CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>History of Canada (1945–1960) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"800bd2e4-7f71-403d-a32a-2e497caad476","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"History_of_Canada_(1945–1960)","wgTitle":"History of Canada (1945–1960)","wgCurRevisionId":1239206411,"wgRevisionId":1239206411,"wgArticleId":5075488,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from February 2020","Use Canadian English from February 2020","All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English","Articles with excerpts","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","History of Canada (1945–1960)","Cold War history of Canada", "History of Canada by period","1940s in Canada","1950s in Canada","1960 in Canada","20th century in Canada"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"History_of_Canada_(1945–1960)","wgRelevantArticleId":5075488,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5775529","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Benjamin_West_005.jpg/1200px-Benjamin_West_005.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Benjamin_West_005.jpg/800px-Benjamin_West_005.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Benjamin_West_005.jpg/640px-Benjamin_West_005.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="History of Canada (1945–1960) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-History_of_Canada_1945–1960 rootpage-History_of_Canada_1945–1960 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+Canada+%281945%E2%80%931960%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Canada+%281945%E2%80%931960%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+Canada+%281945%E2%80%931960%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Canada+%281945%E2%80%931960%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_adjustment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_adjustment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Postwar adjustment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_adjustment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newfoundland_joins_the_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newfoundland_joins_the_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Newfoundland joins the country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newfoundland_joins_the_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Arctic_relocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Arctic_relocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>High Arctic relocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Arctic_relocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign-policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign-policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Foreign-policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign-policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Canada (1945–1960)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_(1945-1960)" title="تاريخ كندا (1945-1960) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ كندا (1945-1960)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5775529#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&oldid=1239206411" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_Canada_%281945%E2%80%931960%29&id=1239206411&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_Canada_%281945%25E2%2580%25931960%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_Canada_%281945%25E2%2580%25931960%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_Canada_%281945%E2%80%931960%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5775529" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada" title="Category:History of Canada">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Benjamin_West_005.jpg/200px-Benjamin_West_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Benjamin_West_005.jpg/300px-Benjamin_West_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Benjamin_West_005.jpg/400px-Benjamin_West_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_General_Wolfe" title="The Death of General Wolfe">The Death of General Wolfe</a></i> <hr /></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">Timeline</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">list</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada#History" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Pre-colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">1534–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada under British rule">1764–1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">1867–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">1914–1945</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">1982–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Significant</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Events of National Historic Significance">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada#History" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_Canada" title="History of medicine in Canada">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_sports" title="History of Canadian sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_women" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Canadian women">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alberta" title="History of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_Columbia" title="History of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manitoba" title="History of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nunavut" title="History of Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="History of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ontario" title="History of Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saskatchewan" title="History of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yukon" title="History of Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_cities_in_Canada" title="History of cities in Canada">Cities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brampton" title="History of Brampton">Brampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Charlottetown" title="History of Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Edmonton" title="History of Edmonton">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fredericton" title="History of Fredericton">Fredericton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="History of Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lethbridge" title="History of Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Markham,_Ontario" title="History of Markham, Ontario">Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moncton" title="History of Moncton">Moncton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northwest_Territories_capital_cities" title="History of Northwest Territories capital cities">Northwest Territories capital cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottawa" title="History of Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="History of Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="History of Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Richmond_Hill,_Ontario" title="History of Richmond Hill, Ontario">Richmond Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saskatoon" title="History of Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Toronto" title="History of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vancouver" title="History of Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Winnipeg" title="History of Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Origins_of_names_of_cities_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of names of cities in Canada">Name etymologies</a>)</li></ul></div></div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Surveys</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Canada_sidebar" title="Template:History of Canada sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Canada_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of Canada sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Canada_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Canada sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Prosperity returned to Canada during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. With continued <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> governments, national policies increasingly turned to <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old-age_pension" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-age pension">old-age pensions</a>, and veterans' pensions. </p><p>The financial crisis of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> after WW1, scoured by rampant corruption, had led Newfoundlanders to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a crown colony ruled by a British governor. Prosperity returned when the U.S. military arrived in 1941 with over 10,000 soldiers and huge investments in air and naval bases. Popular sentiment grew favourable toward the United States, alarming the Canadian government, which now wanted Newfoundland to enter into confederation instead of joining with the U.S. In 1948, the British government gave voters three <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_referendums,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland referendums, 1948">Referendum</a> choices: remaining a crown colony, returning to Dominion status (that is, independence), or joining Canada. Joining the U.S. was not made an option. After bitter debate Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar_adjustment">Postwar adjustment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Postwar adjustment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newborn-incubator-toronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Newborn-incubator-toronto.jpg/170px-Newborn-incubator-toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Newborn-incubator-toronto.jpg/255px-Newborn-incubator-toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Newborn-incubator-toronto.jpg/340px-Newborn-incubator-toronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>A newborn baby in an incubator at <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Western_Hospital" title="Toronto Western Hospital">Toronto Western Hospital</a>, 1955</figcaption></figure> <p>The Second World War brought many changes to Canada; Canada had an economic boom, the government was necessarily more centralized during the war, and it remained so afterwards. The federal government also began to adopt social welfare policies, often borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a>, which had introduced such policies in the western provinces even before the war. Federally, these included hospital insurance, old-age pensions, and veterans' pensions. Once the war ended, divisions in the Armed Forces were disbanded, and women would not be recruited again until the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in 1951. Free child-care and tax concessions were rescinded to encourage women to leave the workforce, and an act providing a <a href="/wiki/Child_benefit" title="Child benefit">family allowance</a> or "baby bonus" was passed to help families recover from the cost of war and the wartime wage freeze. Parents of children under 16 years old were given monthly payments between $5 and $8, depending on the age of the children.<sup id="cite_ref-bbonus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbonus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy had prospered because of the war, and in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, there was an economic boom due to the discovery of new <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">oil</a> fields in 1947. Spending on consumer goods increased during the post-war period while car ownership steadily rose, with two-thirds of households owning a car (and 10% owning two or more) by 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, a new Canadian citizenship separate from being a British subject was introduced. After January 1, 1947, all persons born in Canada automatically were granted Canadian citizenship at birth. Persons with the previous Canadian citizenship (being a class of British subject) were also granted the new citizenship under most conditions. "Status Indians" (see the <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a></i>) born before this date were retroactively given Canadian citizenship in 1956. They had not been "enfranchised" citizens before 1947. </p><p>Mackenzie King won the election of 1945, but retired in 1948 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Stephen_St._Laurent" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Stephen St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a>. St. Laurent succeeded in extending the welfare state, and helped bring <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> into Confederation as Canada's tenth province in 1949. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newfoundland_joins_the_country">Newfoundland joins the country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Newfoundland joins the country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_referendums,_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland referendums, 1948">Newfoundland referendums, 1948</a></div> <p>Following the Second World War, in 1946, an election was held for the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_National_Convention" title="Newfoundland National Convention">Newfoundland National Convention</a> to decide the future of the independent <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a>. The Convention voted to hold a referendum to decide between continuing the direct rule of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Government">Commission of Government</a> or restoring <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Smallwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph R. Smallwood">Joseph R. Smallwood</a>, the leader of the confederates, moved that a third option of confederation with Canada should be included. Although his motion was defeated by the convention, Smallwood did not give up, but instead gathered more than 5000 petitions from the people within a fortnight which he sent to London through the Governor. The United Kingdom, insisting that it would not give Newfoundland any further financial assistance, added a third option of having Newfoundland join Canada to the ballot. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newfoundland_and_Labrador,_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Newfoundland_and_Labrador%2C_Canada.svg/220px-Newfoundland_and_Labrador%2C_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Newfoundland_and_Labrador%2C_Canada.svg/330px-Newfoundland_and_Labrador%2C_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Newfoundland_and_Labrador%2C_Canada.svg/440px-Newfoundland_and_Labrador%2C_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Newfoundland and Labrador.</figcaption></figure> <p>After much debate, an initial referendum was held on June 3, 1948, to decide between continuing with the Commission of Government, reverting to <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> status, or joining <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>. The referendum was fought by three parties, Smallwood's <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Association" title="Confederate Association">Confederate Association</a> campaigned for the Confederation option while the anti-Confederation campaign was split amongst <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cashin" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Cashin">Peter Cashin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Responsible_Government_League" title="Responsible Government League">Responsible Government League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chesley_Crosbie" title="Chesley Crosbie">Chesley Crosbie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Economic_Union_with_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Party for Economic Union with the United States">Party for Economic Union with the United States</a>, both of which called for a vote for responsible government. No party advocated continuing the Commission of Government. </p><p>The result was inconclusive, with 44.6% supporting the restoration of dominion status, 41.1% for confederation with Canada, and 14.3% for continuing the Commission of Government. Between the first and second referendums, rumours had it that Catholic bishops were using their religious influence to alter the outcome of the votes. The <a href="/wiki/Orange_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Institution">Orange Order</a> was incensed and called on all its members to vote for confederation, as the Catholics voted for responsible government. The Protestants of Newfoundland outnumbered the Catholics at a ratio of 2:1. This was believed to have greatly influenced the outcome of the second referendum. A second referendum on July 22, 1948, which asked Newfoundlanders to choose between confederation and dominion status, was decided by a vote of 52% to 48% for confederation with Canada. Newfoundland joined Canada on March 31, 1949. </p><p>Not everyone was satisfied with the results, however. Peter Cashin, an outspoken anti-Confederate, questioned the validity of the votes. He claimed that it was the <i>unholy union between London and Ottawa</i> that brought about confederation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Canada in the Cold War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igor_Gouzenko_hooded.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ab/Igor_Gouzenko_hooded.