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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Run-of-the-river"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Run-of-the-river</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Run-of-the-river-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sizes,_types_and_capacities_of_hydroelectric_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sizes,_types_and_capacities_of_hydroelectric_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sizes, types and capacities of hydroelectric facilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sizes,_types_and_capacities_of_hydroelectric_facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sizes, types and capacities of hydroelectric facilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sizes,_types_and_capacities_of_hydroelectric_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Large_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Large facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Small</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Micro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Micro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Micro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Micro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Pico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Underground</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calculating_available_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculating_available_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Calculating available power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculating_available_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flexibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Flexibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_value_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_value_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>High value power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_value_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suitability_for_industrial_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suitability_for_industrial_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Suitability for industrial applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suitability_for_industrial_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduced_CO2_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduced_CO2_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Reduced CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduced_CO2_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses_of_the_reservoir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses_of_the_reservoir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Other uses of the reservoir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses_of_the_reservoir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecosystem_damage_and_loss_of_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystem_damage_and_loss_of_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Ecosystem damage and loss of land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecosystem_damage_and_loss_of_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drought_and_water_loss_by_evaporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drought_and_water_loss_by_evaporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Drought and water loss by evaporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drought_and_water_loss_by_evaporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siltation_and_flow_shortage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siltation_and_flow_shortage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Siltation and flow shortage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siltation_and_flow_shortage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methane_emissions_(from_reservoirs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methane_emissions_(from_reservoirs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Methane emissions (from reservoirs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methane_emissions_(from_reservoirs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Relocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>Failure risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_and_interactions_with_other_methods_of_power_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_and_interactions_with_other_methods_of_power_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Comparison and interactions with other methods of power generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_and_interactions_with_other_methods_of_power_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Nuclear power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Wind power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydro_power_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydro_power_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hydro power by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydro_power_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydroelectricity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidro%C3%ABlektrisiteit" title="Hidroëlektrisiteit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hidroëlektrisiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة كهرمائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طاقة كهرمائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%8E" title="জলবিদ্যুৎ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জলবিদ্যুৎ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%8E" title="জলবিদ্যুৎ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জলবিদ্যুৎ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-le%CC%8Dk_hoat-ti%C4%81n" title="Chúi-le̍k hoat-tiān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-le̍k hoat-tiān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroelektrisidad" title="Hidroelektrisidad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hidroelektrisidad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroelektri%C4%8Dna_energija" title="Hidroelektrična energija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hidroelektrična energija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_hidroel%C3%A8ctrica" title="Energia hidroelèctrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Energia hidroelèctrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гидроэнергетика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гидроэнергетика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCdroelektrienergia" title="Hüdroelektrienergia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüdroelektrienergia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Υδροηλεκτρική ενέργεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδροηλεκτρική ενέργεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroelectricidad" title="Hidroelectricidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hidroelectricidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroelektro" title="Hidroelektro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidroelektro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroelektrizitate" title="Hidroelektrizitate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hidroelektrizitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="برق آبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برق آبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_hydro%C3%A9lectrique" title="Énergie hydroélectrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Énergie hydroélectrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrileictreachas" title="Hidrileictreachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hidrileictreachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooar_ushtey-lectragh" title="Pooar ushtey-lectragh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pooar ushtey-lectragh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealan-uisge" title="Dealan-uisge – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dealan-uisge" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A0%A5_%EB%B0%9C%EC%A0%84" title="수력 발전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수력 발전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Հիդրոէներգետիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիդրոէներգետիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="जलविद्युत ऊर्जा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलविद्युत ऊर्जा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroelektri%C4%8Dna_energija" title="Hidroelektrična energija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hidroelektrična energija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroelektrala_energio" title="Hidroelektrala energio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hidroelektrala energio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenaga_hidroelektrik" title="Tenaga hidroelektrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tenaga hidroelektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%92%AA%E1%90%85%E1%91%89_%E1%93%B1%E1%91%B2%E1%93%90%E1%93%82%E1%96%93%E1%93%84%E1%91%A6_%E1%90%8A%E1%90%85%E1%93%9A%E1%94%AA%E1%93%90%E1%93%87%E1%90%85%E1%91%A6" title="ᐃᒪᐅᑉ ᓱᑲᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᔪᓐᓇᐅᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᒪᐅᑉ ᓱᑲᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᔪᓐᓇᐅᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_idroelettrica" title="Energia idroelettrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Energia idroelettrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אנרגיה הידרואלקטרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנרגיה הידרואלקטרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಲವಿದ್ಯುತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಲವಿದ್ಯುತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Су энергетикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Су энергетикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umememaji" title="Umememaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umememaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nerji_idrolik" title="Énerji idrolik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Énerji idrolik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEdroelektr%C3%AEk" title="Hîdroelektrîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîdroelektrîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%9F%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%8D%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2" title="ໄຟຟ້າພະລັງນໍ້າ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄຟຟ້າພະລັງນໍ້າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_hydroelectrica" title="Energia hydroelectrica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Energia hydroelectrica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroelektroener%C4%A3ija" title="Hidroelektroenerģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hidroelektroenerģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="ജലവൈദ്യുതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജലവൈദ്യുതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4" title="जलविद्युत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जलविद्युत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroelektrik" title="Hidroelektrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidroelektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87" title="Усны эрчим хүч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Усны эрчим хүч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" title="ရေအားလျှပ်စစ်စက်ရုံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေအားလျှပ်စစ်စက်ရုံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterkracht-elektricteit" title="Waterkracht-elektricteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterkracht-elektricteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="जलविद्युत उर्जा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जलविद्युत उर्जा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="जलविद्युत उर्जा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जलविद्युत उर्जा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BA%E9%9B%BB" title="水力発電 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水力発電" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D" title="ଜଳବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜଳବିଦ୍ୟୁତ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਣ ਬਿਜਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਣ ਬਿਜਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پن بجلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پن بجلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="د اوبو برېښنا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اوبو برېښنا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroeletricidade" title="Hidroeletricidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hidroeletricidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroelectricitate" title="Hidroelectricitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hidroelectricitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaku_pinchikillachana" title="Yaku pinchikillachana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaku pinchikillachana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гидроэнергетика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гидроэнергетика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hydroelectricity" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroelektriciteti" title="Hidroelektriciteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hidroelektriciteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ජලවිදුලිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජලවිදුලිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hydroelectricity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroelektri%C4%8Dna_energija" title="Hidroelektrična energija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hidroelektrična energija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattenkraftsel" title="Vattenkraftsel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vattenkraftsel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroelektrisidad" title="Hidroelektrisidad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hidroelektrisidad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: IEA 2021 report <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/hydropower-special-market-report">https://www.iea.org/reports/hydropower-special-market-report</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/300px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/450px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/600px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations_in_the_world#Top_20_largest_power_producing_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest power stations in the world">world's largest</a> power-producing facility of any kind.