母命名的。標準的作法是保留「A」和「B」給<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E9%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="软驱">軟碟機</a>。若是系統只有一台軟碟機的話，DOS允許這台軟碟機同時使用這兩個代號，然後DOS會要求使用者更換磁片。這麼做可以讓使用者把檔案拷貝到不同的軟碟片上，或是執行某一片軟碟片上的程式，然後把資料檔案存放在另一片軟碟片上。最早<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E7%A2%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="硬碟">硬碟</a>的代號為「C」和「D」。在一台硬碟機上，DOS只允許一個活動分割區的存在。隨著支援的硬碟數量越來越多，磁碟代號的命名方法演變為：先將磁碟代號指派給每一顆硬碟機的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA" title="活动分区">活動主分割區</a>，然後第二輪將代號指派給<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%96%8B%E6%A9%9F%E7%B4%80%E9%8C%84#主引导记录与硬盘分区" class="mw-redirect" title="主開機紀錄">延伸分割區</a>中的邏輯磁碟區，第三輪再把代號指定給非活動的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%96%8B%E6%A9%9F%E7%B4%80%E9%8C%84#主引导记录与硬盘分区" class="mw-redirect" title="主開機紀錄">主分割區</a>。（前題是：它們存在，而且包含了DOS可以讀取的檔案系統。）最後，DOS才將代號指派給<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%A2%9F%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="光碟機">光碟機</a>、<a href="/wiki/RAM_disk" title="RAM disk">RAM disk</a>，以及其他的硬體。一般來說，磁碟代號都是依照驅動程式的載入順序，按字母順序指派的，但驅動程式也可以要求DOS指派不同的字母。例如網路磁碟機的驅動程式通常會指派最後的幾個字母。<sup id="cite_ref-driveletter_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-driveletter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>因為DOS的應用程式會直接使用這些磁碟代號（和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9EUnix%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="類Unix系統">Unix類</a>系統使用／dev目錄的方法不同），因此若是新增了需要分配磁碟代號的硬體，可能會導致這些應用程式出錯。舉例來說：若是原本硬碟中的延伸分割區中存在邏輯磁碟區，此時新增一顆有主分割區的硬碟的話，由於主分割區擁有較高的分配優先權，所以原本硬碟的邏輯磁碟區的代號就會改變。此外，就算是新增一顆只有延伸分割區和邏輯磁碟區的硬碟，還是會影響到RAM disk及光碟機的代號。這個問題一直到9x系列的Windows都仍然存在；NT系列才有解決方案：磁碟代號會保留給已存在的磁碟機機，除非使用者手動更改。<sup id="cite_ref-driveletter_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-driveletter-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="開機流程"><span id=".E9.96.8B.E6.A9.9F.E6.B5.81.E7.A8.8B"></span>開機流程</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：開機流程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PC相容機的<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%A9%9F%E7%A3%81%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="開機磁區">開機磁區</a>（MBR）位于第 0 <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%87%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="扇区">扇区</a>。對於DOS來說，這段代碼會將DOS的<a href="/wiki/HAL" class="mw-disambig" title="HAL">HAL</a>讀入記憶體中然後執行。在DR DOS及PC DOS中，這個HAL放在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="IBMBIO.COM" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="IBMBIO.COM"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBMBIO.COM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBMBIO.COM（页面不存在）">IBMBIO.COM</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMBIO.COM" class="extiw" title="en:IBMBIO.COM"><span lang="en" dir="auto">IBMBIO.COM</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>文件中；而MS DOS則是放在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="IO.SYS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="IO.SYS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IO.SYS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IO.SYS（页面不存在）">IO.SYS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IO.SYS" class="extiw" title="en:IO.SYS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">IO.SYS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>。接下來這個HAL會載入位于<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="IBMDOS.COM" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="IBMDOS.COM"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBMDOS.COM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBMDOS.COM（页面不存在）">IBMDOS.COM</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBMDOS.COM" class="extiw" title="en:IBMDOS.COM"><span lang="en" dir="auto">IBMDOS.COM</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（PC DOS或DR DOS）或是<a href="/wiki/MSDOS.SYS" title="MSDOS.SYS">MSDOS.SYS</a>（MS DOS）裡面的DOS内核。Windows 9x中附的DOS版本（MS DOS 7和8）將HAL和核心合併放在IO.SYS裡面，而MSDOS.SYS則是文字格式的組態檔案。然後DOS核心會去執行<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="CONFIG.SYS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="CONFIG.SYS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CONFIG.SYS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CONFIG.SYS（页面不存在）">CONFIG.SYS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONFIG.SYS" class="extiw" title="en:CONFIG.SYS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">CONFIG.SYS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>這個檔案。在CONFIG.SYS中，<tt>SHELL</tt>這個命令指定了SHELL的檔案位置（通常是<a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a>）。接下來這個SHELL會被執行，然後它會去開啟开机启动项（通常是<a href="/wiki/AUTOEXEC.BAT" title="AUTOEXEC.BAT">AUTOEXEC.BAT</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MS-DOS（以及經授權更換商標而成的IBM PC-DOS）以及它的前身<a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a>是受到<a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a>公司的<a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>（<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">Control Program / (for) Microcomputers</span></span>）啟發而完成的。<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">CP/M</span></span>是當時使用<a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a>及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Zilog" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zilog"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zilog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zilog（页面不存在）">Zilog</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog" class="extiw" title="en:Zilog"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zilog</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Z80</a>這兩顆8位元<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">CPU</span></span>的微電腦上最受歡迎的磁碟作業系統。 </p><p>在1980年的時候，<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">IBM</span></span>使用<a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a>微處理器，開發出了他們的第一台<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="微電腦">微電腦</a>。他們需要一套能夠在這台微電腦上使用的作業系統。<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">IBM</span></span>在找一套能和<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">Intel 8088 (1979-1982)</span></span>相容的<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">CP/M</span></span>，一開始找上了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="微軟">微軟</a>的執行長<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E8%8C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="比爾·蓋茨">比爾·蓋茨</a>（可能是因為當時微軟開發出了讓<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">CP/M</span></span>可以在<a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>上執行的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Z-80 SoftCard" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Z-80 SoftCard"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z-80_SoftCard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z-80 SoftCard（页面不存在）">Z-80 SoftCard</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-80_SoftCard" class="extiw" title="en:Z-80 SoftCard"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Z-80 SoftCard</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>，所以<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">IBM</span></span>相信微軟擁有<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">CP/M</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-rolander_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolander-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）。<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">IBM</span></span>被轉介到<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">Digital Research</span></span>，並且舉行了相關的會議。然而，關於<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">CP/M</span></span>的使用權的初次談判破裂了—因為<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">Digital Research</span></span>希望以權利金的方式販售<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">CP/M</span></span>，但<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">IBM</span></span>希望單一授權，並且將名稱改為<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">"PC-DOS"</span></span>。<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">DR</span></span>的創始人<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E7%91%9E%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A" title="蓋瑞·基爾多">蓋瑞·基爾多</a>拒絕簽約，<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">IBM</span></span>因此放棄購買<span title="英語文本"><span lang="en">CP/M</span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-rolander_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolander-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IBM再次找上比爾·蓋茨。蓋茨轉而找上了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Seattle Computer Products" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Seattle Computer Products"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seattle_Computer_Products&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seattle Computer Products（页面不存在）">Seattle Computer Products</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products" class="extiw" title="en:Seattle Computer Products"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Seattle Computer Products</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（SCP）。SCP的程式員<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Tim Paterson" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tim Paterson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Paterson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Paterson（页面不存在）">Tim Paterson</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Paterson" class="extiw" title="en:Tim Paterson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tim Paterson</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>開發了一套<a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M-80</a>的變體作業系統，原本是打算用來測試SCP為<a href="/w/index.php?title=S-100%E5%8C%AF%E6%B5%81%E6%8E%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-100匯流排（页面不存在）">S-100匯流排</a>新開發的<a href="/wiki/16%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83" title="16位元">16位元</a><a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="中央處理單元">CPU</a>界面卡。