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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="payments testing"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3130</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: payments testing</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3130</span> End To End Process to Automate Batch Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nagmani%20Lnu">Nagmani Lnu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Often, Quality Engineering refers to testing the applications that either have a User Interface (UI) or an Application Programming Interface (API). We often find mature test practices, standards, and automation regarding UI or API testing. However, another kind is present in almost all types of industries that deal with data in bulk and often get handled through something called a Batch Application. This is primarily an offline application companies develop to process large data sets that often deal with multiple business rules. The challenge gets more prominent when we try to automate batch testing. This paper describes the approaches taken to test a Batch application from a Financial Industry to test the payment settlement process (a critical use case in all kinds of FinTech companies), resulting in 100% test automation in Test Creation and Test execution. One can follow this approach for any other batch use cases to achieve a higher efficiency in their testing process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=batch%20testing" title="batch testing">batch testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=batch%20test%20automation" title=" batch test automation"> batch test automation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=batch%20test%20strategy" title=" batch test strategy"> batch test strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=payments%20testing" title=" payments testing"> payments testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=payments%20settlement%20testing" title=" payments settlement testing"> payments settlement testing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181653/end-to-end-process-to-automate-batch-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181653.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3129</span> The Role of Cryptocurrency in Cross-Border Payments: A Case Study of Bangladesh</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Abdul%20Matin">Mohammad Abdul Matin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research paper aims to investigate the use of cryptocurrency in facilitating cross-border payments, with a specific focus on the case of Bangladesh. With thousands of Bangladeshi living abroad, the demand for efficient and cost-effective remittance channels is high. This paper will examine the current challenges in cross-border payments for Bangladeshi expatriates and explore the potential benefits and barriers to the adoption of cryptocurrency as a solution. Through a combination of literature review, qualitative interviews, and data analysis, the research will provide valuable insights into the opportunities and risks associated with using cryptocurrency for cross-border payments in Bangladesh. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptocurrency" title="cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-border%20payments" title=" cross-border payments"> cross-border payments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bangladesh" title=" Bangladesh"> Bangladesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remittance" title=" remittance"> remittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expatriates" title=" expatriates"> expatriates</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186744/the-role-of-cryptocurrency-in-cross-border-payments-a-case-study-of-bangladesh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186744.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">33</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3128</span> Co-payment Strategies for Chronic Medications: A Qualitative and Comparative Analysis at European Level</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pedro%20M.%20Abreu">Pedro M. Abreu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bruno%20R.%20Mendes"> Bruno R. Mendes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The management of pharmacotherapy and the process of dispensing medicines is becoming critical in clinical pharmacy due to the increase of incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases, the complexity and customization of therapeutic regimens, the introduction of innovative and more expensive medicines, the unbalanced relation between expenditure and revenue as well as due to the lack of rationalization associated with medication use. For these reasons, co-payments emerged in Europe in the 70s and have been applied over the past few years in healthcare. Co-payments lead to a rationing and rationalization of user’s access under healthcare services and products, and simultaneously, to a qualification and improvement of the services and products for the end-user. This analysis, under hospital practices particularly and co-payment strategies in general, was carried out on all the European regions and identified four reference countries, that apply repeatedly this tool and with different approaches. The structure, content and adaptation of European co-payments were analyzed through 7 qualitative attributes and 19 performance indicators, and the results expressed in a scorecard, allowing to conclude that the German models (total score of 68,2% and 63,6% in both elected co-payments) can collect more compliance and effectiveness, the English models (total score of 50%) can be more accessible, and the French models (total score of 50%) can be more adequate to the socio-economic and legal framework. Other European models did not show the same quality and/or performance, so were not taken as a standard in the future design of co-payments strategies. In this sense, we can see in the co-payments a strategy not only to moderate the consumption of healthcare products and services, but especially to improve them, as well as a strategy to increment the value that the end-user assigns to these services and products, such as medicines. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinical%20pharmacy" title="clinical pharmacy">clinical pharmacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-payments" title=" co-payments"> co-payments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=healthcare" title=" healthcare"> healthcare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicines" title=" medicines"> medicines</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53668/co-payment-strategies-for-chronic-medications-a-qualitative-and-comparative-analysis-at-european-level" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53668.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">251</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3127</span> Impact of Out-Of-Pocket Payments on Health Care Finance and Access to Health Care Services: The Case of Health Transformation Program in Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bengi%20Demirci">Bengi Demirci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Out-of-pocket payments have become one of the common models adopted by health care reforms all over the world, and they have serious implications for not only the financial set-up of the health care systems in question but also for the people involved in terms of their access to the health care services provided. On the one hand, out-of-pocket payments are used in raising resources for the finance of the health care system and in decreasing non-essential health care expenses by having a deterrent role on the patients. On the other hand, out-of-pocket payment model causes regressive distribution effect by putting more burdens on the lower income groups and making them refrain from using health care services. Being a relatively incipient country having adopted the out-of-pocket payment model within the context of its Health Transformation Program which has been ongoing since the early 2000s, Turkey provides a good case for re-evaluating the pros and cons of this model in order not to sacrifice equality in access to health care for raising revenue for health care finance and vice versa. Therefore this study aims at analyzing the impact of out-of-pocket payments on the health finance system itself and on the patients’ access to healthcare services in Turkey where out-of-pocket payment model has been in use for a while. In so doing, data showing the revenue obtained from out-of-pocket payments and their share in health care finance are analyzed. In addition to this, data showing the change in the amount of expenditure made by patients on health care services after the adoption of out-of-pocket payments and the change in the use of various health care services in the meanwhile are examined. It is important for the incipient countries like Turkey to be careful in striking the right balance between the objective of cost efficiency and that of equality in accessing health care services while adopting the out-of-pocket payment model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20care%20access" title="health care access">health care access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20care%20finance" title=" health care finance"> health care finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20reform" title=" health reform"> health reform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=out-of-pocket%20payments" title=" out-of-pocket payments"> out-of-pocket payments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67398/impact-of-out-of-pocket-payments-on-health-care-finance-and-access-to-health-care-services-the-case-of-health-transformation-program-in-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67398.