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hydroelectricity</b>, or <b>hydroelectric power</b>, is <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generated</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> (water power). Hydropower supplies 15% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, almost 4,210 <a href="/wiki/TWh" class="mw-redirect" title="TWh">TWh</a> in 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is more than all other <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable sources</a> combined and also more than <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydropower can provide large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-carbon power">low-carbon electricity</a> on demand, making it a key element for creating secure and clean electricity supply systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hydroelectric power station that has a dam and <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a> is a flexible source, since the amount of electricity produced can be increased or decreased in seconds or minutes in response to varying electricity demand. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, it produces no direct waste, and almost always emits considerably less <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> than <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>-powered energy plants.<sup id="cite_ref-REN21-2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REN21-2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when constructed in lowland <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> areas, where part of the forest is inundated, substantial amounts of greenhouse gases may be emitted.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Construction of a hydroelectric complex can have significant environmental impact, principally in loss of <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> and population displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also disrupt the natural ecology of the river involved, affecting habitats and ecosystems, and siltation and erosion patterns. While dams can ameliorate the risks of flooding, <a href="/wiki/Dam_failure" title="Dam failure">dam failure</a> can be catastrophic. </p><p>In 2021, global installed hydropower electrical capacity reached almost 1,400 GW, the highest among all renewable energy technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydroelectricity plays a leading role in countries like Brazil, Norway and China.<sup id="cite_ref-BP_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there are geographical limits and environmental issues.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a> can be used in coastal regions. </p><p>China added 24 GW in 2022, accounting for nearly three-quarters of global hydropower capacity additions. Europe added 2 GW, the largest amount for the region since 1990. Meanwhile, globally, hydropower generation increased by 70 TWh (up 2%) in 2022 and remains the largest renewable energy source, surpassing all other technologies combined.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hydropower#History" title="Hydropower">Hydropower § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hidroelektrana_na_%C4%90etinji_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hidroelektrana_na_%C4%90etinji_01.jpg/250px-Hidroelektrana_na_%C4%90etinji_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hidroelektrana_na_%C4%90etinji_01.jpg/375px-Hidroelektrana_na_%C4%90etinji_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hidroelektrana_na_%C4%90etinji_01.jpg/500px-Hidroelektrana_na_%C4%90etinji_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Museum Hydroelectric power plant "Under the Town" in <a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEice" title="Užice">Užice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, built in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Hydropower has been used since ancient times to grind flour and perform other tasks. In the late 18th century hydraulic power provided the energy source needed for the start of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. In the mid-1700s, French engineer <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Forest_de_B%C3%A9lidor" title="Bernard Forest de Bélidor">Bernard Forest de Bélidor</a> published <i>Architecture Hydraulique</i>, which described vertical- and horizontal-axis hydraulic machines, and in 1771 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a>'s combination of <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water power</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Water_frame" title="Water frame">water frame</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Continuous_production" title="Continuous production">continuous production</a> played a significant part in the development of the factory system, with modern employment practices.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1840s, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_power_network" title="Hydraulic power network">hydraulic power networks</a> were developed to generate and transmit hydro power to end users. </p><p>By the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a> was developed and could now be coupled with hydraulics.<sup id="cite_ref-doehis_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doehis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growing demand arising from the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> would drive development as well.<sup id="cite_ref-watenc_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watenc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878, the world's first hydroelectric power scheme was developed at <a href="/wiki/Cragside" title="Cragside">Cragside</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, England, by <a href="/wiki/William_Armstrong,_1st_Baron_Armstrong" title="William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong">William Armstrong</a>. It was used to power a single <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lamp</a> in his art gallery.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old <a href="/wiki/Schoellkopf_Power_Station" title="Schoellkopf Power Station">Schoelkopf Power Station No. 1</a>, US, near <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>, began to produce electricity in 1881. The first <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Alva Edison">Edison</a> hydroelectric power station, the <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Street_Plant" title="Vulcan Street Plant">Vulcan Street Plant</a>, began operating September 30, 1882, in <a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton, Wisconsin</a>, with an output of about 12.5 kilowatts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1886 there were 45 hydroelectric power stations in the United States and Canada; and by 1889 there were 200 in the United States alone.<sup id="cite_ref-doehis_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doehis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warwick_Castle_-_Engine_House,_Waterwheel,_Weir,_and_Old_Castle_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Warwick_Castle_-_Engine_House%2C_Waterwheel%2C_Weir%2C_and_Old_Castle_Bridge.jpg/250px-Warwick_Castle_-_Engine_House%2C_Waterwheel%2C_Weir%2C_and_Old_Castle_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Warwick_Castle_-_Engine_House%2C_Waterwheel%2C_Weir%2C_and_Old_Castle_Bridge.jpg/375px-Warwick_Castle_-_Engine_House%2C_Waterwheel%2C_Weir%2C_and_Old_Castle_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Warwick_Castle_-_Engine_House%2C_Waterwheel%2C_Weir%2C_and_Old_Castle_Bridge.jpg/500px-Warwick_Castle_-_Engine_House%2C_Waterwheel%2C_Weir%2C_and_Old_Castle_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3949" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Castle" title="Warwick Castle">Warwick Castle</a> water-powered generator house, used for the generation of electricity for the castle from 1894 until 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 20th century, many small hydroelectric power stations were being constructed by commercial companies in mountains near metropolitan areas. <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, France held the <a href="/wiki/International_Exhibition_of_Hydropower_and_Tourism" title="International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism">International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism</a>, with over one million visitors 1925. By 1920, when 40% of the power produced in the United States was hydroelectric, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Act" title="Federal Power Act">Federal Power Act</a> was enacted into law. The Act created the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Commission" title="Federal Power Commission">Federal Power Commission</a> to regulate hydroelectric power stations on federal land and water. As the power stations became larger, their associated dams developed additional purposes, including <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navigable" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigable">navigation</a>. Federal funding became necessary for large-scale development, and federally owned corporations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (1933) and the <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Power_Administration" title="Bonneville Power Administration">Bonneville Power Administration</a> (1937) were created.<sup id="cite_ref-watenc_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watenc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Reclamation">Bureau of Reclamation</a> which had begun a series of western US irrigation projects in the early 20th century, was now constructing large hydroelectric projects such as the 1928 <a href="/wiki/Boulder_Canyon_Project_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulder Canyon Project Act">Hoover Dam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-act_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-act-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> was also involved in hydroelectric development, completing the <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Dam" title="Bonneville Dam">Bonneville Dam</a> in 1937 and being recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1936" title="Flood Control Act of 1936">Flood Control Act of 1936</a> as the premier federal flood control agency.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydroelectric power stations continued to become larger throughout the 20th century. Hydropower was referred to as "white coal".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a>'s initial <span class="nowrap">1,345 MW</span> power station was the world's largest hydroelectric power station in 1936; it was eclipsed by the <span class="nowrap">6,809 MW</span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam" title="Grand Coulee Dam">Grand Coulee Dam</a> in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a> opened in 1984 in South America as the largest, producing <span class="nowrap">14 GW</span>, but was surpassed in 2008 by the <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> in China at <span class="nowrap">22.5 GW</span>. Hydroelectricity would eventually supply some countries, including <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, with over 85% of their electricity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_potential">Future potential</h2></div> <p>In 2021 the International Energy Agency (IEA) said that more efforts are needed to help <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">limit climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries have highly developed their hydropower potential and have very little room for growth: Switzerland produces 88% of its potential and Mexico 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the IEA released a main-case forecast of 141 GW generated by hydropower over 2022–2027, which is slightly lower than deployment achieved from 2017–2022. Because environmental permitting and construction times are long, they estimate hydropower potential will remain limited, with only an additional 40 GW deemed possible in the accelerated case.