這套系統原本的名稱是「QDOS」（Quick and Dirty Operating System），後來在商業發行前改名為<a href="/wiki/86-DOS" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a>。微軟買下了86-DOS（據說成交金額為50,000美元），後來成了1981年發行的Microsoft Disk Operating System，簡稱MS-DOS。<sup id="cite_ref-mshist_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mshist-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>微軟也將這套系統授權給數個電腦公司。這些電腦公司販售給他們的硬體使用的MS-DOS，有時使用他們自己的名稱。微軟後來要求他們使用MS-DOS這個名稱，除了IBM以外。IBM持續為IBM PC開發新版的<a href="/wiki/PC-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-DOS">PC-DOS</a>。Digital Research查覺到IBM正在販售和CP/M很類似的作業系統（而且還跟當初IBM談判時堅持的名稱相同），於是揚言要提出法律訴訟。IBM以一項協議回應他們：IBM讓使用者可以自行選擇要使用PC-DOS還是<a href="/wiki/CP/M-86" title="CP/M-86">CP/M-86</a>（Kildall開發的8086版CP/M）。兩者相較，CP/M比PC-DOS貴上近200美元，銷售量也低。CP/M逐漸淡出，而MS-DOS和PC-DOS則成了PC和PC相容機的主力作業系統。<sup id="cite_ref-rolander_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolander-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital Research曾試圖挽回CP/M-86錯失的市場。一開始是發行了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="DOS Plus" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="DOS Plus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS_Plus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOS Plus（页面不存在）">DOS Plus</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_Plus" class="extiw" title="en:DOS Plus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">DOS Plus</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>，後來又發行了<a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a>（這兩者都同時與MS-DOS和CP/M-86的軟體相容）。Digital Research被<a href="/wiki/Novell" title="Novell">Novell</a>買下，DR-DOS變成了Novell DOS 7。之後，它又成為<a href="/wiki/SCO_Group" title="SCO Group">Caldera Systems</a>（以<a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">OpenDOS</a>及DR DOS 7為名）、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Lineo" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lineo"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lineo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lineo（页面不存在）">Lineo</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineo" class="extiw" title="en:Lineo"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lineo</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="DeviceLogics" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="DeviceLogics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DeviceLogics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeviceLogics（页面不存在）">DeviceLogics</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeviceLogics" class="extiw" title="en:DeviceLogics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">DeviceLogics</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>的一部份。 </p><p>後來，微軟和IBM在兩套DOS的繼任作業系統（微軟的Windows和IBM的<a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>）上發生了一連串爭執。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他們在DOS系統上的開發也因此分道揚鑣。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MS-DOS在某些層面上轉型成為Windows；而PC-DOS的最後一個版本為1998年發行的PC-DOS 2000。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a>計劃開始於1994年6月26日。當天微軟宣佈他們將不再販賣MS-DOS，也不再提供支援。於是<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94_(%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%91%98)" title="吉姆·霍尔 (程序员)">吉姆·霍尔</a>張貼了一份宣言，宣佈要開發DOS的開放源始碼替代品。在幾個星期內，包括Pat Villani和Tim Norman的幾位程式員加入了這個計劃。他們利用共享他們撰寫或現有程式碼的方式，產生了核心、command.com命令直譯器（shell界面）以及核心公用程式。在歷經了數個版本的官方預覽版本之後，FreeDOS 1.0版在2006年9月3日正式發佈。使用FreeDOS不需支付任何的版權費用或權利金。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="淡出"><span id=".E6.B7.A1.E5.87.BA"></span>淡出</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：淡出"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Windows的歷史">Microsoft Windows的歷史</a></div> <p>早期版本的<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>只是在DOS之上執行的應用程式。<sup id="cite_ref-emulate_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emulate-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>大約在90年代初，Windows仍相當依賴新版本的DOS。一直到<a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 3.1x">Windows for Workgroups 3.11</a>，DOS才逐漸退居負責開機及載入Windows核心的角色。在Windows 95（以及其後推出的Windows 98與Me）中，MS-DOS核心依然存在，只是加上Windows當作系統的圖形界面。Windows 95與98的MS-DOS元件可以在不開啟Windows的情況下獨立執行（但Windows Me不行）。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>隨著Windows的普及，大部份的電腦使用者都使用Windows，DOS也越來越少人使用。英特爾計畫於2020年徹底捨棄Intel平台的UEFI CSM（即UEFI的Legacy BIOS開機支援），屆時Intel平台的個人電腦將無法啟動DOS系統。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="持續發展"><span id=".E6.8C.81.E7.BA.8C.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>持續發展</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：持續發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有些電腦製造商（包括<a href="/wiki/Dell" class="mw-redirect" title="Dell">Dell</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E6%99%AE%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="惠普公司">HP</a>）會預載FreeDOS當作<a href="/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEM</a>作業系統出貨。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>有一套以<a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>方式授權的DOS，名為NX-DOS，目前正在開發中。它是一套16位元的即時作業系統，擁有網路功能，可以從軟碟片開機，還有一個不太完整的USB驅動程式。NX-DOS專案從1992年就開始了，原本是個個人專案，在2005年的時候以GPL方式釋出。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>目前仍可取得的DOS系統有DR-DOS（以及加強的DR-DOS）、俄國人開發的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="PTS-DOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="PTS-DOS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=PTS-DOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PTS-DOS（页面不存在）">PTS-DOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTS-DOS" class="extiw" title="en:PTS-DOS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">PTS-DOS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、ROM-DOS、FreeDOS、NX-DOS、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229091247/http://www.conctrls.com/CCInews.html">Multiuser DOS</a>（以Digital Research的Concurrent DOS為基礎）等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="嵌入式系統"><span id=".E5.B5.8C.E5.85.A5.E5.BC.8F.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1"></span>嵌入式系統</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：嵌入式系統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由於DOS可以直接存取硬體，因此它很適合拿來控制嵌入式裝置。新版本的DR-DOS便瞄準了這塊市場。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%B3%E8%83%BD" title="佳能">佳能</a>的數位相機<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShot_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PowerShot Pro（页面不存在）">PowerShot Pro</a> 70使用ROM-DOS做為嵌入式系統。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="模擬器"><span id=".E6.A8.A1.E6.93.AC.E5.99.A8"></span>模擬器</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：模擬器"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>下，使用<i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="DOSEMU" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="DOSEMU"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOSEMU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOSEMU（页面不存在）">DOSEMU</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSEMU" class="extiw" title="en:DOSEMU"><span lang="en" dir="auto">DOSEMU</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></i>（一套用來執行<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="真實模式">真實模式</a>程式的Linux原生<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8" title="虛擬機器">虛擬機器</a>）可以執行DOS及其衍生版本。另外在各個版本的UNIX下也有許多用來執行DOS的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="模拟器">模擬器</a>，有些甚至在非<a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>的平台上也可以執行，像是<a href="/wiki/DOSBox" title="DOSBox">DOSBox</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-DOSBox_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOSBox-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>由於<a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>和<a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Vista</a>無法和純DOS相容，DOS模擬器在這些系統上也越來越流行。這些模擬器可以用來執行過去的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" title="老软件">老軟體</a>或其他DOS軟體。其中一個最為知名的是<a href="/wiki/DOSBox" title="DOSBox">DOSBox</a>，主要的設計目標是在當前的作業系統上執行DOS的遊戲程式。<sup id="cite_ref-DOSBox_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOSBox-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emulate_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emulate-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Virtual_PC" title="Microsoft Virtual PC">Microsoft Virtual PC</a>下也可以執行DOS的應用程式，相容性比DOS模擬器好。使用者可以安裝合法的MS-DOS，然後除了那些最難對付的應用程式以外，絕大部份的DOS應用程式都可以在上面執行。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="與Microsoft_Windows的關係"><span id=".E8.88.87Microsoft_Windows.E7.9A.84.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>與Microsoft Windows的關係</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：與Microsoft Windows的關係"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>純32位元版本的Windows（從NT開始；包含了2003、XP和Vista）並非以DOS為基礎的。這些系統中內含了一個<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="NT DOS虛擬機器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="NT Virtual DOS Machine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NT_DOS%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NT DOS虛擬機器（页面不存在）">NT DOS虛擬機器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT_Virtual_DOS_Machine" class="extiw" title="en:NT Virtual DOS Machine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">NT Virtual DOS Machine</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（NT Virtual DOS Machine，縮寫為NTVDM），在上面執行一個修改過的DOS。