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Gouzenko wearing his white hood for anonymity</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Canadian foreign relations were beginning to focus on the United States, which had eclipsed Britain as a world power. During World War II, Canada was a minor partner in the alliance between the United States and Britain, and the US had pledged to help defend Canada if necessary. Canada was one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1945, and also of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) in 1949, but was largely overshadowed in world affairs by the United States. Canada remained a close ally of the United States throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">cipher</a> clerk for the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_Russian_Federation_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of the Russian Federation in Canada">Soviet Embassy to Canada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, defected in 1945, fears of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_espionage" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Soviet espionage">Soviet espionage</a> led to a <a href="/wiki/Red_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Red scare">red scare</a> and the arrest and conviction of 18 people, including <a href="/wiki/Labor-Progressive_Party" title="Labor-Progressive Party">Labor-Progressive Party</a> (Communist) <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">Member of Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Rose_(politician)" title="Fred Rose (politician)">Fred Rose</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avro_Arrow_rollout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Avro_Arrow_rollout.jpg/220px-Avro_Arrow_rollout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Avro_Arrow_rollout.jpg/330px-Avro_Arrow_rollout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Avro_Arrow_rollout.jpg/440px-Avro_Arrow_rollout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>The controversial Avro Arrow.</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada participated, under the United Nations, in the <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Korean_War" title="Canada in the Korean War">Korean War</a>. Minister of External Affairs in St. Laurent's <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lester_Bowles_Pearson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Bowles Pearson">Lester Bowles Pearson</a>, was involved in the diplomatic side of the conflict and became more active in diplomacy with the United Nations after the war ended. In 1956 Pearson suggested a solution to the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> - the creation of an international peacekeeping force. For his efforts, Pearson won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1957. </p><p>St. Laurent attempted to create a new, highly advanced <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">jet fighter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Arrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Avro Arrow">Avro Arrow</a>. He succeeded in making the fastest aircraft in history up to this point, and still to this day remains close to the level of modern aircraft. However, this controversial aircraft was cancelled by St. Laurent's successor, John George Diefenbaker, in 1959, although Diefenbaker did help establish a <a href="/wiki/Missile_defence_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Missile defence system">missile defence system</a> with the United States, <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a>. </p><p>There were voices on both left and right that warned against being too close to the United States. Few Canadians listened before 1957. Instead, there was wide consensus on foreign and defence policies 1948 to 1957. Bothwell, Drummond and English state: </p> <dl><dd>That support was remarkably uniform geographically and racially, both coast to coast and among French and English. From the CCF on the left to the Social Credit on the right, the political parties agreed that NATO was a good thing, and communism a bad thing, that a close association with Europe was desirable, and that the Commonwealth embodied a glorious past.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>However, the consensus did not last. By 1957 the Suez crisis alienated Canada from both Britain and France; politicians distrusted American leadership, businessmen questioned American financial investments; and intellectuals ridiculed the values of American television and Hollywood offerings that all Canadians watched. "Public support for Canada's foreign policy big came unstuck. Foreign-policy, from being a winning issue for the Liberals, was fast becoming a losing one."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_Arctic_relocation">High Arctic relocation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: High Arctic relocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></div> <p>Efforts to assert sovereignty in the High Arctic during the Cold War, i.e. the area's strategic geopolitical position, were part of the reasons that led the federal government to forcibly relocate <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">northern Quebec</a> to barren <a href="/wiki/Cornwallis_Island,_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornwallis Island, Nunavut">Cornwallis Island, Nunavut</a>. The first group of people were relocated in 1953 from <a href="/wiki/Inukjuak,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Inukjuak, Quebec">Inukjuak, Quebec</a> (then known as Port Harrison ) and from <a href="/wiki/Pond_Inlet,_Nunavut" class="mw-redirect" title="Pond Inlet, Nunavut">Pond Inlet, Nunavut</a>. They were promised homes and game to hunt, but the relocated people discovered no buildings and very little familiar wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also had to endure weeks of 24-hour darkness during the winter, and 24-hour sunlight during the summer, something that does not occur in northern Quebec. They were told that they would be returned home after a year if they wished, but this offer was later withdrawn as it would damage Canada's claims to sovereignty in the area and the Inuit were forced to stay. Eventually, the Inuit learned the local <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga whale</a> migration routes and were able to survive in the area, hunting over a range of 18,000 square kilometres (6,900 sq mi) each year.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Minutes" title="Heritage Minutes">Heritage Minutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History of Canada</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEarle1998" class="citation journal cs1">Earle, Karl Mcneil (Winter 1998). "Cousins of a Kind: The Newfoundland and Labrador Relationship with the United States". <i>American Review of Canadian Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 387–411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02722019809481611">10.1080/02722019809481611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Review+of+Canadian+Studies&rft.atitle=Cousins+of+a+Kind%3A+The+Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Relationship+with+the+United+States&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-411&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02722019809481611&rft.aulast=Earle&rft.aufirst=Karl+Mcneil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canada+%281945%E2%80%931960%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbonus-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbonus_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1945-baby-bonus-unveiled">"1945: Baby Bonus unveiled"</a>. <i>CDC Digital Archives</i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDC+Digital+Archives&rft.atitle=1945%3A+Baby+Bonus+unveiled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fentry%2F1945-baby-bonus-unveiled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canada+%281945%E2%80%931960%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy2005" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Matthew (January 13, 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/profitingcrownca0000bell"><i>Profiting the Crown: Canada's Polymer Corporation, 1942-1990</i></a></span>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/profitingcrownca0000bell/page/101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7238-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7238-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-7238-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiting+the+Crown%3A+Canada%27s+Polymer+Corporation%2C+1942-1990&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005-01-13&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7238-6&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprofitingcrownca0000bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canada+%281945%E2%80%931960%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_BothwellIan_M._DrummondJohn_English1989" class="citation book cs1">Robert Bothwell; Ian M. Drummond; John English (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMaS5cb7s8QC&pg=PA131"><i>Canada Since 1945: Power, Politics, and Provincialism</i></a>. U of Toronto Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802066725" title="Special:BookSources/9780802066725"><bdi>9780802066725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+Since+1945%3A+Power%2C+Politics%2C+and+Provincialism&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=U+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780802066725&rft.au=Robert+Bothwell&rft.au=Ian+M.