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernization_of_existing_infrastructure">Modernization of existing infrastructure</h3></div> <p>In 2021 the IEA said that major modernisation refurbishments are required.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 67">: 67 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generating_methods">Generating methods</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydroelectric_dam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hydroelectric_dam.svg/200px-Hydroelectric_dam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hydroelectric_dam.svg/300px-Hydroelectric_dam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hydroelectric_dam.svg/400px-Hydroelectric_dam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cross-section of a conventional hydroelectric dam</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castaic_Power_Plant_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Castaic_Power_Plant_Front.jpg/200px-Castaic_Power_Plant_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Castaic_Power_Plant_Front.jpg/300px-Castaic_Power_Plant_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Castaic_Power_Plant_Front.jpg/400px-Castaic_Power_Plant_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="1998" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pumped-storage</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LwrGrDam2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/LwrGrDam2.jpg/200px-LwrGrDam2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/LwrGrDam2.jpg/300px-LwrGrDam2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/LwrGrDam2.jpg/400px-LwrGrDam2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Run-of-the-river</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg/200px-Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg/300px-Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg/400px-Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1239" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tidal</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conventional_(dams)"><span id="Conventional_.28dams.29"></span>Conventional (dams)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_conventional_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of conventional hydroelectric power stations">List of conventional hydroelectric power stations</a></div> <p>Most hydroelectric power comes from the <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dammed</a> water driving a <a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">water turbine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generator</a>. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the <a href="/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Head (hydraulic)">head</a>. A large pipe (the "<a href="/wiki/Penstock" title="Penstock">penstock</a>") delivers water from the <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a> to the turbine.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pumped-storage">Pumped-storage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped-storage hydroelectricity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pumped-storage_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations">List of pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations</a></div> <p>This method produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, the excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir, thus providing <a href="/wiki/Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">demand side response</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the demand becomes greater, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. In 2021 pumped-storage schemes provided almost 85% of the world's 190 GW of <a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">grid energy storage</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and improve the daily <a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">capacity factor</a> of the generation system. Pumped storage is not an energy source, and appears as a negative number in listings.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Run-of-the-river">Run-of-the-river</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_run-of-the-river_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of run-of-the-river hydroelectric power stations">List of run-of-the-river hydroelectric power stations</a></div> <p>Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no reservoir capacity, so that only the water coming from upstream is available for generation at that moment, and any oversupply must pass unused. A constant supply of water from a lake or existing reservoir upstream is a significant advantage in choosing sites for run-of-the-river.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tide">Tide</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tidal_power_stations" title="List of tidal power stations">List of tidal power stations</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a> station makes use of the daily rise and fall of ocean water due to tides; such sources are highly predictable, and if conditions permit construction of reservoirs, can also be <a href="/wiki/Dispatchable_generation" title="Dispatchable generation">dispatchable</a> to generate power during high demand periods. Less common types of hydro schemes use water's <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> or undammed sources such as undershot <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheels</a>. Tidal power is viable in a relatively small number of locations around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sizes,_types_and_capacities_of_hydroelectric_facilities"><span id="Sizes.2C_types_and_capacities_of_hydroelectric_facilities"></span>Sizes, types and capacities of hydroelectric facilities</h2></div> <p>The classification of hydropower plants starts with two top-level categories:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuriqiJurasz2022505–506_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuriqiJurasz2022505–506-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>small hydropower plants (SHP) and</li> <li>large hydropower plants (LHP).</li></ul> <p>The classification of a plant as an SHP or LHP is primarily based on its <a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">nameplate capacity</a>, the threshold varies by the country, but in any case a plant with the capacity of 50 MW or more is considered an LHP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuriqiJurasz2022505_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuriqiJurasz2022505-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an example, for China, SHP power is below 25 MW, for India - below 15 MW, most of Europe - below 10 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SHP and LHP categories are further subdivided into many subcategories that are not mutually exclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuriqiJurasz2022505_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuriqiJurasz2022505-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a <a href="/wiki/Low-head_hydro_power" title="Low-head hydro power">low-head hydro power</a> plant with <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_head" title="Hydrostatic head">hydrostatic head</a> of few meters to few tens of meters can be classified either as an SHP or an LHP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuriqiJurasz2022506_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuriqiJurasz2022506-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other distinction between SHP and LHP is the degree of the water flow regulation: a typical SHP primarily uses the natural water discharge with very little regulation in comparison to an LHP. Therefore, the term SHP is frequently used as a synonym for the <a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Run-of-the-river power plant">run-of-the-river power plant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuriqiJurasz2022505_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuriqiJurasz2022505-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large_facilities">Large facilities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations" title="List of largest power stations">List of largest power stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of largest hydroelectric power stations">List of largest hydroelectric power stations</a></div> <p>The largest power producers in the world are hydroelectric power stations, with some hydroelectric facilities capable of generating more than double the installed capacities of the current <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_stations" title="List of nuclear power stations">largest nuclear power stations</a>. </p><p>Although no official definition exists for the capacity range of large hydroelectric power stations, facilities from over a few hundred <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatts</a> are generally considered large hydroelectric facilities. </p><p>Currently, only seven facilities over <span class="nowrap">10 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">GW</a></span> (<span class="nowrap">10,000 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a></span>) are in operation worldwide, see table below.<sup id="cite_ref-wi2012_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wi2012-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th width="150">Station</th> <th width="150">Country</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Location</a></th> <th>Capacity (<a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hydroelectricity&params=30_49_15_N_111_00_08_E_&title=Three+Gorges+Dam"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°49′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">111°00′08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.82083°N 111.00222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.82083; 111.00222</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Three Gorges Dam</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td align="center">22,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baihetan_Dam" title="Baihetan Dam">Baihetan Dam</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hydroelectricity&params=27_13_23_N_102_54_11_E_&title=Three+Gorges+Dam"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°13′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">102°54′11″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.22306°N 102.90306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.22306; 102.90306</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Three Gorges Dam</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td align="center">16,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hydroelectricity&params=25_24_31_S_54_35_21_W_&title=Itaipu+Dam"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°24′31″S</span> <span class="longitude">54°35′21″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.40861°S 54.58917°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-25.40861; -54.58917</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Itaipu Dam</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td align="center">14,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiluodu_Dam" title="Xiluodu Dam">Xiluodu Dam</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hydroelectricity&params=28_15_35_N_103_38_58_E_&title=Xiluodu+Dam"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°15′35″N</span> <span class="longitude">103°38′58″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.25972°N 103.64944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.25972; 103.64944</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Xiluodu Dam</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td align="center">13,860 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belo_Monte_Dam" title="Belo Monte Dam">Belo Monte Dam</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hydroelectricity&params=03_06_57_S_51_47_45_W_&title=Belo+Monte+Dam"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">03°06′57″S</span> <span class="longitude">51°47′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">3.11583°S 51.79583°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-3.11583; -51.79583</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Belo Monte Dam</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td align="center">11,233 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guri_Dam" title="Guri Dam">Guri Dam</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hydroelectricity&params=07_45_59_N_62_59_57_W_&title=Guri+Dam"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">07°45′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">62°59′57″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.76639°N 62.99917°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7.76639; -62.99917</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Guri Dam</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td align="center">10,235 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wudongde_Dam" title="Wudongde Dam">Wudongde Dam</a></td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hydroelectricity&params=26_20_2_N_102_37_48_E_&title=Three+Gorges+Dam"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°20′2″N</span> <span class="longitude">102°37′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.33389°N 102.63000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.33389; 102.63000</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Three Gorges Dam</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td align="center">10,200 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the Itaipu Dam, with the spillways (closed at the time of the photo) on the left. In 1994, the American Society of Civil Engineers elected the Itaipu Dam as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg/1500px-Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg/2250px-Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg/3000px-Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10630" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Itaipu_D%C3%A9cembre_2007_-_Vue_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale.jpg" title="File:Itaipu Décembre 2007 - Vue Générale.