原本以DOS為基礎的系統使用傳統的<a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a>做為<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%A1%8C%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2" title="命令行界面">命令列界面</a>，而<a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>及其衍生版本則是使用<a href="/wiki/Cmd.exe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cmd.exe">cmd.exe</a>（不過cmd.exe也移植了許多DOS的命令）。<a href="/wiki/X64" class="mw-redirect" title="X64">x64</a>架構的Windows也有cmd.exe（命令提示字元），但是無法執行16位元DOS程式（沒有NTVDM）。 </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="軟體"><span id=".E8.BB.9F.E9.AB.94"></span>軟體</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：軟體"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arachne_VESA_Mode.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arachne_VESA_Mode.png/250px-Arachne_VESA_Mode.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Arachne_VESA_Mode.png/500px-Arachne_VESA_Mode.png 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Arachne互联网浏览器</figcaption></figure> <p>由於DOS在长时间内是PC相容機的主要平台，有許多為DOS撰寫的知名軟體。例如： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoCAD" title="AutoCAD">AutoCAD</a>；一套工業用的繪圖軟件, 是少數能成功由DOS過度至WINDOWS的軟件<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%98%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="绘图软件">繪圖軟件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a>；一套在企業市場中被廣泛運用的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A9%A6%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%A8" title="電子試算表">試算表</a>軟體。被許多人視為IBM PC成功的主因<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中文系統（页面不存在）">中文系統</a>；外掛在DOS以便顯示中文字形, 常見的有<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="倚天中文系統">倚天</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%87%E6%BC%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="震漢（页面不存在）">震漢</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B6%E5%A3%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="零壹（页面不存在）">零壹</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%96%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國喬（页面不存在）">國喬</a>等<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%8E%9B%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外掛中文系統（页面不存在）">外掛中文系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordPerfect" title="WordPerfect">WordPerfect</a>；一套目前出在<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>平台的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="文字編輯器">文字編輯器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordStar" title="WordStar">WordStar</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="文字編輯器">文字編輯器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PE2" title="PE2">PE</a>；一套<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="文字編輯器">文字編輯器</a>, 由IBM公司所開發, 只有簡單排版功能, 當時常用於編寫程式原始碼.</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Copywrite" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Copywrite"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copywrite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copywrite（页面不存在）">Copywrite</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copywrite" class="extiw" title="en:Copywrite"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Copywrite</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>；一套<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%B7%E8%B2%9D%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拷貝軟件（页面不存在）">拷貝軟件</a>, 用以備份具防拷保護的5.25吋软盘.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CopyIIPC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CopyIIPC（页面不存在）">CopyIIPC</a>；另一套<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%B7%E8%B2%9D%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拷貝軟件（页面不存在）">拷貝軟件</a>, 用以備份具防拷保護的5.25吋磁片.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPS%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="WPS文字处理系统">WPS</a>，DOS时代中国最流行的文字处理软件，现已改名为<a href="/wiki/WPS_Office" title="WPS Office">WPS Office</a>运行于<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>平台。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCED" title="CCED">CCED</a>; DOS时代在中国流行的中文字表处理软件。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7%E6%98%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="慧星一號">慧星一號</a>，DOS時代香港及台灣最流行的中文文書處理软件，引入視窗操作概念。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a>；最早的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="資料庫">資料庫</a>軟體之一</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CLIPPER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CLIPPER（页面不存在）">CLIPPER</a>；是dBASE的編譯器.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr_compiler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dr compiler（页面不存在）">Dr compiler</a>；是CLIPPER的加強版, 台灣在原有的CLIPPER加上新加入的LIB而成<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="資料庫">資料庫</a>軟體之一</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Tools_(%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94)" title="PC Tools (軟體)">Pctools</a>; <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="工具軟體">工具軟件</a>整合DOS的COPY DISKCOPY FORMAT 等多項功能於一身的軟體, 以選單形式來操作.</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Telix" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Telix"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telix（页面不存在）">Telix</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telix" class="extiw" title="en:Telix"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Telix</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="數據機">數據機</a>通訊軟體, 是BBS時期常用的軟件.</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="PKZIP" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="PKZIP"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=PKZIP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PKZIP（页面不存在）">PKZIP</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKZIP" class="extiw" title="en:PKZIP"><span lang="en" dir="auto">PKZIP</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="壓縮軟體（页面不存在）">壓縮軟體</a> DOS 年代已出現的ZIP壓縮格式, WINDOWS 現已內含這功能.</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Arachne" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arachne (web browser)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arachne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arachne（页面不存在）">Arachne</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachne_(web_browser)" class="extiw" title="en:Arachne (web browser)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arachne (web browser)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>；一套DOS版的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E7%80%8F%E8%A6%BD%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="網路瀏覽器">網路瀏覽器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJGPP" title="DJGPP">DJGPP</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Compiler Collection">gcc</a>的DOS移植版</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="4DOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="4DOS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=4DOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4DOS（页面不存在）">4DOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4DOS" class="extiw" title="en:4DOS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">4DOS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>，取代原本的<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%A1%8C%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2" title="命令行界面">命令列界面</a>的軟體</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E5%BC%8F%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="整合式開發環境（页面不存在）">整合式開發環境</a>，包括了<a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a>、<a href="/wiki/Turbo_BASIC" title="Turbo BASIC">Turbo BASIC</a>、<a href="/wiki/Turbo_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo C">Turbo C</a>，以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Turbo Assembler" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Turbo Assembler"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbo_Assembler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbo Assembler（页面不存在）">Turbo Assembler</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_Assembler" class="extiw" title="en:Turbo Assembler"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Turbo Assembler</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li>撥接式<a href="/wiki/BBS" title="BBS">電子佈告欄 (BBS)</a>架站軟體<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="RemoteAccess" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="RemoteAccess"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=RemoteAccess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RemoteAccess（页面不存在）">RemoteAccess</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RemoteAccess" class="extiw" title="en:RemoteAccess"><span lang="en" dir="auto">RemoteAccess</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Spitfire (BBS)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spitfire (BBS)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spitfire_(BBS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spitfire (BBS)（页面不存在）">Spitfire</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitfire_(BBS)" class="extiw" title="en:Spitfire (BBS)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spitfire (BBS)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Maximus (BBS)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maximus (BBS)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximus_(BBS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximus (BBS)（页面不存在）">Maximus</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximus_(BBS)" class="extiw" title="en:Maximus (BBS)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maximus (BBS)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="McBBS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="McBBS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=McBBS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McBBS（页面不存在）">McBBS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McBBS" class="extiw" title="en:McBBS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">McBBS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>，以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="TAG (BBS)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="TAG (BBS)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TAG_(BBS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TAG (BBS)（页面不存在）">TAG</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAG_(BBS)" class="extiw" title="en:TAG (BBS)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">TAG (BBS)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>語言工具程式<a href="/wiki/BASICA" title="BASICA">BASICA</a>以及<a href="/wiki/GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li> <li>許多的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0%E5%B0%84%E5%87%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="第一人称射击">第一人稱射擊</a>遊戲：由<a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">Id Software</a>以及Apogee Software（後來改名為<a href="/wiki/3D_Realms" title="3D Realms">3D Realms</a>）合資開發的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%BB%8D%E7%B8%BD%E9%83%A83D" title="德軍總部3D">德軍總部3D</a>；Id Software的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%80%E6%BB%85%E6%88%B0%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="毀滅戰士">Doom</a>以及<a href="/wiki/Quake" class="mw-redirect" title="Quake">Quake</a>；3D Realms的<a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke Nukem 3D">Duke Nukem 3D</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E6%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97" title="影武者系列">影武者系列</a>，以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Rise of the Triad" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rise of the Triad"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_the_Triad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rise of the Triad（页面不存在）">Rise of the Triad</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Triad" class="extiw" title="en:Rise of the Triad"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rise of the Triad</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>。3D Realms開發的這3套遊戲使用的都是DOS上的「<a href="/w/index.php?title=Build%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Build引擎（页面不存在）">Build引擎</a>」。Build引擎的作者是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ken Silverman" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ken Silverman"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Silverman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ken Silverman（页面不存在）">Ken Silverman</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Silverman" class="extiw" title="en:Ken Silverman"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ken Silverman</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>，這個引擎也被用於Silverman的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ken's Labyrinth" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ken's Labyrinth"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken%27s_Labyrinth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ken's Labyrinth（页面不存在）">Ken's Labyrinth</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%27s_Labyrinth" class="extiw" title="en:Ken's Labyrinth"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ken's Labyrinth</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>這個遊戲上。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="易用性"><span id=".E6.98.93.E7.94.A8.E6.80.A7"></span>易用性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：易用性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="用户界面"><span id=".E7.94.A8.E6.88.B7.E7.95.8C.E9.9D.A2"></span>用户界面</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：用户界面"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/MS-DOS%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="MS-DOS命令列表">MS-DOS命令列表</a></div> <p>所有的DOS均使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%A1%8C%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2" title="命令行界面">命令列界面</a>。執行程式的方法是在命令列中鍵入程式的名稱。DOS系統包含一些公用程式，也提供了一些不是以程式方式存在的命令（通常被稱為<i>內部命令</i>）。<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>為了提供對使用者更友善的操作環境，許多的軟體廠商紛紛推出各式各樣的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="檔案管理程式（页面不存在）">檔案管理程式</a>。這些程式通常使用選單及圖示做為界面。Microsoft Windows就是其中最有名的例子，最後發展成為<a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">完整的作業系統</a>，取代DOS成了PC相容機上最受歡迎的作業系統。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="使用文字模式的使用者界面（页面不存在）">使用文字模式的使用者界面</a>有：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Norton Commander" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Norton Commander"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norton_Commander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norton Commander（页面不存在）">Norton Commander</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Commander" class="extiw" title="en:Norton Commander"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Norton Commander</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Dos Navigator" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dos Navigator"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dos_Navigator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dos Navigator（页面不存在）">Dos Navigator</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_Navigator" class="extiw" title="en:Dos Navigator"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dos Navigator</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Volkov Commander" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Volkov Commander"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkov_Commander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volkov Commander（页面不存在）">Volkov Commander</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkov_Commander" class="extiw" title="en:Volkov Commander"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Volkov Commander</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、Quarterdesk的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="DESQview" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="DESQview"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DESQview&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DESQview（页面不存在）">DESQview</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESQview" class="extiw" title="en:DESQview"><span lang="en" dir="auto">DESQview</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>，以及<a href="/wiki/SideKick" title="SideKick">SideKick</a>。使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2" title="图形用户界面">图形用户界面</a>的程式有：Digital Research的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Graphical Environment Manager" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Graphical Environment Manager"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphical_Environment_Manager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graphical Environment Manager（页面不存在）">Graphical Environment Manager</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_Environment_Manager" class="extiw" title="en:Graphical Environment Manager"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Graphical Environment Manager</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（最早是寫給CP/M用的）以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="GEOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="GEOS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GEOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GEOS（页面不存在）">GEOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEOS" class="extiw" title="en:GEOS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">GEOS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>。 </p><p>發展到最後，主要的DOS廠商開始在DOS中加入自己的環境管理程式。MS/PC-DOS 4中有<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="DOS Shell" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="DOS Shell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS_Shell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOS Shell（页面不存在）">DOS Shell</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_Shell" class="extiw" title="en:DOS Shell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">DOS Shell</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>；<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而次年發行的DR-DOS 5則加入了以GEM為基礎的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="ViewMAX" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ViewMAX"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ViewMAX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ViewMAX（页面不存在）">ViewMAX</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViewMAX" class="extiw" title="en:ViewMAX"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ViewMAX</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="多工"><span id=".E5.A4.9A.E5.B7.A5"></span>多工</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：多工"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在最初的設計中，DOS是一個單工的作業系統。MS/PC-DOS使用DOS shell做到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%87%E6%8F%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工作切換（页面不存在）">工作切換</a>的功能，<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而DR-DOS則是在DR-DOS 6中利用<i>TaskMAX</i>做到類似的功能。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MS/PC-DOS自始至終都沒有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="多工">多工</a>的能力；<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DR-DOS則是在DR-DOS 7中提供了這個功能（DR-DOS的<a href="/w/index.php?title=DPMI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DPMI（页面不存在）">DPMI</a>必須啟用）。