+Drummond&rft.au=John+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMaS5cb7s8QC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canada+%281945%E2%80%931960%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bothwell et al., p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228115824/http://www.grisefiord.ca/eng/history.html">"History"</a>. <i>Grise Fiord</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grisefiord.ca/eng/history.html">the original</a> on December 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grise+Fiord&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grisefiord.ca%2Feng%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canada+%281945%E2%80%931960%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2006" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Melanie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7p3rBU6aDb0C"><i>The Long Exile: A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic</i></a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-715796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-715796-9"><bdi>978-0-00-715796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Exile%3A+A+Tale+of+Inuit+Betrayal+and+Survival+in+the+High+Arctic&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-00-715796-9&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7p3rBU6aDb0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Canada+%281945%E2%80%931960%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian history">Bibliography of Canadian history</a></div> <ul><li>Bothwell, Robert, Ian Drummond, and John English. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMaS5cb7s8QC&dq=Canada%20since%201945&pg=PP1">Canada since 1945</a></i> 2d. ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989.</li> <li>Coleman, William Donald. <i>The independence movement in Quebec, 1945-1980</i> (U Toronto Press, 1984).</li> <li>Thomson, Dale C . <i>Louis St. Laurent, Canadian</i> (1967)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign-policy">Foreign-policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign-policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chapnick, Adam, and Christopher J. Kukucha, eds. <i>The Harper Era in Canadian Foreign Policy: Parliament, Politics, and Canada’s Global Posture</i> (UBC Press, 2016).</li> <li>Chapnick, Adam. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JnWqvkA-HJcC&dq=he%20Middle%20Power%20Project%3A%20Canada%20and%20the%20Founding%20of%20the%20United%20Nations&pg=PP1">The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations</a></i> University of British Columbia Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-1247-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-1247-8">0-7748-1247-8</a>.</li> <li>Donaghy, Greg. "Domesticating NATO: Canada and the North Atlantic Alliance, 1963–68." <i>International Journal</i> 52.3 (1997): 445–463.</li> <li>Eayrs, James. <i>In Defence of Canada Volume III: Peacemaking and Deterrence</i> (1972)</li> <li>Holmes, John W. <i>The Shaping of Peace: Canada and the Search for World Order, 1943-1957</i> (2 vol. 1982)</li> <li>Granatstein, J. L., ed. <i>Canadian foreign policy : historical readings</i> (1986), excerpts from primary sources and scholars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/canadianforeignp00gran#page/n5/mode/2up">online free</a></li> <li>MacMillan, Margaret Olwen, and David S. Sorenson, eds. <i>Canada and NATO: Uneasy past, uncertain future</i> (U of Waterloo Press, 1990).</li> <li>Robinson, H. Basil. <i>Diefenbaker's World: A Populist in Foreign Affairs</i> (1991)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Owram, Doug. <i>Canadian History: A Reader's Guide: Volume 2: Confederation to the Present</i> (1994). Historiography; all the main national and provincial political, social, economic, cultural, and diplomatic issues.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www65.statcan.gc.ca/acyb_r000-eng.htm"><i>Canada Year Book</i> (CYB) annual 1867-1967</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/culture/historique-historic">Events of National Historic Significance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/voyage-travel/recherche-tous-parks-all">National Historic Sites of Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/lhn-nhs/page1_E.asp?nhslisttype=persons&nhslistsort=name&list1=Generate+List">Persons of National Historic Significance in Canada</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_years_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Canada" title="Template:Years in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Years in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_years_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">List of years in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Confederation <br />Prehistory–1866</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_to_1st_century_BC_in_Canada" title="Prehistory to 1st century BC in Canada">Prehistory to 1 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_in_Canada" title="1st millennium in Canada">1st millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_century_in_Canada" title="11th century in Canada">1000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_century_in_Canada" title="12th century in Canada">1100s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_century_in_Canada" title="15th century in Canada">1400s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_Canada" title="16th century in Canada">1500s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1600s_in_Canada" title="1600s in Canada">1600s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1610s_in_Canada" title="1610s in Canada">1610s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1620s_in_Canada" title="1620s in Canada">1620s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1630s_in_Canada" title="1630s in Canada">1630s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1640s_in_Canada" title="1640s in Canada">1640s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1650s_in_Canada" title="1650s in Canada">1650s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1660s_in_Canada" title="1660s in Canada">1660s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1670s_in_Canada" title="1670s in Canada">1670s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1680s_in_Canada" title="1680s in Canada">1680s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1690s_in_Canada" title="1690s in Canada">1690s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1700_in_Canada" title="1700 in Canada">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1701_in_Canada" title="1701 in Canada">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1702_in_Canada" title="1702 in Canada">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1703_in_Canada" title="1703 in Canada">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1704_in_Canada" title="1704 in Canada">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1705_in_Canada" title="1705 in Canada">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1706_in_Canada" title="1706 in Canada">1706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1707_in_Canada" title="1707 in Canada">1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1708_in_Canada" title="1708 in Canada">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1709_in_Canada" title="1709 in Canada">1709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1710_in_Canada" title="1710 in Canada">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1711_in_Canada" title="1711 in Canada">1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1712_in_Canada" title="1712 in Canada">1712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1713_in_Canada" title="1713 in Canada">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1714_in_Canada" title="1714 in Canada">1714</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_in_Canada" title="1715 in Canada">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1716_in_Canada" title="1716 in Canada">1716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1717_in_Canada" title="1717 in Canada">1717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1718_in_Canada" title="1718 in Canada">1718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1719_in_Canada" title="1719 in Canada">1719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1720_in_Canada" title="1720 in Canada">1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1721_in_Canada" title="1721 in Canada">1721</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1722_in_Canada" title="1722 in Canada">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1723_in_Canada" title="1723 in Canada">1723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1724_in_Canada" title="1724 in Canada">1724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1725_in_Canada" title="1725 in Canada">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1726_in_Canada" title="1726 in Canada">1726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1727_in_Canada" title="1727 in Canada">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1728_in_Canada" title="1728 in Canada">1728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1729_in_Canada" title="1729 in Canada">1729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1730_in_Canada" title="1730 in Canada">1730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1731_in_Canada" title="1731 in