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a>, with the spillways (closed at the time of the photo) on the left. In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> elected the Itaipu Dam as one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Modern_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Wonders of the Modern World">Seven Wonders of the Modern World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small">Small</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></div> <p>Small hydro is <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> on a scale serving a small community or industrial plant. The definition of a small hydro project varies but a generating capacity of up to 10 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatts</a> (MW) is generally accepted as the upper limit. This may be stretched to <span class="nowrap">25 MW</span> and <span class="nowrap">30 MW</span> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nw_vietnam_hydro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nw_vietnam_hydro.jpg/300px-Nw_vietnam_hydro.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nw_vietnam_hydro.jpg/450px-Nw_vietnam_hydro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nw_vietnam_hydro.jpg/600px-Nw_vietnam_hydro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>A micro-hydro facility in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amateur_Hydroelectricity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amateur_Hydroelectricity.jpg/300px-Amateur_Hydroelectricity.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amateur_Hydroelectricity.jpg/450px-Amateur_Hydroelectricity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amateur_Hydroelectricity.jpg/600px-Amateur_Hydroelectricity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Pico hydroelectricity in <a href="/wiki/Mondulkiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondulkiri">Mondulkiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Small hydro stations may be connected to conventional electrical distribution networks as a source of low-cost renewable energy. Alternatively, small hydro projects may be built in isolated areas that would be uneconomic to serve from a grid, or in areas where there is no national electrical distribution network. Since small hydro projects usually have minimal reservoirs and civil construction work, they are seen as having a relatively low environmental impact compared to large hydro. This decreased environmental impact depends strongly on the balance between stream flow and power production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micro">Micro</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></div> <p>Micro hydro means <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> installations that typically produce up to <span class="nowrap">100 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kW</a></span> of power. These installations can provide power to an isolated home or small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks. There are many of these installations around the world, particularly in developing nations as they can provide an economical source of energy without purchase of fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Micro hydro systems complement <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaic</a> solar energy systems because in many areas water flow, and thus available hydro power, is highest in the winter when solar energy is at a minimum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pico">Pico</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></div> <p>Pico hydro is <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> generation of under <span class="nowrap">5 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kW</a></span>. It is useful in small, remote communities that require only a small amount of electricity. For example, the 1.1 kW <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Technology_Development_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate Technology Development Group">Intermediate Technology Development Group</a> Pico Hydro Project in Kenya supplies 57 homes with very small electric loads (e.g., a couple of lights and a phone charger, or a small TV/radio).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even smaller turbines of 200–300 W may power a few homes in a developing country with a drop of only 1 m (3 ft). A Pico-hydro setup is typically <a href="#Run-of-the-river">run-of-the-river</a>, meaning that dams are not used, but rather pipes divert some of the flow, drop this down a gradient, and through the turbine before returning it to the stream. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground">Underground</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Underground_power_station" title="Underground power station">Underground power station</a></div><p> An <a href="/wiki/Underground_power_station" title="Underground power station">underground power station</a> is generally used at large facilities and makes use of a large natural height difference between two waterways, such as a waterfall or mountain lake. A tunnel is constructed to take water from the high reservoir to the generating hall built in a cavern near the lowest point of the water tunnel and a horizontal tailrace taking water away to the lower outlet waterway.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tailrace-Forebay-Limestone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tailrace-Forebay-Limestone.JPG/220px-Tailrace-Forebay-Limestone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tailrace-Forebay-Limestone.JPG/330px-Tailrace-Forebay-Limestone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tailrace-Forebay-Limestone.JPG/440px-Tailrace-Forebay-Limestone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Measurement of the tailrace and forebay rates at the <a href="/wiki/Limestone_Generating_Station" title="Limestone Generating Station">Limestone Generating Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calculating_available_power">Calculating available power</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></div> <p>A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a hydroelectric station is: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=-\eta \ ({\dot {m}}g\ \Delta h)=-\eta \ ((\rho {\dot {V}})\ g\ \Delta h)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>η</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>η</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>V</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>g</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=-\eta \ ({\dot {m}}g\ \Delta h)=-\eta \ ((\rho {\dot {V}})\ g\ \Delta h)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67cb5e17f3f3661239cd28cd1196a4e4d43538fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.04ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=-\eta \ ({\dot {m}}g\ \Delta h)=-\eta \ ((\rho {\dot {V}})\ g\ \Delta h)}"></span> </p><p>where </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}"></span> is <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a>)</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>η</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Eta_(Greek_letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta (Greek letter)">eta</a>) is the coefficient of efficiency (a unitless, scalar coefficient, ranging from 0 for completely inefficient to 1 for completely efficient).</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Rho_(Greek_letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho (Greek letter)">rho</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of water (~1000 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cubic_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic meter">m<sup>3</sup></a>)</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>V</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49ef9fa9f410331b94e4578bab90e9edda5c919b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">volumetric flow rate</a> (in m<sup>3</sup>/s)</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ad59b9876301e8fb75b9ddbf08de594b87251d3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_rate" title="Mass flow rate">mass flow rate</a> (in kg/s)</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta h}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta h}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af7b7e75abcd97007405341555a3958cc020265e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.275ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta h}"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Delta_(Greek_letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta (Greek letter)">Delta</a> h) is the change in height (in <a href="/wiki/Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter">meters</a>)</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}"></span> is <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">acceleration due to gravity</a> (9.8 m/s<sup>2</sup>)</li></ul> <p>Efficiency is often higher (that is, closer to 1) with larger and more modern turbines. Annual electric energy production depends on the available water supply. In some installations, the water flow rate can vary by a factor of 10:1 over the course of a year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stwlan.dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stwlan.dam.jpg/220px-Stwlan.dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stwlan.dam.jpg/330px-Stwlan.dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stwlan.dam.jpg/440px-Stwlan.dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ffestiniog_Power_Station" title="Ffestiniog Power Station">Ffestiniog Power Station</a> can generate <span class="nowrap">360 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a></span> of electricity within 60 seconds of the demand arising.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flexibility">Flexibility</h4></div> <p>Hydropower is a flexible source of electricity since stations can be ramped up and down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands.<sup id="cite_ref-wi2012_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wi2012-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydro turbines have a start-up time of the order of a few minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Huggins2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huggins2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Battery_storage_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery storage power station">battery power</a> is quicker its capacity is tiny compared to hydro.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It takes less than 10 minutes to bring most hydro units from cold start-up to full load; this is quicker than nuclear and almost all fossil fuel power.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Power generation can also be decreased quickly when there is a surplus power generation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sørensen2004_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sørensen2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence the limited capacity of hydropower units is not generally used to produce base power except for vacating the flood pool or meeting downstream needs.<sup id="cite_ref-(U.S.)1980_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(U.S.)1980-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, it can serve as backup for non-hydro generators.<sup id="cite_ref-Sørensen2004_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sørensen2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_value_power">High value power</h4></div> <p>The major advantage of conventional hydroelectric dams with reservoirs is their ability to store water at low cost for <a href="/wiki/Dispatchable_generation" title="Dispatchable generation">dispatch later</a> as high value clean electricity. In 2021, the IEA estimated that the "reservoirs of all existing conventional hydropower plants combined can store a total of 1,500 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electrical energy in one full cycle" which was "about 170 times more energy than the global fleet of pumped storage hydropower plants".