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class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1 current"> <ul id="submenu-aim-245" class="submenu-aim selected current"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/"> Paranal Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-246" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/"> Very Large Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-247" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/"> VLT Instruments <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-248" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/4lgsf/"> 4LGSF </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/amber/"> AMBER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/crires/"> CRIRES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/crires+/"> CRIRES+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/espresso/"> ESPRESSO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/eris/"> ERIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/flames/"> FLAMES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/fors/"> FORS1 and FORS2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/gravity/"> GRAVITY </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/hawk-i/"> HAWK-I </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/isaac/"> ISAAC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/kmos/"> KMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/mad/"> MAD </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/matisse/"> MATISSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/midi/"> MIDI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/moons/"> MOONS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/muse/"> MUSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naco/"> NACO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naomi/"> NAOMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/pionier/"> PIONIER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/"> SINFONI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sphere/"> SPHERE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/uves/"> UVES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vimos/"> VIMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/visir/"> VISIR </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/x-shooter/"> X-shooter </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vtl-test-cameras/"> VLT Test Cameras </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vinci/"> VINCI </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/"> VLT Unit Telescopes Names <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-277" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/antu/"> Antu </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/kueyen/"> Kueyen </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/melipal/"> Melipal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/yepun/"> Yepun </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/auxiliarytelescopes/"> Auxiliary Telescopes </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/"> Survey Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-283" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/"> VISTA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span 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href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/"> VST <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-290" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/mirror/"> The VST mirrors </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/"> OmegaCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/surveys/"> The VST surveys </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/speculoos/"> SPECULOOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ngts/"> NGTS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/cta/"> Cherenkov Telescope Array </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/"> La Silla Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-297" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/"> Swedish–ESO Submillimetre Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-298" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/simba/"> SIMBA </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/"> New Technology Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-300" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/efosc2/"> EFOSC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/emmi/"> EMMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/sofi/"> SOFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/soxs/"> SOXS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/susi2/"> SUSI and SUSI2 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/"> ESO 3.6-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-307" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/adonis/"> ADONIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/caspec/"> CASPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/harps/"> HARPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/mefos/"> MEFOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/nirps/"> NIRPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/optopus/"> OPTOPUS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/timmi2/"> TIMMI/2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-standard-photometer/"> Standard Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-specklegraph/"> Infrared Specklegraph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-speckle-interferometer/"> Infrared Speckle Interferometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/efosc/"> EFOSC </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/"> MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-321" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/feros/"> FEROS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/grond/"> GROND </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/irac2/"> IRAC & IRAC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/pisco/"> PISCO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/wfi/"> WFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/"> Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-328" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/coralie/"> CORALIE </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/rem/"> Rapid Eye Mount telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/trappist/"> TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/"> Danish 1.54-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-332" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/coravel/"> CORAVEL </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/dfosc/"> DFOSC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/ccd/"> CCD camera </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/hb-photometer/"> Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/two-channel-photometer/"> Two-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/four-channel-photometer/"> Four-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/six-channel-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby-Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/tarot/"> Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1mschmidt/"> ESO 1-metre Schmidt telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/"> ESO 1.52-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-342" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/bandc/"> Boller and Chivens Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/coude/"> Coudé Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/echelec/"> ECHELEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/rv-cass-spectrograph/"> RV Cass Spectrograph </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/"> ESO 1-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-347" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/fideos/"> FIDEOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/infrared-photometer/"> Infrared Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/"> ESO 