Canada">1731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1732_in_Canada" title="1732 in Canada">1732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1733_in_Canada" title="1733 in Canada">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1734_in_Canada" title="1734 in Canada">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1735_in_Canada" title="1735 in Canada">1735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1736_in_Canada" title="1736 in Canada">1736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1737_in_Canada" title="1737 in Canada">1737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1738_in_Canada" title="1738 in Canada">1738</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1739_in_Canada" title="1739 in Canada">1739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_in_Canada" title="1740 in Canada">1740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1741_in_Canada" title="1741 in Canada">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1742_in_Canada" title="1742 in Canada">1742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1743_in_Canada" title="1743 in Canada">1743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1744_in_Canada" title="1744 in Canada">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1745_in_Canada" title="1745 in Canada">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1746_in_Canada" title="1746 in Canada">1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1747_in_Canada" title="1747 in Canada">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1748_in_Canada" title="1748 in Canada">1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1749_in_Canada" title="1749 in Canada">1749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1750_in_Canada" title="1750 in Canada">1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1751_in_Canada" title="1751 in Canada">1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1752_in_Canada" title="1752 in Canada">1752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1753_in_Canada" title="1753 in Canada">1753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1754_in_Canada" title="1754 in Canada">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_in_Canada" title="1755 in Canada">1755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1756_in_Canada" title="1756 in Canada">1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1757_in_Canada" title="1757 in Canada">1757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1758_in_Canada" title="1758 in Canada">1758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1759_in_Canada" title="1759 in Canada">1759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1760_in_Canada" title="1760 in Canada">1760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_in_Canada" title="1761 in Canada">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1762_in_Canada" title="1762 in Canada">1762</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1763_in_Canada" title="1763 in Canada">1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1764_in_Canada" title="1764 in Canada">1764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1765_in_Canada" title="1765 in Canada">1765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1766_in_Canada" title="1766 in Canada">1766</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1767_in_Canada" title="1767 in Canada">1767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1768_in_Canada" title="1768 in Canada">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769_in_Canada" title="1769 in Canada">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1770_in_Canada" title="1770 in Canada">1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1771_in_Canada" title="1771 in Canada">1771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1772_in_Canada" title="1772 in Canada">1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1773_in_Canada" title="1773 in Canada">1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1774_in_Canada" title="1774 in Canada">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1775_in_Canada" title="1775 in Canada">1775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_in_Canada" title="1776 in Canada">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1777_in_Canada" title="1777 in Canada">1777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1778_in_Canada" title="1778 in Canada">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1779_in_Canada" title="1779 in Canada">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780_in_Canada" title="1780 in Canada">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_Canada" title="1781 in Canada">1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782_in_Canada" title="1782 in Canada">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1783_in_Canada" title="1783 in Canada">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1784_in_Canada" title="1784 in Canada">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1785_in_Canada" title="1785 in Canada">1785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1786_in_Canada" title="1786 in Canada">1786</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1787_in_Canada" title="1787 in Canada">1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788_in_Canada" title="1788 in Canada">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789_in_Canada" title="1789 in Canada">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_in_Canada" title="1790 in Canada">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_in_Canada" title="1791 in Canada">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_in_Canada" title="1792 in Canada">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_in_Canada" title="1793 in Canada">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_in_Canada" title="1794 in Canada">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795_in_Canada" title="1795 in Canada">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_in_Canada" title="1796 in Canada">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1797_in_Canada" title="1797 in Canada">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798_in_Canada" title="1798 in Canada">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799_in_Canada" title="1799 in Canada">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_in_Canada" title="1800 in Canada">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1801_in_Canada" title="1801 in Canada">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_in_Canada" title="1802 in Canada">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1803_in_Canada" title="1803 in Canada">1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_in_Canada" title="1804 in Canada">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1805_in_Canada" title="1805 in Canada">1805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1806_in_Canada" title="1806 in Canada">1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1807_in_Canada" title="1807 in Canada">1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_in_Canada" title="1808 in Canada">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1809_in_Canada" title="1809 in Canada">1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_in_Canada" title="1810 in Canada">1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_in_Canada" title="1811 in Canada">1811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_in_Canada" title="1812 in Canada">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1813_in_Canada" title="1813 in Canada">1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_in_Canada" title="1814 in Canada">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_in_Canada" title="1815 in Canada">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_in_Canada" title="1816 in Canada">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1817_in_Canada" title="1817 in Canada">1817</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1818_in_Canada" title="1818 in Canada">1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1819_in_Canada" title="1819 in Canada">1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_in_Canada" title="1820 in Canada">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_Canada" title="1821 in Canada">1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822_in_Canada" title="1822 in Canada">1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1823_in_Canada" title="1823 in Canada">1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_in_Canada" title="1824 in Canada">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825_in_Canada" title="1825 in Canada">1825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826_in_Canada" title="1826 in Canada">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827_in_Canada" title="1827 in Canada">1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_in_Canada" title="1828 in Canada">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1829_in_Canada" title="1829 in Canada">1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_in_Canada" title="1830 in Canada">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_in_Canada" title="1831 in Canada">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_in_Canada" title="1832 in