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3126</span> Transition Pay vs. Liquidity Holdings: A Comparative Analysis on Consumption Smoothing using Bank Transaction Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nora%20Neuteboom">Nora Neuteboom</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates household financial behaviors during unemployment spells in the Netherlands using high-frequency transaction data through a event study specification integrating propensity score matching. In our specification, we contrasted treated individuals, who underwent job loss, with non-treated individuals possessing comparable financial characteristics. The initial onset of unemployment triggers a substantial surge in income, primarily attributed to transition payments, but swiftly drops post-unemployment, with unemployment benefits covering slightly over half of former salary earnings. Despite a re-employment rate of around half within six months, the treatment group experiences a persistent average monthly earnings reduction of approximately 600 EUR by month. Spending patterns fluctuate significantly, surging before unemployment due to transition payments and declining below non-treated individuals post-unemployment, indicating challenges to fully smooth consumption after job loss. Furthermore, our study disentangles the effects of transition payments and liquidity holdings on spending, revealing that transition payments exert a more pronounced and prolonged impact on consumption smoothing than liquidity holdings. Transition payments significantly stimulate spending, particularly in pin and iDEAL categories, contrasting a much smaller relative spending impact of liquidity holdings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=household%20consumption" title="household consumption">household consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transaction%20data" title=" transaction data"> transaction data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=big%20data" title=" big data"> big data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propensity%20score%20matching" title=" propensity score matching"> propensity score matching</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189675/transition-pay-vs-liquidity-holdings-a-comparative-analysis-on-consumption-smoothing-using-bank-transaction-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189675.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">19</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3125</span> How to Ensure Environmental Sustainability and Food Security through the Use of Payments for Environmental Services in Developing Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20Alves">Carlos Alves</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research paper demonstrates how payments for environmental services (PES) can be an effective mechanism to combat food insecurity and reduce environmental degradation in developing countries. The paper begins by discussing how environmental services affect each one of the pillars of food security: availability, access, and utilization of food. However, due to numerous global environmental challenges, a new pillar of food security based on environmental sustainability is proposed and discussed. An argument is then made that PES can usefully combat food insecurity. It can provide an extra income to those who take on environmental service and help them to have a better access to food. In order to be successful in addressing food insecurity, PES schemes should target on the poor and redress issues that can prevent their effectiveness. Finally, the research presents a case study that discusses how several developing countries addressed problems and successfully developed PES programs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20sustainability" title="environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20security" title=" food security"> food security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrition" title=" nutrition"> nutrition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=payments%20for%20environmental%20services" title=" payments for environmental services"> payments for environmental services</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47623/how-to-ensure-environmental-sustainability-and-food-security-through-the-use-of-payments-for-environmental-services-in-developing-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">392</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3124</span> Automated Java Testing: JUnit versus AspectJ</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manish%20Jain">Manish Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dinesh%20Gopalani"> Dinesh Gopalani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Growing dependency of mankind on software technology increases the need for thorough testing of the software applications and automated testing techniques that support testing activities. We have outlined our testing strategy for performing various types of automated testing of Java applications using AspectJ which has become the de-facto standard for Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP). Likewise JUnit, a unit testing framework is the most popular Java testing tool. In this paper, we have evaluated our proposed AOP approach for automated testing and JUnit on various parameters. First we have provided the similarity between the two approaches and then we have done a detailed comparison of the two testing techniques on factors like lines of testing code, learning curve, testing of private members etc. We established that our AOP testing approach using AspectJ has got several advantages and is thus particularly more effective than JUnit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aspect%20oriented%20programming" title="aspect oriented programming">aspect oriented programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AspectJ" title=" AspectJ"> AspectJ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aspects" title=" aspects"> aspects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=JU-nit" title=" JU-nit"> JU-nit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20testing" title=" software testing"> software testing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82341/automated-java-testing-junit-versus-aspectj" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82341.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">331</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3123</span> E-Payments, COVID-19 Restrictions, and Currency in Circulation: Thailand and Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeliha%20Sayar">Zeliha Sayar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Central banks all over the world appear to be focusing first and foremost on retail central bank digital currency CBDC), i.e., digital cash/money. This approach is predicated on the belief that the use of cash has decreased, owing primarily to technological advancements and pandemic restrictions, and that a suitable foundation for the transition to a cashless society has been revealed. This study aims to contribute to the debate over whether digital money/CBDC can be a substitute or supplement to physical cash by examining the potential effects on cash demand. For this reason, this paper compares two emerging countries, Turkey, and Thailand, to demystify the impact of e-payment and COVID-19 restrictions on cash demand by employing fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), and the canonical cointegrating regression (CCR). The currency in circulation in two emerging countries, Turkey and Thailand, was examined in order to estimate the elasticity of different types of retail payments. The results demonstrate that real internet and mobile, cart, contactless payment, and e-money are long-term determinants of real cash demand in these two developing countries. Furthermore, with the exception of contactless payments in Turkey, there is a positive relationship between the currency in circulation and the various types of retail payments. According to findings, COVID-19 restrictions encourage the demand for cash, resulting in cash hoarding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CCR" title="CCR">CCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DOLS" title=" DOLS"> DOLS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-money" title=" e-money"> e-money</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FMOLS" title=" FMOLS"> FMOLS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real%20cash" title=" real cash"> real cash</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150227/e-payments-covid-19-restrictions-and-currency-in-circulation-thailand-and-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150227.