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-351" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/double-channel-photometer/"> Double-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/"> Coudé Auxiliary Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-354" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/ces/"> CES </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marly/"> MarLy 1-metre telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/"> Dutch 0.9-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-357" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/walraven/"> Walraven Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/t70/"> Swiss T70 telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/"> Bochum 0.61-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-360" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-scanner/"> Bochum Scanner </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-photometer/"> Bochum Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/"> Danish 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-363" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-two-channel-hb-photometer/"> Two-Channel Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-four-channel-uvby-photometer/"> Four-Channel uvby Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-six-channel-uvby-hb-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby–Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/gpo/"> Grand Prisme Objectif telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss04/"> Swiss 0.4-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marseille/"> Marseille 0.36-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/grb/"> GRB Monitoring System </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mascara/"> MASCARA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/blackgem/"> BlackGEM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/extra/"> ExTrA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/test-bed/"> Test-Bed Telescope </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu current"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/"> APEX <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-375" class="submenu-aim sublevel selected current current-leaf"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/artemis/"> ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/laboca/"> LABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/saboca/"> SABOCA </a></li><li class=" current current-leaf"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/sepia/"> SEPIA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/apex-2a/"> APEX–2A </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/aszca/"> ASZCa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/champ-plus/"> CHAMP+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/flash/"> FLASH </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/flash-plus/"> FLASH+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/mpi_11thz/"> MPI_1.1THz </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/p-artemis/"> P-ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/pi230/"> PI230 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/polka/"> PolKa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/shefi/"> SHeFI </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/"> ALMA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-390" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/antennas/"> Antennas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/transporters/"> Transporters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/interferometry/"> Interferometry </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/receiver-bands/"> Receiver Bands </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/residencia/"> ALMA Residencia </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/"> ELT </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/"> Technology for Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-397" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/active_optics/"> Active Optics </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/adaptive_optics/"> Adaptive Optics </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/ifu/"> Integral Field Units </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/interferometry/"> Interferometry </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/spectroscopy/"> Spectroscopy </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/instruments/"> Instruments </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/science/">Discoveries<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-404" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/science/top10/"> ESO Top 10 Astronomical Discoveries </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/science/exoplanets/"> Exoplanets </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/science/gravitationalwaves/"> Gravitational Wave Sources </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/science/gc/"> Black Hole at the Centre of our Galaxy </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/science/grb/"> Gamma-Ray Bursts </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/science/archive/"> Science Archive </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/events/">Events<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-411" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/events/press-evt/"> Press Events </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/events/special-evt/"> Special Events <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-413" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/announcements/ann18065/"> Open House Day 2018 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/events/special-evt/asteroid-day/"> Asteroid Day </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse17/"> Open House Day 2017 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/announcements/ann16071/"> Open House Day 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/events/special-evt/MeetESO/"> #MeetESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse15/"> Long Night of Science 2015 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2014/"> ASTRONET 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse14/"> Open House Day 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/events/special-evt/eeltblast/"> ELT Groundbreaking </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/events/special-evt/cafe-and-kosmos/"> Café & Kosmos in Munich </a></li><li 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style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Page saved successfully </div> <div id="page-edit-failure" class="alert alert-danger alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Couldn't save page :( Please try again. </div> </div> <div class="page-content"> <div id="editable-content"> <h1>SEPIA</h1> <h2>Swedish-ESO PI receiver for APEX</h2> <p><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/images/eso1543b/"><img style="border: 0px none;" src="/web/20210419093729im_/https://eso.org/public/archives/static/teles-instr/apex/images/eso1543b_pano.jpg" alt="SEPIA Instrument on APEX" width="970" height="264" border="0"/></a></p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <p>It is easy to find water on the surface of the Earth, but it is extremely difficult to discover it in the rest of the Universe. The main problem is that the Earth's atmosphere absorbs a lot of the very faint traces of water, which may have traveled for thousands of light-years to get here. But help is at hand.</p> <p>Joining an established suite of instruments attached to the ESO-operated <a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/">Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) telescope</a>, the Swedish-ESO PI receiver for APEX, or SEPIA, is now spearheading the search for water in the Universe.