Canada">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_in_Canada" title="1833 in Canada">1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_in_Canada" title="1834 in Canada">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_in_Canada" title="1835 in Canada">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_in_Canada" title="1836 in Canada">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_in_Canada" title="1837 in Canada">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_in_Canada" title="1838 in Canada">1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_in_Canada" title="1839 in Canada">1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_in_Canada" title="1840 in Canada">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841_in_Canada" title="1841 in Canada">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_in_Canada" title="1842 in Canada">1842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_in_Canada" title="1843 in Canada">1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_in_Canada" title="1844 in Canada">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1845_in_Canada" title="1845 in Canada">1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846_in_Canada" title="1846 in Canada">1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_in_Canada" title="1847 in Canada">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_in_Canada" title="1848 in Canada">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1849_in_Canada" title="1849 in Canada">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850_in_Canada" title="1850 in Canada">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_in_Canada" title="1851 in Canada">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_in_Canada" title="1852 in Canada">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_in_Canada" title="1853 in Canada">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_in_Canada" title="1854 in Canada">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_in_Canada" title="1855 in Canada">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_in_Canada" title="1856 in Canada">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_in_Canada" title="1857 in Canada">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_in_Canada" title="1858 in Canada">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_in_Canada" title="1859 in Canada">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_in_Canada" title="1860 in Canada">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_Canada" title="1861 in Canada">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_in_Canada" title="1862 in Canada">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_in_Canada" title="1863 in Canada">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_in_Canada" title="1864 in Canada">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_in_Canada" title="1865 in Canada">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_in_Canada" title="1866 in Canada">1866</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Confederation<br />1867–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_in_Canada" title="1867 in Canada">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_in_Canada" title="1868 in Canada">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_Canada" title="1869 in Canada">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_Canada" title="1870 in Canada">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_in_Canada" title="1871 in Canada">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_in_Canada" title="1872 in Canada">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_in_Canada" title="1873 in Canada">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_in_Canada" title="1874 in Canada">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_in_Canada" title="1875 in Canada">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_in_Canada" title="1876 in Canada">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_Canada" title="1877 in Canada">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_in_Canada" title="1878 in Canada">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_in_Canada" title="1879 in Canada">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_in_Canada" title="1880 in Canada">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_in_Canada" title="1881 in Canada">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_in_Canada" title="1882 in Canada">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1883_in_Canada" title="1883 in Canada">1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_in_Canada" title="1884 in Canada">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_in_Canada" title="1885 in Canada">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_in_Canada" title="1886 in Canada">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_in_Canada" title="1887 in Canada">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_in_Canada" title="1888 in Canada">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_in_Canada" title="1889 in Canada">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_in_Canada" title="1890 in Canada">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_in_Canada" title="1891 in Canada">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_in_Canada" title="1892 in Canada">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_in_Canada" title="1893 in Canada">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_in_Canada" title="1894 in Canada">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_in_Canada" title="1895 in Canada">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_in_Canada" title="1896 in Canada">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_in_Canada" title="1897 in Canada">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_in_Canada" title="1898 in Canada">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_in_Canada" title="1899 in Canada">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_in_Canada" title="1900 in Canada">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1901_in_Canada" title="1901 in Canada">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_in_Canada" title="1902 in Canada">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Canada" title="1903 in Canada">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_in_Canada" title="1904 in Canada">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_in_Canada" title="1905 in Canada">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_in_Canada" title="1906 in Canada">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_in_Canada" title="1907 in Canada">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_in_Canada" title="1908 in Canada">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_in_Canada" title="1909 in Canada">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_in_Canada" title="1910 in Canada">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_in_Canada" title="1911 in Canada">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_in_Canada" title="1912 in Canada">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_in_Canada" title="1913 in Canada">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_in_Canada" title="1914 in Canada">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_in_Canada" title="1915 in Canada">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_in_Canada" title="1916 in Canada">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_in_Canada" title="1917 in Canada">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_in_Canada" title="1918 in Canada">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_in_Canada" title="1919 in Canada">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_in_Canada" title="1920 in Canada">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_in_Canada" title="1921 in Canada">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_in_Canada" title="1922 in Canada">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_in_Canada" title="1923 in Canada">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_in_Canada" title="1924 in Canada">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_in_Canada" title="1925 in Canada">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_in_Canada" title="1926 in Canada">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_in_Canada" title="1927 in Canada">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_in_Canada" title="1928 in Canada">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_in_Canada" title="1929 in Canada">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_in_Canada" title="1930 in Canada">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_in_Canada" title="1931 in Canada">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_in_Canada" title="1932 in Canada">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_in_Canada" title="1933 in Canada">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_in_Canada" title="1934 in Canada">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_in_Canada" title="1935 in Canada">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_in_Canada" title="1936 in Canada">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_in_Canada" title="1937 in