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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behaviour and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Food and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conservation status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cited texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">European roller</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%89%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Къуаргъкъащхъуэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къуаргъкъащхъуэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europese_troupant" title="Europese troupant – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Europese troupant" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="شقراق أوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شقراق أوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracias_garrulus" title="Coracias garrulus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Coracias garrulus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra-dra_g%C3%B6yc%C9%99qar%C4%9Fa" title="Dra-dra göycəqarğa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dra-dra göycəqarğa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D2%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0" title="Күк ҡарға – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Күк ҡарға" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Сіваграк звычайны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сіваграк звычайны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Сіваграк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сіваграк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Синявица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синявица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korag-Europa" title="Korag-Europa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Korag-Europa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaig_blau_com%C3%BA" title="Gaig blau comú – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gaig blau comú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Кăвак курак – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăвак курак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracias_garrulus" title="Coracias garrulus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Coracias garrulus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandel%C3%ADk_hajn%C3%AD" title="Mandelík hajní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mandelík hajní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracias_garrulus" title="Coracias garrulus – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Coracias garrulus" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rholydd" title="Rholydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rholydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellekrage" title="Ellekrage – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ellekrage" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blauracke" title="Blauracke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blauracke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1agii_naashch%CA%BC%C4%85%C4%85%CA%BC%C3%AD_doot%C5%82%CA%BCizh%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Gáagii naashchʼąąʼí dootłʼizhígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Gáagii naashchʼąąʼí dootłʼizhígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniraag" title="Siniraag – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Siniraag" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Χαλκοκουρούνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλκοκουρούνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracias_garrulus" title="Coracias garrulus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coracias garrulus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koracio" title="Koracio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koracio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karraka_(hegaztia)" title="Karraka (hegaztia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karraka (hegaztia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="سبزقبای اروپایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبزقبای اروپایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1fjatla" title="Bláfjatla – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bláfjatla" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollier_d%27Europe" title="Rollier d'Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rollier d'Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll%C3%B3ir_Eorpach" title="Rollóir Eorpach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rollóir Eorpach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaio_azul" title="Gaio azul – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gaio azul" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80_(%D5%A9%D5%BC%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Ներկարար (թռչուն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ներկարար (թռչուն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatovrana" title="Zlatovrana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zlatovrana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-lampu_Eropa" title="Tiong-lampu Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiong-lampu Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1hrani" title="Bláhrani – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bláhrani" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracias_garrulus" title="Coracias garrulus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coracias garrulus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%97%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99" title="כחל מצוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כחל מצוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="ჩვეულებრივი ყაპყაპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩვეულებრივი ყაპყაპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0" title="Көкқарға – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көкқарға" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qela%C5%9F%C3%AEnk" title="Qelaşînk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qelaşînk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C4%BC%C4%81_v%C4%81rna" title="Zaļā vārna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zaļā vārna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europinis_%C5%BEalvarnis" title="Europinis žalvarnis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Europinis žalvarnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinin%C3%A4rhi" title="Sininärhi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sininärhi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pai_szalak%C3%B3ta" title="Európai szalakóta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Európai szalakóta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Модроврана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Модроврана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="شقراق اوروبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شقراق اوروبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scharrelaar" title="Scharrelaar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scharrelaar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="नीलकण्ठ ठेउवा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नीलकण्ठ ठेउवा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%83%9D%E3%82%A6%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6" title="ニシブッポウソウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニシブッポウソウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5r%C3%A5ke" title="Blåråke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blåråke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5r%C3%A5ke" title="Blåråke – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blåråke" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%E2%80%98kqarg%27a" title="Ko‘kqarg'a – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ko‘kqarg'a" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D8%BA" title="ټغ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټغ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracias_garrulus" title="Coracias garrulus – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Coracias garrulus" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraska_(ptak)" title="Kraska (ptak) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kraska (ptak)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolieiro-europeu" title="Rolieiro-europeu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rolieiro-europeu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbr%C4%83veanc%C4%83" title="Dumbrăveancă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dumbrăveancă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сизоворонка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сизоворонка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C4%BEa_belas%C3%A1" title="Krakľa belasá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krakľa belasá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatovranka" title="Zlatovranka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zlatovranka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Модроврана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Модроврана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinin%C3%A4rhi" title="Sininärhi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sininärhi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5kr%C3%A5ka" title="Blåkråka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blåkråka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="ஐரோப்பிய பனங்காடை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோப்பிய பனங்காடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu_tgelzimt" title="Bu tgelzimt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bu tgelzimt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kkuzgun" title="Gökkuzgun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gökkuzgun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Сиворакша – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сиворакша" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%A3_ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u" title="Sả châu Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sả châu Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracias_garrulus" title="Coracias garrulus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Coracias garrulus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E8%83%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95%E5%83%A7" title="蓝胸佛法僧 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蓝胸佛法僧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg 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href="/w/index.php?title=Coracias_garrulus&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Coracias garrulus">Coracias garrulus</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bird</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">European roller </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Roller_-_Coracias_garrulus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/European_Roller_-_Coracias_garrulus.jpg/220px-European_Roller_-_Coracias_garrulus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/European_Roller_-_Coracias_garrulus.jpg/330px-European_Roller_-_Coracias_garrulus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/European_Roller_-_Coracias_garrulus.jpg/440px-European_Roller_-_Coracias_garrulus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1166" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">European roller spreading its wings </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Coracias" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coraciidae" title="Coraciidae">Coraciidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coracias" title="Coracias"><i>Coracias</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. garrulus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Coracias garrulus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>C. g. garrulus</i></li> <li><i>C. g. semenowi</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coracias_garrulus_distr_new03.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Coracias_garrulus_distr_new03.png/220px-Coracias_garrulus_distr_new03.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Coracias_garrulus_distr_new03.png/330px-Coracias_garrulus_distr_new03.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Coracias_garrulus_distr_new03.png/440px-Coracias_garrulus_distr_new03.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution of the European roller <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid black; background-color:#FFD300; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> summer <i>C. g. garrulus</i></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid black; background-color:#FF8C00; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> summer <i>C. g. semenowi</i></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid black; background-color:#1F75FE; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> winter</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>European roller</b> (<i><b>Coracias garrulus</b></i>) is the only member of the <a href="/wiki/Coraciidae" title="Coraciidae">roller</a> family breeding in Europe. Its range extends into the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, West Asia and Central Asia. It winters in southern Africa, primarily in dry wooded savanna and bushy plains. It occurs in a wide variety of habitats, but avoids treeless plains. It usually nests in tree holes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_systematics">Taxonomy and systematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_roller&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European roller was <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">formally described</a> by the Swedish naturalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1758 in the <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">tenth edition</a> of his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> under its current the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial name</a> <i>Coracias garrulus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type locality (biology)">type locality</a> is Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The generic name derives from Greek <i>korakias</i> referring to a type of <a href="/wiki/Corvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvid">corvid</a>, perhaps the <a href="/wiki/Red-billed_chough" title="Red-billed chough">red-billed chough</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific epithet</a> <i>garrulus</i> is from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and means 'chattering' in reference to the bird’s calls.