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3122</span> Exchange Rate Variation and Balance of Payments: The Nigerian Experience (1970-2012)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vitus%20Onyebuchim%20Onyemailu">Vitus Onyebuchim Onyemailu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olive%20Obianuju%20Okalibe"> Olive Obianuju Okalibe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study tried to examine relationship between exchange rate variations on the balance of payments in Nigeria from 1970 to 2012. Using time series on econometric measures such as Granger causality and ordinary least square (OLS), the study found that exchange rate movements especially the depreciation of naira has not contributed significantly on the balance of payments under the year of the study. The granger result conform the Marshall-Lerner short and long run prepositions that exchange rate devaluation enhances balance of payments. On disaggregation exchange rate granger causes current and capital account balances give the Nigeria data from 1970 to 2012. Overall in the long run OLS regression analysis, exchange rate on semi log functional form, exchange rate variation did not record significant effect on balance of payment equation. This height was also maintained in the current or trade balance which does not match the Marshall-Lerner. The capital account balance in reverse reported a significant impact of exchange rate variability on the capital account balance. Finally, on exchange rate determination equation, where many fundamentals were considered including lagged of exchange rate. Thus, the lagged of exchange rate recorded a positive and significant influence on the present exchange rate. This means that players in the financial markets usually out plays authority’s policy’s stances through their speculative tendencies. The work therefore, recommend that effort should be made by the authorities to providing enabling environment for production of goods and services to triumph in order to take advantages of steady devaluation of its currency. This is done by providing infrastructure, provision of science and technology. Thus, when this is done Nigeria would be able to have competitive power against the rest of the world. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exchange%20rate%20variation" title="exchange rate variation">exchange rate variation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=balance%20of%20payments" title=" balance of payments"> balance of payments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=current%20account" title=" current account"> current account</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capital%20account" title=" capital account"> capital account</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marshall-Lerner%20hypothesis" title=" Marshall-Lerner hypothesis "> Marshall-Lerner hypothesis </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23708/exchange-rate-variation-and-balance-of-payments-the-nigerian-experience-1970-2012" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23708.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">397</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3121</span> The Types of Annuities with Flexible Premium </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deniz%20%C3%9Cnal%20%C3%96zpalamutcu">Deniz Ünal Özpalamutcu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burcu%20Altman"> Burcu Altman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Actuaria uses mathematics, statistic and financial information when analyzing the financial impacts of uncertainties, risks, insurance and pension related issues. In other words, it deals with the likelihood of potential risks, their financial impacts and especially the financial measures. Handling these measures require some long-term payment and investments. So, it is obvious it is inevitable to plan the periodic payments with equal time intervals considering also the changing value of money over time. These series of payment made specific intervals of time is called annuity or rant. In literature, rants are classified based on start and end dates, start times, payments times, payments amount or frequency. Classification of rants based on payment amounts changes based on the constant, descending or ascending payment methods. The literature about handling the annuity is very limited. Yet in a daily life, especially in today’s world where the economic issues gained a prominence, it is very crucial to use the variable annuity method in line with the demands of the customers. In this study, the types of annuities with flexible payment are discussed. In other words, we focus on calculating payment amount of a period by adding a certain percentage of previous period payment was studied. While studying this problem, formulas were created considering both start and end period payments for cash value and accumulated. Also increase of each period payment by r interest rate each period payments calculated with previous periods increases. And the problem of annuities (rants) of which each period payment increased with previous periods’ increase by r interest rate has been analyzed. Cash value and accumulated value calculation of this problem were studied separately based on the period start/end and their relations were expressed by formulas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=actuaria" title="actuaria">actuaria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annuity" title=" annuity"> annuity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexible%20payment" title=" flexible payment"> flexible payment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rant" title=" rant"> rant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37295/the-types-of-annuities-with-flexible-premium" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37295.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">221</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3120</span> Resilience of the American Agriculture Sector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dipak%20Subedi">Dipak Subedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anil%20Giri"> Anil Giri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christine%20Whitt"> Christine Whitt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tia%20McDonald"> Tia McDonald</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to understand the impact of the pandemic on the overall economic well-being of the agricultural sector of the United States. The two key metrics used to examine the economic well-being are the bankruptcy rate of the U.S. farm operations and the operating profit margin. One of the primary reasons for farm operations (in the U.S.) to file for bankruptcy is continuous negative profit or a significant decrease in profit. The pandemic caused significant supply and demand shocks in the domestic market. Furthermore, the ongoing trade disruptions, especially with China, also impacted the prices of agricultural commodities. The significantly reduced demand for ethanol and closure of meat processing plants affected both livestock and crop producers. This study uses data from courts to examine the bankruptcy rate over time of U.S. farm operations. Preliminary results suggest there wasn’t an increase in farm operations filing for bankruptcy in 2020. This was most likely because of record high Government payments to producers in 2020. The Federal Government made direct payments of more than $45 billion in 2020. One commonly used economic metric to measure farm profitability is the operating profit margin (OPM). Operating profit margin measures profitability as a share of the total value of production and government payments. The Economic Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture defines a farm operation to be in a) a high-risk zone if the OPM is less than 10 percent and b) a low-risk zone if the OPM is higher than 25 percent. For this study, OPM was calculated for small, medium, and large-scale farm operations using the data from the Agriculture Resource Management Survey (OPM). Results show that except for small family farms, the share of farms in high-risk zone decreased in 2020 compared to the most recent non-pandemic year, 2019. This was most likely due to higher commodity prices at the end of 2020 and record-high government payments. Further investigation suggests a lower share of smaller farm operations receiving lower average government payments resulting in a large share (over 70 percent) being in the critical zone. This study should be of interest to multiple stakeholders, including policymakers across the globe, as it shows the resilience of the U.S. agricultural system as well as (some) impact of government payments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.S.%20farm%20sector" title="U.S. farm sector">U.S. farm sector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title=" COVID-19"> COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operating%20profit%20margin" title=" operating profit margin"> operating profit margin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farm%20bankruptcy" title=" farm bankruptcy"> farm bankruptcy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ag%20finance" title=" ag finance"> ag finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=government%20payments%20to%20the%20farm%20sector" title=" government payments to the farm sector"> government payments to the farm sector</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154866/resilience-of-the-american-agriculture-sector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154866.