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="限制"><span id=".E9.99.90.E5.88.B6"></span>限制</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：限制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DOS的架構有數項惱人的限制。最早的8088微處理器只能定址到1 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabyte">MB</a>的實體記憶體空間。由於附加的硬體裝置也必須映射到這段空間，因此最高可以使用的記憶體只有640 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobyte">KB</a>（被稱為「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傳統記憶體（页面不存在）">傳統記憶體</a>」）。在DOS的結構上，640 KB被視為最大的記憶體空間，DOS無法定址更高的位址。早期避開這個問題的做法是使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%B4%E5%B1%95%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%AB%94" title="擴展記憶體">擴展記憶體</a>；<a href="/wiki/80286" class="mw-redirect" title="80286">80286</a>出來之後，發展出了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E4%BC%B8%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%AB%94" title="延伸記憶體">延伸記憶體</a>。雖然這些技術提供了更多的記憶體應用程式，但應用程式仍必須從傳統記憶體開始執行，佔用640 KB中的部份空間。<a href="/wiki/80386" class="mw-redirect" title="80386">80386</a>微處理器使用了重新設計的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="保護模式">保護模式</a>，應用程式可以透過<a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS_extender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOS extender（页面不存在）">DOS extender</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DOS保護模式界面（页面不存在）">DOS保護模式界面</a>（DOS Protected Mode Interface，縮寫為DPMI）等技術使用額外的記憶體，也可以有多工的功能。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DOS還有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E7%A2%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="硬碟">硬碟</a>分割區大小的限制。造成這個問題的原因有兩個。首先，許多DOS類的作業系統只支援到<a href="/wiki/FAT" class="mw-disambig" title="FAT">FAT16</a>，而FAT16在設計上就不支援超過2.1 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabyte">GB</a>的硬碟分割區。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>另外，DOS存取硬碟的方式是透過<a href="/w/index.php?title=INT_13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INT 13（页面不存在）">INT 13</a>這個中斷呼叫，然後往下再利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B1%E9%9D%A2-%E7%A3%81%E5%A4%B4-%E6%89%87%E5%8C%BA" title="柱面-磁头-扇区">CHS</a>系統對應到磁碟上的資料。在這個架構下，作業系統只能看到8 GB的硬碟空間。<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>比較新的作業系統使用軟體的方式（例如：<a href="/w/index.php?title=32%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83%E7%A3%81%E7%A2%9F%E5%AD%98%E5%8F%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="32位元磁碟存取（页面不存在）">32位元磁碟存取</a>）存取硬碟。 </p><p>FAT16和<a href="/wiki/FAT" class="mw-disambig" title="FAT">FAT12</a>（用於軟碟片）上的檔案名稱必須遵守「<a href="/wiki/8.3" class="mw-redirect" title="8.3">8.3命名規則</a>」：檔案的主檔名不得超個8個字元，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E6%AA%94%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="副檔名">副檔名</a>則不得超過3個字元。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="命令集"><span id=".E5.91.BD.E4.BB.A4.E9.9B.86"></span>命令集</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：命令集"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>（部分）</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>命令 </th> <th>備註 </th></tr> <tr> <td>MD</td> <td>建立子目錄 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CD</td> <td>改變當前目錄 </td></tr> <tr> <td>RD</td> <td>刪除子目錄命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DIR</td> <td>示磁盤目錄命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>PATH</td> <td>路徑設置命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>TREE</td> <td>顯示磁盤目錄結構命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DELTREE</td> <td>刪除整個目錄命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>FORMAT</td> <td>磁盤格式化命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SCANDISK</td> <td>檢查磁盤當前狀態命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UNFORMAT</td> <td>恢復格式化命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DISKCOPY</td> <td>整盤複製命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>VOL</td> <td>顯示磁盤捲標命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SCANDISK</td> <td>檢測、修復磁盤命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DEFRAG</td> <td>重整磁盤命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SYS</td> <td>系統複製命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>COPY</td> <td>文件複製命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>XCOPY</td> <td>目錄複製命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>TYPE</td> <td>顯示文件內容命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>REN</td> <td>文件改名命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>FC</td> <td>文件比較命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ATTRIB</td> <td>修改文件屬性命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DEL</td> <td>刪除文件命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UNDELETE</td> <td>恢復刪除命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>VER</td> <td>查看系統版本號命令 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DATE</td> <td>查看日期命令 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">參閱<a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>條目</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hyde, Randall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080627164645/http://www.oopweb.com/Assembly/Documents/ArtOfAssembly/Volume/Chapter_18/CH18-3.html">CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: RESIDENT PROGRAMS (Part 3)</a>. 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PC Magazine. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929150356/http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0%2C2542%2Ct%3DDOS+device+names%26i%3D41766%2C00.asp">存档</a>于2008-09-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.btitle=DOS+device+names+definition&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=PC+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Fencyclopedia_term%2F0%2C2542%2Ct%3DDOS%2Bdevice%2Bnames%26i%3D41766%2C00.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-driveletter-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-driveletter_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-driveletter_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919094154/http://www.storagereview.com/guide/partLetter.html">Drive Letter Assignment and Choosing Primary vs. Logical Partitions</a>. The PC Guide. 2007-05-17 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-02</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storagereview.com/guide/partLetter.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-09-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.atitle=Drive+Letter+Assignment+and+Choosing+Primary+vs.+Logical+Partitions&rft.date=2007-05-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+PC+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storagereview.com%2Fguide%2FpartLetter.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kozierok, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcguide.com/ref/hdd/file/structBoot-c.html">The DOS Boot Process</a>. The PC Guide. 2001 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719191224/http://www.pcguide.com/ref/hdd/file/structBoot-c.html">存档</a>于2008-07-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.atitle=The+DOS+Boot+Process&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Kozierok&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+PC+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcguide.com%2Fref%2Fhdd%2Ffile%2FstructBoot-c.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rolander-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rolander_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rolander_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rolander_9-2"><sup><b>9.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation interview">Rolander, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821210817/http://www.podtech.net/scobleshow/technology/1593/the-rest-of-the-story-how-bill-gates-beat-gary-kildall-in-os-war-part-1">The rest of the story: How Bill Gates beat Gary Kildall in OS war, Part 1</a> (访谈). <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-08-30</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.podtech.net/scobleshow/technology/1593/the-rest-of-the-story-how-bill-gates-beat-gary-kildall-in-os-war-part-1">原始内容</a>存档于2008-08-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.aulast=Rolander&rft.btitle=The+rest+of+the+story%3A+How+Bill+Gates+beat+Gary+Kildall+in+OS+war%2C+Part+1&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.podtech.net%2Fscobleshow%2Ftechnology%2F1593%2Fthe-rest-of-the-story-how-bill-gates-beat-gary-kildall-in-os-war-part-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bove, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I0RB1Xxp-KAC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=ibm+cp/m+licensing&source=web&ots=dryptL9LAW&sig=KJqNIT1r_-yVcpe0fa0p9RI1BW4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA9,M1">Just Say No to Microsoft</a>. 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Over Software</a>. 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Executive Describes Price Pressure by Microsoft</a>. 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Smart Computing. 1996年3月 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040707000544/http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2Farchive%2F95win%2F95win21%2F95win21.asp&guid=">存档</a>于2004-07-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.atitle=Finding+The+DOS+In+Windows+95&rft.date=1996-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smart+Computing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcomputing.com%2FEditorial%2Farticle.asp%3Farticle%3Darticles%2Farchive%2F95win%2F95win21%2F95win21.asp%26guid%3D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hall, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602153901/http://www.freedos.org/jhall/">Jim Hall</a>. 