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<script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Not to be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_safety?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food safety">Food safety</a>. </div> Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_food?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human food">food</a>. The availability of food for people of any class and state, gender or religion is another element of food security. Similarly, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Household?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Household">household</a> food security is considered to exist when all the members of a family, at all times, have access to enough food for an active, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Health?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Health">healthy</a> life.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-usda_measuring-1">[1]</a> Individuals who are food-secure do not live in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hunger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hunger">hunger</a> or fear of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Starvation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Starvation">starvation</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2">[2]</a> Food security includes resilience to future disruptions of food supply. Such a disruption could occur due to various risk factors such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drought?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drought">droughts</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flood">floods</a>, shipping disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability, and wars.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2013-3">[3]</a> Food insecurity is the opposite of food security: a state where there is only limited or uncertain availability of suitable food. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Africa_Food_Security_18_(10665134354).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Africa_Food_Security_18_%2810665134354%29.jpg/220px-Africa_Food_Security_18_%2810665134354%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Africa_Food_Security_18_%252810665134354%2529.jpg/330px-Africa_Food_Security_18_%252810665134354%2529.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Africa_Food_Security_18_%252810665134354%2529.jpg/440px-Africa_Food_Security_18_%252810665134354%2529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2825"></a> <figcaption> Women selling <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produce">produce</a> at a market in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lilongwe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malawi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> </figcaption> </figure> The concept of food security has evolved over time. The four pillars of food security include availability, access, utilization, and stability.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2009-4">[4]</a> In addition, there are two more dimensions that are important: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agency (philosophy)">agency</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sustainability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>. These six dimensions of food security are reinforced in conceptual and legal understandings of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right_to_food?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Right to food">right to food</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021-5">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HLPE_2020-6">[6]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Food_Summit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Food Summit">World Food Summit</a> in 1996 declared that "food should not be used as an instrument for political and economic pressure."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_1996-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> There are many causes of food insecurity. The most important ones are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%93present)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="World food crises (2022–present)">high food prices</a> and disruptions in global food supplies for example due to war. There is also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_scarcity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_degradation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>, agricultural diseases, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pandemic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pandemic">pandemics</a> and disease outbreaks that can all lead to food insecurity. The effects of food insecurity can include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hunger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hunger">hunger</a> and even <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Famine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Famine">famines</a>. Chronic food insecurity translates into a high degree of vulnerability to hunger and famine.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-9">[9]</a> Chronic hunger and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malnutrition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> in childhood can lead to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stunted_growth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stunted growth">stunted growth</a> of children.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:5-10">[10]</a> Once stunting has occurred, improved nutritional intake after the age of about two years is unable to reverse the damage. Severe malnutrition in early childhood often leads to defects in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cognitive_development?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cognitive development">cognitive development</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:6-11">[11]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definition">1 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Measurement">2 Measurement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prevalence_of_food_insecurity">3 Prevalence of food insecurity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vulnerable_groups_most_affected">3.1 Vulnerable groups most affected</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Children">3.1.1 Children</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Women">3.1.2 Women</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">4 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pillars_of_food_security">5 Pillars of food security</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Availability">5.1 Availability</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Access">5.2 Access</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Utilization">5.3 Utilization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Stability">5.4 Stability</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Agency">5.5 Agency</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sustainability">5.6 Sustainability</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Causes_of_food_insecurity">6 Causes of food insecurity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#High_food_prices">6.1 High food prices</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pandemics_and_disease_outbreaks">6.1.1 Pandemics and disease outbreaks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fossil_fuel_dependence">6.1.2 Fossil fuel dependence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Agricultural_diseases">6.1.3 Agricultural diseases</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Disruption_in_global_food_supplies_due_to_war">6.1.4 Disruption in global food supplies due to war</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Environmental_degradation_and_overuse">6.2 Environmental degradation and overuse</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Land_degradation">6.2.1 Land degradation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Water_scarcity">6.2.2 Water scarcity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Overfishing">6.2.3 Overfishing</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Food_loss_and_waste">6.3 Food loss and waste</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Climate_change">6.4 Climate change</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Effects_of_food_insecurity">7 Effects of food insecurity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Social_and_economic_impacts">7.1 Social and economic impacts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Stunting_and_chronic_nutritional_deficiencies">7.2 Stunting and chronic nutritional deficiencies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mental_health_outcomes">7.3 Mental health outcomes</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Approaches_to_food_security">8 Approaches to food security</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Agrifood_systems_resilience">8.1 Agrifood systems resilience</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Approaches_by_FAO">8.2 Approaches by FAO</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Improving_agricultural_productivity_to_benefit_the_rural_poor">8.3 Improving agricultural productivity to benefit the rural poor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Development_aid_activities">8.4 Development aid activities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alternative_diets">8.5 Alternative diets</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Food_Justice_Movement">8.6 Food Justice Movement</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#By_country">9 By country</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Afghanistan">9.1 Afghanistan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Australia">9.2 Australia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Canada">9.3 Canada</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#China">9.4 China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">9.5 Democratic Republic of Congo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mexico">9.6 Mexico</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Singapore">9.7 Singapore</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#South_Africa">9.8 South Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sudan">9.9 Sudan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States">9.10 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Uganda">9.11 Uganda</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Yemen">9.12 Yemen</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Society_and_culture">10 Society and culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Food_security_related_UN_days">10.1 Food security related UN days</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Human_rights_approach">10.2 Human rights approach</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_Nations_Goals">10.3 United Nations Goals</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">12 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">12.1 Sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Food security, as defined by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Food_Summit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Food Summit">World Food Summit</a> in 1996, is "when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:02-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ifpri-13">[13]</a> Food insecurity, on the other hand, as defined by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA), is a situation of "limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-14">[14]</a> At the 1974 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Food_Conference?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Food Conference">World Food Conference</a>, the term food security was defined with an emphasis on supply; it was defined as the "availability at all times of adequate, nourishing, diverse, balanced and moderate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset the fluctuations in production and prices."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Later definitions added demand and access issues to the definition. The first World Food Summit, held in 1996, stated that food security "exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_1996-7">[7]</a> Chronic (or permanent) food insecurity is defined as the long-term, persistent lack of adequate food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ecker_and_Breisinger_2012-17">[17]</a> In this case, households are constantly at risk of being unable to acquire food to meet the needs of all members. Chronic and transitory food insecurity are linked since the reoccurrence of transitory food security can make households more vulnerable to chronic food insecurity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-1997-18">[18]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DFood_security%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, the concept of food security has mostly focused on food <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calories?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Calories">calories</a> rather than the quality and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> of food. The concept of nutrition security or nutritional security evolved as a broader concept. In 1995, it was defined as "adequate nutritional status in terms of protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals for all household members at all times."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a>: 16 It is also related to the concepts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutrition_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nutrition education">nutrition education</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutritional_deficiency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional deficiency">nutritional deficiency</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Measurement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Globally_and_in_every_region,_the_prevalence_of_food_insecurity_is_higher_among_women_than_among_men.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Globally_and_in_every_region%2C_the_prevalence_of_food_insecurity_is_higher_among_women_than_among_men.svg/220px-Globally_and_in_every_region%2C_the_prevalence_of_food_insecurity_is_higher_among_women_than_among_men.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="401"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Globally_and_in_every_region%2C_the_prevalence_of_food_insecurity_is_higher_among_women_than_among_men.svg/220px-Globally_and_in_every_region%2C_the_prevalence_of_food_insecurity_is_higher_among_women_than_among_men.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Globally_and_in_every_region%2C_the_prevalence_of_food_insecurity_is_higher_among_women_than_among_men.svg/330px-Globally_and_in_every_region%2C_the_prevalence_of_food_insecurity_is_higher_among_women_than_among_men.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Globally_and_in_every_region%2C_the_prevalence_of_food_insecurity_is_higher_among_women_than_among_men.svg/440px-Globally_and_in_every_region%2C_the_prevalence_of_food_insecurity_is_higher_among_women_than_among_men.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Globally and in every region except Oceania, the prevalence of food insecurity is higher among women than among men. </figcaption> </figure> Food security can be measured by the number of calories to digest per person per day, available on a household budget.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In general, the objective of food security indicators and measurements is to capture some or all of the main components of food security in terms of food availability, accessibility, and utilization/adequacy. While availability (production and supply) and utilization/adequacy (nutritional status/ anthropometric measurement) are easier to estimate and therefore more popular, accessibility (the ability to acquire a sufficient quantity and quality of food) remains largely elusive.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The factors influencing household food accessibility are often context-specific.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Swindale_&_Bilinsky-24">[24]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> has developed the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) as a universally applicable experience-based food security measurement scale derived from the scale used in the United States. Thanks to the establishment of a global reference scale and the procedure needed to calibrate measures obtained in different countries, it is possible to use the FIES to produce cross-country comparable estimates of the prevalence of food insecurity in the population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Since 2015, the FIES has been adopted as the basis to compile one of the indicators included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) monitoring framework.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a>), the World Food Programme (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Food_Programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Food Programme">WFP</a>), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a>), the World Health Organization (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Health_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>), and the United Nations Children's Fund (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNICEF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>) collaborate every year to produce The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, or SOFI report (known as The State of Food Insecurity in the World until 2015). The SOFI report measures chronic hunger (or undernourishment) using two main indicators, the Number of undernourished (NoU) and the Prevalence of undernourishment (PoU). Beginning in the early 2010s, FAO incorporated more complex metrics into its calculations, including estimates of food losses in retail distribution for each country and the volatility in agri-food systems. Since 2014, it has also reported the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity based on the FIES.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Several measurements have been developed to capture the access component of food security, with some notable examples developed by the USAID-funded Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) project.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Swindale_&_Bilinsky-24">[24]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> These include: <ul> <li>Household Food Insecurity Access Scale – measures the degree of food insecurity (inaccessibility) in the household in the previous month on a discrete ordinal scale.</li> <li>Household Dietary Diversity Scale – measures the number of different food groups consumed over a specific reference period (24hrs/48hrs/7days).</li> <li>Household Hunger Scale – measures the experience of household food deprivation based on a set of predictable reactions, captured through a survey and summarized in a scale.</li> <li>Coping Strategies Index (CSI) – assesses household behaviors and rates them based on a set of varied established behaviors on how households cope with food shortages. The methodology for this research is based on collecting data on a single question: "What do you do when you do not have enough food, and do not have enough money to buy food?"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Prevalence_of_food_insecurity">Prevalence of food insecurity</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Prevalence of food insecurity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:The_concentration_and_distribution_of_food_insecurity_by_severity_differ_greatly_across_the_regions_of_the_world.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The concentration and distribution of food insecurity in 2023 by severity differ greatly across the regions of the world."> <noscript> <img alt="The concentration and distribution of food insecurity in 2023 by severity differ greatly across the regions of the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_concentration_and_distribution_of_food_insecurity_by_severity_differ_greatly_across_the_regions_of_the_world.svg/300px-The_concentration_and_distribution_of_food_insecurity_by_severity_differ_greatly_across_the_regions_of_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_concentration_and_distribution_of_food_insecurity_by_severity_differ_greatly_across_the_regions_of_the_world.svg/300px-The_concentration_and_distribution_of_food_insecurity_by_severity_differ_greatly_across_the_regions_of_the_world.svg.png" data-alt="The concentration and distribution of food insecurity in 2023 by severity differ greatly across the regions of the world." data-width="300" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_concentration_and_distribution_of_food_insecurity_by_severity_differ_greatly_across_the_regions_of_the_world.svg/450px-The_concentration_and_distribution_of_food_insecurity_by_severity_differ_greatly_across_the_regions_of_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_concentration_and_distribution_of_food_insecurity_by_severity_differ_greatly_across_the_regions_of_the_world.svg/600px-The_concentration_and_distribution_of_food_insecurity_by_severity_differ_greatly_across_the_regions_of_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The concentration and distribution of food insecurity in 2023 by severity differ greatly across the regions of the world. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:FAO_Food_security_2012.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/FAO_Food_security_2012.jpg/220px-FAO_Food_security_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="264"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/FAO_Food_security_2012.jpg/220px-FAO_Food_security_2012.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/FAO_Food_security_2012.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Number of people affected by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Undernourishment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Undernourishment">undernourishment</a> in 2010–12 (by region, in millions)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Number-of-severely-food-insecure-people-by-region.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Number-of-severely-food-insecure-people-by-region.png/300px-Number-of-severely-food-insecure-people-by-region.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Number-of-severely-food-insecure-people-by-region.png/300px-Number-of-severely-food-insecure-people-by-region.png" data-width="300" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Number-of-severely-food-insecure-people-by-region.png/450px-Number-of-severely-food-insecure-people-by-region.