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3119</span> Analyzing the Effectiveness of Different Testing Techniques in Ensuring Software Quality</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20M.%20P.%20C.%20Bandara">R. M. P. C. Bandara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20L.%20L.%20Weerasinghe"> M. L. L. Weerasinghe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20T.%20C.%20R.%20Kumari"> K. T. C. R. Kumari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20G.%20D.%20R.%20Hansika"> A. G. D. R. Hansika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20I.%20De%20Silva"> D. I. De Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20M.%20T.%20H.%20Dias"> D. M. T. H. Dias</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Software testing is an essential process in software development that aims to identify defects and ensure that software is functioning as intended. Various testing techniques are employed to achieve this goal, but the effectiveness of these techniques varies. This research paper analyzes the effectiveness of different testing techniques in ensuring software quality. The paper explores different testing techniques, including manual and automated testing, and evaluates their effectiveness in terms of identifying defects, reducing the number of defects in software, and ensuring that software meets its functional and non-functional requirements. Moreover, the paper will also investigate the impact of factors such as testing time, test coverage, and testing environment on the effectiveness of these techniques. This research aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of different testing techniques, enabling software development teams to make informed decisions about the testing approach that is best suited to their needs. By improving testing techniques, the number of defects in software can be reduced, enhancing the quality of software and ultimately providing better software for users. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20testing%20life%20cycle" title="software testing life cycle">software testing life cycle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20testing%20techniques" title=" software testing techniques"> software testing techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20testing%20strategies" title=" software testing strategies"> software testing strategies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effectiveness" title=" effectiveness"> effectiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20quality" title=" software quality"> software quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166772/analyzing-the-effectiveness-of-different-testing-techniques-in-ensuring-software-quality" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166772.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3118</span> Government Payments to Minority American Producers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anil%20K.%20Giri">Anil K. Giri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dipak%20Subedi"> Dipak Subedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kathleen%20Kassel"> Kathleen Kassel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashok%20Mishra"> Ashok Mishra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The United States Department of Agriculture’s programs has been accused of being discriminatory in the past based on the race of the farmer, especially African-American producers. This study examines if there was racial discrimination in payments from the most recent new USDA programs, including those made in response to the pandemic. This study uses the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to examine the payments after normalizing them relative to cash receipts to test if discrimination in the number of payments received exists. Three programs investigated in this study are: i) the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program (CFAP), ii) the Market Facilitation Program (MFP), and (iii) the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). The PPP program was administered by the Small Business Administration, whereas the other two were designed and implemented by the USDA. The PPP made forgivable loans to small businesses and, initially, was heavily criticized for not reaching minority businesses (in general). The Small Business Administration then initiated a second draw of PPP loans, prioritizing minority-owned businesses. This study compares attributes of PPP loans made to African-American farming businesses and other farming businesses in the two draws of the PPP. We find that the number of African-American farming businesses participating in the second draw of PPP loans decreased significantly from the first draw. However, the average amount of PPP loans to African-American farming businesses increased in the second draw. In the first draw, the average cost of jobs reported per loan was higher for African-American farming businesses than for other producers. In the second draw, the average cost of jobs reported per loan was significantly higher for other farming businesses than for African-American businesses. The share of PPP loans forgiven for African-American farming businesses is significantly below the national rate of 89 percent. The rate of forgiveness for PPP loans made to African-American producers is unlikely to increase significantly without policy changes. This can increase financial burdens in the future to farm operations operated by African- Americans. Finally, we conclude that the initial goal of increasing minority participation in PPP loans in the second draw, at least among African-Americans in the agricultural sector, did not meet. CFAP made almost $600 million in direct payments to minority producers, including Black producers. Black or African American producers received more than $52 million in CFAP payments. CFAP payments were proportional to the value of agricultural commodities sold for most minority producers. The 2017 Census of Agriculture showed that the majority of minority producers, including African American producers but excluding Asian producers, raised livestock. CFAP made the highest payments to livestock minority producers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=United%20States%20department%20of%20agriculture%20%28USDA%29" title="United States department of agriculture (USDA)">United States department of agriculture (USDA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coronavirus%20food%20assistance%20program%20%28CFAP%29" title=" coronavirus food assistance program (CFAP)"> coronavirus food assistance program (CFAP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paycheck%20protection%20program%20%28PPP%29" title=" paycheck protection program (PPP)"> paycheck protection program (PPP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=African-American%20producers" title=" African-American producers"> African-American producers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minority%20American%20producers" title=" minority American producers"> minority American producers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155158/government-payments-to-minority-american-producers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155158.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3117</span> A Comparative Study of Three Major Performance Testing Tools</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulaziz%20Omar%20Alsadhan">Abdulaziz Omar Alsadhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Mudasir%20Shafi"> Mohd Mudasir Shafi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Performance testing is done to prove the reliability of any software product. There are a number of tools available in the markets that are used to perform performance testing. In this paper we present a comparative study of the three most commonly used performance testing tools. These tools cover the major share of the performance testing market and are widely used. In this paper we compared the tools on five evaluation parameters which are; User friendliness, portability, tool support, compatibility and cost. The conclusion provided at the end of the paper is based on our study and does not support any tool or company. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20development" title="software development">software development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20testing" title=" software testing"> software testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20assurance" title=" quality assurance"> quality assurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance%20testing" title=" performance testing"> performance testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load%20runner" title=" load runner"> load runner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rational%20testing" title=" rational testing"> rational testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silk%20performer" title=" silk performer"> silk performer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4106/a-comparative-study-of-three-major-performance-testing-tools" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4106.