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternate English names include the <b>blue roller</b>, <b>common roller</b>, <b>Eurasian roller</b>, or simply <b>roller</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-hbw_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbw-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> study published in 2018 found that the European roller was most closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_roller" title="Abyssinian roller">Abyssinian roller</a> (<i>Coracias abyssinicus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-johansson18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johansson18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phylogenetic relationships among the <i><a href="/wiki/Coracias" title="Coracias">Coracias</a></i> species are shown below, from the molecular study by Johansson et al. (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-johansson18_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johansson18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i><a href="/wiki/Coracias" title="Coracias">Coracias</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Blue-bellied_roller" title="Blue-bellied roller">Blue-bellied roller</a> – <i>C. cyanogaster</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Purple_roller" title="Purple roller">Purple roller</a> – <i>C. naevius</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Racket-tailed_roller" title="Racket-tailed roller">Racket-tailed roller</a> – <i>C. spatulatus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a> – <i>C. benghalensis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_roller" title="Indochinese roller">Indochinese roller</a> – <i>C. affinis</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Purple-winged_roller" title="Purple-winged roller">Purple-winged roller</a> – <i>C. temminckii</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lilac-breasted_roller" title="Lilac-breasted roller">Lilac-breasted roller</a> – <i>C. caudatus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_roller" title="Abyssinian roller">Abyssinian roller</a> – <i>C. abyssinicus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European roller</a> – <i>C. garrulus</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coraciidae" title="Coraciidae">rollers</a> are medium-sized Old World birds of open woodland habitats. They have brightly coloured plumage and a hooked bill. Most species are found south of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Coracias" title="Coracias">Coracias</a></i> contains eight species of sit-and-wait hunters. The European roller is similar in appearance and behaviour to the <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_roller" title="Abyssinian roller">Abyssinian roller</a>. These two birds and the <a href="/wiki/Lilac-breasted_roller" title="Lilac-breasted roller">lilac-breasted roller</a> have been considered to form <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hbwonlinefam_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbwonlinefam-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> are recognised:<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hbwonline_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbwonline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Western European roller</b> (<i>C. g. garrulus</i>) <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758</small>: The <a href="/wiki/Subspecies#Nominotypical_subspecies_and_subspecies_autonyms" title="Subspecies">nominate subspecies</a>. Found in north-western Africa, southern Europe and east through north-western Iran to south-western <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Eastern European roller</b> (<i>C. g. semenowi</i>) <small><a href="/wiki/Harald_von_Loudon" title="Harald von Loudon">Loudon</a> & <a href="/wiki/Viktor_von_Tschusi_zu_Schmidhoffen" title="Viktor von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen">Tschusi</a>, 1902</small>:<sup id="cite_ref-loudon_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loudon-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also called <b>Kashmir roller</b> and lives in Iraq and southern Iran east through <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and southern Kazakhstan to <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in western China.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_roller&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_roller_-_Khijadiya_Bird_Sanctuary_2019-10-26_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/European_roller_-_Khijadiya_Bird_Sanctuary_2019-10-26_02.jpg/220px-European_roller_-_Khijadiya_Bird_Sanctuary_2019-10-26_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/European_roller_-_Khijadiya_Bird_Sanctuary_2019-10-26_02.jpg/330px-European_roller_-_Khijadiya_Bird_Sanctuary_2019-10-26_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/European_roller_-_Khijadiya_Bird_Sanctuary_2019-10-26_02.jpg/440px-European_roller_-_Khijadiya_Bird_Sanctuary_2019-10-26_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>At Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary, Jamnagar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_Roller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Eurasian_Roller.jpg/220px-Eurasian_Roller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Eurasian_Roller.jpg/330px-Eurasian_Roller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Eurasian_Roller.jpg/440px-Eurasian_Roller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4168" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption>At <a href="/wiki/Hesaraghatta_Lake" title="Hesaraghatta Lake">Hesaraghatta Lake</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_roller_(Coracias_garrulus)_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/European_roller_%28Coracias_garrulus%29_in_flight.jpg/220px-European_roller_%28Coracias_garrulus%29_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/European_roller_%28Coracias_garrulus%29_in_flight.jpg/330px-European_roller_%28Coracias_garrulus%29_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/European_roller_%28Coracias_garrulus%29_in_flight.jpg/440px-European_roller_%28Coracias_garrulus%29_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="1563" /></a><figcaption>In flight, Hungary</figcaption></figure> <p>The European roller is a stocky bird, the size of a <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_jay" title="Eurasian jay">Eurasian jay</a> at 29–32 cm (11–13 in) in length with a 52–58 cm (20–23 in) wingspan.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mainly blue with an orange-brown back.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The European roller is striking in its strong direct flight, with the brilliant blue contrasting with black flight feathers. Sexes are similar, but the juvenile is a drabber version of the adult. The display of this bird is like that of a <a href="/wiki/Northern_lapwing" title="Northern lapwing">lapwing</a>, with the twists and turns that give this species its English name. The call is a harsh <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crow</a>-like sound. It gives a raucous series of calls when nervous.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_roller&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European roller is a bird of warmer regions. The nominate subspecies breeds in northern Africa from Morocco to Tunisia, in southern and east-central Europe, and eastwards through northwestern Iran to southwestern Siberia. The subspecies <i>C. g. semenowi</i> breeds from Iraq and southern Iran east through <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and southern Kazakhstan to <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. The European range was formerly more extensive, but there has been a long-term decline in the north and west, with extinction as a nesting bird in Sweden and Germany. The European roller is a long-distance <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrant</a>, wintering in <a href="/wiki/Africa_south_of_the_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa south of the Sahara">Africa south of the Sahara</a> in two distinct regions, from Senegal east to Cameroon and from Ethiopia west (with observations in the <a href="/wiki/Degua_Tembien" class="mw-redirect" title="Degua Tembien">Degua Tembien</a> mountains)<sup