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Number-of-severely-food-insecure-people-by-region.png/600px-Number-of-severely-food-insecure-people-by-region.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Number of severely food insecure people by region (2014–2018) </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Food_Insecurity_Levels_By_Region_And_Sex_(2022).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Food_Insecurity_Levels_By_Region_And_Sex_%282022%29.svg/330px-Food_Insecurity_Levels_By_Region_And_Sex_%282022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="284"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Food_Insecurity_Levels_By_Region_And_Sex_%282022%29.svg/330px-Food_Insecurity_Levels_By_Region_And_Sex_%282022%29.svg.png" data-width="330" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Food_Insecurity_Levels_By_Region_And_Sex_%282022%29.svg/495px-Food_Insecurity_Levels_By_Region_And_Sex_%282022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Food_Insecurity_Levels_By_Region_And_Sex_%282022%29.svg/660px-Food_Insecurity_Levels_By_Region_And_Sex_%282022%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Food insecurity levels by region and sex (2022) </figcaption> </figure> Close to 12 percent of the global population was severely food insecure in 2020, representing 928 million people -148 million more than in 2019.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021-5">[5]</a> A variety of reasons lie behind the increase in hunger over the past few years. Slowdowns and downturns since the 2008–9 financial crisis have conspired to degrade social conditions, making undernourishment more prevalent. Structural imbalances and a lack of inclusive policies have combined with extreme weather events, altered environmental conditions, and the spread of pests and diseases, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, triggering stubborn cycles of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poverty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and hunger. In 2019, the high cost of healthy diets together with persistently high levels of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Income_inequality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a> put healthy diets out of reach for around 3 billion people, especially the poor, in every region of the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021-5">[5]</a> Inequality in the distributions of assets, resources and income, compounded by the absence or scarcity of welfare provisions in the poorest of countries, is further undermining access to food. Nearly a tenth of the world population still lives on US$1.90 or less a day, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> and southern Asia the regions most affected.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> High import and export dependence ratios are meanwhile making many countries more <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vulnerability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vulnerability">vulnerable</a> to external shocks. In many low-income economies, debt has swollen to levels far exceeding GDP, eroding growth prospects. Finally, there are increasing risks to institutional stability, persistent violence, and large-scale population relocation as a consequence of the conflicts. With the majority of them being hosted in developing nations, the number of displaced individuals between 2010 and 2018 increased by 70% between 2010 and 2018 to reach 70.8 million.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Recent editions of the SOFI report (The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World) present evidence that the decades-long decline in hunger in the world, as measured by the number of undernourished (NoU), has ended. In the 2020 report, FAO used newly accessible data from China to revise the global NoU downwards to nearly 690 million, or 8.9 percent of the world population – but having recalculated the historic hunger series accordingly, it confirmed that the number of hungry people in the world, albeit lower than previously thought, had been slowly increasing since 2014. On broader measures, the SOFI report found that far more people suffered some form of food insecurity, with 3 billion or more unable to afford even the cheapest healthy diet.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Nearly 2.37 billion people did not have access to adequate food in 2020 – an increase of 320 million people compared to 2019.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2021_2-38">[38]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2021_4-39">[39]</a> FAO's 2021 edition of The State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) further estimates that an additional 1 billion people (mostly in lower- and upper-middle-income countries) are at risk of not affording a healthy diet if a shock were to reduce their income by a third.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2021_3-40">[40]</a> The 2021 edition of the SOFI report estimated the hunger excess linked to the COVID-19 pandemic at 30 million people by the end of the decade<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021-5">[5]</a> – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> had earlier warned that even without the pandemic, the world was off track to achieve <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sustainable Development Goal 2">Zero Hunger or Goal 2</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> – it further found that already in the first year of the pandemic, the prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) had increased 1.5 percentage points, reaching a level of around 9.9 percent. This is the mid-point of an estimate of 720 to 811 million people facing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hunger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hunger">hunger</a> in 2020 – as many as 161 million more than in 2019.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2021_2-38">[38]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2021_4-39">[39]</a> The number had jumped by some 446 million in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Africa">Africa</a>, 57 million in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and about 14 million in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021-5">[5]</a> At the global level, the prevalence of food insecurity at a moderate or severe level, and severe level only, is higher among women than men, magnified in rural areas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2023_2-41">[41]</a> In 2023, the Global Report on Food Crises revealed that acute hunger affected approximately 282 million people across 59 countries, an increase of 24 million from the previous year. This rise in food insecurity was primarily driven by conflicts, economic shocks, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extreme_weather?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a>. Regions like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaza_Strip?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Sudan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> were among the hardest hit, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions to address and mitigate global hunger effectively.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vulnerable_groups_most_affected">Vulnerable groups most affected</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Vulnerable groups most affected" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Children">Children</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Children" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Food insecurity in children can lead to developmental impairments and long term consequences such as weakened physical, intellectual and emotional development.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> By way of comparison, in one of the largest food producing countries in the world, the United States, approximately one out of six people are "food insecure," including 17 million children, according to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> in 2009.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> A 2012 study in the Journal of Applied Research on Children found that rates of food security varied significantly by race, class and education. In both kindergarten and third grade, 8% of the children were classified as food insecure, but only 5% of white children were food insecure, while 12% and 15% of black and Hispanic children were food insecure, respectively. In third grade, 13% of black and 11% of Hispanic children were food insecure compared to 5% of white children.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Women">Women</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Women" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gender_and_food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gender and food security">Gender and food security</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:2DU_Kenya_86_(5367322642).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2DU_Kenya_86_%285367322642%29.jpg/220px-2DU_Kenya_86_%285367322642%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2DU_Kenya_86_%285367322642%29.jpg/220px-2DU_Kenya_86_%285367322642%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2DU_Kenya_86_%285367322642%29.jpg/330px-2DU_Kenya_86_%285367322642%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2DU_Kenya_86_%285367322642%29.jpg/440px-2DU_Kenya_86_%285367322642%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A Kenyan woman farmer at work in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mount_Kenya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a> region </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gender_inequality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gender inequality">Gender inequality</a> both leads to and is a result of food insecurity. According to estimates, girls and women make up 60% of the world's chronically hungry and little progress has been made in ensuring the equal right to food for women enshrined in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> At the global level, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gender_gap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gender gap">gender gap</a> in the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity grew even larger in the year of COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 SOFI report finds that in 2019 an estimated 29.9 percent of women aged between 15 and 49 years around the world were affected by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anemia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anemia">anemia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021-5">[5]</a> The gap in food insecurity between men and women widened from 1.7 percentage points in 2019 to 4.3 percentage points in 2021.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-49">[49]</a> Women play key roles in maintaining all four pillars of food security: as food producers and agricultural entrepreneurs; as decision-makers for the food and nutritional security of their households and communities and as "managers" of the stability of food supplies in times of economic hardship.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2023_2-41">[41]</a> The gender gap in accessing food increased from 2018 to 2019, particularly at moderate or severe levels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2023_2-41">[41]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_famines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of famines">List of famines</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Bengal_famine_1943.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bengal_famine_1943.png/220px-Bengal_famine_1943.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="359"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bengal_famine_1943.png/220px-Bengal_famine_1943.png" data-width="220" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bengal_famine_1943.png/330px-Bengal_famine_1943.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Bengal_famine_1943.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengali famine of 1943</a>: The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_conquest_of_Burma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese conquest of Burma">Japanese conquest of Burma</a> cut off India's main supply of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rice">rice</a> imports.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Famine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Famine">Famines</a> have been frequent in world history. Some have killed millions and substantially diminished the population of a large area. The most common causes have been <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drought?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drought">drought</a> and war, but the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_famines_in_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of famines in China">greatest famines in history</a> were caused by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_policy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a> One economic policy example of famine was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holodomor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> (Great Famine) induced by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s communist economic policy resulting in 7–10 million deaths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In the late 20th century the Nobel Prize-winning economist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amartya_Sen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur. The 20th century has examples of governments, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization in the Soviet Union</a> or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> undermining the food security of their nations. Mass starvation is frequently a weapon of war, as in the blockade of Germany in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">World War I</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1939%E2%80%931945)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)">World War II</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>, and the blockade of Japan during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a> and in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hunger_Plan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a> enacted by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Pillars_of_food_security">Pillars of food security</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Pillars of food security" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Food_production_per_capita.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Food_production_per_capita.svg/220px-Food_production_per_capita.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Food_production_per_capita.svg/220px-Food_production_per_capita.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Food_production_per_capita.svg/330px-Food_production_per_capita.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Food_production_per_capita.svg/440px-Food_production_per_capita.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Growth in food production has been greater than population growth. Food per person increased since 1961. Data source: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:FAO_kcal_his.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FAO_kcal_his.png/220px-FAO_kcal_his.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="433"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FAO_kcal_his.png/220px-FAO_kcal_his.png" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FAO_kcal_his.png/330px-FAO_kcal_his.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FAO_kcal_his.png/440px-FAO_kcal_his.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Growth of World Food Supply (caloric base) per capita </figcaption> </figure> The WHO states that three pillars that determine food security: food availability, food access, and food use and misuse.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The FAO added a fourth pillar: the stability of the first three dimensions of food security over time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2">[2]</a> In 2009, the World Summit on Food Security stated that the "four pillars of food security are availability, access, utilization, and stability."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2009-4">[4]</a> Two additional pillars of food security were recommended in 2020 by the High-Level Panel of Experts for the Committee on World Food Security: agency and sustainability.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HLPE_2020-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Availability">Availability</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Availability" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Food availability relates to the supply of food through production, distribution, and exchange.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gregory_2005-57">[57]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Food production">Food production</a> is determined by a variety of factors including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_ownership?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Land ownership">land ownership</a> and use; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soil_management?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soil management">soil management</a>; crop selection, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plant_breeding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a>, and management; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livestock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livestock">livestock</a> breeding and management; and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvesting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvesting">harvesting</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-1997-18">[18]</a> Crop production can be affected by changes in rainfall and temperatures.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gregory_2005-57">[57]</a> The use of land, water, and energy to grow food often compete with other uses, which can affect food production.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Godfray_2010-58">[58]</a> Land used for agriculture can be used for urbanization or lost to desertification, salinization or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soil_erosion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> due to unsustainable agricultural practices.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Godfray_2010-58">[58]</a> Crop production is not required for a country to achieve food security. Nations do not have to have the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_resources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a> required to produce crops to achieve food security, as seen in the examples of Japan<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and Singapore.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tweeten_1999-61">[61]</a> Because food consumers outnumber producers in every country,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tweeten_1999-61">[61]</a> food must be distributed to different regions or nations. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_distribution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food distribution">Food distribution</a> involves the storage, processing, transport, packaging, and marketing of food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-1997-18">[18]</a> Food-chain infrastructure and storage technologies on farms can also affect the amount of food wasted in the distribution process.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Godfray_2010-58">[58]</a> Poor transport infrastructure can increase the price of supplying water and fertilizer as well as the price of moving food to national and global markets.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Godfray_2010-58">[58]</a> Around the world, few individuals or households are continuously self-reliant on food. This creates the need for a bartering, exchange, or cash economy to acquire food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gregory_2005-57">[57]</a> The exchange of food requires efficient trading systems and market institutions, which can affect food security.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ecker_and_Breisinger_2012-17">[17]</a> Per capita world food supplies are more than adequate to provide food security to all, and thus food accessibility is a greater barrier to achieving food security.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tweeten_1999-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Access">Access</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Access" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Goats_are_an_important_part_of_the_solution_to_global_food_security_because_they_are_fairly_low_maintenance_and_easy_to_raise_and_farm.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Goats_are_an_important_part_of_the_solution_to_global_food_security_because_they_are_fairly_low_maintenance_and_easy_to_raise_and_farm.jpg/220px-Goats_are_an_important_part_of_the_solution_to_global_food_security_because_they_are_fairly_low_maintenance_and_easy_to_raise_and_farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Goats_are_an_important_part_of_the_solution_to_global_food_security_because_they_are_fairly_low_maintenance_and_easy_to_raise_and_farm.jpg/220px-Goats_are_an_important_part_of_the_solution_to_global_food_security_because_they_are_fairly_low_maintenance_and_easy_to_raise_and_farm.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Goats_are_an_important_part_of_the_solution_to_global_food_security_because_they_are_fairly_low_maintenance_and_easy_to_raise_and_farm.jpg/330px-Goats_are_an_important_part_of_the_solution_to_global_food_security_because_they_are_fairly_low_maintenance_and_easy_to_raise_and_farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Goats_are_an_important_part_of_the_solution_to_global_food_security_because_they_are_fairly_low_maintenance_and_easy_to_raise_and_farm.jpg/440px-Goats_are_an_important_part_of_the_solution_to_global_food_security_because_they_are_fairly_low_maintenance_and_easy_to_raise_and_farm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goat">Goats</a> are an important part of the solution to global food security because they are fairly low-maintenance and easy to raise and farm. </figcaption> </figure> Food access refers to the affordability and allocation of food, as well as the preferences of individuals and households.