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">608</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3116</span> IT Investment Decision Making: Case Studies on the Implementation of Contactless Payments in Commercial Banks of Kazakhstan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Symbat%20Moldabekova">Symbat Moldabekova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research explores the practice of decision-making in commercial banks in Kazakhstan. It focuses on recent technologies, such as contactless payments and QR code, and uses interviews with bank executives and industry practitioners to gain an understanding of how decisions are made and the role of financial assessment methods. The aim of the research is (1) to study the importance of financial techniques to evaluate IT investments; (2) to understand the role of different expert groups; (3) to explore how market trends and industry features affect decisions on IT; (4) to build a model that defines the real practice of decision-making on IT in commercial banks in Kazakhstan. The theoretical framework suggests that decision-making on IT is a socially constructed process, where actor groups with different background interact and negotiate with each other to develop a shared understanding of IT and to make more effective decisions. Theory and observations suggest that the more parties involved in the process of decision-making, the higher the possibility of disagreements between them. As each actor group has their views on the rational decision on an IT project, it is worth exploring how the final decision is made in practice. Initial findings show that the financial assessment methods are used as a guideline and do not play a big role in the final decision. The commercial banks of Kazakhstan tend to study experience of neighboring countries before adopting innovation. Implementing contactless payments is widely regarded as pinnacle success factor due to increasing competition in the market. First-to-market innovations are considered as priorities therefore, such decisions can be made with exemption of some certain actor groups from the process. Customers play significant role and they participate in testing demo versions of the products before bringing innovation to the market. The study will identify the viewpoints of actors in the banking sector on a rational decision, and the ways decision-makers from a variety of disciplines interact with each other in order to make a decision on IT in retail banks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=actor%20groups" title="actor groups">actor groups</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20making" title=" decision making"> decision making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology%20investment" title=" technology investment"> technology investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retail%20banks" title=" retail banks"> retail banks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106641/it-investment-decision-making-case-studies-on-the-implementation-of-contactless-payments-in-commercial-banks-of-kazakhstan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106641.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3115</span> Deployed Confidence: The Testing in Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shreya%20Asthana">Shreya Asthana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Testers know that the feature they tested on stage is working perfectly in production only after release went live. Sometimes something breaks in production and testers get to know through the end user’s bug raised. The panic mode starts when your staging test results do not reflect current production behavior. And you started doubting your testing skills when finally the user reported a bug to you. Testers can deploy their confidence on release day by testing on production. Once you start doing testing in production, you will see test result accuracy because it will be running on real time data and execution will be a little faster as compared to staging one due to elimination of bad data. Feature flagging, canary releases, and data cleanup can help to achieve this technique of testing. By this paper it will be easier to understand the steps to achieve production testing before making your feature live, and to modify IT company’s testing procedure, so testers can provide the bug free experience to the end users. This study is beneficial because too many people think that testing should be done in staging but not in production and now this is high time to pull out people from their old mindset of testing into a new testing world. At the end of the day, it all just matters if the features are working in production or not. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bug%20free%20production" title="bug free production">bug free production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20testing%20mindset" title=" new testing mindset"> new testing mindset</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testing%20strategy" title=" testing strategy"> testing strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testing%20approach" title=" testing approach"> testing approach</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176445/deployed-confidence-the-testing-in-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176445.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3114</span> Enhancement of Transaction's Authentication for the Europay, MasterCard, and Visa Contactless Card Payments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ossama%20Al-Maliki">Ossama Al-Maliki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Europay, MasterCard, and Visa (EMV) is one of the most popular payment protocol in the world. The EMV protocol supports Chip and PIN Transactions, Chip and Signature transactions, and Contactless transactions. This protocol suffers from tens of £ millions of lost per year due to many fraudulent payments. This is due to several reported vulnerable points in the protocols used for such payments that allow skimming, replay, cloning, Mole Point of Sale (POS), relay, and other attacks to be conducted. In this paper, we are focusing on the EMV contactless specification and we have proposed two proposal solutions to the addition of a localization factor to enhance the payment authentication of such transactions designed to prevent relay, cloning, and Mole-POS attacks. Our proposed solution is a back-end localization scheme to help the Issuer-Bank compare the location of the genuine cardholder in relation to the used POS. Our scheme uses 'something you have' which is the Cardholder Smartphone (CSP) to provide the location of the cardholder at the time of the transaction and without impacting the contactless payment time/protocol. The Issuer-bank obtain the CSP Location using tried and tested localization techniques, and independently of the cardholder. Both of our proposal solutions do not require infrastructure changes, and it uses existing EMV/SP protocol messages to communicate our scheme information. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NFC" title="NFC">NFC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RFID" title=" RFID"> RFID</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contactless%20card" title=" contactless card"> contactless card</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authentication" title=" authentication"> authentication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=location" title=" location"> location</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EMV" title=" EMV"> EMV</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89591/enhancement-of-transactions-authentication-for-the-europay-mastercard-and-visa-contactless-card-payments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3113</span> Determining the Most Efficient Test Available in Software Testing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qasim%20Zafar">Qasim Zafar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20Anderson"> Matthew Anderson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esteban%20Garcia"> Esteban Garcia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Steven%20Drager"> Steven Drager</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Software failures can present an enormous detriment to people's lives and cost millions of dollars to repair when they are unexpectedly encountered in the wild. Despite a significant portion of the software development lifecycle and resources are dedicated to testing, software failures are a relatively frequent occurrence. Nevertheless, the evaluation of testing effectiveness remains at the forefront of ensuring high-quality software and software metrics play a critical role in providing valuable insights into quantifiable objectives to assess the level of assurance and confidence in the system. As the selection of appropriate metrics can be an arduous process, the goal of this paper is to shed light on the significance of software metrics by examining a range of testing techniques and metrics as well as identifying key areas for improvement. Additionally, through this investigation, readers will gain a deeper understanding of how metrics can help to drive informed decision-making on delivering high-quality software and facilitate continuous improvement in testing practices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20testing" title="software testing">software testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20metrics" title=" software metrics"> software metrics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testing%20effectiveness" title=" testing effectiveness"> testing effectiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=black%20box%20testing" title=" black box testing"> black box testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20testing" title=" random testing"> random testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20random%20testing" title=" adaptive random testing"> adaptive random testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combinatorial%20testing" title=" combinatorial testing"> combinatorial testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzz%20testing" title=" fuzz testing"> fuzz testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence%20partition" title=" equivalence partition"> equivalence partition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20value%20analysis" title=" boundary value analysis"> boundary value analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=white%20box%20testing" title=" white box testing"> white box testing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169666/determining-the-most-efficient-test-available-in-software-testing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169666.