Canada">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_in_Canada" title="1938 in Canada">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_in_Canada" title="1939 in Canada">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_in_Canada" title="1940 in Canada">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_in_Canada" title="1941 in Canada">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_in_Canada" title="1942 in Canada">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_in_Canada" title="1943 in Canada">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_in_Canada" title="1944 in Canada">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_in_Canada" title="1945 in Canada">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_in_Canada" title="1946 in Canada">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_in_Canada" title="1947 in Canada">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_in_Canada" title="1948 in Canada">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_in_Canada" title="1949 in Canada">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_in_Canada" title="1950 in Canada">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_in_Canada" title="1951 in Canada">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_in_Canada" title="1952 in Canada">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_in_Canada" title="1953 in Canada">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_in_Canada" title="1954 in Canada">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_Canada" title="1955 in Canada">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_Canada" title="1956 in Canada">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_Canada" title="1957 in Canada">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_Canada" title="1958 in Canada">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Canada" title="1959 in Canada">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_Canada" title="1960 in Canada">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_Canada" title="1961 in Canada">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_Canada" title="1962 in Canada">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_in_Canada" title="1963 in Canada">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_in_Canada" title="1964 in Canada">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_in_Canada" title="1965 in Canada">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_Canada" title="1966 in Canada">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_in_Canada" title="1967 in Canada">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_in_Canada" title="1968 in Canada">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_in_Canada" title="1969 in Canada">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_Canada" title="1970 in Canada">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_Canada" title="1971 in Canada">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_Canada" title="1972 in Canada">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_Canada" title="1973 in Canada">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_Canada" title="1974 in Canada">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_Canada" title="1975 in Canada">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_Canada" title="1976 in Canada">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_Canada" title="1977 in Canada">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_Canada" title="1978 in Canada">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_Canada" title="1979 in Canada">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_Canada" title="1980 in Canada">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_Canada" title="1981 in Canada">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_Canada" title="1982 in Canada">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_Canada" title="1983 in Canada">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_Canada" title="1984 in Canada">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_Canada" title="1985 in Canada">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_Canada" title="1986 in Canada">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_Canada" title="1987 in Canada">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_Canada" title="1988 in Canada">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_Canada" title="1989 in Canada">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_Canada" title="1990 in Canada">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Canada" title="1991 in Canada">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_Canada" title="1992 in Canada">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_Canada" title="1993 in Canada">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_Canada" title="1994 in Canada">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_Canada" title="1995 in Canada">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_Canada" title="1996 in Canada">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_Canada" title="1997 in Canada">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_Canada" title="1998 in Canada">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_Canada" title="1999 in Canada">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_Canada" title="2000 in Canada">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_Canada" title="2001 in Canada">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_Canada" title="2002 in Canada">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_Canada" title="2003 in Canada">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_Canada" title="2004 in Canada">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Canada" title="2005 in Canada">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Canada" title="2006 in Canada">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Canada" title="2007 in Canada">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Canada" title="2008 in Canada">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Canada" title="2009 in Canada">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Canada" title="2010 in Canada">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Canada" title="2011 in Canada">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Canada" title="2012 in Canada">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Canada" title="2013 in Canada">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Canada" title="2014 in Canada">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Canada" title="2015 in Canada">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Canada" title="2016 in Canada">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Canada" title="2017 in Canada">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Canada" title="2018 in Canada">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Canada" title="2019 in Canada">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Canada" title="2020 in Canada">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Canada" title="2021 in Canada">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Canada" title="2022 in Canada">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Canada" title="2023 in Canada">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Canada" title="2024 in Canada">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Canada" title="2025 in Canada">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quebec</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1608_in_Quebec" title="1608 in Quebec">1608</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1609_in_Quebec" title="1609 in Quebec">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1610_in_Quebec" title="1610 in Quebec">1610</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1611_in_Quebec" title="1611 in Quebec">1611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1612_in_Quebec" title="1612 in Quebec">1612</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1613_in_Quebec" title="1613 in Quebec">1613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1614_in_Quebec" title="1614 in Quebec">1614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1615_in_Quebec" title="1615 in Quebec">1615</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1616_in_Quebec" title="1616 in Quebec">1616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1617_in_Quebec" title="1617 in Quebec">1617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1618_in_Quebec" title="1618 in Quebec">1618</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1635_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="1635 in Quebec">1635</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="Canadian electoral calendar">Canadian electoral<br />calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2004 Canadian electoral calendar">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2005 Canadian electoral calendar">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2006 Canadian electoral calendar">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2007 Canadian electoral calendar">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2008 Canadian electoral