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gregory_2005-57">[57]</a> The UN <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Committee_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a> noted that the causes of hunger and malnutrition are often not a scarcity of food but an inability to access available food, usually due to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poverty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poverty">poverty</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Poverty can limit access to food, and can also increase how vulnerable an individual or household is to food price spikes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ecker_and_Breisinger_2012-17">[17]</a> Access depends on whether the household has enough income to purchase food at prevailing prices or has sufficient land and other resources to grow its food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Garrett_and_Ruel_1999-63">[63]</a> Households with enough resources can overcome unstable harvests and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_food?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local food">local food</a> shortages and maintain their access to food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tweeten_1999-61">[61]</a> There are two distinct types of access to food: direct access, in which a household produces food using human and material resources, and economic access, in which a household purchases food produced elsewhere.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-1997-18">[18]</a> Location can affect access to food and which type of access a family will rely on.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Garrett_and_Ruel_1999-63">[63]</a> The assets of a household, including income, land, products of labor, inheritances, and gifts can determine a household's access to food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-1997-18">[18]</a> However, the ability to access sufficient food may not lead to the purchase of food over other materials and services.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ecker_and_Breisinger_2012-17">[17]</a> Demographics and education levels of members of the household as well as the gender of the household head determine the preferences of the household, which influences the type of food that is purchased.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Garrett_and_Ruel_1999-63">[63]</a> A household's access to adequate nutritious food may not assure adequate food intake for all household members, as intrahousehold food allocation may not sufficiently meet the requirements of each member of the household.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ecker_and_Breisinger_2012-17">[17]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USDA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> adds that access to food must be available in socially acceptable ways, without, for example, resorting to emergency food supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other coping strategies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-usda_measuring-1">[1]</a> The monetary value of global food exports multiplied by 4.4 in nominal terms between 2000 and 2021, from US$380 billion in 2000 to US$1.66 trillion in 2021.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:22-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Utilization">Utilization</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Utilization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The next pillar of food security is food utilization, which refers to the metabolism of food by individuals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tweeten_1999-61">[61]</a> Once the food is obtained by a household, a variety of factors affect the quantity and quality of food that reaches members of the household. To achieve food security, the food ingested must be safe and must be enough to meet the physiological requirements of each individual.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ecker_and_Breisinger_2012-17">[17]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_safety?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food safety">Food safety</a> affects food utilization,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gregory_2005-57">[57]</a> and can be affected by the preparation, processing, and cooking of food in the community and household.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-1997-18">[18]</a> Nutritional values<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gregory_2005-57">[57]</a> of the household determine <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_choice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food choice">food choice</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-1997-18">[18]</a> and whether food meets cultural preferences is important to utilization in terms of psychological and social <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Well-being?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Well-being">well-being</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Access to healthcare is another determinant of food utilization since the health of individuals controls how the food is metabolized.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-1997-18">[18]</a> For example, intestinal parasites can take nutrients from the body and decrease food utilization.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tweeten_1999-61">[61]</a> Sanitation can also decrease the occurrence and spread of diseases that can affect food utilization.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-1997-18">[18]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Education about nutrition and food preparation can affect food utilization and improve this pillar of food security.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tweeten_1999-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Stability">Stability</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Stability" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Food stability refers to the ability to obtain food over time. Food insecurity can be transitory, seasonal, or chronic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-1997-18">[18]</a> In transitory food insecurity, food may be unavailable during certain periods of time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ecker_and_Breisinger_2012-17">[17]</a> At the food production level, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_disasters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural disasters">natural disasters</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ecker_and_Breisinger_2012-17">[17]</a> and drought<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-1997-18">[18]</a> result in crop failure and decreased food availability. Civil conflicts can also decrease access to food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ecker_and_Breisinger_2012-17">[17]</a> Instability in markets resulting in food-price spikes can cause transitory food insecurity. Other factors that can temporarily cause food insecurity are loss of employment or productivity, which can be caused by illness. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seasonal_food?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seasonal food">Seasonal food</a> insecurity can result from the regular pattern of growing seasons in food production.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-1997-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Agency">Agency</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Agency" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a> refers to the capacity of individuals or groups to make their own decisions about what foods they eat, what foods they produce, how that food is produced, processed, and distributed within <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food system">food systems</a>, and their ability to engage in processes that shape food system policies and governance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HLPE_2020-6">[6]</a> This term shares similar values to those of another important concept, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_sovereignty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food sovereignty">Food sovereignty</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sustainability" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sustainability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> refers to the long-term ability of food systems to provide food security and nutrition in a way that does not compromise the economic, social, and environmental bases that generate food security and nutrition for future generations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HLPE_2020-6">[6]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Causes_of_food_insecurity">Causes of food insecurity</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Causes of food insecurity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="High_food_prices">High food prices</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: High food prices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_prices?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food prices">Food prices</a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref"> This section is an excerpt from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World food crises (2022–2023)">World food crises (2022–2023)</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DWorld_food_crises_(2022%25E2%2580%25932023)%26action%3Dedit">edit</a>] </div> <div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:FFPI-2014-2024.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FFPI-2014-2024.jpg/330px-FFPI-2014-2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="690"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FFPI-2014-2024.jpg/330px-FFPI-2014-2024.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FFPI-2014-2024.jpg/495px-FFPI-2014-2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FFPI-2014-2024.jpg/660px-FFPI-2014-2024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Food Price Index with 5 major commodities groups - 2014-2024 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FAO_Food_Price_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FAO Food Price Index">Food Price Index</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meat">Meat</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dairy_product?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cereal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cereal">Cereals</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vegetable_oil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vegetable oil">Oils</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sugar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> </div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commodity_Prices_-_2000-2024.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Commodity_Prices_-_2000-2024.jpg/330px-Commodity_Prices_-_2000-2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="869"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Commodity_Prices_-_2000-2024.jpg/330px-Commodity_Prices_-_2000-2024.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Commodity_Prices_-_2000-2024.jpg/495px-Commodity_Prices_-_2000-2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Commodity_Prices_-_2000-2024.jpg/660px-Commodity_Prices_-_2000-2024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Prices of soybean, wheat and corn - 2000-2024 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soybean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soybean">Soybeans</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wheat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maize?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maize">Corn</a> </div> </figcaption> </figure> During 2022 and 2023 there were food crises in several regions as indicated by rising <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_prices?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food prices">food prices</a>. In 2022, the world experienced significant food price inflation along with major food shortages in several regions. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sri_Lanka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sudan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> were most affected.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:8-68">[68]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:9-69">[69]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:10-70">[70]</a> Prices of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wheat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maize?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oil_seeds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil seeds">oil seeds</a>, bread, pasta, flour, cooking oil, sugar, egg, chickpea and meat increased.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:0-72">[72]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:13-73">[73]</a> Many factors have contributed to the ongoing world food crisis. These include supply chain disruptions due to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2023 global energy crisis">2021–2023 global energy crisis</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_floods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 floods">floods</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heat_waves_of_2021?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat waves of 2021">heatwaves</a> during 2021 (which destroyed key American and European crops).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:19-74">[74]</a> Droughts were also a factor; in early 2022, some areas of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portugal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> lost 60–80% of their crops due to widespread drought.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:18-75">[75]</a> Even before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, food prices were already at a record high. 82 million East Africans and 42 million West Africans faced acute food insecurity in 2021.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a> By the end of 2022, more than 8 million Somalis were in need of food assistance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In February 2022, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) reported a 20% rise in food prices since February 2021.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:16-78">[78]</a> The war further pushed this increase to 40% in March 2022 but was reduced to 18% by January 2023.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:0-72">[72]</a> But the FAO warns that inflation of food prices will continue in many countries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:17-79">[79]</a> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Pandemics_and_disease_outbreaks">Pandemics and disease outbreaks</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Pandemics and disease outbreaks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Global_hunger_remained_virtually_unchanged_from_2021_to_2022_but_is_still_far_above_pre-Covid-19-pandemic_levels.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Global_hunger_remained_virtually_unchanged_from_2021_to_2022_but_is_still_far_above_pre-Covid-19-pandemic_levels.svg/220px-Global_hunger_remained_virtually_unchanged_from_2021_to_2022_but_is_still_far_above_pre-Covid-19-pandemic_levels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="418"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Global_hunger_remained_virtually_unchanged_from_2021_to_2022_but_is_still_far_above_pre-Covid-19-pandemic_levels.svg/220px-Global_hunger_remained_virtually_unchanged_from_2021_to_2022_but_is_still_far_above_pre-Covid-19-pandemic_levels.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Global_hunger_remained_virtually_unchanged_from_2021_to_2022_but_is_still_far_above_pre-Covid-19-pandemic_levels.svg/330px-Global_hunger_remained_virtually_unchanged_from_2021_to_2022_but_is_still_far_above_pre-Covid-19-pandemic_levels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Global_hunger_remained_virtually_unchanged_from_2021_to_2022_but_is_still_far_above_pre-Covid-19-pandemic_levels.svg/440px-Global_hunger_remained_virtually_unchanged_from_2021_to_2022_but_is_still_far_above_pre-Covid-19-pandemic_levels.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Global hunger remained virtually unchanged from 2021 to 2022 but is still far above pre-COVID-19-pandemic levels. </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Food_Programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> has stated that pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic risk undermining the efforts of humanitarian and food security organizations to maintain food security.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Food Policy Research Institute">International Food Policy Research Institute</a> expressed concerns that the increased connections between markets and the complexity of food and economic systems could cause disruptions to food systems during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically affecting the poor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola outbreak</a> in 2014 led to increases in the prices of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Staple_food?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Staple food">staple foods</a> in West Africa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Stringent lockdowns, travel restrictions, and disruptions to labor forces resulted in bottlenecks affecting the production and distribution of goods. Notably, the food supply chain experienced significant disruptions as the pandemic strained logistics, labor availability, and demand patterns. While progress in combating COVID-19 has provided some relief, the pandemic's lasting effects persist, including shifts in consumer behavior and the ongoing necessity for health and safety measures.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:7-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Fossil_fuel_dependence">Fossil fuel dependence</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Fossil fuel dependence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers,_OWID.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg/220px-World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg/220px-World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg/330px-World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg/440px-World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World population">World population</a> supported with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Between 1950 and 1984, as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Green_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> transformed agriculture around the globe, world grain production increased by 250%. The energy for the Green Revolution was provided by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fossil_fuels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> in the form of fertilizers (natural gas), pesticides (oil), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydrocarbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a>-fueled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irrigation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Eating_Fossil_Fuels-85">[85]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_gas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> is a major feedstock for the production of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ammonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, via the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haber_process?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haber process">Haber process</a>, for use in fertilizer production.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global population growth — it has been estimated that almost half the people on Earth are currently fed as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Agricultural_diseases">Agricultural diseases</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Agricultural diseases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Diseases affecting livestock or crops can have devastating effects on food availability especially if there are no contingency plans in place. For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ug99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ug99">Ug99</a>, a lineage of wheat <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stem_rust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stem rust">stem rust</a>, which can cause up to 100% crop losses, is present in wheat fields in several countries in Africa and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_East?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and is predicted to spread rapidly through these regions and possibly further afield, potentially causing a wheat production disaster that would affect food security worldwide.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Disruption_in_global_food_supplies_due_to_war">Disruption in global food supplies due to war</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Disruption in global food supplies due to war" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> has disrupted global food supplies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jagtap_2098-92">[92]</a> The conflict has severely impacted food supply chains with noteworthy effects on production, sourcing, manufacturing, processing, logistics, and significant shifts in demand among nations reliant on imports from Ukraine.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jagtap_2098-92">[92]</a> The European Union's imposition of sanctions on Russia has added complexity to trade relations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:7-83">[83]</a> In Asia and the Pacific, many of those regions' countries depend on the importation of basic food staples such as wheat and also fertilizer, with nearly 1.1 billion lacking a healthy diet caused by poverty and ever-increasing food prices.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Environmental_degradation_and_overuse">Environmental degradation and overuse</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Environmental degradation and overuse" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Land_degradation">Land degradation</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Land degradation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_degradation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Desertification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Desertification">Desertification</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intensive_farming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> often leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soil_fertility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a> and a decline of agricultural yields.