CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '914a84365888f922',cH: '38c67KAEWRWPpgopCVaObt3IpEYe5hGw9wo_u30eH3c-1740012772-1.2.1.1-eInAzRVVXl6Q6kd5rUMp27FUyFInPvlCttcHWIDzzoa3mQJq3CsYb3qG9XEcS09X',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=children%20and%20youth&__cf_chl_tk=LcGcqfPQJczz5fjeSK3ZzGFIGNXnS9hjc5z256SEArM-1740012772-1.0.1.1-BTqnVkFvS03JGxGnkqNWKiLE_aZekqVQhv0ZJMnuX0c",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1740012772',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=children%20and%20youth&__cf_chl_f_tk=LcGcqfPQJczz5fjeSK3ZzGFIGNXnS9hjc5z256SEArM-1740012772-1.0.1.1-BTqnVkFvS03JGxGnkqNWKiLE_aZekqVQhv0ZJMnuX0c",md: "KOsnENh03u0N_NBvKXKXakDgzaJZweUrwehwaTl_.0o-1740012772-1.2.1.1-HFvYQXgZPIn7egyJcyi6PZFQmygTJOYKzWi7Z0aZb8HXVkCQQvQ.dc6xK_irKUmzO8TUaTEusCYYRiR6o9zt7o4xVZtvTfW9R2sF.Hu.atkFpFaQfKt10vPf1oau7wIYuoi.eLfXDhE71cpZp6Toj1b9zEBRfCy9knzNKxG4syaDQRqDrIUgj.lKAHuXEUDXs9cIFKILCMDP4st6fL4J3e2uDJD0gNMuH9diXMbgNPRPn2ZeC0SeKkLeQCt_dno0e_lXpmrxg8fGmnrg2PFuaer9UMF6r4.aC8mBcaS0aOYGpMjPstAYbJ_1C5tqS0_P7KdIItBmqSeeL3sD2uraaegtpdn9nb0HR4IB.3pNtLHRXvWpS2PS3pG5TaojDrzEeQSTyrDJfz3OPIzDiXKD0Vo42uzc1.FXNHrfidb9vz8E0Fs2318wEcT2kG9R.la_6400Rsg9BfNHBHvU.zHXufVzc5IE771waXfVs_kTaIQ5rJ34NsaY0R_4TYaig6AzjzzGsQ0AdjYBaYjKQs6NHfE5Jn_D2cyqW2u3dFSyRZWTGghKeyWMvzJZD1ttrGOxe7e3DKYH675ZI9bri4YDS0GWONnI.o2xiH9NYo5K6hKqvf5fs3yBGDpM_OqU.sJn.Igt5VliJVDYH_IsCM70FGAS3VulZcZMirtpdjOj.mCuthHljg2Te_4ERaF_.vawAWkrppR0zPmzLdBqZWocH8hk_0.wqWEa3FysIB3U7.J67S1KFbb.aV272fG6Js9iyCyf3CvOkxJQh1fR5peGJD2kv9Hlk0NvNvW1NXDNYuofN7HQw8qeUAWqnRLwRGAbkydUFk65SuCpbROB9hVKHOFP8Is4BVmLouMHvfSKQLpCq5665rk5BIGsbf1z_vFCBb47l4SD49v7lOxOVnsK6v4fRUSOqVxdYq0El5fnjJk55TXmCNOdjuuMcYGDLWzYbxeGSAMKEW3a7U4wegDBDpTAnQVIRf3aNulRbWk0ozrQu_Vd0LDJgF5ZpgUo7VzwPyT6Q9BPXjXir586Vba7eTC6PJCHrxvfsiCQT5Ur