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Battery storage capacity is not expected to overtake pumped storage during the 2020s.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used as <a href="/wiki/Peaking_power_plant" title="Peaking power plant">peak power</a> to meet demand, hydroelectricity has a higher value than <a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">baseload power</a> and a much higher value compared to <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_energy_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent energy source">intermittent energy sources</a> such as wind and solar. </p><p>Hydroelectric stations have long economic lives, with some plants still in service after 50–100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operating labor cost is also usually low, as plants are automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation. </p><p>Where a dam serves multiple purposes, a hydroelectric station may be added with relatively low construction cost, providing a useful revenue stream to offset the costs of dam operation. It has been calculated that the sale of electricity from the <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> will cover the construction costs after 5 to 8 years of full generation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some data shows that in most countries large hydropower dams will be too costly and take too long to build to deliver a positive risk adjusted return, unless appropriate risk management measures are put in place.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suitability_for_industrial_applications">Suitability for industrial applications</h4></div> <p>While many hydroelectric projects supply public electricity networks, some are created to serve specific industrial enterprises. Dedicated hydroelectric projects are often built to provide the substantial amounts of electricity needed for <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> electrolytic plants, for example. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam" title="Grand Coulee Dam">Grand Coulee Dam</a> switched to support <a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a> aluminium in <a href="/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington" title="Bellingham, Washington">Bellingham, Washington</a>, United States for American <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> airplanes before it was allowed to provide irrigation and power to citizens (in addition to aluminium power) after the war. In <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brokopondo_Reservoir" title="Brokopondo Reservoir">Brokopondo Reservoir</a> was constructed to provide electricity for the <a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a> aluminium industry. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Manapouri_Power_Station" title="Manapouri Power Station">Manapouri Power Station</a> was constructed to supply electricity to the <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> <a href="/wiki/Smelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Smelter">smelter</a> at <a href="/wiki/Comalco" class="mw-redirect" title="Comalco">Tiwai Point</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reduced_CO2_emissions">Reduced CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</h4></div> <p>Since hydroelectric dams do not use fuel, power generation does not produce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. While carbon dioxide is initially produced during construction of the project, and some methane is given off annually by reservoirs, hydro has one of the lowest <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources">lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions</a> for electricity generation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The low <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> impact of hydroelectricity is found especially in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a>. Greater greenhouse gas emission impacts are found in the tropical regions because the reservoirs of power stations in tropical regions produce a larger amount of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> than those in temperate areas.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other non-fossil fuel sources, hydropower also has no emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, or other particulates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_uses_of_the_reservoir">Other uses of the reservoir</h4></div> <p>Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide facilities for <a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">water sports</a>, and become tourist attractions themselves. In some countries, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> in reservoirs is common. Multi-use dams installed for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> support <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> with a relatively constant water supply. Large hydro dams can control floods, which would otherwise affect people living downstream of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-Water:_Science_and_Issues_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water:_Science_and_Issues-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Managing dams which are also used for other purposes, such as <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, is complicated.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_debate#Disadvantages_of_hydroelectricity" title="Renewable energy debate">Renewable energy debate § Disadvantages of hydroelectricity</a></div><p>In 2021 the IEA called for "robust sustainability standards for all hydropower development with streamlined rules and regulations".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecosystem_damage_and_loss_of_land">Ecosystem damage and loss of land</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MeroweDam01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MeroweDam01.jpg/220px-MeroweDam01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MeroweDam01.jpg/330px-MeroweDam01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MeroweDam01.jpg/440px-MeroweDam01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Merowe_Dam" title="Merowe Dam">Merowe Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. Hydroelectric power stations that use <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> submerge large areas of land due to the requirement of a <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a>. These changes to land color or <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, alongside certain projects that concurrently submerge rainforests, can in these specific cases result in the global warming impact, or equivalent <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources">life-cycle greenhouse gases</a> of hydroelectricity projects, to potentially exceed that of coal power stations.</figcaption></figure> <p>Large reservoirs associated with traditional hydroelectric power stations result in submersion of extensive areas upstream of the dams, sometimes destroying biologically rich and productive lowland and riverine valley forests, marshland and grasslands. Damming interrupts the flow of rivers and can harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing people and wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-wi2012_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wi2012-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of land is often exacerbated by <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a> of surrounding areas caused by the reservoir.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydroelectric projects can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> both upstream and downstream of the plant site. Generation of hydroelectric power changes the downstream river environment. Water exiting a turbine usually contains very little suspended sediment, which can lead to scouring of river beds and loss of riverbanks.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The turbines also will kill large portions of the fauna passing through, for instance 70% of the eel passing a turbine will perish immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since turbine gates are often opened intermittently, rapid or even daily fluctuations in river flow are observed.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drought_and_water_loss_by_evaporation">Drought and water loss by evaporation</h4></div> <p>Drought and seasonal changes in rainfall can severely limit hydropower.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water may also be lost by evaporation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siltation_and_flow_shortage">Siltation and flow shortage</h4></div> <p>When water flows it has the ability to transport particles heavier than itself downstream. This has a negative effect on dams and subsequently their power stations, particularly those on rivers or within catchment areas with high siltation. <a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a> can fill a reservoir and reduce its capacity to control floods along with causing additional horizontal pressure on the upstream portion of the dam. Eventually, some reservoirs can become full of sediment and useless or over-top during a flood and fail.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changes in the amount of river flow will correlate with the amount of energy produced by a dam. Lower river flows will reduce the amount of live storage in a reservoir therefore reducing the amount of water that can be used for hydroelectricity. The result of diminished river flow can be power shortages in areas that depend heavily on hydroelectric power. The risk of flow shortage may increase as a result of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study from the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> in the United States suggest that modest climate changes, such as an increase in temperature in 2 degree Celsius resulting in a 10% decline in precipitation, might reduce river run-off by up to 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> in particular is vulnerable due to its heavy reliance on hydroelectricity, as increasing temperatures, lower water flow and alterations in the rainfall regime, could reduce total energy production by 7% annually by the end of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methane_emissions_(from_reservoirs)"><span id="Methane_emissions_.28from_reservoirs.29"></span>Methane emissions (from reservoirs)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover_Dam_Nevada_Luftaufnahme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hoover_Dam_Nevada_Luftaufnahme.jpg/220px-Hoover_Dam_Nevada_Luftaufnahme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hoover_Dam_Nevada_Luftaufnahme.jpg/330px-Hoover_Dam_Nevada_Luftaufnahme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hoover_Dam_Nevada_Luftaufnahme.jpg/440px-Hoover_Dam_Nevada_Luftaufnahme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a> in the United States is a large conventional dammed-hydro facility, with an installed capacity of <span class="nowrap">2,080 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a></span>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_reservoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impacts of reservoirs">Environmental impacts of reservoirs</a></div> <p>Lower positive impacts are found in the tropical regions. In lowland <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> areas, where inundation of a part of the forest is necessary, it has been noted that the reservoirs of power plants produce substantial amounts of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to plant material in flooded areas decaying in an <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">anaerobic</a> environment and forming methane, a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Commission_on_Dams" title="World Commission on Dams">World Commission on Dams</a> report,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the reservoir is large compared to the generating capacity (less than 100 watts per square metre of surface area) and no clearing of the forests in the area was undertaken prior to impoundment of the reservoir, greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir may be higher than those of a conventional oil-fired thermal generation plant.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal</a> reservoirs of Canada and Northern Europe, however, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#Sources" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas emissions</a> are typically only 2% to 8% of any kind of conventional fossil-fuel thermal generation. A new class of underwater logging operation that targets drowned forests can mitigate the effect of forest decay.