id="cite_ref-ALN2019_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALN2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Congo and south to South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some populations migrate to Africa through India. A collision with an aircraft over the Arabian Sea has been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-satheesan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satheesan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Catry2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catry2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coracias_garrulus_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_161_Seville_HdB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coracias_garrulus_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_161_Seville_HdB.jpg/220px-Coracias_garrulus_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_161_Seville_HdB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coracias_garrulus_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_161_Seville_HdB.jpg/330px-Coracias_garrulus_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_161_Seville_HdB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coracias_garrulus_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_161_Seville_HdB.jpg/440px-Coracias_garrulus_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_161_Seville_HdB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4555" data-file-height="4138" /></a><figcaption>Eggs of <i>Coracias garrulus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>It is a bird of warm, dry, open country with scattered trees, preferring lowlands, but occurs up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Europe and 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in Morocco. Oak and pine woodlands with open areas are prime breeding habitat, but farms, orchards and similar areas with mixed vegetation are also used. In Africa, a similarly wide range of dry, open land with trees is used.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It winters primarily in dry, wooded savanna and bushy plains, where it typically nests in tree holes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration">Migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_roller&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advent of sufficiently lightweight tracking technology has facilitated several recent studies of roller <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migration</a>, providing new information on the non-breeding sites used by European rollers from different breeding populations. Individuals from south-west European populations migrate to Angola, Namibia and Botswana; French and north Spanish birds take a direct southerly route across the Sahara, while Portuguese and south Spanish birds take a more westerly route around the west African coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Emmenegger2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emmenegger2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European rollers from eastern European populations also spend the winter period in southern Africa, but further east in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>. Some population migrate through western <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> during August to November. The <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> savannah region immediately south of the Sahara Desert, particularly the area around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>, appears to be important for European rollers from many populations as an autumn re-fuelling site, and Latvian and other north and north-eastern populations migrate northwards via the Arabian Peninsula in spring.<sup id="cite_ref-Finch_1051–1062_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finch_1051–1062-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals from different breeding populations use distinct but overlapping winter sites; there is a correlation between the longitude of individual breeding and non-breeding sites, suggesting parallel migration. In the east, the northernmost breeders from Latvia tend to winter south of the southernmost breeders from Cyprus, indicating a pattern of 'leap-frog' migration.<sup id="cite_ref-Finch_1051–1062_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finch_1051–1062-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_roller&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Behaviour and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European roller chick will vomit a foul-smelling orange <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> onto itself to deter a predator. The smell also warns the parents on their return to the nest.<sup id="cite_ref-NascimentoParejo2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NascimentoParejo2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_feeding">Food and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_roller&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Food and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rollers often perch prominently on trees, posts or overhead wires, like giant <a href="/wiki/Shrike" title="Shrike">shrikes</a>, whilst watching for the large insects, small reptiles, rodents and frogs that they eat. The diet of adult rollers is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Beetles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beetles">beetles</a>, whereas nestlings mostly eat <a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">Orthoptera</a>, such as grasshoppers and bush crickets.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_roller&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrival_(47961559816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Arrival_%2847961559816%29.jpg/220px-Arrival_%2847961559816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Arrival_%2847961559816%29.jpg/330px-Arrival_%2847961559816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Arrival_%2847961559816%29.jpg/440px-Arrival_%2847961559816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3426" data-file-height="2741" /></a><figcaption>A European roller bringing food to her nest</figcaption></figure> <p>The nest site is usually in a natural cavity in a tree or in a hole excavated by a woodpecker. It is typically located 5–10 m (16–33 ft) above the ground. Pairs sometimes use a cavity in rocks or buildings and may occasionally excavate a hole in a sandy bank. The hole is unlined. The clutch is 2 to 6 white smooth glossy eggs that measure 35 mm × 28 mm (1.4 in × 1.1 in). They are laid at intervals of two or occasionally three days. They are incubated by both sexes but mainly by the female starting before the clutch is completed. They hatch after 17 to 19 days. The young are cared for by both parents but usually the male passes food to the female. The nestlings fledge after 26 to 27 days. Only a single brood is raised each year, but a replacement clutch is laid if the first is lost. European rollers generally first breed when they are two years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramp1985764_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramp1985764-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maximum age recorded from <a href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">ring-recovery</a> data is 9 years and 2 months for a bird shot in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_roller&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The European roller is a host of the <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephalan</a> intestinal parasite <i><a href="/wiki/Moniliformis_gracilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Moniliformis gracilis">Moniliformis