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Other causes of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_degradation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a> include for example <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deforestation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overgrazing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a>, and over-exploitation of vegetation for use.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Approximately 40 percent of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[96]</a> While the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Green_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> was critical in supporting a larger population through the mid-1900s to now by increasing crop yields, it has also resulted in environmental degradation particularly through land use, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soil_degradation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a>, and deforestation. Over-farming of agricultural land due to the Green Revolution has caused contamination and erosion of soil, and a reduction in biodiversity due to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pesticide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> usage (as well as deforestation). Malnutrition rates and food insecurity could increase again as land and water resources are depleted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Water_scarcity">Water scarcity</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Water scarcity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_scarcity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water security">water security</a> </div> Regionally, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water scarcity in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> has the largest number of water-stressed countries of any place on the globe, as of an estimated 800 million people who live in Africa, 300 million live in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_stress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Water stress">water-stressed</a> environment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IaC-98">[98]</a> It is estimated that by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water scarcity in Africa">Africa</a> will be living in areas of high water stress, which will likely displace anywhere between 24 million and 700 million people as conditions become increasingly unlivable.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IaC-98">[98]</a> Because the majority of Africa remains dependent on an agricultural lifestyle and 80 to 90 percent of all families in rural Africa rely upon producing their food,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[99]</a> water scarcity translates to a loss of food security.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Overfishing">Overfishing</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Overfishing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overfishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Overfishing">overexploitation of fish stocks</a> can pose serious risks to food security. Risks can be posed both directly by overexploitation of food fish and indirectly through overexploitation of the fish that those food fish depend on for survival.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2022 the United Nations called attention "considerably negative impact" on food security of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fish_oil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fishmeal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishmeal">fishmeal</a> industries in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Food_loss_and_waste">Food loss and waste</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Food loss and waste" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Food_Waste_Fiasco_(15819007150).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Food_Waste_Fiasco_%2815819007150%29.jpg/220px-Food_Waste_Fiasco_%2815819007150%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="1534"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Food_Waste_Fiasco_%2815819007150%29.jpg/220px-Food_Waste_Fiasco_%2815819007150%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Food_Waste_Fiasco_%2815819007150%29.jpg/330px-Food_Waste_Fiasco_%2815819007150%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Food_Waste_Fiasco_%2815819007150%29.jpg/440px-Food_Waste_Fiasco_%2815819007150%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Food recovered by food waste critic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robin_Greenfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robin Greenfield">Robin Greenfield</a> in Madison, Wisconsin, from two days of recovery from dumpsters<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Food waste may be diverted for alternative human consumption when economic variables allow for it. In the 2019 edition of the State of Food and Agriculture, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> asserted that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food loss and waste">food loss and waste</a> have potential effects on the four pillars of food security. However, the links between food loss and waste reduction and food security are complex, and positive outcomes are not always certain. Reaching acceptable levels of food security and nutrition inevitably implies certain levels of food loss and waste. Maintaining buffers to ensure food stability requires a certain amount of food to be lost or wasted. At the same time, ensuring food safety involves discarding unsafe food, which then is counted as lost or wasted, while higher-quality diets tend to include more highly perishable foods.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2023_1-104">[104]</a> How the impacts on the different dimensions of food security play out and affect the food security of different population groups depends on where in the food supply chain the reduction in losses or waste takes place as well as on where nutritionally vulnerable and food-insecure people are located geographically.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2023_1-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Climate change" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2023, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change">climate change</a> significantly impacted food security, with extreme weather events being primary drivers in 18 countries, affecting over 77 million people. The year marked the hottest on record, leading to severe climatic disturbances such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drought?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drought">droughts</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flood">floods</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tropical_cyclone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricanes</a>. These events disrupted agriculture, damaged crops, and decreased food availability, underlining the crucial need for urgent global action to adapt to and mitigate climate impacts to protect food sources.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="excerpt-block"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref"> This section is an excerpt from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Food_security" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change § Food security</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DEffects_of_climate_change%26action%3Dedit%23Food_security">edit</a>] </div> <div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hasegawa_2016_hunger_DALYs.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hasegawa_2016_hunger_DALYs.png/300px-Hasegawa_2016_hunger_DALYs.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="415"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 216px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hasegawa_2016_hunger_DALYs.png/300px-Hasegawa_2016_hunger_DALYs.png" data-width="300" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hasegawa_2016_hunger_DALYs.png/450px-Hasegawa_2016_hunger_DALYs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Hasegawa_2016_hunger_DALYs.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Projected changes in average food availability (represented as calorie consumption <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Per_capita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Per capita">per capita</a>), population at risk of hunger and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_years?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability-adjusted life years">disability-adjusted life years</a> under two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a>: the baseline, SSP2, and SSP3, scenario of high global rivalry and conflict. The red and the orange lines show projections for SSP3 assuming high and low intensity of future emissions and the associated climate change.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_Hasegawa2016-106">[106]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Climate change will affect agriculture and food production around the world. The reasons include the effects of elevated CO2 in the atmosphere. Higher temperatures and altered precipitation and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transpiration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> regimes are also factors. Increased frequency of extreme events and modified weed, pest, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pathogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> pressure are other factors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[107]</a>: 282 Droughts result in crop failures and the loss of pasture for livestock.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Loss and poor growth of livestock cause milk yield and meat production to decrease.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The rate of soil erosion is 10–20 times higher than the rate of soil accumulation in agricultural areas that use <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/No-till_farming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="No-till farming">no-till farming</a>. In areas with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tilling_(agriculture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilling (agriculture)">tilling</a> it is 100 times higher. Climate change worsens this type of land degradation and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Desertification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Desertification">desertification</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_IPCC-2019-110">[110]</a>: 5 Climate change is projected to negatively affect all four pillars of food security. It will affect how much food is available. It will also affect how easy food is to access through prices, food quality, and how stable the food system is.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Climate change is already affecting the productivity of wheat and other staples.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_Vermeulen-112">[112]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_Carter-113">[113]</a> In many areas, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fishery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fishery">fishery</a> catches are already decreasing because of global warming and changes in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biochemical cycles</a>. In combination with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overfishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, warming waters decrease the amount of fish in the ocean.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_IPCC-2022-114">[114]</a>: 12 Per degree of warming, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ocean_biomass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean biomass">ocean biomass</a> is expected to decrease by about 5%. Tropical and subtropical oceans are most affected, while there may be more fish in polar waters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Effects_of_food_insecurity">Effects of food insecurity</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Effects of food insecurity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Social_and_economic_impacts">Social and economic impacts</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Social and economic impacts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Famine and hunger are both rooted in food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity translates into a high degree of vulnerability to famine and hunger; ensuring food security presupposes the elimination of that vulnerability.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-9">[9]</a> Food insecurity can force individuals to undertake risky economic activities such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prostitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NPR_2022-116">[116]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> cautioned in September 2022 that "the impact of increasing import costs for food and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fertilizer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> for those extremely vulnerable to food insecurity will add $9 billion to their balance of payments pressures – in 2022 and 2023." This would deplete countries' foreign reserves as well as their capacity to pay for food and fertilizer imports."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Stunting_and_chronic_nutritional_deficiencies">Stunting and chronic nutritional deficiencies</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Stunting and chronic nutritional deficiencies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:A_malnourished_child_in_an_MSF_treatment_tent_in_Dolo_Ado.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_malnourished_child_in_an_MSF_treatment_tent_in_Dolo_Ado.jpg/220px-A_malnourished_child_in_an_MSF_treatment_tent_in_Dolo_Ado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3361" data-file-height="2848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_malnourished_child_in_an_MSF_treatment_tent_in_Dolo_Ado.jpg/220px-A_malnourished_child_in_an_MSF_treatment_tent_in_Dolo_Ado.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_malnourished_child_in_an_MSF_treatment_tent_in_Dolo_Ado.jpg/330px-A_malnourished_child_in_an_MSF_treatment_tent_in_Dolo_Ado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_malnourished_child_in_an_MSF_treatment_tent_in_Dolo_Ado.jpg/440px-A_malnourished_child_in_an_MSF_treatment_tent_in_Dolo_Ado.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A child in Dolo Ado facing malnutrition </figcaption> </figure> Many countries experience ongoing food shortages and distribution problems. These result in chronic and often widespread hunger amongst significant numbers of people. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population">Human populations</a> can respond to chronic hunger and malnutrition by decreasing body size, known in medical terms as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stunted_growth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stunted growth">stunting</a> or stunted growth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:5-10">[10]</a> This process starts in utero if the mother is malnourished and continues through approximately the third year of life. It leads to higher infant and child mortality, but at rates far lower than during famines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Svefors_2018-119">[119]</a> Once stunting has occurred, improved nutritional intake after the age of about two years is unable to reverse the damage. Severe malnutrition in early childhood often leads to defects in cognitive development.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:6-11">[11]</a> It, therefore, creates a disparity a between children who did not experience severe malnutrition and those who experience it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Worldwide, the prevalence of child stunting was 21.3 percent in 2019, or 144 million children. Central Asia, Eastern Asia, and the Caribbean have the largest rates of reduction in the prevalence of stunting and are the only subregions on track to achieve the 2025 and 2030 stunting targets.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Between 2000 and 2019, the global prevalence of child stunting declined by one-third.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2020_1-122">[122]</a> Data from the 2021 FAO SOFI showed that in 2020, 22.0 percent (149.2 million) of children under 5 years of age were affected by stunting, 6.7 percent (45.4 million) were suffering from wasting and 5.7 percent (38.9 million) were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overweight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Overweight">overweight</a>. FAO warned that the figures could be even higher due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021-5">[5]</a> Africa and Asia account for more than nine out of ten of all children with stunting, more than nine out of ten children with wasting, and more than seven out of ten children who are affected by being overweight worldwide.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mental_health_outcomes">Mental health outcomes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Mental health outcomes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Food insecurity is one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social determinants of mental health">social determinants of mental health</a>. A recent comprehensive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Systematic_review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> showed that over 50 studies have shown that food insecurity is strongly associated with a higher risk of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[123]</a> For depression and anxiety, food-insecure individuals have almost a threefold risk increase compared to food-secure individuals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Adolescents experiencing food insecurity are more likely to experience suicidal ideation, suicide planning and suicide attempts than those who are food-secure.  This is more common in countries where food insecurity is less common, potentially because it indicates a reduced standard of living and low social standing within that country.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[125]</a>  Research has also found that food insecurity is linked to an increased risk of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eating_disorder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eating disorder">disordered eating</a> behaviors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Approaches_to_food_security">Approaches to food security</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Approaches to food security" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Agrifood_systems_resilience">Agrifood systems resilience</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Agrifood systems resilience" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Resilient <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agrifood_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agrifood systems">agrifood systems</a> can achieve food security. The resilience of agrifood systems refers to the capacity over time of agrifood systems, in the face of any disruption, to sustainably ensure availability of and access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food for all, and sustain the livelihoods of agrifood systems' actors. Truly resilient agrifood systems must have a robust capacity to prevent, anticipate, absorb, adapt and transform in the face of any disruption, with the functional goal of ensuring food security and nutrition for all and decent livelihoods and incomes for agrifood systems' actors. Such resilience addresses all dimensions of food security, but focuses specifically on stability of access and sustainability, which ensure food security in both the short and the long term.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2021_3-40">[40]</a> Resilience-building involves preparing for disruptions, particularly those that cannot be anticipated, in particular through: diversity in domestic production, in imports,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2021_3-40">[40]</a> and in supply chains; robust food transport networks;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2021_3-40">[40]</a> and guaranteed continued access to food for all.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2021_3-40">[40]</a> The FAO finds that there are six pathways to follow towards food systems transformation:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2021_5-130">[130]</a> <ol> <li>integrating humanitarian, development and peacebuilding policies in conflict-affected areas;</li> <li>scaling up climate resilience across food systems;</li> <li>strengthening resilience of the most vulnerable to economic adversity;</li> <li>intervening along the food supply chains to lower the cost of nutritious foods;</li> <li>tackling poverty and structural inequalities, ensuring interventions are pro-poor and inclusive; and</li> <li>strengthening food environments and changing consumer behaviour to promote dietary patterns with positive impacts on human health and the environment.</li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Approaches_by_FAO">Approaches by FAO</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Approaches by FAO" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Carrobotte_g1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Carrobotte_g1.jpg/220px-Carrobotte_g1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1551"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Carrobotte_g1.jpg/220px-Carrobotte_g1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Carrobotte_g1.jpg/330px-Carrobotte_g1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Carrobotte_g1.jpg/440px-Carrobotte_g1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A liquid <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manure_spreader?