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relocation">Relocation</h4></div> <p>Another disadvantage of hydroelectric dams is the need to relocate the people living where the reservoirs are planned. In 2000, the World Commission on Dams estimated that dams had physically displaced 40–80 million people worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Failure_risks">Failure risks</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dam_failure" title="Dam failure">Dam failure</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_hydroelectric_power_station_failures" title="List of hydroelectric power station failures">List of hydroelectric power station failures</a></div> <p>Because large conventional dammed-hydro facilities hold back large volumes of water, a failure due to poor construction, natural disasters or sabotage can be catastrophic to downriver settlements and infrastructure. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Nina_(1975)" title="Typhoon Nina (1975)">Typhoon Nina</a> in 1975 <a href="/wiki/Banqiao_Dam" title="Banqiao Dam">Banqiao Dam</a> in Southern China failed when more than a year's worth of rain fell within 24 hours (see <a href="/wiki/1975_Banqiao_Dam_failure" title="1975 Banqiao Dam failure">1975 Banqiao Dam failure</a>). The resulting flood resulted in the deaths of 26,000 people, and another 145,000 from epidemics. Millions were left homeless. </p><p>The creation of a dam in a geologically inappropriate location may cause disasters such as 1963 disaster at <a href="/wiki/Vajont_Dam" title="Vajont Dam">Vajont Dam</a> in Italy, where almost 2,000 people died.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Malpasset_Dam" title="Malpasset Dam">Malpasset Dam</a> failure in <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus" title="Fréjus">Fréjus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a> (Côte d'Azur), southern France, collapsed on December 2, 1959, killing 423 people in the resulting flood.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smaller dams and <a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">micro hydro</a> facilities create less risk, but can form continuing hazards even after being decommissioned. For example, the small earthen embankment <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Barnes_Dam" title="Kelly Barnes Dam">Kelly Barnes Dam</a> failed in 1977, twenty years after its power station was decommissioned, causing 39 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_and_interactions_with_other_methods_of_power_generation">Comparison and interactions with other methods of power generation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: solar panels on reservoirs, also Tasmania link.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hydroelectricity eliminates the <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas_emissions_from_fossil_fuel_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion">flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion</a>, including pollutants such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, dust, and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>. Hydroelectricity also avoids the hazards of <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a> and the indirect health effects of coal emissions. In 2021 the IEA said that government <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy policy</a> should "price in the value of the multiple public benefits provided by hydropower plants".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_power">Nuclear power</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a> is relatively inflexible; although it can reduce its output reasonably quickly. Since the cost of nuclear power is dominated by its high infrastructure costs, the cost per unit energy goes up significantly with low production. Because of this, nuclear power is mostly used for <a href="/wiki/Baseload" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseload">baseload</a>. By way of contrast, hydroelectricity can supply peak power at much lower cost. Hydroelectricity is thus often used to complement nuclear or other sources for <a href="/wiki/Load_following" class="mw-redirect" title="Load following">load following</a>. Country examples where they are paired in a close to 50/50 share include <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Switzerland" title="Electricity sector in Switzerland">the electric grid in Switzerland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Sweden" title="Electricity sector in Sweden">Electricity sector in Sweden</a> and to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine#Electricity" title="Energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Finland" title="Electricity sector in Finland">Electricity sector in Finland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wind_power">Wind power</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a> goes through predictable <a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">variation</a> by season, but is <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_energy_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent energy source">intermittent</a> on a daily basis. Maximum wind generation has little relationship to peak daily electricity consumption, the wind may peak at night when power is not needed or be still during the day when electrical demand is highest. Occasionally weather patterns can result in low wind for days or weeks at a time, a hydroelectric reservoir capable of storing weeks of output is useful to balance generation on the grid. Peak wind power can be offset by minimum hydropower and minimum wind can be offset with maximum hydropower. In this way the easily regulated character of hydroelectricity is used to compensate for the intermittent nature of wind power. Conversely, in some cases wind power can be used to spare water for later use in dry seasons. </p><p>An example of this is <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Norway" title="Electricity sector in Norway">Norway's trading</a> with Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany and the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway is 98% hydropower, while its flatland neighbors have wind power. In areas that do not have hydropower, <a href="/wiki/Pumped_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumped storage">pumped storage</a> serves a similar role, but at a much higher cost and 20% lower efficiency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydro_power_by_country">Hydro power by country</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_of_electricity_production_from_hydropower.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Share_of_electricity_production_from_hydropower.png/350px-Share_of_electricity_production_from_hydropower.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Share_of_electricity_production_from_hydropower.png/525px-Share_of_electricity_production_from_hydropower.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Share_of_electricity_production_from_hydropower.png/700px-Share_of_electricity_production_from_hydropower.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption> Share of electricity production from hydropower, 2023<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_hydro_generation_yearly.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/World_hydro_generation_yearly.png/300px-World_hydro_generation_yearly.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/World_hydro_generation_yearly.png/450px-World_hydro_generation_yearly.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/World_hydro_generation_yearly.png/600px-World_hydro_generation_yearly.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption> Yearly hydro generation by continent<sup id="cite_ref-ember_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ember-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_hydro_generation_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/World_hydro_generation_2021.png/300px-World_hydro_generation_2021.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/World_hydro_generation_2021.png/450px-World_hydro_generation_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/World_hydro_generation_2021.png/600px-World_hydro_generation_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption> Hydro generation by country, 2021<sup id="cite_ref-ember_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ember-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_renewable_electricity_production" title="List of countries by renewable electricity production">List of countries by renewable electricity production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectricity_by_country" title="Category:Hydroelectricity by country">Category:Hydroelectricity by country</a></div> <p>In 2022, hydro generated 4,289 TWh, 15% of total electricity and half of renewables. Of the world total, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (30%) produced the most, followed by <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (10%), <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (9.2%), the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (5.8%) and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (4.6%). </p><p>Paraguay produces nearly all of its electricity from hydro and exports far more than it uses.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger plants tend to be built and operated by national governments, so most capacity (70%) is publicly owned, despite the fact that most plants (nearly 70%) are owned and operated by the private sector, as of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following table lists these data for each country: </p> <ul><li>total generation from hydro in <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour" title="Kilowatt-hour">terawatt-hours</a>,</li> <li>percent of that country's generation that was <a href="/wiki/Hydro_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydro power">hydro</a>,</li> <li>total hydro capacity in <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">gigawatts</a>,</li> <li>percent growth in hydro capacity, and</li> <li>the hydro <a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">capacity factor</a> for that year.</li></ul> <p>Data are sourced from <a href="/wiki/Ember_(non-profit_organisation)" title="Ember (non-profit organisation)">Ember</a> dating to the year 2023 unless otherwise specified.<sup id="cite_ref-ember_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ember-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only includes countries with more than 1 TWh of generation. 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.static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.5em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.4em}}}</style> <table class="sortable wikitable sticky-header static-row-numbers sort-under col1left" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th><abbr title="Generation (Terrawatt-hours)">Gen<br />(TWh)</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Percent of generation from hydro power">%<br />gen.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Capacity (Gigawatts)">Cap.<br />(GW)</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Increase in hydro capacity">% cap.<br />growth</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Capacity factor">Cap.<br />fac.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr class="static-row-numbers-norank"> <td><span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><b>World</b></td> <td>4183.41</td> <td>14.2</td> <td>1267.90</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>38% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_China" title="Hydroelectricity in China">China</a></td> <td>1226.00</td> <td>13.0</td> <td>370.60</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>38% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>428.65</td> <td>60.4</td> <td>109.90</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Canada" title="Hydroelectricity in Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>364.20</td> <td>57.5</td> <td>83.31</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>233.96</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>86.66</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>31% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Russia" title="Hydroelectricity in Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>200.87</td> <td>17.1</td> <td>50.57</td> <td>-1.6</td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in India">India</a></td> <td>149.17</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>47.33</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>135.96</td> <td>88.5</td> <td>34.40</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>80.90</td> <td>29.3</td> <td>22.64</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Japan" title="Hydroelectricity in Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>74.50</td> <td>7.4</td> <td>28.22</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>30% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>66.07</td> <td>39.7</td> <td>16.40</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>46% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (2022)</td> <td>65.68</td> <td>77.6</td> <td>16.81</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Turkey" title="Hydroelectricity in Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>63.72</td> <td>19.9</td> <td>31.78</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td>54.24</td> <td>62.5</td> <td>13.21</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>47% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in