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3112</span> Investigating the Abolishment of Virginity Testing in South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nqobizwe%20Mvelo%20Ngema">Nqobizwe Mvelo Ngema</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper argues that the custom of virginity testing has been revived in order to combat against social ills such as unwanted pregnancies, immorality, promiscuity and the spread of HIV/AIDS. However, virginity testing is not free from challenges such as the belief that having sexual intercourse with a virgin can cure men from AIDS, virginity testing is not accurate because there is scientific evidence supporting the fact that there many ways of losing virginity other than sexual intercourse, for example, the usage of tampons and participation in physical activities may tear the hymen. South African parliament took some positive steps in combatting against harm associated with virginity testing by regulating it in the Children’s Act. It is argued, in this paper, that the abolition of virginity testing may lead to paper law and it would be premature to abolish virginity testing in South Africa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equality%20rights" title="equality rights">equality rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virginity%20testing" title=" virginity testing"> virginity testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interdisciplinary%20law%20and%20legal%20studies" title=" interdisciplinary law and legal studies "> interdisciplinary law and legal studies </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25794/investigating-the-abolishment-of-virginity-testing-in-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25794.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">527</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3111</span> Effects of Subsidy Reform on Consumption and Income Inequalities in Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pouneh%20Soleimaninejadian">Pouneh Soleimaninejadian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chengyu%20Yang"> Chengyu Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we use data on Household Income and Expenditure survey of Statistics Centre of Iran, conducted from 2005-2014, to calculate several inequality measures and to estimate the effects of Iran’s targeted subsidy reform act on consumption and income inequality. We first calculate Gini coefficients for income and consumption in order to study the relation between the two and also the effects of subsidy reform. Results show that consumption inequality has not been always mirroring changes in income inequality. However, both Gini coefficients indicate that subsidy reform caused improvement in inequality. Then we calculate Generalized Entropy Index based on consumption and income for years before and after the Subsidy Reform Act of 2010 in order to have a closer look into the changes in internal structure of inequality after subsidy reforms. We find that the improvement in income inequality is mostly caused by the decrease in inequality of lower income individuals. At the same time consumption inequality has been decreased as a result of more equal consumption in both lower and higher income groups. Moreover, the increase in Engle coefficient after the subsidy reform shows that a bigger portion of income is allocated to consumption on food which is a sign of lower living standard in general. This increase in Engle coefficient is due to rise in inflation rate and relative increase in price of food which partially is another consequence of subsidy reform. We have conducted some experiments on effect of subsidy payments and possible effects of change on distribution pattern and amount of cash subsidy payments on income inequality. Result of the effect of cash payments on income inequality shows that it leads to a definite decrease in income inequality and had a bigger share in improvement of rural areas compared to those of urban households. We also examine the possible effect of constant payments on the increasing income inequality for years after 2011. We conclude that reduction in value of payments as a result of inflation plays an important role regardless of the fact that there may be other reasons. We finally experiment with alternative allocations of transfers while keeping the total amount of cash transfers constant or make it smaller through eliminating three higher deciles from the cash payment program, the result shows that income equality would be improved significantly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consumption%20inequality" title="consumption inequality">consumption inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generalized%20entropy%20index" title=" generalized entropy index"> generalized entropy index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=income%20inequality" title=" income inequality"> income inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irans%20subsidy%20reform" title=" Irans subsidy reform"> Irans subsidy reform</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51989/effects-of-subsidy-reform-on-consumption-and-income-inequalities-in-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51989.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3110</span> The Condition Testing of Damaged Plates Using Acoustic Features and Machine Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyle%20Saltmarsh">Kyle Saltmarsh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Acoustic testing possesses many benefits due to its non-destructive nature and practicality. There hence exists many scenarios in which using acoustic testing for condition testing shows powerful feasibility. A wealth of information is contained within the acoustic and vibration characteristics of structures, allowing the development meaningful features for the classification of their respective condition. In this paper, methods, results, and discussions are presented on the use of non-destructive acoustic testing coupled with acoustic feature extraction and machine learning techniques for the condition testing of manufactured circular steel plates subjected to varied levels of damage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plates" title="plates">plates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deformation" title=" deformation"> deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20features" title=" acoustic features"> acoustic features</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76911/the-condition-testing-of-damaged-plates-using-acoustic-features-and-machine-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76911.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3109</span> Tourist Behavior Towards Blockchain-Based Payments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20%C5%A0apkauskien%C4%97">A. Šapkauskienė</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ma%C4%8Derinskien%C4%97"> A. Mačerinskienė</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Andrulien%C4%97"> R. Andrulienė</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Bruzg%C4%97"> R. Bruzgė</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Masteika"> S. Masteika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Driaunys"> K. Driaunys</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The COVID-19 pandemic has affected not only world markets and economies but also the daily lives of customers and their payment habits. The pandemic has accelerated the digital transformation, so the role of technology will become even more important post-COVID. Although the popularity of cryptocurrencies has reached unprecedented heights, there are still obstacles, such as a lack of consumer experience and distrust of these technologies, so exploring the role of cryptocurrency and blockchain in the context of international travel becomes extremely important. Research on tourists’ intentions to use cryptocurrencies for payment purposes is limited due to the small number of research studies. To fill this research gap, an exploratory study based on the analysis of survey data was conducted. The purpose of the research is to explore how the behavior of tourists has changed making their financial transactions when paying for the tourism services in order to determine the intention to pay in cryptocurrencies. Behavioral intention can be examined as a dependent variable that is useful for the study of the acceptance of blockchain as cutting-edge