calendar">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2009 Canadian electoral calendar">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2010 Canadian electoral calendar">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2011 Canadian electoral calendar">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2012 Canadian electoral calendar">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2013 Canadian electoral calendar">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2014 Canadian electoral calendar">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2015 Canadian electoral calendar">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2016 Canadian electoral calendar">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2017 Canadian electoral calendar">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2018 Canadian electoral calendar">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2019 Canadian electoral calendar">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2020 Canadian electoral calendar">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2021 Canadian electoral calendar">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2022 Canadian electoral calendar">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2023 Canadian electoral calendar">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Canadian_electoral_calendar" title="2024 Canadian electoral calendar">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs" title="List of Canadian monarchs">List of Canadian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">List of governors general of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List of prime ministers of Canada </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada_by_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of Canada by year">Population of Canada by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada" title="Category:History of Canada">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Canada_navbox" title="Template:History of Canada navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Canada_navbox" title="Template talk:History of Canada navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Canada_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Canada navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">18000 BCE–1500 CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">1534–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_under_British_rule_(1763%E2%80%931867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada under British rule (1763–1867)">1763–1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">1867–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">1914–1945</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">1982–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> - (<a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_National_Historic_Significance_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)">Events of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Minutes" title="Heritage Minutes">Heritage Minutes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of Chinese immigration to Canada">Chinese immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_military_operations" title="List of Canadian military operations"> Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian peacekeeping missions">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_sports" title="History of Canadian sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_women" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Canadian women">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alberta" title="History of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_Columbia" title="History of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manitoba" title="History of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ontario" title="History of Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="History of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nunavut" title="History of Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saskatchewan" title="History of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yukon" title="History of Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_name_etymologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies">Name etymologies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_cities_in_Canada" title="History of cities in Canada">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brampton" title="History of Brampton">Brampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Charlottetown" title="History of Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Edmonton" title="History of Edmonton">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fredericton" title="History of Fredericton">Fredericton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="History of Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lethbridge" title="History of Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Markham,_Ontario" title="History of Markham, Ontario">Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moncton" title="History of Moncton">Moncton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northwest_Territories_capital_cities" title="History of Northwest Territories capital cities">Northwest Territories capital cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottawa" title="History of Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="History of Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="History of Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Richmond_Hill,_Ontario" title="History of Richmond Hill, Ontario">Richmond Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saskatoon" title="History of Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Toronto" title="History of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vancouver" title="History of Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Winnipeg" title="History of Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Origins_of_names_of_cities_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of names of cities in Canada">Name etymologies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada" title="Category:History of Canada">Category</a></b></li> <li><b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945–1960)&oldid=1239206411">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945–1960)&oldid=1239206411</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="Category:History of Canada (1945–1960)">History of Canada (1945–1960)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_history_of_Canada" title="Category:Cold War history of Canada">Cold War history of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada_by_period" title="Category:History of Canada by period">History of Canada by period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_Canada" title="Category:1940s in Canada">1940s in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_in_Canada" title="Category:1950s in Canada">1950s in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960_in_Canada" title="Category:1960 in Canada">1960 in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_Canada" title="Category:20th century in Canada">20th century in Canada</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2020">Use mdy dates from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use Canadian English from February 2020">Use Canadian English from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2017">Articles with dead external links from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 August 2024, at 22:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-9vtbv","wgBackendResponseTime":119,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.555","walltime":"0.722","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1575,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":100450,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1918,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":52918,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 564.174 1 -total"," 27.53% 155.304 1 Template:History_of_Canada_sidebar"," 27.18% 153.328 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 22.26% 125.577 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.53% 81.976 1 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.10% 68.283 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.60% 54.138 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.25% 52.212 1 Template:Canada_year_nav"," 9.05% 51.034 1 Template:Excerpt"," 7.00% 39.465 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.328","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8052291,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-cdf8n","timestamp":"20241122142932","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of Canada (1945\u20131960)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5775529","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5775529","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-05-09T15:18:56Z","dateModified":"2024-08-07T22:20:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4f\/Benjamin_West_005.jpg","headline":"History of Canada (1945\u201360)"}</script> </body> </html>