gracilis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AminHeckmann2016_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AminHeckmann2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_roller&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conservation status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eurasian roller has an extensive distribution in Europe and western Asia, and its European breeding population is estimated at 159,000 to 330,000 birds. When Asian breeders are added, this gives a global total population of 277,000 to 660,000 individuals. There have been fairly rapid population declines across much of its range, so it was formerly classified as <a href="/wiki/Near_threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near threatened">near threatened</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> in 2005; it has, however, been downlisted to <a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a> in 2015, as population development was judged to not meet the criteria for a more urgent rating at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European population declined by 25% between 1990 and 2000. The northern areas of the breeding range have fared worst, with numbers in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> and northern Russia collapsing, and no birds left breeding in Estonia.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elurikkus_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elurikkus-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Threats include hunting while on migration around the Mediterranean, and large numbers, possibly in the thousands, are killed for food in Oman. Agricultural practices have led to the loss of trees and hedges which provide potential nest sites and perches for hunting, and <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> have reduced the availability of insect food.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At locations where foraging resources are abundant, providing nest boxes can be a useful short-term conservation solution; however, in other locations foraging habitat restoration is more important.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_roller&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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(2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/67384/1/Ibis_AM.pdf">"Combining stable isotope analysis and conventional techniques to improve knowledge of the diet of the European Roller <i>Coracias garrulus</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ibis</i>. <b>161</b> (2): 272–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fibi.12625">10.1111/ibi.12625</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91151546">91151546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ibis&rft.atitle=Combining+stable+isotope+analysis+and+conventional+techniques+to+improve+knowledge+of+the+diet+of+the+European+Roller+Coracias+garrulus&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=272-285&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fibi.12625&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91151546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Catry%2C+I.&rft.au=Sampaio%2C+A.&rft.au=Silva%2C+M.C.&rft.au=Moreira%2C+F.&rft.au=Franco%2C+A.M.A.&rft.au=Catry%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fueaeprints.uea.ac.uk%2F67384%2F1%2FIbis_AM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+roller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECramp1985764-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramp1985764_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCramp1985">Cramp 1985</a>, p. 764.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/data-and-codes/longevity-list?page=3">"European Longevity Records"</a>. Euring<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Longevity+Records&rft.pub=Euring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuring.org%2Fdata-and-codes%2Flongevity-list%3Fpage%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+roller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AminHeckmann2016-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AminHeckmann2016_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAminHeckmannOsamaEvans2016" class="citation journal cs1">Amin, O. M.; Heckmann, R. A.; Osama, M.; Evans, R. P. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14411%2Ffp.2016.014">"Morphological and molecular descriptions of <i>Moniliformis saudi</i> sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) from the desert hedgehog, <i>Paraechinus aethiopicus</i> (Ehrenberg) in Saudi Arabia, with a key to species and notes on histopathology"</a>. <i>Folia Parasitologica</i>. <b>63</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14411%2Ffp.2016.014">10.14411/fp.2016.014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27189420">27189420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Parasitologica&rft.atitle=Morphological+and+molecular+descriptions+of+Moniliformis+saudi+sp.+n.+%28Acanthocephala%3A+Moniliformidae%29+from+the+desert+hedgehog%2C+Paraechinus+aethiopicus+%28Ehrenberg%29+in+Saudi+Arabia%2C+with+a+key+to+species+and+notes+on+histopathology&rft.volume=63&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14411%2Ffp.2016.014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27189420&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=O.+M.&rft.au=Heckmann%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Osama%2C+M.&rft.au=Evans%2C+R.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14411%252Ffp.2016.014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+roller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elurikkus-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elurikkus_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elurikkus.ee/bie-hub/species/48721">Coracias garrulusLinnaeus, 1758</a> <a href="/wiki/GBIF" class="mw-redirect" title="GBIF">GBIF</a> Estonia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinch,_T.Branston,_C.Clewlow,_H.Dunning,_J.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Finch, T.; Branston, C.; Clewlow, H.; Dunning, J.; Franco, A. M. A.; Račinskis, E.; Schwartz, T.; Butler, S. J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fibi.12650">"Context‐dependent conservation of the cavity‐nesting European Roller"</a>. <i>Ibis</i>. <b>161</b> (3): 573–589. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fibi.12650">10.1111/ibi.12650</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ibis&rft.atitle=Context%E2%80%90dependent+conservation+of+the+cavity%E2%80%90nesting+European+Roller&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=573-589&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fibi.12650&rft.au=Finch%2C+T.&rft.au=Branston%2C+C.&rft.au=Clewlow%2C+H.&rft.au=Dunning%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+A.+M.+A.&rft.au=Ra%C4%8Dinskis%2C+E.&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+T.&rft.au=Butler%2C+S.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fibi.12650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+roller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_texts">Cited texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_roller&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cited texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramp1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cramp" title="Stanley Cramp">Cramp, Stanley</a>, ed. (1985). "<i>Coracias garrulus</i> Roller". <i>Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic</i>. Vol. IV: Terns to Woodpeckers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 764–776. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857507-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857507-8"><bdi>978-0-19-857507-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coracias+garrulus+Roller&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+Europe+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa.+The+Birds+of+the+Western+Palearctic&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=764-776&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-857507-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+roller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryFryHarris1992" class="citation book cs1">Fry, C Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1992). <i>Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers</i>. London: Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-8028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-8028-7"><bdi>978-0-7136-8028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingfishers%2C+Bee-eaters+and+Rollers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Helm&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7136-8028-7&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=C+Hilary&rft.au=Fry%2C+Kathie&rft.au=Harris%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+roller" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_roller&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coracias_garrulus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coracias garrulus">Coracias garrulus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Coracias_garrulus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Coracias garrulus">Coracias garrulus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>European roller - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/446.pdf">Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oiseaux.net/birds/photos/european.roller.html">Oiseaux</a> Photos</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202065330/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/285_RollerCgarrulus.pdf">Ageing and sexing (PDF; 4.5 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/eurrol1">Photos, audio and video of European roller</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology" title="Cornell Lab of Ornithology">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a>'s Macaulay Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Coracias garrulus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179367" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q179367">Q179367</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Coracias_garrulus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Coracias garrulus">Coracias garrulus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Coracias_garrulus/">Coracias_garrulus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=7451A628C39538C5">7451A628C39538C5</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id8810">8810</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22682860">22682860</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=52565">52565</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/eurrol1">eurrol1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5ZZQS">5ZZQS</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">CMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cms.int/en/species/coracias-garrulus">coracias-garrulus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/eurrol1">eurrol1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CRCIGA">CRCIGA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/989">989</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp8410.htm">8410</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:97087">97087</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/cb2eb312-9be5-45c6-a56a-72d569444501">cb2eb312-9be5-45c6-a56a-72d569444501</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2475365">2475365</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/2266">2266</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11253903">11253903</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=554518">554518</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22682860">22682860</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000530311">NHMSYS0000530311</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=188338">188338</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/323/">323</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=372551">372551</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=379255">379255</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=4783">4783</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=212743">212743</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Coracias-garrulus">Coracias-garrulus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/0417A62F-9DF5-4724-898D-1D2244E65029">0417A62F-9DF5-4724-898D-1D2244E65029</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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6.93% 104.313 13 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.18% 92.940 1 Template:Cite_iucn"," 5.31% 79.933 1 Template:Commons_category"," 5.28% 79.463 2 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.946","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12356972,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAertsLerougeNovember2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAminHeckmannOsamaEvans2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBewick,_T.1809\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirdLife_International2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatry,_I.Sampaio,_A.Silva,_M.C.Moreira,_F.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatryCatryGranadeiroFranco2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCramp1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDel_Hoyo,_J.Elliott,_A.Sargatal,_J.Christie,_D._A.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmeneggerMayetDuriezHahn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinch,_T.Branston,_C.Clewlow,_H.Dunning,_J.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinchDunningKissRačinskis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinchSaundersAvilésBermejo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFry2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFryFryHarris1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyo,_J._delElliott,_A.Sargatal,_J.Christie,_D._A.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJobling2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohanssonIrestedtQuEricson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnaeus1758\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoudonVon_Tschusi_zu_Schmidhoffen1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNascimentoParejoAvilésPeña2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters,_J._L.1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodríguez-RuizDe_la_PuenteParejoValera2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatheesan1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvenssonMullarneyZetterström2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 4,\n [\"Leftlegend\"] = 3,\n [\"Phylogeny/Coracias\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Speciesbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 2,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-ch2gh","timestamp":"20241125140512","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"European roller","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_roller","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q179367","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q179367","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-09T05:35:37Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T09:09:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bc\/European_Roller_-_Coracias_garrulus.jpg","headline":"species of bird"}</script> 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