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manure spreader">manure spreader</a> is used to increase <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agricultural_productivity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agricultural productivity">agricultural productivity</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Over the last decade, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) has proposed a "twin track" approach to fight food insecurity that combines sustainable development and short-term hunger relief. Development approaches include investing in rural markets and rural <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infrastructure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2">[2]</a> In general, FAO proposes the use of public policies and programs that promote long-term economic growth that will benefit the poor. To obtain short-term food security, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vouchers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vouchers">vouchers</a> for seeds, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fertilizer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>, or access to services could promote <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agricultural_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural production">agricultural production</a>. The use of conditional or unconditional food or cash transfers is another approach promoted by FAO. Conditional transfers may include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/School_feeding_in_low-income_countries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="School feeding in low-income countries">school feeding programs</a>, while unconditional transfers could include general food distribution, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aid">emergency food aid</a> or cash transfers. A third approach is the use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subsidy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a> as safety nets to increase the purchasing power of households. FAO has stated that "approaches should be human rights-based, target the poor, promote gender equality, enhance long-term resilience and allow sustainable graduation out of poverty."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[131]</a> FAO has noted that some countries have been successful in fighting food insecurity and decreasing the number of people suffering from undernourishment. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangladesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> is an example of a country that has met the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Development Goal">Millennium Development Goal</a> hunger target. The FAO credited growth in agricultural productivity and macroeconomic stability for the rapid economic growth in the 1990s that resulted in an increase in food security. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irrigation_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation systems">Irrigation systems</a> were established through infrastructure development programs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2013-3">[3]</a> In 2020, FAO deployed intense advocacy to make healthy diets affordable as a way to reduce global food insecurity and save vast sums in the process. The agency said that if healthy diets were to become the norm, almost all of the health costs that can currently be blamed on unhealthy diets (estimated to reach US$1.3 trillion a year in 2030) could be offset; and that on the social costs of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> that are linked to unhealthy diets, the savings would be even greater (US$1.7 trillion, or over 70 percent of the total estimated for 2030).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_State_of_Food_Security_and_Nutrition_in_the_World_2020-132">[132]</a> FAO urged governments to make nutrition a central plank of their agricultural policies, investment policies and social protection systems. It also called for measures to tackle food loss and waste, and to lower costs at every stage of food production, storage, transport, distribution and marketing. Another FAO priority is for governments to secure better access to markets for small-scale producers of nutritious foods.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_State_of_Food_Security_and_Nutrition_in_the_World_2020-132">[132]</a> The World Summit on Food Security, held in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 1996, aimed to renew a global commitment to the fight against hunger. The conference produced two key documents, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome_Declaration_on_World_Food_Security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome Declaration on World Food Security">Rome Declaration on World Food Security</a> and the World Food Summit Plan of Action.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_1996-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The Rome Declaration called for the members of the United Nations to work to halve the number of chronically undernourished people on the Earth by 2015. The Plan of Action set several targets for government and non-governmental organizations for achieving food security, at the individual, household, national, regional, and global levels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Another <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Summit_on_Food_Security_2009?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Summit on Food Security 2009">World Summit on Food Security</a> took place at the FAO's headquarters in Rome between November 16 and 18, 2009.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135">[135]</a> FAO has also created a partnership that will act through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/African_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="African Union">African Union</a>'s CAADP framework aiming to end hunger in Africa by 2025. It includes different interventions including support for improved food production, a strengthening of social protection and integration of the Right to Food into national legislation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Improving_agricultural_productivity_to_benefit_the_rural_poor">Improving agricultural productivity to benefit the rural poor</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Improving agricultural productivity to benefit the rural poor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Africa_Food_Security_21_(10665132276).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Africa_Food_Security_21_%2810665132276%29.jpg/220px-Africa_Food_Security_21_%2810665132276%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="4992"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Africa_Food_Security_21_%2810665132276%29.jpg/220px-Africa_Food_Security_21_%2810665132276%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Africa_Food_Security_21_%2810665132276%29.jpg/330px-Africa_Food_Security_21_%2810665132276%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Africa_Food_Security_21_%2810665132276%29.jpg/440px-Africa_Food_Security_21_%2810665132276%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A farmer holding up <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Onions">onions</a> he has grown on his farm near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilgil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gilgil">Gilgil</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </figcaption> </figure> According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comprehensive_Assessment_of_Water_Management_in_Agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture">Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture</a>, a major study led by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a> (IWMI), managing rainwater and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soil_moisture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soil moisture">soil moisture</a> more effectively, and using supplemental and small-scale irrigation, hold the key to helping the greatest number of poor people. It has called for a new era of water investments and policies for upgrading rainfed agriculture that would go beyond controlling field-level soil and water to bring new freshwater sources through better local management of rainfall and runoff.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Increased agricultural productivity enables farmers to grow more food, which translates into better diets and, under market conditions that offer a level playing field, into higher farm incomes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IFPRI_2003-138">[138]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a> (USAID) proposes several key steps to increasing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agricultural_productivity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agricultural productivity">agricultural productivity</a>, which is in turn key to increasing rural income and reducing food insecurity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[139]</a> They include: <ul> <li>Boosting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agricultural_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agricultural science">agricultural science</a> and technology. Current agricultural yields are insufficient to feed the growing populations. Eventually, the rising agricultural productivity drives economic growth.</li> <li>Securing property rights and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Access_to_finance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Access to finance">access to finance</a></li> <li>Enhancing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_capital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human capital">human capital</a> through education and improved health</li> <li>Conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms and democracy and governance based on principles of accountability and transparency in public institutions and the rule of law are basic to reducing vulnerable members of society.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Development_aid_activities">Development aid activities</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Development aid activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_aid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Food aid">Food aid</a> </div> In September 2022, the United States announced a $2.9 billion contribution to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aid">aid efforts</a> of global food security at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> in New York. $2 billion will go to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Development?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Agency for International Development">U.S. Agency for International Development</a> for its humanitarian assistance efforts around the world, along with $140 million for the agency's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feed_the_Future_Initiative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feed the Future Initiative">Feed the Future Initiative</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> will receive $220 million to fund eight new projects, all of which is expected to benefit nearly a million children residing in food-insecure countries in Africa and East Asia. The USDA will also receive another $178 million for seven international development projects to support U.S. government priorities on four continents.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:WalktheWorldLogo.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WalktheWorldLogo.jpg/220px-WalktheWorldLogo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="232"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 96px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WalktheWorldLogo.jpg/220px-WalktheWorldLogo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="96" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WalktheWorldLogo.jpg/330px-WalktheWorldLogo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WalktheWorldLogo.jpg/440px-WalktheWorldLogo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Fight Hunger: Walk the World campaign is a United Nations <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Food_Programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> initiative. </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Food_Programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> (WFP) is an agency of the United Nations that uses <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_aid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Food aid">food aid</a> to promote food security and eradicate hunger and poverty. In particular, the WFP provides food aid to refugees and to others experiencing food emergencies. It also seeks to improve nutrition and quality of life to the most vulnerable populations and promote self-reliance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142">[142]</a> An example of a WFP program is the "Food For Assets" program in which participants work on new infrastructure, or learn new skills, that will increase food security, in exchange for food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In April 2012, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_Assistance_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food Assistance Convention">Food Assistance Convention</a> was signed, the world's first legally binding international agreement on food aid. The May 2012 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copenhagen_Consensus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copenhagen Consensus">Copenhagen Consensus</a> recommended that efforts to combat hunger and malnutrition should be the first priority for politicians and private sector philanthropists looking to maximize the effectiveness of aid spending. They put this ahead of other priorities, like the fight against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/AIDS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Alternative_diets">Alternative diets</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Alternative diets" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Food security could be increased by integrating alternative foods that can be grown in compact environments, that are resilient to pests and disease, and that do not require complex supply chains. Foods meeting these criteria include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Algae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mealworm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mealworm">mealworm</a>, and fungi-derived <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mycoprotein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mycoprotein">mycoprotein</a>. While unpalatable on their own to most people, such raw ingredients might be processed into more palatable foods.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Various_cooked_insects_at_a_night_market.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Various_cooked_insects_at_a_night_market.jpg/220px-Various_cooked_insects_at_a_night_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Various_cooked_insects_at_a_night_market.jpg/220px-Various_cooked_insects_at_a_night_market.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Various_cooked_insects_at_a_night_market.jpg/330px-Various_cooked_insects_at_a_night_market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Various_cooked_insects_at_a_night_market.jpg/440px-Various_cooked_insects_at_a_night_market.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Many different <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edible_insects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible insects">insects are edible</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grasshopper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silkworms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworms">silkworms</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bamboo_Worm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo Worm">bamboo worms</a> (some of the insects in the picture) are just a few of the options. </figcaption> </figure> With over 2000 identified <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insects_as_food?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insects as food">edible insects</a>, there are many options for consumption. Insects may provide a sustainable option for protein sources containing 13-77% protein by dry weight. The energy obtained by eating insects can be similar to other food sources like beef and chicken depending on what kind of insect is eaten.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Insects may be a sustainable commercial farming option to support populations struggling with food security due to their nutrition and farming capacities, taking less room to cultivate than other protein sources.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:05-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Food_Justice_Movement">Food Justice Movement</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Food Justice Movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_Justice_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food Justice Movement">Food Justice Movement</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_Justice_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food Justice Movement">Food Justice Movement</a> is a multifaceted movement with relevance to the issue of food security. It has been described as a movement about social-economic and political problems in connection to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Environmental_justice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a>, improved nutrition and health, and activism. Today, a growing number of individuals and minority groups are embracing the Food Justice due to the perceived increase in hunger within nations such as the United States as well as the amplified effect of food insecurity on many minority communities, particularly the Black and Latino communities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="By_country">By country</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: By country" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right_to_food_by_country?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Right to food by country">Right to food by country</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Afghanistan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Afghanistan, about 35.5% of households are food insecure (as of 2018). The prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting in children under five years of age is also very high.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In October 2021, more than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute food shortage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150">[150]</a> On 11 November 2021, Human Rights Watch reported that Afghanistan is facing widespread <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Famine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Famine">famine</a> due to collapsed economy and broken banking system. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Food_Programme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Food Programme">UN World Food Program</a> has also issued multiple warnings of worsening food insecurity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2012, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) conducted a survey measuring nutrition, which included food security. It was reported that 4% of Australian households were food insecure.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics_2015-152">[152]</a> 1.5% of those households were severely food insecure.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics_2015-152">[152]</a> Additionally, the Australian Institute of Family Studies (AIFS), reported that certain demographics are more vulnerable to being food insecure; such as indigenous, elderly, regional, and single-parent households.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Financial issues were cited as the main cause of food insecurity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics_2015-152">[152]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change may present future challenges</a> for Australia regarding food security, as Australia already experiences extreme weather. Australia's history in biofuel production and use of fertilizers has reduced the quality of the land.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lawrence_2013-154">[154]</a> Increased extreme weather is projected to affect crops, livestock, and soil quality.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Wheat production, one of Australia's main food exports, is projected to decrease by 9.2% by 2030.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kingwell_2006-156">[156]</a> Beef production is also expected to fall by 9.6%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kingwell_2006-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since 2005, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canada">Canada</a> has monitored the level of food insecurity by province and territory. Rates of food insecurity in Canada ranged from 11.1% in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quebec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quebec">Québec</a> to 57% in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nunavut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> as of a 2017-2018 survey. Of the 57% of household affected by food insecurity in Nunavut, almost half of them are severely food insecure. These rates of food security equal 4.4 million people, of which 1.2 million were under the age of 18.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-157">[157]</a> Some common co-occurring conditions were households with lower incomes, single-income, and renting rather than owning their home. Food insecurity is more prevalent in households that receive social assistance, Employment Insurance, and Worker's Compensation, as well as in pension-reliant homes. People who identified as Indigenous or Black also face higher rates of food insecurity than those who identify otherwise.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-157">[157]</a> Food insecurity has been associated with a poorer quality of diet including a significant difference in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Micronutrient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Micronutrient">micronutrient</a> intake which varies across age and sex. In a 2015 study, the caloric intake was higher in severely food insecure households however with fewer micronutrients indicating a shift towards less nutrient-dense food options. In addition to micronutrient deficiencies across all age groups, food insecurity is correlated with higher rates of chronic disease biomarkers. In Canada, food insecurity is associated with worse mental health and higher mortality rates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="China">China</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The persistence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wet_market?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wet market">wet markets</a> has been described as "critical for ensuring urban food security,"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[159]</a> particularly in Chinese cities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZSCSH-160">[160]</a> The influence of wet markets on urban food security includes food pricing and physical accessibility.