France">France</a></td> <td>53.19</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>24.14</td> <td>-0.4</td> <td>25% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (2022)</td> <td>43.87</td> <td>99.7</td> <td>8.81</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>57% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>39.79</td> <td>59.4</td> <td>14.71</td> <td>-1.4</td> <td>31% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>39.00</td> <td>54.8</td> <td>15.28</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Italy" title="Hydroelectricity in Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>37.94</td> <td>14.5</td> <td>18.85</td> <td>-0.4</td> <td>23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>37.90</td> <td>23.5</td> <td>10.64</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Laos">Laos</a> (2022)</td> <td>33.40</td> <td>72.7</td> <td>9.65</td> <td>7.7</td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td>31.51</td> <td>16.8</td> <td>6.21</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>58% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td>31.51</td> <td>52.6</td> <td>5.50</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>65% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>29.90</td> <td>20.4</td> <td>10.39</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>33% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td> <td>26.61</td> <td>76.4</td> <td>5.19</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>59% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>26.04</td> <td>58.5</td> <td>5.68</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>52% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>24.59</td> <td>7.0</td> <td>6.78</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Chile">Chile</a></td> <td>23.90</td> <td>28.6</td> <td>7.47</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>22.65</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>11.68</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>22% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>20.40</td> <td>5.8</td> <td>13.30</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>18% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>20.01</td> <td>7.4</td> <td>16.81</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Germany" title="Hydroelectricity in Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>19.47</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>5.74</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> (2022)</td> <td>18.66</td> <td>89.4</td> <td>5.76</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Romania" title="Hydroelectricity in Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>18.30</td> <td>32.5</td> <td>6.57</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>32% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> (2022)</td> <td>17.09</td> <td>87.8</td> <td>3.17</td> <td>17.0</td> <td>62% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> (2022)</td> <td>15.49</td> <td>81.4</td> <td>2.19</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>81% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>15.26</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>8.44</td> <td>9.5</td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>15.11</td> <td>18.9</td> <td>3.18</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>54% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (2022)</td> <td>14.75</td> <td>95.7</td> <td>4.82</td> <td>18.4</td> <td>35% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Iceland">Iceland</a> (2022)</td> <td>13.94</td> <td>70.2</td> <td>2.11</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>75% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td>13.82</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>2.83</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>56% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (2022)</td> <td>12.82</td> <td>57.5</td> <td>4.89</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>30% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Angola">Angola</a> (2022)</td> <td>12.64</td> <td>74.6</td> <td>3.73</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>39% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>12.19</td> <td>32.0</td> <td>2.49</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>56% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (2022)</td> <td>11.90</td> <td>85.9</td> <td>2.78</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Ukraine" title="Hydroelectricity in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (2022)</td> <td>11.10</td> <td>9.9</td> <td>4.82</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>26% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a> (2022)</td> <td>11.00</td> <td>99.6</td> <td>2.93</td> <td>12.3</td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (2022)</td> <td>11.00</td> <td>61.6</td> <td>1.48</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>85% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>10.98</td> <td>24.5</td> <td>8.19</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>15% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td> <td>10.85</td> <td>75.5</td> <td>3.45</td> <td>2.1</td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Nepal">Nepal</a> (2022)</td> <td>9.67</td> <td>98.5</td> <td>2.20</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td> <td>9.37</td> <td>51.6</td> <td>3.27</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>33% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> (2022)</td> <td>9.24</td> <td>69.2</td> <td>1.84</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>57% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>9.08</td> <td>7.7</td> <td>3.09</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>34% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (2022)</td> <td>9.00</td> <td>100.0</td> <td>2.33</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>44% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td>8.79</td> <td>7.8</td> <td>2.90</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>35% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td> <td>8.45</td> <td>70.5</td> <td>2.37</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>8.28</td> <td>20.4</td> <td>2.85</td> <td>32.6</td> <td>33% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>7.87</td> <td>46.5</td> <td>2.21</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> (2022)</td> <td>7.50</td> <td>33.3</td> <td>1.58</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>54% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Albania">Albania</a> (2022)</td> <td>6.96</td> <td>99.4</td> <td>2.49</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>32% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Thailand" title="Hydroelectricity in Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>6.59</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>3.11</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>24% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td>6.37</td> <td>37.4</td> <td>1.84</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>40% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> (2022)</td> <td>5.88</td> <td>65.9</td> <td>1.08</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>62% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>5.19</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2.19</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (2022)</td> <td>5.11</td> <td>29.4</td> <td>1.83</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>32% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (2022)</td> <td>5.08</td> <td>38.6</td> <td>1.57</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>37% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Cameroon">Cameroon</a> (2022)</td> <td>5.00</td> <td>61.6</td> <td>0.81</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (2022)</td> <td>4.97</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>2.23</td> <td>8.8</td> <td>25% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td>4.96</td> <td>32.6</td> <td>1.16</td> <td>-0.9</td> <td>49% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> (2022)</td> <td>4.81</td> <td>89.2</td> <td>1.03</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>53% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td>4.63</td> <td>15.6</td> <td>1.62</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>33% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (2022)</td> <td>4.00</td> <td>45.4</td> <td>1.68</td> <td>26.3</td> <td>27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> (2022)</td> <td>4.00</td> <td>33.3</td> <td>0.91</td> <td>7.1</td> <td>50% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td> <td>3.96</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>2.10</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>22% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>3.87</td> <td>7.8</td> <td>3.43</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>13% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> <td>3.80</td> <td>60.8</td> <td>1.57</td> <td>-1.3</td> <td>28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_South_Korea" title="Hydroelectricity in South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>3.72</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>1.80</td> <td>-0.6</td> <td>24% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td> <td>3.62</td> <td>27.4</td> <td>1.54</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> (2022)</td> <td>3.35</td> <td>30.1</td> <td>0.88</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Bulgaria" title="Hydroelectricity in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>3.11</td> <td>7.8</td> <td>2.53</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (2022)</td> <td>2.82</td> <td>31.3</td> <td>0.60</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>54% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td>2.70</td> <td>22.1</td> <td>0.86</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (2022)</td> <td>2.65</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>1.56</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>19% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>2.38</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>0.98</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>2.34</td> <td>3.1</td> <td>1.12</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>24% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td>2.31</td> <td>19.0</td> <td>0.74</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td> <td>2.13</td> <td>52.1</td> <td>0.70</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>35% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_Armenia" title="Hydroelectricity in Armenia">Armenia</a> (2022)</td> <td>2.00</td> <td>22.8</td> <td>1.35</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> (2022)</td> <td>2.00</td> <td>65.8</td> <td>0.81</td> <td>37.3</td> <td>28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>1.69</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>0.75</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>26% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td> <td>1.65</td> <td>23.5</td> <td>0.70</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectricity in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></td> <td>1.62</td> <td>21.8</td> <td>0.57</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>32% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (2022)</td> <td>1.60</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>1.16</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (2022)</td> <td>1.40</td> <td>37.3</td> <td>0.46</td> <td>43.8</td> <td>35% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> (2022)</td> <td>1.05</td> <td>77.8</td> <td>0.39</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>31% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;text-align:left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> (2022)</td> <td>1.00</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>0.62</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>18% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AHydroelectricity&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+25+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Hydroelectricity">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroelectricity&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Weighted_average_cost_of_capital" title="Weighted average cost of capital">weighted average cost of capital</a> is a major factor.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Hydropower_Association" title="International Hydropower Association">International Hydropower Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rivers" title="International Rivers">International Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_power_plants" title="List of energy storage power plants">List of energy storage power plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hydroelectric_power_station_failures" title="List of hydroelectric power station failures">List of hydroelectric power station failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations" title="List of largest power stations">List of largest power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">List of renewable energy topics by country and territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="Lists of hydroelectric power stations">Lists of hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Marine current power</a> – electricity from sea currents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hydropower_Association" title="National Hydropower Association">National Hydropower Association</a> (US)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ember-climate.org&rft.atitle=Yearly+electricity+data&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fember-climate.org%2Fdata-catalogue%2Fyearly-electricity-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroelectricity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialogochino.net/en/climate-energy/54953-paraguay-electricity-exporter-power-outages/">"Paraguay: a significant electricity exporter, but citizens suffer outages"</a>. <i>Dialogo China</i>. 