technology. Therefore, this study examines the intention of travelers to use cryptocurrencies in electronic payments for tourism services. Several studies have shown that the intention to accept payments in a cryptocurrency is affected by the perceived usefulness of these payments and the perceived ease of use. The findings deepen our understanding of the readiness of service users to apply for blockchain-based payment in the tourism sector. The tourism industry has to focus not only on the technology but on consumers who can use cryptocurrencies, creating new possibilities and increasing business competitiveness. Based on research results, suggestions are made to guide future research on the use of cryptocurrencies by tourists in the tourism industry. Therefore, in line with the rapid expansion of virtual currency users, market capitalization, and payment in cryptographic currencies, it is necessary to explore the possibilities of implementing a blockchain-based system aiming to promote the use of services in the tourism sector as the most affected by the pandemic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioral%20intention" title="behavioral intention">behavioral intention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blockchain-based%20payment" title=" blockchain-based payment"> blockchain-based payment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptocurrency" title=" cryptocurrency"> cryptocurrency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tourism" title=" tourism"> tourism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152291/tourist-behavior-towards-blockchain-based-payments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152291.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3108</span> Mobile Application Testing Matrix and Challenges</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bakhtiar%20Amen">Bakhtiar Amen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sardasht%20Mahmood"> Sardasht Mahmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joan%20Lu"> Joan Lu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The adoption of smartphones and the usages of mobile applications are increasing rapidly. Consequently, within limited time-range, mobile Internet usages have managed to take over the desktop usages particularly since the first smartphone-touched application released by iPhone in 2007. This paper is proposed to provide solution and answer the most demandable questions related to mobile application automated and manual testing limitations. Moreover, Mobile application testing requires agility and physically testing. Agile testing is to detect bugs through automated tools, whereas the compatibility testing is more to ensure that the apps operates on mobile OS (Operation Systems) as well as on the different real devices. Moreover, we have managed to answer automated or manual questions through two mobile application case studies MES (Mobile Exam System) and MLM (Mobile Lab Mate) by creating test scripts for both case studies and our experiment results have been discussed and evaluated on whether to adopt test on real devices or on emulators? In addition to this, we have introduced new mobile application testing matrix for the testers and some enterprises to obtain knowledge from. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20app%20testing" title="mobile app testing">mobile app testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testing%20matrix" title=" testing matrix"> testing matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated" title=" automated"> automated</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manual%20testing" title=" manual testing "> manual testing </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23955/mobile-application-testing-matrix-and-challenges" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23955.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">478</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3107</span> A New Approach for Assertions Processing during Assertion-Based Software Testing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20M.%20Alakeel">Ali M. Alakeel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Assertion-based software testing has been shown to be a promising tool for generating test cases that reveal program faults. Because the number of assertions may be very large for industry-size programs, one of the main concerns to the applicability of assertion-based testing is the amount of search time required to explore a large number of assertions. This paper presents a new approach for assertions exploration during the process of Assertion-Based software testing. Our initial exterminations with the proposed approach show that the performance of Assertion-Based testing may be improved, therefore, making this approach more efficient when applied on programs with large number of assertions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20testing" title="software testing">software testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assertion-based%20testing" title=" assertion-based testing"> assertion-based testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=program%20assertions" title=" program assertions"> program assertions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generating%20test" title=" generating test"> generating test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18643/a-new-approach-for-assertions-processing-during-assertion-based-software-testing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18643.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">460</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3106</span> A Deforestation Dilemma: An Integrated Approach to Conservation and Development in Madagascar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tara%20Moore">Tara Moore</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Madagascar is one of the regions of the world with the highest biodiversity, with more than 600 new species discovered in just the last decade. In parallel with its record-breaking biodiversity, Madagascar is also the tenth poorest country in the world. The resultant socio-economic pressures are leading to a highly threatened environment. In particular, deforestation is at the core of biodiversity and ecosystem loss, primarily from slash and burn agriculture and illegal rosewood tree harvesting. Effective policy response is imperative for improved conservation in Madagascar. However, these changes cannot come from the current, unstable government institutions. After a violent and politically turbulent coup in 2009, any effort to defend Madagascar's biodiversity has been eclipsed by the high corruption of government bodies. This paper presents three policy options designed for a private donor to invest in conservation in Madagascar. The first proposed policy consists of payments for ecosystem services model, which involves paying local Malagasy women to reforest nearby territories. The second option is a micro-irrigation system proposal involving relocating local Malagasy out of the threatened forest region. The final proposition is captive breeding funding for the Madagascar Fauna and Flora Group, which could then lead to new reintroductions in the threatened northeastern rainforests. In the end, all three options present feasible, impactful options for a conservation-minded major donor. Ideally, the policy change would involve a combination of all three options, as each provides necessary development and conservation re-structuring goals. Option one, payments for ecosystem services, would be the preferred choice if there were only enough funding for one project. The payments for ecosystem services project both support local populations and promotes sustainable development while reforesting the threatened Marojejy National Park. Regardless of the chosen policy solution, any support from a donor will make a huge impact if it supports both sustainable development and biodiversity conservation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=captive%20breeding" title="captive breeding">captive breeding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cnservation%20policy" title=" cnservation policy"> cnservation policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lemur%20conservation" title=" lemur conservation"> lemur conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madagascar%20conservation" title=" Madagascar conservation"> Madagascar conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=payments%20for%20ecosystem%20services" title=" payments for ecosystem services"> payments for ecosystem services</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83728/a-deforestation-dilemma-an-integrated-approach-to-conservation-and-development-in-madagascar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83728.