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ZSCSH-160">[160]</a> Calling food waste "shameful", <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xi_Jinping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, launched the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clean_Plate_campaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clean Plate campaign">Clean Plate campaign</a>. Xi stressed that there should be a sense of crisis regarding food security. In 2020, China witnessed a rise in food prices, due to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 outbreak</a> and mass <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2020_China_floods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2020 China floods">flooding</a> that wiped out the country's crops, which made food security a priority for Xi.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[162]</a> As part of its goals of ensuring food security, the Chinese Communist Party emphasizes agricultural research, including at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Democratic Republic of Congo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> (DRC), about 33% of households are food insecure, and nearly 60% in eastern provinces.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Masika_Musumari_2014-164">[164]</a> Millions of DRC inhabitants are living below the poverty line, contributing to this widespread hunger in the country that in some cases is so severe, that families can't afford to eat everyday.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[165]</a> A study showed the correlation of food insecurity and its negative effects on at-risk HIV adults in the Democratic Republic of Congo, exacerbating the vulnerability of these populations even further.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Masika_Musumari_2014-164">[164]</a> The state of food insecurity in the DRC has been long prevalent, but worsened greatly following the Congolese Wars (1996–1998; 1998–2003). In 2002, about 80% of the population lived below the poverty line, and more than 90% of the rural population had no easy access to safe drinking water. This contributed to the food insecurity of the nation, in which chronic infant malnutrition was over 45% for children under 5 years old. The nation's lack of access to markets, limited financial means, and low levels of food production have been other contributors to their poor levels of food security.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Furthermore, the nation has an influx of imported food products that are often of poor nutritional quality, but are placed at competitive prices that the nation can afford. This results in the majority of households turning to cheaper, high-calorie food products over more healthy, unaffordable, high-protein foods that are not as accessible to them. This then results in unbalanced and unhealthy diets that contribute to poor health outcomes for these populations. Furthermore, many urban areas are forced to turn to mainly consume bushmeat as their primary source of protein, because they cannot afford to access other types of safer, healthier and even more legal options.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Mexico" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref"> This section is an excerpt from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security_in_Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food security in Mexico">Food security in Mexico</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DFood_security_in_Mexico%26action%3Dedit">edit</a>] </div> <div class="excerpt"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> has sought to ensure food security through its history. Yet, despite various efforts, Mexico continues to lack national food and nutrition strategies that secure food security for the people. As a large country of more than 100 million people, planning and executing social policies are complex tasks. Although Mexico has been expanding its food and nutrition programs that have been expected, and to some degree, have contributed to increases in health and nutrition, food security, particularly as it relates to obesity and malnutrition, still remains a relevant public health problem.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Food_security_in_Mexico_:6-169">[169]</a> Although food availability is not the issue, severe deficiencies in the accessibility of food contribute to insecurity. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Singapore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agriculture_in_Singapore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Food_security" title="Agriculture in Singapore">Agriculture in Singapore § Food security</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>’s population increased from just over 3 million to around 5.7 million people (as of 2019). Following their significant increase in population, Singapore then faced a significant decrease in agricultural land (from 25% allocated land in 1965 to less than 1% in 2014) making food production rates decline drastically. Due to the minimal amount of agricultural output, Singapore imports about 90% of their food. Singapore was rated as the top country in affordability, availability, quality, and safety.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-170">[170]</a> These conditions contribute to a high rate of food secure individuals, about 92.5% of the population have experienced no food security concerns.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171">[171]</a> A challenge with this structure is that importing food leaves the country’s food supply chain vulnerable to price changes in the global food market from factors such as, disease (like Coronavirus) and climate change which can cause droughts and floods disrupting agriculture in countries like Thailand which Singapore relies on.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-170">[170]</a> Singapore is implementing many different methods and techniques to increase internal agricultural output.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-170">[170]</a> In 2019 the Singapore government launched the "30 by 30" program which aims to drastically reduce food insecurity through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hydroponics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hydroponics">hydroponics</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquaculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: South Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, between a quarter and a third of households are food insecure.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Following the COVID-19 lockdowns, child and household hunger have not decreased. In contrast, hunger has stabilized at a higher rate than pre-pandemic rates. This increase in hunger may be due to slow economic growth, low employment and a loss of government financial support following the pandemic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The social grants given by the government along with the child support grants, school food initiatives, and the Integrated Food Security and Nutrition Programme have all been influential in lowering the food insecurity rate particularly before the Coronavirus outbreak.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sudan">Sudan</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sudan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref"> This section is an excerpt from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2024_Sudan_famine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2024 Sudan famine">2024 Sudan famine</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D2024_Sudan_famine%26action%3Dedit">edit</a>] </div> <div class="excerpt"> Throughout 2024, the population of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sudan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> suffered from severe malnutrition and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Famine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Famine">famine</a> conditions as a result of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> beginning in 2023, primarily in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darfur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kordofan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</a>, and neighboring refugee-taking nations such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chad">Chad</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2024_Sudan_famine_:0-177">[177]</a> On 1 August, the Global Famine Review Committee released a report officially declaring that it was possible that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Integrated_Food_Security_Phase_Classification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#phase5" title="Integrated Food Security Phase Classification">IPC Phase 5</a> famine conditions were ongoing in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Darfur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Darfur">North Darfur</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Fashir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Fashir">Al-Fashir</a> and there was a high risk of similar conditions throughout <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internally_displaced_person?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a> (IDP) camps.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2024_Sudan_famine_Reliefweb-2024-178">[178]</a> Human rights groups say famine conditions were caused in part by deliberate attempts by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rapid Support Forces">Rapid Support Forces</a> (RSF) to siege and loot cities with civilians trapped in them and by both sides blocking off supply routes making it difficult to allow food and humanitarian aid to flow through.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2024_Sudan_famine_:0-177">[177]</a> More than 1,050 deaths<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2024_Sudan_famine_1000dead-179">[179]</a> have been caused by the famine and over 9 million people have been displaced as a result of the famine and war.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180">[180]</a> According to a September 2024 article published in Time, the situation in Sudan "is the world’s largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humanitarian_impact_of_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humanitarian impact of the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">humanitarian catastrophe</a>… and the world’s largest hunger crisis."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-181">[181]</a> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=48&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref"> This section is an excerpt from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger in the United States</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DHunger_in_the_United_States%26action%3Dedit">edit</a>] </div> <div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_Navy_110623-N-ZZ999-047_Aviation_Boatswain%27s_Mate_1st_Class_(Handling)_Donya_Craig,_right,_serves_chicken_to_a_patron_at_Norma_Todd%27s_Lunch_Brea.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/US_Navy_110623-N-ZZ999-047_Aviation_Boatswain%27s_Mate_1st_Class_%28Handling%29_Donya_Craig%2C_right%2C_serves_chicken_to_a_patron_at_Norma_Todd%27s_Lunch_Brea.jpg/300px-US_Navy_110623-N-ZZ999-047_Aviation_Boatswain%27s_Mate_1st_Class_%28Handling%29_Donya_Craig%2C_right%2C_serves_chicken_to_a_patron_at_Norma_Todd%27s_Lunch_Brea.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3081" data-file-height="2076"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 202px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/US_Navy_110623-N-ZZ999-047_Aviation_Boatswain%27s_Mate_1st_Class_%28Handling%29_Donya_Craig%2C_right%2C_serves_chicken_to_a_patron_at_Norma_Todd%27s_Lunch_Brea.jpg/300px-US_Navy_110623-N-ZZ999-047_Aviation_Boatswain%27s_Mate_1st_Class_%28Handling%29_Donya_Craig%2C_right%2C_serves_chicken_to_a_patron_at_Norma_Todd%27s_Lunch_Brea.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="202" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/US_Navy_110623-N-ZZ999-047_Aviation_Boatswain%27s_Mate_1st_Class_%28Handling%29_Donya_Craig%2C_right%2C_serves_chicken_to_a_patron_at_Norma_Todd%27s_Lunch_Brea.jpg/450px-US_Navy_110623-N-ZZ999-047_Aviation_Boatswain%27s_Mate_1st_Class_%28Handling%29_Donya_Craig%2C_right%2C_serves_chicken_to_a_patron_at_Norma_Todd%27s_Lunch_Brea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/US_Navy_110623-N-ZZ999-047_Aviation_Boatswain%27s_Mate_1st_Class_%28Handling%29_Donya_Craig%2C_right%2C_serves_chicken_to_a_patron_at_Norma_Todd%27s_Lunch_Brea.jpg/600px-US_Navy_110623-N-ZZ999-047_Aviation_Boatswain%27s_Mate_1st_Class_%28Handling%29_Donya_Craig%2C_right%2C_serves_chicken_to_a_patron_at_Norma_Todd%27s_Lunch_Brea.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> serving hungry Americans at a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soup_kitchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soup kitchen">soup kitchen</a> in Red Bank, New Jersey, during a 2011 community service project </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger in the United States of America</a> affects millions of Americans, including some who are middle class, or who are in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Households?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Households">households</a> where all adults are in work. The United States produces far more food than it needs for domestic consumption—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hunger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hunger">hunger</a> within the U.S. is caused by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poverty in the United States">some Americans having insufficient money</a> to buy food for themselves or their families. Additional causes of hunger and food insecurity include neighborhood deprivation and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agricultural_policy_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agricultural policy of the United States">agricultural policy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hunger_in_the_United_States_Disparities_and_access_to_healthy_food_in_the_United_States:_A_review_of_food_deserts_literature-182">[182]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hunger_in_the_United_States_Fields-183">[183]</a> Hunger is addressed by a mix of public and private food aid provision. Public interventions include changes to agricultural policy, the construction of supermarkets in underserved neighborhoods, investment in transportation infrastructure, and the development of community gardens.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hunger_in_the_United_States_Now_and_Then-184">[184]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hunger_in_the_United_States_Creating_Healthy_Food_and_Eating_Environments:_Policy_and_Environmental_Approaches-185">[185]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hunger_in_the_United_States_Obesity,_physical_activity,_and_the_urban_environment:_public_health_research_needs-186">[186]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hunger_in_the_United_States_Corrigan_(community_gardens)-187">[187]</a> Private aid is provided by food pantries, soup kitchens, food banks, and food rescue organizations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hunger_in_the_United_States_foodAndFamine-188">[188]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hunger_in_the_United_States_sweet-189">[189]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hunger_in_the_United_States_welfareCrisis-190">[190]</a> Historically, the U.S. was a world leader in reducing hunger both domestically and internationally. In the latter half of the twentieth century, other advanced economies in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia">Asia</a> began to overtake the U.S. in terms of reducing hunger among their own populations. In 2011, a report presented in the New York Times found that among 20 economies recognized as advanced by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and for which comparative rankings for food security were available, the U.S. was joint worst.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Nonetheless, in March 2013, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Food_Security_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Food Security Index">Global Food Security Index</a> ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In 2023, about <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/109896/err-337.pdf?v%3D249.8">13.5%</a> American households were food insecure. Surveys have consistently found much higher levels of food insecurity for students, with a 2019 study finding that over 40% of US undergraduate students experienced food insecurity. Indicators suggested the prevalence of food insecurity for US households approximately doubled during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, with an especially sharp rise for households with young children.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hunger_in_the_United_States_:6-193">[193]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hunger_in_the_United_States_SysRevStd2018-194">[194]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hunger_in_the_United_States_BrookingsMay2020-195">[195]</a> The Human Rights Measurement Initiative<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-196">[196]</a> finds that the US is achieving 87.6% of what should be possible at their income level for fulfilling the right to food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-197">[197]</a> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Uganda">Uganda</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=49&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Uganda" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2022, 28% of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uganda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uganda">Ugandan</a> households experienced food insecurity. This insecurity has negative effects on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HIV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HIV">HIV</a> transmission and household stability.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NPR_2022-116">[116]</a> Uganda faces challenges associated with food security related to agricultural soil management, forest destruction, and anthropogenic pressure on the land. This is an issue as agriculture is the main form of food acquisition in places such as Tororo and Busia. In these areas the 90% of families rely on farming so disruptions to their farming could increase their chances of economic instability and food insecurity. Many families report that lack of funds, disease, and lack of land, among other variables, are significant barriers to food security.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-198">[198]</a> In the wetlands system associated in Uganda, 93% of families are food insecure with 75% of inhabitants eating 2 meals and 8% eating only 1 meal a day. This was made worse by socioeconomic factors like disease (HIV/AIDS), poverty, and agricultural reasons like land degradation or management (regulation of food production using wetlands).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Yemen">Yemen</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=50&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Yemen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Food insecurity is highly prevalent in Yemen, with 60% of the population being affected by agricultural decline. The Integrated Security Phase Classification system places 53% of Yemenis as at risk (36%) or as an emergency (17%). Between 23 and 30% of Yemenis must change their choice of food and compromise on the quality of their food to account for food shortages while 8 to 13% of Yemenis admit to decreasing the number of meals they eat. The state of nutrition is most dire for vulnerable populations like children who face developmental issues like stunting or wasting as a result of malnutrition. Over 462,000 Yemeni children are severely acutely malnourished which increases their risk of disease. In a 2019 study, children with severe acute malnutrition were reported to have an increased rate of measles, diarrhea, fever, and cough when compared to non-severely acutely malnourished children.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-200">[200]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=51&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Society and culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Food_security_related_UN_days">Food security related UN days</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=52&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Food security related UN days" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> October 16 has been chosen as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Food_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Food Day">World Food Day</a>, in honour of the date FAO was founded in 1945. On this day, FAO hosts a variety of events at its headquarters in Rome and around the world, as well as seminars with UN officials.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Human_rights_approach">Human rights approach</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=53&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Human rights approach" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) recognized the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right_to_Food?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to Food">Right to Food</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Declaration of Human Rights</a> in 1948,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2">[2]</a> and has since said that it is vital for the enjoyment of all other rights.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_Nations_Goals">United Nations Goals</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=54&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United Nations Goals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The UN Millennium Development Goals were one of the initiatives aimed at achieving food security in the world. The first Millennium Development Goal states that the UN "is to eradicate extreme hunger and poverty" by 2015.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IFPRI_2003-138">[138]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur_on_the_Right_to_Food?