2007-07-13 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-06-12</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedos.org/jhall/">原始内容</a>存档于2008-06-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.btitle=Jim+Hall&rft.date=2007-07-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedos.org%2Fjhall%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319090122/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/segtopic.aspx/e510_nseries?c=us&cs=19&l=en&s=dhs">Dell PCs Featuring FreeDOS</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-06-14</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dell.com/content/topics/segtopic.aspx/e510_nseries?c=us&cs=19&l=en&s=dhs">原始内容</a>存档于2008-03-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.btitle=Dell+PCs+Featuring+FreeDOS&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dell.com%2Fcontent%2Ftopics%2Fsegtopic.aspx%2Fe510_nseries%3Fc%3Dus%26cs%3D19%26l%3Den%26s%3Ddhs&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120529010948/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/GPLd-DOS-workalike-adds-features/">GPL'd DOS workalike adds features</a>. 2007-04-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-06-01</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxdevices.com/news/NS9509696845.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-05-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.btitle=GPL%27d+DOS+workalike+adds+features&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxdevices.com%2Fnews%2FNS9509696845.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdos.com/products/drdos703.htm">DR DOS Embedded DOS</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-26</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221174616/http://www.drdos.com/products/drdos703.htm">存档</a>于2008-12-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.btitle=DR+DOS+Embedded+DOS&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdos.com%2Fproducts%2Fdrdos703.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709115533/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_Feb_23/ai_53930374/">Datalight DOS Selected for Canon's New Line of Digital Still Cameras</a>. Business Wire. 1999-08-24 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-26</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_Feb_23/ai_53930374">原始内容</a>存档于2012-07-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.btitle=Datalight+DOS+Selected+for+Canon%27s+New+Line+of+Digital+Still+Cameras&rft.date=1999-08-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Business+Wire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0EIN%2Fis_1999_Feb_23%2Fai_53930374&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOSBox-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOSBox_23-0"><sup><b>23.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOSBox_23-1"><sup><b>23.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dosbox.com/information.php">DOSBox Information</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080525111324/http://www.dosbox.com/information.php">存档</a>于2008-05-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.btitle=DOSBox+Information&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dosbox.com%2Finformation.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dosemu.org/">DOSEMU Home</a>. 2007-05-05 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723140604/http://www.dosemu.org./">存档</a>于2008-07-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.btitle=DOSEMU+Home&rft.date=2007-05-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dosemu.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917134721/http://www.winvistatips.com/dos-games-on-vista-a102.php">DOS Games on Vista</a>. 2008-03-11 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-02</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winvistatips.com/dos-games-on-vista-a102.php">原始内容</a>存档于2008-09-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.btitle=DOS+Games+on+Vista&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winvistatips.com%2Fdos-games-on-vista-a102.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Darrow, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109203535/http://www.crn.com/it-channel/18818026">Whatever Happened To Lotus 1-2-3?</a>. 2002-02-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-12</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crn.com/it-channel/18818026">原始内容</a>存档于2009-01-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.aulast=Darrow&rft.btitle=Whatever+Happened+To+Lotus+1-2-3%3F&rft.date=2002-02-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crn.com%2Fit-channel%2F18818026&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Murdock, Everett. DOS the Easy Way. EasyWay Downloadable Books. : 7–12. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0923178023" title="Special:网络书源/0923178023"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0923178023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft.aulast=Murdock&rft.btitle=DOS+the+Easy+Way&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0923178023&rft.pages=7-12&rft.pub=EasyWay+Downloadable+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Murdock, Everett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=vrsSflB2o5sC">DOS the Easy Way</a>. EasyWay Downloadable Books. : 71 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-03</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0923178023" title="Special:网络书源/0923178023"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0923178023</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112064907/http://books.google.com/books?id=vrsSflB2o5sC">存档</a>于2012-11-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft.aulast=Murdock&rft.btitle=DOS+the+Easy+Way&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0923178023&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=EasyWay+Downloadable+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvrsSflB2o5sC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dvorak, John; Nick Anis. Dvorak's Guide to DOS and PC Performance. Osborne McGraw-Hill. 1991: 442–444.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Dvorak&rft.btitle=Dvorak%27s+Guide+to+DOS+and+PC+Performance&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=442-444&rft.pub=Osborne+McGraw-Hill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Murdock, Everett. DOS the Easy Way. EasyWay Downloadable Books. : 83. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0923178023" title="Special:网络书源/0923178023"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0923178023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft.aulast=Murdock&rft.btitle=DOS+the+Easy+Way&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0923178023&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=EasyWay+Downloadable+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">DR DOS 6.0 User Guide. Digital Research. 1991: 320–324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.btitle=DR+DOS+6.0+User+Guide&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=320-324&rft.pub=Digital+Research&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Perry, Greg; Jill Freeze. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FptQSQs0skEC&pg=PA445&dq=ms-dos+multitasking&sig=ACfU3U1yCLlNTSiGByW9TJOZJqmPENSdkQ">Sams Teach Yourself Windows XP Computer Basics All in One</a>. Sams Publishing. 2003: 445 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-03</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0672325357" title="Special:网络书源/0672325357"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0672325357</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520013955/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FptQSQs0skEC&pg=PA445&dq=ms-dos+multitasking&sig=ACfU3U1yCLlNTSiGByW9TJOZJqmPENSdkQ">存档</a>于2011-05-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.btitle=Sams+Teach+Yourself+Windows+XP+Computer+Basics+All+in+One&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0672325357&rft.pages=445&rft.pub=Sams+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFptQSQs0skEC%26pg%3DPA445%26dq%3Dms-dos%2Bmultitasking%26sig%3DACfU3U1yCLlNTSiGByW9TJOZJqmPENSdkQ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704081357/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/usergeng/13ugch13.htm">Chapter 13 Multitasking and Task Switching</a>. Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 User Guide. Caldera Systems. 1998 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-12</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdos.net/documentation/usergeng/13ugch13.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008-07-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.atitle=Chapter+13+Multitasking+and+Task+Switching&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caldera+DR-DOS+7.02+User+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdos.net%2Fdocumentation%2Fusergeng%2F13ugch13.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120529010944/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SMG/is_n6_v10/ai_8528224/">DOS: still thriving after all these years</a>. Software Magazine. Findarticles.com. 1990年5月 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SMG/is_n6_v10/ai_8528224">原始内容</a>存档于2012-05-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.atitle=DOS%3A+still+thriving+after+all+these+years&rft.date=1990-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Software+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0SMG%2Fis_n6_v10%2Fai_8528224&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Duncan, Ray. Extending DOS: A Programmer's Guide to Protected-Mode DOS 2. Addison-Wesley. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0201567989" title="Special:网络书源/0201567989"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0201567989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.btitle=Extending+DOS%3A+A+Programmer%27s+Guide+to+Protected-Mode+DOS&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0201567989&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mueller, Scott. Upgrading and Repairing PCs. Que Publishing. 2003: 812. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0789729741" title="Special:网络书源/0789729741"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0789729741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.btitle=Upgrading+and+Repairing+PCs&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0789729741&rft.pages=812&rft.pub=Que+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704083233/http://www.storagereview.com/guide2000/ref/hdd/bios/sizeGB8.html">The Int 13 Interface</a>. The PC Guide. storagereview.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storagereview.com/guide2000/ref/hdd/bios/sizeGB8.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-07-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3ADOS&rft.atitle=The+Int+13+Interface&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+PC+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storagereview.com%2Fguide2000%2Fref%2Fhdd%2Fbios%2FsizeGB8.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DOS&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a>，DOS和<a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a>的命令列直譯器</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS_API" title="DOS API">DOS API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">IBM PC DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="操作系统列表">操作系统列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%BB%9F%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="微軟作業系統列表">微軟作業系統列表</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%AE%A3%E4%BC%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="操作系统宣传（页面不存在）">宣传</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system_advocacy" class="extiw" title="en:Operating system advocacy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Operating system advocacy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="操作系统比较" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Comparison of operating systems"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="操作系统比较（页面不存在）">比较</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" class="extiw" title="en:Comparison of operating systems"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Comparison of operating systems</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鑑識软件工程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Forensic software engineering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%91%91%E8%AD%98%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鑑識软件工程（页面不存在）">鑑識软件工程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Forensic software engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Forensic software engineering</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="操作系统历史">历史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余操作系统研发" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hobbyist operating system development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9A%E4%BD%99%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%A0%94%E5%8F%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="业余操作系统研发（页面不存在）">爱好者开发</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system_development" class="extiw" title="en:Hobbyist operating system development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hobbyist operating system development</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="操作系统列表">列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="作業系統歷史年表">年表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E4%BB%BD%E9%A2%9D" title="操作系统使用份额">份额</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="内核">内核</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 7em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="计算机系统结构">系统结构</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83" title="混合核心">混合</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%85%A7%E6%A0%B8" title="微內核">微內核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%A1%8A%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83" title="整塊性核心">整塊性核心</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尾闾内核" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rump kernel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BE%E9%97%BE%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尾闾内核（页面不存在）">尾闾内核</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_kernel" class="extiw" title="en:Rump kernel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rump kernel</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8" title="单一内核">单一内核</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 7em;">组件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F" title="驱动程序">驱动程序</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%BC%89%E5%85%A5%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84" title="可載入核心模組">可載入核心模組</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%85%A7%E6%A0%B8" title="微內核">微內核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="使用者空間">使用者空間</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%A8%8B%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="行程管理">行程管理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 7em;">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%8B%E6%96%87%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B" title="上下文交換">上下文交換</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B7" title="中斷">中斷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%A8%8B%E9%96%93%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="行程間通訊">行程間通訊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%A8%8B" title="行程">行程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%A8%8B%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%A1%A8" title="行程控制表">行程控制表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E6%97%B6%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="实时操作系统">实时操作系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%A8%8B" title="线程">线程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%99%82%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="分時系統">分時系統</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 7em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E5%BA%A6_(%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA)" title="调度 (计算机)">调度算法</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width: auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="多任务处理">多任务处理</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="固定优先级抢占" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E7%BA%A7%E6%8A%A2%E5%8D%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="固定优先级抢占（页面不存在）">固定优先级抢占</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" class="extiw" title="en:Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多级反馈队列" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Multilevel feedback queue"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%BA%A7%E5%8F%8D%E9%A6%88%E9%98%9F%E5%88%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多级反馈队列（页面不存在）">多级反馈队列</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" class="extiw" title="en:Multilevel feedback queue"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Multilevel feedback queue</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%A2%E5%8D%A0%E5%BC%8F%E5%A4%9A%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="抢占式多任务处理">抢占式多任务处理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E5%88%B6" title="循環制">循環制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%BF%9B%E7%A8%8B%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88" title="短进程优先">短进程优先</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%AB%94%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="記憶體管理">記憶體管理</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90_(%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8)" title="資源 (計算機科學)">資源</a>保护</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BA%BF%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF" title="总线错误">总线错误</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF" title="一般保护错误">一般保护错误</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%AB%94%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7" title="記憶體保護">記憶體保護</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A0%81" title="分頁">分頁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%BA%A7%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9F%9F" title="分级保护域">分级保护域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%AB%94%E5%8D%80%E6%AE%B5%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4" title="記憶體區段錯誤">記憶體區段錯誤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98" title="虚拟内存">虚拟内存</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%8F%AE%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%AB%94" title="非揮發性記憶體">存储</a>访问和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="文件系统">文件系统</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="啟動程式">啟動程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%8E%E7%89%87%E9%87%8D%E7%B5%84" title="碎片重組">碎片重組</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="设备文件 (Unix)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Device file"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%87%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6_(Unix)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="设备文件 (Unix)（页面不存在）">设备文件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file" class="extiw" title="en:Device