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3105</span> Validating the Contract between Microservices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parveen%20Banu%20Ansari">Parveen Banu Ansari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venkatraman%20Chinnappan"> Venkatraman Chinnappan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paramasivam%20Shankar"> Paramasivam Shankar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Contract testing plays a pivotal role in the current landscape of microservices architecture. Testing microservices at the initial stages of development helps to identify and rectify issues before they escalate to higher levels, such as UI testing. By validating microservices through contract testing, you ensure the integration quality of APIs, enhancing the overall reliability and performance of the application. Contract testing, being a collaborative effort between testers and developers, ensures that the microservices adhere to the specified contracts or agreements. This proactive approach significantly reduces defects, streamlines the development process, and contributes to the overall efficiency and robustness of the application. In the dynamic and fast-paced world of digital applications, where microservices are the building blocks, embracing contract testing is indeed a strategic move for ensuring the quality and reliability of the entire system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=validation" title="validation">validation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testing" title=" testing"> testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract" title=" contract"> contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agreement" title=" agreement"> agreement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microservices" title=" microservices"> microservices</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180208/validating-the-contract-between-microservices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/180208.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">57</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3104</span> Methodology for Various Sand Cone Testing </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abel%20S.%20Huaynacho">Abel S. Huaynacho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoni%20D.%20Huaynacho"> Yoni D. Huaynacho </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The improvement of procedure test ASTM D1556, plays an important role in the developing of testing in field to obtain a higher quality of data QA/QC. The traditional process takes a considerable amount of time for only one test. Even making various testing are tasks repeating and it takes a long time to obtain better results. Moreover, if the adequate tools the help these testing are not properly managed, the improvement in the development for various testing could be stooped. This paper presents an optimized process for various testing ASTM D1556 which uses an initial standard process to another one the uses a simpler and improved management tools. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cone%20sand%20test" title="cone sand test">cone sand test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=density%20bulk" title=" density bulk"> density bulk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASTM%20D1556" title=" ASTM D1556"> ASTM D1556</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=QA%2FQC" title=" QA/QC "> QA/QC </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129392/methodology-for-various-sand-cone-testing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129392.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3103</span> Quality and Coverage Assessment in Software Integration Based On Mutation Testing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iyad%20Alazzam">Iyad Alazzam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenneth%20Magel"> Kenneth Magel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Izzat%20Alsmadi"> Izzat Alsmadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The different activities and approaches in software testing try to find the most possible number of errors or failures with the least amount of possible effort. Mutation is a testing approach that is used to discover possible errors in tested applications. This is accomplished through changing one aspect of the software from its original and writes test cases to detect such change or mutation. In this paper, we present a mutation approach for testing software components integration aspects. Several mutation operations related to components integration are described and evaluated. A test case study of several open source code projects is collected. Proposed mutation operators are applied and evaluated. Results showed some insights and information that can help testing activities in detecting errors and improving coverage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20testing" title="software testing">software testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integration%20testing" title=" integration testing"> integration testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mutation" title=" mutation"> mutation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coverage" title=" coverage"> coverage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20design" title=" software design"> software design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5230/quality-and-coverage-assessment-in-software-integration-based-on-mutation-testing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">427</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3102</span> Open Jet Testing for Buoyant and Hybrid Buoyant Aerial Vehicles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20U.%20Haque">A. U. Haque</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Asrar"> W. Asrar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Omar"> A. A. Omar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Sulaeman"> E. Sulaeman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20S%20Mohamed%20Ali"> J. S Mohamed Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Open jet testing is a valuable testing technique which provides the desired results with reasonable accuracy. It has been used in past for the airships and now has recently been applied for the hybrid ones, having more non-buoyant force coming from the wings, empennage and the fuselage. In the present review work, an effort has been done to review the challenges involved in open jet testing. In order to shed light on the application of this technique, the experimental results of two different configurations are presented. Although, the aerodynamic results of such vehicles are unique to its own design; however, it will provide a starting point for planning any future testing. Few important testing areas which need more attention are also highlighted. Most of the hybrid buoyant aerial vehicles are unconventional in shape and there experimental data is generated, which is unique to its own design. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20jet%20testing" title="open jet testing">open jet testing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerodynamics" title=" aerodynamics"> aerodynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20buoyant%20aerial%20vehicles" title=" hybrid buoyant aerial vehicles"> hybrid buoyant aerial vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=airships" title=" airships"> airships</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41141/open-jet-testing-for-buoyant-and-hybrid-buoyant-aerial-vehicles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41141.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">573</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3101</span> The Outcome of the Discontinuation of Cheques on Bank Reconciliation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Estelle%20Abrahams">Estelle Abrahams</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tania%20Pretorius"> Tania Pretorius</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A joint media statement by the South African Reserve Bank, the Banking Association of South Africa, the Financial Sector Conduct Authority, and the Payments Association of South Africa was recently published, stating that the receipt or acceptance of cheques will terminate effectively on 31 December 2020. All stakeholders are urged to cease accepting or issuing cheques as a payment method. The purpose of the study is to examine the effect that the discontinuation of the usage of cheques has on bank reconciliations for the subject: economic and management sciences. A literature study was performed to gain insight into the bank reconciliation process to be able to draw conclusions on the outcome of the discontinuation of cheques on the bank reconciliation. The study found that the teaching of the bank reconciliation process will change to introduce new replacement source documents for digital payments, and this impacts the teaching of reconciling differences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bank%20reconciliation" title="bank reconciliation">bank reconciliation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internal%20control" title=" internal control"> internal control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accounting%20education" title=" accounting education"> accounting education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=source%20documents" title=" source documents"> source documents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158105/the-outcome-of-the-discontinuation-of-cheques-on-bank-reconciliation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158105.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=payments%20testing&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=payments%20testing&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=payments%20testing&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=payments%20testing&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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