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food">UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food</a>, advocates for a multidimensional approach to food security challenges. This approach emphasizes the physical availability of food; the social, economic and physical access people have to food; and the nutrition, safety and cultural appropriateness or adequacy of food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Multiple different international agreements and mechanisms have been developed to address food security. The main global policy to reduce hunger and poverty is in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>. In particular <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sustainable Development Goal 2">Goal 2: Zero Hunger</a> sets globally agreed targets to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable agriculture</a> by 2030.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Goal_2-204">[204]</a> Although there has been some progress, the world is not on track to achieve the global nutrition targets, including those on child stunting, wasting and overweight by 2030.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FAO-2020_1-122">[122]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=55&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agricultural_economics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_price_crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food price crisis">Food price crisis</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_vs._fuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Integrated_Food_Security_Phase_Classification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Integrated Food Security Phase Classification">Integrated Food Security Phase Classification</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nutritional_economics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional economics">Nutritional economics</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peak_wheat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peak wheat">Peak wheat</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subsistence_crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subsistence crisis">Subsistence crisis</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theories_of_famines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theories of famines">Theories of famines</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=56&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-usda_measuring-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-usda_measuring_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-usda_measuring_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/measurement.aspx">"Food Security in the United States: Measuring Household Food Security"</a>. USDA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122225302/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/measurement.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+Security+in+the+United+States%3A+Measuring+Household+Food+Security&rft.pub=USDA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ers.usda.gov%2Ftopics%2Ffood-nutrition-assistance%2Ffood-security-in-the-us%2Fmeasurement.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-2">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO_2-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO_2-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fao.org/economic/esa/esa-activities/en/">"Food Security"</a>. FAO Agricultural and Development Economics Division. June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515104207/http://www.fao.org/economic/esa/esa-activities/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAO+Agricultural+and+Development+Economics+Division&rft.atitle=Food+Security&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Feconomic%2Fesa%2Fesa-activities%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-2013-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO-2013_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO-2013_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3434e/i3434e.pdf">"The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013. The multiple dimensions of food security"</a> (PDF). FAO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222074548/http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3434e/i3434e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAO&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Food+Insecurity+in+the+World+2013.+The+multiple+dimensions+of+food+security.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F018%2Fi3434e%2Fi3434e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-2009-4">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO-2009_4-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO-2009_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFAO2009" class="citation book cs1">FAO (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/Summit/Docs/Final_Declaration/WSFS09_Declaration.pdf">Declaration of the World Food Summit on Food Security</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 15 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Declaration+of+the+World+Food+Summit+on+Food+Security&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2009&rft.au=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffileadmin%2Ftemplates%2Fwsfs%2FSummit%2FDocs%2FFinal_Declaration%2FWSFS09_Declaration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021-5">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021_5-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021_5-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021_5-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021_5-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021_5-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021_5-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations_2021_5-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021: Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. 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Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=High+Level+Panel+of+Experts+Report+15&rft.atitle=Food+security+and+nutrition%3A+building+a+global+narrative+towards+2030&rft.pages=7-11&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fca9731en%2Fca9731en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_1996-7">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_1996_7-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_1996_7-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_1996_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFood_and_Agriculture_Organization1996" class="citation web cs1">Food and Agriculture Organization (November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.htm">"Rome Declaration on Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208001334/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rome+Declaration+on+Food+Security+and+World+Food+Summit+Plan+of+Action&rft.date=1996-11&rft.au=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F003%2Fw3613e%2Fw3613e00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fao.org/3/w3548e/w3548e00.htm">"1996 Summit on World Food Security Report"</a>. 1996 Summit on World Food Security Report.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1996+Summit+on+World+Food+Security+Report&rft.atitle=1996+Summit+on+World+Food+Security+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fw3548e%2Fw3548e00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:4_9-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:4_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyalew" class="citation web cs1">Ayalew, Melaku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021163123/http://www.cnisbss.org/Newsline/PDF/LJR_19092007/Food%2520Security%252C%2520Famine%2520%2526%2520Hunger%25281%2529.pdf">"Food Security and Famine and Hunger"</a> (PDF). 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The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521004886?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521004886"><bdi>978-0521004886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chpt.+3&rft.btitle=The+Escape+from+Hunger+and+Premature+Death%2C+1700%E2%80%932100%3A+Europe%2C+America%2C+and+the+Third+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521004886&rft.au=Robert+Fogel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:02-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:02_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4671e/y4671e06.htm">"Chapter 2. 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Retrieved 14 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+Reforms+and+Food+Security%3A+Conceptualizing+the+Linkages&rft.pub=FAO%2C+UN&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F005%2Fy4671e%2Fy4671e06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel2013" class="citation news cs1">Patel, Raj (20 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/584ed992-4216-11e3-9d3c-00144feabdc0.htmli%255C">"Raj Patel: 'Food sovereignty' is next big idea"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Financial_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115174923/https://www.ft.com/content/584ed992-4216-11e3-9d3c-00144feabdc0">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. 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Rome: FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2020. p. 7. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4060%252Fca9692en">10.4060/ca9692en</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132901-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132901-6"><bdi>978-92-5-132901-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239729231">239729231</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104031435/https://www.issuelab.org/resources/30913/30913.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Food+Security+and+Nutrition+in+the+World+2020+%E2%80%93+Transforming+food+systems+for+affordable+healthy+diets&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=FAO%2C+IFAD%2C+UNICEF%2C+WFP+and+WHO&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239729231%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fca9692en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-132901-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuelab.org%2Fresources%2F30913%2F30913.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020, In brief. Rome: FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2020. p. 12. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4060%252Fca9699en">10.4060/ca9699en</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132910-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-132910-8"><bdi>978-92-5-132910-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243701058">243701058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Food+Security+and+Nutrition+in+the+World+2020%2C+In+brief&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=FAO%2C+IFAD%2C+UNICEF%2C+WFP+and+WHO&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243701058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fca9699en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-132910-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-2021_2-38">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO-2021_2_38-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO-2021_2_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://issuelab.org/resources/30913/30913.pdf">The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all</a> (PDF). Rome: FAO. 2021. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4060%252Fcb4474en">10.4060/cb4474en</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134325-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134325-8"><bdi>978-92-5-134325-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241785130">241785130</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104031435/https://www.issuelab.org/resources/30913/30913.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Food+Security+and+Nutrition+in+the+World+2021.+Transforming+food+systems+for+food+security%2C+improved+nutrition+and+affordable+healthy+diets+for+all&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241785130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcb4474en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-134325-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuelab.org%2Fresources%2F30913%2F30913.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-2021_4-39">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO-2021_4_39-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FAO-2021_4_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. 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Empowering women and ensuring gender equality in agri-food systems to achieve better nutrition − Technical brief</a>. Cairo: FAO. 2023. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4060%252Fcc3657en">10.4060/cc3657en</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-137438-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-137438-2"><bdi>978-92-5-137438-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217185019/https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb6226en/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2022. 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Retrieved 23 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+Food+Insecurity%3A+The+Economic+Impact+on+our+Nation&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nokidhungry.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fchild-economy-study.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/16/AR2009111601598.html">"The Washington Post, November 17, 2009. "America's Economic Pain Brings Hunger Pangs: USDA Report on Access to Food 'Unsettling,' Obama Says""</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Washington_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110174619/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/16/AR2009111601598.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Washington+Post%2C+November+17%2C+2009.+%22America%27s+Economic+Pain+Brings+Hunger+Pangs%3A+USDA+Report+on+Access+to+Food+%27Unsettling%2C%27+Obama+Says%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F11%2F16%2FAR2009111601598.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/health/neighborhood-characteristics-childrens-food-insecurity/">"Individual, Family and Neighborhood Characteristics and Children's Food Insecurity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194204/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/health/neighborhood-characteristics-childrens-food-insecurity/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Individual%2C+Family+and+Neighborhood+Characteristics+and+Children%27s+Food+Insecurity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalistsresource.org%2Fstudies%2Fsociety%2Fhealth%2Fneighborhood-characteristics-childrens-food-insecurity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"> JournalistsResource.org. Retrieved April 13, 2012</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbroDenneyPanchang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kimbro, Rachel T.; Denney, Justin T.; Panchang, Sarita (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol3/iss1/8/">"Individual, Family and Neighborhood Characteristics and Children's Food Insecurity"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Applied_Research_on_Children&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Journal of Applied Research on Children (page does not exist)">Journal of Applied Research on Children</a>. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103212305/https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol3/iss1/8/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Research+on+Children&rft.atitle=Individual%2C+Family+and+Neighborhood+Characteristics+and+Children%27s+Food+Insecurity&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kimbro&rft.aufirst=Rachel+T.&rft.au=Denney%2C+Justin+T.&rft.au=Panchang%2C+Sarita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.library.tmc.edu%2Fchildrenatrisk%2Fvol3%2Fiss1%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://one.wfp.org/eb/docs/2009/wfp194044~1.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305111428/http://one.wfp.org/eb/docs/2009/wfp194044~1.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, World Food Programme Gender Policy Report. Rome, 2009.</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpieldoch2011" class="citation journal cs1">Spieldoch, Alexandra (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cwgl.rutgers.edu/resources/publications/economic-a-social-rights/379-the-right-to-food-gender-equality-and-economic-policy">"The Right to Food, Gender Equality and Economic Policy"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=%27We+are+going+to+die%27%3A+Food+shortages+worsen+Sri+Lanka+crisis&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F5%2F20%2Fwe-are-going-to-die-food-crisis-worsens-misery-of-sri-lankans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022–2023)_:10-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:10_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.africanews.com/2022/03/14/sudanese-demonstrate-high-commodity-prices-as-police-crackdown-on-protesters/">"Sudanese demonstrate high commodity prices as police crackdown on protesters"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highlight+04+May+2022&rft.au=United+Nations+Secretary-General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fsg%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fhighlight%2F2022-05-04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022–2023)_:19-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:19_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/a-world-of-hurt-2021-climate-disasters-raise-alarm-over-food-security/">"A world of hurt: 2021 climate disasters raise alarm over food security"</a>. Mongabay Environmental News. 4 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524185251/https://news.mongabay.com/2021/08/a-world-of-hurt-2021-climate-disasters-raise-alarm-over-food-security/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mongabay+Environmental+News&rft.atitle=A+world+of+hurt%3A+2021+climate+disasters+raise+alarm+over+food+security&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2021%2F08%2Fa-world-of-hurt-2021-climate-disasters-raise-alarm-over-food-security%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022–2023)_:18-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:18_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.euronews.com/2022/02/13/climate-change-induced-extreme-winter-drought-devastates-crops-in-spain-and-portugal">"Extreme winter drought devastates crops in Spain and Portugal"</a>. euronews. 13 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310143836/https://www.euronews.com/2022/02/13/climate-change-induced-extreme-winter-drought-devastates-crops-in-spain-and-portugal">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=Extreme+winter+drought+devastates+crops+in+Spain+and+Portugal&rft.date=2022-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2022%2F02%2F13%2Fclimate-change-induced-extreme-winter-drought-devastates-crops-in-spain-and-portugal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBavier2022" class="citation news cs1">Bavier, Joe (30 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/hunger-struck-africa-needs-liquidity-debt-relief-2022-11-30/">"Hunger-struck Africa needs liquidity, debt relief"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221500/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/hunger-struck-africa-needs-liquidity-debt-relief-2022-11-30/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Hunger-struck+Africa+needs+liquidity%2C+debt+relief&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft.aulast=Bavier&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fhunger-struck-africa-needs-liquidity-debt-relief-2022-11-30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/18/somalia-faces-worst-famine-in-half-a-century-un-warns">"Somalia faces worst famine in half a century, UN warns"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221504/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/18/somalia-faces-worst-famine-in-half-a-century-un-warns">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Somalia+faces+worst+famine+in+half+a+century%2C+UN+warns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F10%2F18%2Fsomalia-faces-worst-famine-in-half-a-century-un-warns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022–2023)_:16-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:16_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.reuters.com/world/food-prices-hit-record-high-february-un-agency-says-2022-03-04/">"Food prices jump 20.7% yr/yr to hit record high in Feb, U.N. agency says"</a>. Reuters. 5 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306003720/https://www.reuters.com/world/food-prices-hit-record-high-february-un-agency-says-2022-03-04/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Food+prices+jump+20.7%25+yr%2Fyr+to+hit+record+high+in+Feb%2C+U.N.+agency+says&rft.date=2022-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Ffood-prices-hit-record-high-february-un-agency-says-2022-03-04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-World_food_crises_(2022–2023)_:17-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%932023)_:17_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/02/world-food-prices-falling-economy-stories-you-need-to-read-february-2023/">"World food prices falling, and other economy stories you need to read this week"</a>. World Economic Forum. 10 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215191221/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/02/world-food-prices-falling-economy-stories-you-need-to-read-february-2023/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=World+food+prices+falling%2C+and+other+economy+stories+you+need+to+read+this+week&rft.date=2023-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2023%2F02%2Fworld-food-prices-falling-economy-stories-you-need-to-read-february-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dw.com/en/un-world-food-program-seeks-funds-to-avert-covid-19-famine/a-55258444">"UN World Food Program seeks funds to avert COVID-19 famine"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 13 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023235706/https://www.dw.com/en/un-world-food-program-seeks-funds-to-avert-covid-19-famine/a-55258444">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=UN+World+Food+Program+seeks+funds+to+avert+COVID-19+famine&rft.date=2020-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fun-world-food-program-seeks-funds-to-avert-covid-19-famine%2Fa-55258444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a> Swinnen, Johan; and McDermott, John. 2020. COVID-19: Assessing impacts and policy responses for food and nutrition security. In COVID-19 and global food security, eds. Johan Swinnen and John McDermott. Introduction, Chapter 1, Pp. 8–12. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133762_01">https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133762_01</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115174928/https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/133845">Archived</a> 2023-01-15 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProgramme2020" class="citation web cs1">Programme, World Food (28 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://insight.wfp.org/covid-19-and-the-5-major-threats-it-poses-to-global-food-security-1c4da2ff6657">"Coronavirus and the 5 major threats it poses to global food security"</a>. Medium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115174934/https://www.wfp.org/stories/coronavirus-and-5-major-threats-it-poses-global-food-security">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+and+the+5+major+threats+it+poses+to+global+food+security&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft.aulast=Programme&rft.aufirst=World+Food&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsight.wfp.org%2Fcovid-19-and-the-5-major-threats-it-poses-to-global-food-security-1c4da2ff6657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:7-83">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:7_83-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:7_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagtapTrollmanTrollmanGarcia-Garcia2024" class="citation journal cs1">Jagtap, S; Trollman, H; Trollman, F; Garcia-Garcia, G; Martindale, W (April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fijfs.17106">"Surviving the storm: navigating the quadruple whammy impact on Europe's food supply chain"</a>. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 59 (6): 3652–3666. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fijfs.17106">10.1111/ijfs.17106</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/10481%252F91868">10481/91868</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-5423">0950-5423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Surviving+the+storm%3A+navigating+the+quadruple+whammy+impact+on+Europe%27s+food+supply+chain&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3652-3666&rft.date=2024-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10481%2F91868&rft.issn=0950-5423&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fijfs.17106&rft.aulast=Jagtap&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Trollman%2C+H&rft.au=Trollman%2C+F&rft.au=Garcia-Garcia%2C+G&rft.au=Martindale%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fijfs.17106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-population-with-and-without-fertilizer">"World population with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers"</a>. Our World in Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318062803/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-population-with-and-without-fertilizer">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=World+population+with+and+without+synthetic+nitrogen+fertilizers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fworld-population-with-and-without-fertilizer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Eating_Fossil_Fuels-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Eating_Fossil_Fuels_85-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.energybulletin.net/281.html">Eating Fossil Fuels</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EnergyBulletin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="EnergyBulletin">EnergyBulletin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611071544/http://www.energybulletin.net/281.html">Archived</a> June 11, 2007, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulvaney2011" class="citation book cs1">Mulvaney, Dustin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZ_eji4ZzEiQC%26pg%3DPA301">Green Energy: An A-to-Z Guide</a>. SAGE. p. 301. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-9677-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-9677-8"><bdi>978-1-4129-9677-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115174927/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZ_eji4ZzEiQC%26pg%3DPA301">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Energy%3A+An+A-to-Z+Guide&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-9677-8&rft.aulast=Mulvaney&rft.aufirst=Dustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ_eji4ZzEiQC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.axios.com/2022/05/06/fertilizer-prices-food-securtiy">"Soaring fertilizer prices put global food security at risk"</a>. Axios. 6 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525175453/https://www.axios.com/2022/05/06/fertilizer-prices-food-securtiy">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=Soaring+fertilizer+prices+put+global+food+security+at+risk&rft.date=2022-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2022%2F05%2F06%2Ffertilizer-prices-food-securtiy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErismanSuttonGallowayKlimont2008" class="citation journal cs1">Erisman, Jan Willem; Sutton, MA; Galloway, J; Klimont, Z; Winiwarter, W (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723223052/http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf">"How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nature_Geoscience?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nature Geoscience">Nature Geoscience</a>. 1 (10): 636–639. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NatGe...1..636E">2008NatGe...1..636E</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fngeo325">10.1038/ngeo325</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94880859">94880859</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf">the original</a> on 23 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=How+a+century+of+ammonia+synthesis+changed+the+world&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=636-639&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94880859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo325&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NatGe...1..636E&rft.aulast=Erisman&rft.aufirst=Jan+Willem&rft.au=Sutton%2C+MA&rft.au=Galloway%2C+J&rft.au=Klimont%2C+Z&rft.au=Winiwarter%2C+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.ohio-state.edu%2F~wilkins%2Fenergy%2FResources%2FEssays%2Fngeo325.pdf.xpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/20/global-energy-crisis-famine-production">"Fears global energy crisis could lead to famine in vulnerable countries"</a>. The Guardian. 20 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109213124/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/20/global-energy-crisis-famine-production">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fears+global+energy+crisis+could+lead+to+famine+in+vulnerable+countries&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2021%2Foct%2F20%2Fglobal-energy-crisis-famine-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_McKieXan_Rice2007" class="citation news cs1">Robin McKie; Xan Rice (22 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/apr/22/food.foodanddrink">"Millions face famine as crop disease rages"</a>. The Guardian. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510201759/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/apr/22/food.foodanddrink">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Millions+face+famine+as+crop+disease+rages&rft.date=2007-04-22&rft.au=Robin+McKie&rft.au=Xan+Rice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2007%2Fapr%2F22%2Ffood.foodanddrink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.newscientist.com/channel/earth/mg19425983.700-billions-at-risk-from-wheat-superblight.html">"Billions at risk from wheat super-blight"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a> (2598): 6–7. 3 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115175051/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19425983-700-billions-at-risk-from-wheat-super-blight/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. 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Foods. 11 (14): 2098. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3390%252Ffoods11142098">10.3390/foods11142098</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2304-8158">2304-8158</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9318935">9318935</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35885340">35885340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foods&rft.atitle=The+Russia-Ukraine+Conflict%3A+Its+Implications+for+the+Global+Food+Supply+Chains&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2098&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9318935%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2304-8158&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35885340&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ffoods11142098&rft.aulast=Jagtap&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Trollman%2C+H&rft.au=Trollman%2C+F&rft.au=Garcia-Garcia%2C+G&rft.au=Parra-L%C3%B3pez%2C+C&rft.au=Duong%2C+L&rft.au=Martindale%2C+P&rft.au=Munekata%2C+PE&rft.au=Lorenzo%2C+JM&rft.au=Hdaifeh%2C+A&rft.au=Hassoun%2C+A&rft.au=Salonitis%2C+K&rft.au=Afy-Shararah%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9318935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.adb.org/what-we-do/sectors/agriculture/long-term-food-security">"Easing Food Crisis and Promoting Long-Term Food Security in Asia and the Pacific"</a>. Asian Development Bank. 29 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929034401/https://www.adb.org/what-we-do/sectors/agriculture/long-term-food-security">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Development+Bank&rft.atitle=Easing+Food+Crisis+and+Promoting+Long-Term+Food+Security+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fsectors%2Fagriculture%2Flong-term-food-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2006/update61">"The Earth Is Shrinking: Advancing Deserts and Rising Seas Squeezing Civilization"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Earth+Is+Shrinking%3A+Advancing+Deserts+and+Rising+Seas+Squeezing+Civilization&rft.pub=Earth-policy.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth-policy.org%2Fplan_b_updates%2F2006%2Fupdate61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/2e.-Chapter-4_FINAL.pdf">"Chapter 4: Land Degradation"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031710/https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/2e.-Chapter-4_FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+4%3A+Land+Degradation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fsite%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F08%2F2e.-Chapter-4_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSample2007" class="citation news cs1">Sample, Ian (30 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/aug/31/climatechange.food">"Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land"</a>. The Guardian. 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International Journal of New Media Studies. 9 (2): 86–88. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2394-4331">2394-4331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+New+Media+Studies&rft.atitle=Analysing+the+Impact+of+Green+Revolution+on+the+Environment&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=86-88&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft.issn=2394-4331&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.aufirst=Prof+Anil+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijnms.com%2Findex.php%2Fijnms%2Farticle%2Fview%2F235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-IaC-98">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IaC_98-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IaC_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%25C3%25A9rence-%25E2%2580%259Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%25E2%2580%259D">"Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges"</a>. 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IMF. 30 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127141121/https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/09/30/global-food-crisis-demands-support-for-people-open-trade-bigger-local-harvests">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF&rft.atitle=Global+Food+Crisis+Demands+Support+for+People%2C+Open+Trade%2C+Bigger+Local+Harvests&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FBlogs%2FArticles%2F2022%2F09%2F30%2Fglobal-food-crisis-demands-support-for-people-open-trade-bigger-local-harvests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Svefors_2018-119"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Svefors_2018_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvefors,_Pernilla2018" class="citation book cs1">Svefors, Pernilla (2018). 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Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Food&rft.aulast=Nations&rft.aufirst=United&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fglobal-issues%2Ffood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Schutter2010" class="citation web cs1">De Schutter, Olivier (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/docs/A-HRC-16-49.pdf">"Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the right to food"</a> (PDF). United Nations. pp. 1–21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711081246/https://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/docs/A-HRC-16-49.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+submitted+by+the+Special+Rapporteur+on+the+right+to+food&rft.pages=1-21&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2010-12&rft.aulast=De+Schutter&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Fissues%2Ffood%2Fdocs%2FA-HRC-16-49.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Goal_2-204"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Food_security?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Goal_2_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/">"Goal 2: Zero Hunger"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210035826/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goal+2%3A+Zero+Hunger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fsustainabledevelopment%2Fhunger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+security" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Food_security&action=edit&section=57&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_content?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free content">free content</a> work. 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Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9699en">The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020, In brief</a>, 44, FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_content?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_Food_and_Agriculture_2019._Moving_forward_on_food_loss_and_waste_reduction,_In_brief.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca6122en">The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. 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Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_State_of_Food_and_Agriculture_2021._Making_agrifood_systems_more_resilient_to_shocks_and_stresses,_In_brief.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4060/cb7351en">The State of Food and Agriculture 2021. Making agrifood systems more resilient to shocks and stresses, In brief</a>, FAO. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_content?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free content">free content</a> work. 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Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4060/cb7663en">Robust transport networks support agrifood systems' resilience</a>, FAO, FAO. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_content?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ensuring_economic_access_to_healthy_diets_during_times_of_crisis.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.4060/cb7661en">Ensuring economic access to healthy diets during times of crisis</a>, FAO, FAO. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_content?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free content">free content</a> work. 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Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all, In brief</a>, FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO, FAO. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_content?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free content">free content</a> work. 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>: <ul class="portal-bar-content"> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/21px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/21px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/42px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Food?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Food">Food</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" data-alt="icon" 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class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voedselsekuriteit" title="Voedselsekuriteit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Voedselsekuriteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B0%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A" title="أمن غذائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمن غذائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2596%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF_%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="খাদ্য নিরাপত্তা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খাদ্য নিরাপত্তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguretat_aliment%25C3%25A0ria" title="Seguretat alimentària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Seguretat alimentària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potravinov%25C3%25A1_bezpe%25C4%258Dnost" title="Potravinová bezpečnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Potravinová bezpečnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern%25C3%25A4hrungssicherung" title="Ernährungssicherung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernährungssicherung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2596%25E0%25BD%259F%25E0%25BD%25A0%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A0%25E0%25BD%2590%25E0%25BD%25B4%25E0%25BD%2584%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2589%25E0%25BD%25BA%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BE%25B2%25E0%25BD%25B4%25E0%25BD%2584%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BC%258D_Food_security" title="བཟའ་འཐུང་ཉེན་སྲུང་། Food security – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བཟའ་འཐུང་ཉེན་སྲུང་། Food security" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toiduga_kindlustatus" title="Toiduga kindlustatus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toiduga kindlustatus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguridad_alimentaria" title="Seguridad alimentaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Seguridad alimentaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutra_sekureco" title="Nutra sekureco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nutra sekureco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elikadura-segurtasun" title="Elikadura-segurtasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elikadura-segurtasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B0%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C" title="امنیت غذایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امنیت غذایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A9curit%25C3%25A9_alimentaire" title="Sécurité alimentaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sécurité alimentaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguridade_alimentaria" title="Seguridade alimentaria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Seguridade alimentaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%2586%25E0%25AA%25B9%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25B0_%25E0%25AA%25B8%25E0%25AB%2581%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AA%2595%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25B7%25E0%25AA%25BE" title="આહાર સુરક્ષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આહાર સુરક્ષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%258B%259D%25EB%259F%2589_%25EC%2595%2588%25EC%25A0%2584_%25EB%25B3%25B4%25EC%259E%25A5" title="식량 안전 보장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="식량 안전 보장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaron_abinci" title="Tsaron abinci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tsaron abinci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2596%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="खाद्य सुरक्षा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खाद्य सुरक्षा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketahanan_pangan" title="Ketahanan pangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ketahanan pangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%25C3%25A6%25C3%25B0u%25C3%25B6ryggi" title="Fæðuöryggi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fæðuöryggi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicurezza_alimentare" title="Sicurezza alimentare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sicurezza alimentare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%2597%25D7%2595%25D7%259F_%25D7%25AA%25D7%2596%25D7%2595%25D7%25A0%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599" title="ביטחון תזונתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביטחון תזונתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketahanan_pangan" title="Ketahanan pangan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ketahanan pangan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D2%259B-%25D1%2582%25D2%25AF%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA_%25D2%259B%25D0%25B0%25D1%2583%25D1%2596%25D0%25BF%25D1%2581%25D1%2596%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B4%25D1%2596%25D0%25B3%25D1%2596" title="Азық-түлік қауіпсіздігі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Азық-түлік қауіпсіздігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securitas_cibaria" title="Securitas cibaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Securitas cibaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AD%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B7%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF_%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B7" title="ഭക്ഷ്യ സുരക്ഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭക്ഷ്യ സുരക്ഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaminan_makanan" title="Jaminan makanan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jaminan makanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voedselzekerheid" title="Voedselzekerheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voedselzekerheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A3%259F%25E6%2596%2599%25E5%25AE%2589%25E5%2585%25A8%25E4%25BF%259D%25E9%259A%259C" title="食料安全保障 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="食料安全保障" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matvaresikkerhet" title="Matvaresikkerhet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" 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