14 Jun 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 Dec</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dialogo+China&rft.atitle=Paraguay%3A+a+significant+electricity+exporter%2C+but+citizens+suffer+outages&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialogochino.net%2Fen%2Fclimate-energy%2F54953-paraguay-electricity-exporter-power-outages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroelectricity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuriqiJurasz2022" class="citation book cs1">Kuriqi, Alban; Jurasz, Jakub (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360918319">"Small hydropower plants proliferation and fluvial ecosystem conservation nexus"</a>. <i>Complementarity of Variable Renewable Energy Sources</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-85527-3.00027-3">10.1016/b978-0-323-85527-3.00027-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-85527-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-85527-3"><bdi>978-0-323-85527-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Small+hydropower+plants+proliferation+and+fluvial+ecosystem+conservation+nexus&rft.btitle=Complementarity+of+Variable+Renewable+Energy+Sources&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-85527-3.00027-3&rft.isbn=978-0-323-85527-3&rft.aulast=Kuriqi&rft.aufirst=Alban&rft.au=Jurasz%2C+Jakub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F360918319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroelectricity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydroelectricity" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydroreform.org/">Hydropower Reform Coalition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dameffects.org/">Interactive demonstration on the effects of dams on rivers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725155321/https://www.dameffects.org/">Archived</a> 2019-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501225851/https://www.esha.be/">European Small Hydropower Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iec.ch/dyn/www/f?p=103:7:0::::FSP_ORG_ID,FSP_LANG_ID:1228,25">IEC TC 4: Hydraulic turbines</a> (International 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<li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_quality" title="Electric power quality">Electric power quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_fault" title="Electrical fault">Electrical fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">Energy demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_code" title="Grid code">Grid code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid strength">Grid strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_storage" title="Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load-following_power_plant" title="Load-following power plant">Load-following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_order" title="Merit order">Merit order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Nameplate capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">Peak demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-flow_study" title="Power-flow study">Power-flow study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repowering" title="Repowering">Repowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">Utility frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abspannportal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt"><img alt="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/120px-Abspannportal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/180px-Abspannportal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/240px-Abspannportal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_station_technology" title="Category:Power station technology">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">Micro CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_power_plant" title="Virtual power plant">Virtual power plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">Demand response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" title="Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_busbar_system" title="Electrical busbar system">Electrical busbar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">Electrical substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_retailing" title="Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">High-voltage direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_shore_connection" title="High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnector" title="Interconnector">Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_management" title="Load management">Load management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Mains electricity by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return" title="Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_grid" title="Super grid">Super grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_system_operator" title="Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a> (TSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failure modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">Black start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Brownout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power outage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Protective<br />devices</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker" title="Earth-leakage circuit breaker">Earth-leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" title="Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generator_interlock_kit" title="Generator interlock kit">Generator interlock kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_relay" title="Numerical relay">Numerical relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_system_protection" title="Power system protection">Power system protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">Residual-current device</a> (GFI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Economics<br />and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_factor" title="Availability factor">Availability factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_factor_(electrical)" title="Load factor (electrical)">Load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)" title="Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)">Renewable Energy Certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Payments" title="Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_spread" title="Spark spread">Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Statistics and<br />production</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_sectors" title="List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_distribution" title="Category:Electric power distribution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydropower" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydropower" title="Template:Hydropower"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydropower" title="Template talk:Hydropower"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydropower" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydropower"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydropower" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydroelectricity</a> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conventional_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of conventional hydroelectric power stations">List of conventional hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped-storage hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/100px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/150px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/200px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="1768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydroelectricity</a> equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_turbine" title="Francis turbine">Francis turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaplan_turbine" title="Kaplan turbine">Kaplan turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyson_turbine" title="Tyson turbine">Tyson turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlov_helical_turbine" title="Gorlov helical turbine">Gorlov helical turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelton_wheel" title="Pelton wheel">Pelton wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgo_turbine" title="Turgo turbine">Turgo turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-flow_turbine" title="Cross-flow turbine">Cross-flow turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">Water wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_energy_rankings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_country_lists" title="Template:Energy country lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_country_lists" title="Template talk:Energy country lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_country_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy country lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_energy_rankings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">rankings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fossil Fuel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Petroleum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_by_country" title="Oil by country">All</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">Usage and pricing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_by_country" title="Natural gas by country">All</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_recoverable_shale_gas" title="List of countries by recoverable shale gas">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracking_by_country" title="Fracking by country">Fracking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_reserves" title="List of countries by coal reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_production" title="List of countries by coal production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by coal exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_imports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by coal imports">Imports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uranium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium by country">All</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_uranium_production" title="List of countries by uranium production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_uranium_reserves" title="List of countries by uranium reserves">Reserves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thorium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_thorium_resources" title="List of countries by thorium resources">Reserves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_renewable_electricity_production" title="List of countries by renewable electricity production">Renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hydro_power_by_country">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_by_country" title="Wind power by country">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_by_country#Global_use_figures" title="Solar power by country">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power#Utility-grade_stations" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_by_country" title="Electricity by country">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_production" title="List of countries by electricity production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_consumption" title="List of countries by electricity consumption">Consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Total energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_and_production" title="List of countries by energy consumption and production">Consumption and production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by energy consumption per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_intensity" title="List of countries by energy intensity">Intensity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_exporters" title="Fossil fuel exporters">Summary of top fossil fuel exporters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green 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title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a 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management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment"><span class="wrap">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future"><i>Our Common Future</i> (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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