</p> <p>"<em>SEPIA will be able to study the emission from water in the Universe. Water is not just a molecule which is well known on Earth, but also an important tracer of star-forming gas.</em>" says Carlos De Breuck, instrument scientist behind this state-of-the-art device.</p> <p>How does SEPIA detect water? <em>"SEPIA is a <a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/spectroscopy/">spectrograph</a>, meaning that it decomposes the light according to wavelength,"</em> says De Breuck. That means light is split into its different colours (or wavelengths), in the same way that rain droplets disperse the light to form a rainbow. This allows astronomers to analyse it, and detect the faint traces of water in the light collected by APEX. <em>"Thanks to the high and dry location of APEX on the Chajnantor Plateau, it is now possible to routinely perform these observations with SEPIA".</em></p> <p>In addition to water, SEPIA will also trace a wide variety of other molecular transitions that have never been studied before. "<em>Some of the brightest molecules that SEPIA can observe are the HCN, HNC and HCO+ molecules in the 2-1 transition. These molecules have been observed with other telescopes (e.g. the IRAM 30m) in the 1-0 transition, but never in this 2-1 transition. With this information, we can learn more about how the dense gas forms baby stars</em>".</p> <p>These advances are due to the detectors of SEPIA, called <a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/announcements/ann15059/">Band 5 receivers</a>, which are based on technology developed for the <a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/">Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA)</a>. SEPIA’s detectors are cooled down to extremely low temperatures — barely 4 degrees above absolute zero — to work effectively.</p> <p>The detectors inside SEPIA make up one of six prototype receivers that have been built for ALMA, and were partially funded by an FP6 project from the European Union. But ALMA will need to have all 66 receivers ready before using them for science observations.</p> <p>"<em>Now we can do the preparatory work with APEX already two years earlier. As such, APEX will find the best targets to study in greater detail with ALMA in a few years. So it will not only benefit APEX itself, but also make the use of these band 5 receivers at ALMA more efficiently, as APEX will have discovered the best targets to follow-up. That said, the APEX results that are coming out from the first SEPIA observations are very nice science results in their own right,</em>" says Carlos De Breuck.</p> <p class="p1">Sepia is also a colour with a close connection to water. The reddish-brown shade, characteristic of pigment collected from the cuttlefish of genus Sepia (found in the waters of both Sweden and Chile), has been used in ink since ancient times and sepia toning is a well-known way of giving photographic prints a longer life.</p> <p class="p1">The first of the new APEX facility receivers was successfully installed at the telescope in August 2018 adding Band 9 (at 660 GHz) to the already operating Band 5 (at 180 GHz). The new Band 9 facility receiver for SEPIA dubbed SEPIA660 records both sidebands simultaneously, with very good sideband rejection at the level of >15 dB at all frequencies (>20 dB in most cases). This new feature duplicates the frequency coverage per tuning, adds flexibility to the design of spectral setups covering multiple lines, and reduces the noise level compared to the old double sideband receiver that was used from 2016 to 2017. An additional improvement is the extension of the frequency range, which now allows to reach down to on-sky frequencies of 581 GHz, and up to 726 GHz. This range extends well beyond the previous one (600–722 GHz) and also makes this joint development by the Group of Advanced Receiver Development (GARD, Gothenburg, Sweden) from the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO, Sweden), the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA, The Netherlands) and ESO interesting as a potential future upgrade to the ALMA Observatory.</p> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <table class="table table-bordered" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <h3>SEPIA</h3> <p><small>The authoritative technical specifications as offered for astronomical observations are available from the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419093729/http://www.apex-telescope.org/instruments/pi/sepia/">Science Operation page</a>.</small></p> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="30"><strong>Location:</strong></td> <td valign="top">Chajnantor Plateau</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="30"><strong>Telescope:</strong></td> <td valign="top"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/">APEX</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Focus:</strong></td> <td valign="top">Nasmyth</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Type:</strong></td> <td valign="top">Single pixel heterodyne spectrograph</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Wavelength coverage:</strong></td> <td valign="top"> <p>1420-1900 μm (Band 5)</p> <p>406-518 μm (Band 9)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Spatial resolution:</strong></td> <td valign="top">n/a, 35 arcsec beam</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Spectral resolution:</strong></td> <td valign="top">0.065 km/s at 177 GHz</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>First light date:</strong></td> <td valign="top">February 2015</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Images taken with the instrument:</strong></td> <td valign="top"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/images/archive/search/?instrument=63">Link</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Images of the instrument:</strong></td> <td valign="top"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419093729/https://www.eso.org/public/images/archive/search/?ranking=0&release_id=&minimum_size=0&description=&published_until_year=0&published_until_month=0&title=&subject_name=sepia&credit=&published_until_day=0&published_since_day=0&published_since_month=0&id=&published_since_year=0">Link</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Press Releases with the instrument:</strong></td> <td valign="top"><a href="/web/20210419093729/https://eso.org/public/news/archive/search/?published_until_year=0&published_until_day=0&description=&title=&instruments=63&subject_name=&published_since_day=0&published_since_month=0&published_until_month=0&id=&published_since_year=0">Link</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Data papers:</strong></td> <td valign="top"> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419093729/http://telbib.eso.org/index.php?&flimiti=off&fq[]=instrument:SEPIA">Link</a></p> <p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419093729/http://www.eso.org/sci/observing/policies/publications.html">ESO data citation policy</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Science goals:</strong></td> <td valign="top">Water molecules, star-forming gas.</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p><strong>Consortium:</strong></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p id="docs-internal-guid-698f8770-c75d-3b88-d020-4bfb5769903f" dir="ltr">Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419093729/http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/english/">MPIfR</a>)</p> <p dir="ltr">Onsala Space Observatory (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419093729/http://www.chalmers.se/oso">OSO</a>)</p> ESO</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row footernote"> <div 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