file"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Device file</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7" title="文件属性">文件属性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BF%97%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="日志文件系统">日志</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E7%9B%98%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA" title="硬盘分区">分区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="虛擬檔案系統">虛擬檔案系統</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="虚拟磁带库" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Virtual tape library"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E7%A3%81%E5%B8%A6%E5%BA%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="虚拟磁带库（页面不存在）">虚拟磁带库</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_tape_library" class="extiw" title="en:Virtual tape library"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Virtual tape library</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="操作系统列表">操作系统列表</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android" title="Android">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeOS" title="BeOS">BeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD" title="BSD">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%BF%E8%92%99_(%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F)" title="鸿蒙 (操作系统)">鸿蒙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E9%87%91%E5%A1%94%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="麦金塔操作系统">Macintosh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">MacOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINIX" title="MINIX">MINIX</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="MorphOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="MorphOS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MorphOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MorphOS（页面不存在）">MorphOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS" class="extiw" title="en:MorphOS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">MorphOS</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="MUSIC/SP" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="MUSIC/SP"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MUSIC/SP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MUSIC/SP（页面不存在）">MUSIC/SP</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUSIC/SP" class="extiw" title="en:MUSIC/SP"><span lang="en" dir="auto">MUSIC/SP</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="NOS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="NOS (software)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NOS（页面不存在）">NOS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOS_(software)" class="extiw" title="en:NOS (software)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">NOS (software)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGB_TVOS" class="mw-redirect" title="NGB TVOS">NGB TVOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="ORVYL" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ORVYL and WYLBUR"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORVYL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORVYL（页面不存在）">ORVYL</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORVYL_and_WYLBUR" class="extiw" title="en:ORVYL and WYLBUR"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ORVYL and WYLBUR</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="OSv" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="OSv"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSv（页面不存在）">OSv</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSv" class="extiw" title="en:OSv"><span lang="en" dir="auto">OSv</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Pick操作系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pick operating system"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pick%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pick操作系统（页面不存在）">Pick</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick_operating_system" class="extiw" title="en:Pick operating system"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pick operating system</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">Redox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC_OS" title="RISC OS">RISC OS</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="RSTS/E" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="RSTS/E"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=RSTS/E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RSTS/E（页面不存在）">RSTS/E</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSTS/E" class="extiw" title="en:RSTS/E"><span lang="en" dir="auto">RSTS/E</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">RSX-11</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="RT-11" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="RT-11"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=RT-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RT-11（页面不存在）">RT-11</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-11" class="extiw" title="en:RT-11"><span lang="en" dir="auto">RT-11</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris" title="Solaris">Solaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPS-10" title="TOPS-10">TOPS-10</a>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="TOPS-20" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="TOPS-20"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TOPS-20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TOPS-20（页面不存在）">TOPS-20</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPS-20" class="extiw" title="en:TOPS-20"><span lang="en" dir="auto">TOPS-20</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Transaction Processing Facility" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transaction Processing Facility"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transaction_Processing_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transaction Processing Facility（页面不存在）">TPF</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Processing_Facility" class="extiw" title="en:Transaction Processing Facility"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transaction Processing Facility</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIX" title="UNIX">UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UOS" class="mw-redirect" title="UOS">UOS</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Visi On" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Visi On"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visi_On&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visi On（页面不存在）">Visi On</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visi_On" class="extiw" title="en:Visi On"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Visi On</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="VM (operating system)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="VM (operating system)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=VM_(operating_system)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VM (operating system)（页面不存在）">VM/CMS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" class="extiw" title="en:VM (operating system)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">VM (operating system)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="VS/9" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="VS/9"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=VS/9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VS/9（页面不存在）">VS/9</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VS/9" class="extiw" title="en:VS/9"><span lang="en" dir="auto">VS/9</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Xinu" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Xinu"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinu（页面不存在）">Xinu</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinu" class="extiw" title="en:Xinu"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Xinu</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3" title="应用程序接口">应用程序接口</a>（API）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="计算机网络">计算机网络</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%AB%94%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%A4" title="硬體抽象層">硬體抽象層</a>（HAL）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%BC%E5%B1%A4" title="殼層">殼層</a>（OS Shell） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%A1%8C%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2" title="命令行界面">命令行界面</a>（CLI）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2" title="图形用户界面">图形用户界面</a>（GUI）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文本用户界面" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Text-based user interface"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文本用户界面（页面不存在）">TUI</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text-based_user_interface" class="extiw" title="en:Text-based user interface"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Text-based user interface</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语音用户接口" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Voice user interface"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语音用户接口（页面不存在）">VUI</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_user_interface" class="extiw" title="en:Voice user interface"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Voice user interface</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="预启动执行环境">预启动执行环境</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DOS&oldid=85632776">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DOS&oldid=85632776</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a 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