5JVHYWUFhXwr1fZq5asKSzWxqWT4Ob9OprzbTVMWxYZZl3JwA0FHG9xPzfv1lCoqWCR04tUPureqbpSTLK6hs5sM4hIOwYuIMJkBY5nn4HLD5Vz81esMQhyHnmcJgiVfIIr5bFNaQ8B5puqE7hdN68br8LLneGieeD0p2u4UIIEV8cIswf11GHBe3aZQ7uX5vNZRLmmSScGPPmWx4UpK8AGmNNO.2ttA8wK4f3BPqqyvWp8ohl5NO.tZbmUOh2f0LF_x62r7TMxqf6lLk7VwaOsrN1VktduUvgye8v_MF8eZonhmuSC4DLqzvdDqIDBKT9g5wWuFJnx_L_vFj_49wxuBpGM0np9E2xLDgak3n0ErZFW5nM9Vdv.u3DY3Ay0J34oICosyrUnOpkLCZCOiYl7esGP_VyPAa3alQ_mVsqfSxT1Y4uMvxmiSz_fW.CVjGzuegQ.YaSMw6dQoU7mmAwVwITR2cHgdQBBm7N4DI3x5z4KQrllBRRI7cIZX5kmMs7L0mb2UY1qwMhTG7SPNu_n2xR48obKRRTARU8Ih7dn0lFFBIzy3kr3eg45Xy3unyq97zevwwJdg69zBtuOwaHCUBxNXN8C7GKu6yzj.asrlPXs9W21oKUzxZslUhA6mpbR..ZSuXvK6MCXZK3ScJEnV6sjd3R3K20W.FJE7ksRod5Wpk6GmlLCDpO_4BXVvihFLBNQUfqYBA78MF.BkRgPacZq4x.KfJrm48clxHLOn05mHCzqJ2xemYlME.8p74s01KfrQSCAtEqCTgIGXLT1zgdRDO331s5uGP9kwtCOACruvlYt9EzQOAMO8oLSDTFgegcZ5hEwBiEeo5qbnk8781F2.q8YB_a9sIvBty8S7dISR9kdbwORcvmizgZaii_KrkH21OLhpAd2XjtXXOh7f",mdrd: "Lzf1ImZRrtpnLovFebWZeVDQsb1E2Nf3ZaCoM2kcDnQ-1740012772-1.2.1.1-txje_UjL5bYj5DMgyWL6VDkYlQwlR2Z1MqqYplLI20iyQKxtjKZs0oNZn95079Ez7bXHOP6fi8ZoxSh4YofTeJWgMnD3SLrfSpu3mtNrWao76BXfg1AXVZdzimxUK4iNlVqfNFPUWvU4xXbkLu4VThHXzLdIQ7ROWk7K_GzBae3zWE327dDrD3_mObajflNLSViiz.WEiURAiqqf29UdpcAXWhma7F2Exm7D7ldpPPnaqDqRfK0_oJPfZizM3b_gt3SeSbAWpy0IHu6MWee7NqFtwnNC9B0MZ5F1j81bsYHvCdCf5OxMkQ.T93Xa8yKbQyD_D4Ucw6b6XgKnt3_7llmR1yTH4JJEIf26xURkUK4TIfQ.1rXTJx0B0CxsCyhrbwLDTs5XQa.u_N7GYhngzivjBu8QS7inmhHv.QzRIbQahyH7rwDKXDiq_NDAEgiqm3BmdUgEB.WhFCkM_oNe0iJJwktdXcn4qYf7nlgWonpk6c7d9U..VXvrUvlOnZPS1H5Eyfd_5WC69ZM0MnYmiEXDU1wmpYgsQXEJib0n3lY55kFnqouiKpa6nEqFYcsEM8TFgHYo9t6CV18h7p36b2vPySGyHBteXkJfAJIG4k3keZ54CoEn8psTU_wgo0.5xPCEVjf88OwPKCwWQX0LP1DFKETv0gwty6tgrbl5_sf2H0CaknUkpPR4rgbwS4pH94KalFlKh7eB3z4Xy1c4D5akqVEyLTRV7GPb794EsiQn4I4BwICE9ZAoRFA6HfrAvdPuengf6kEES6YMdaWJOlJ1UXJJni5td.7z6k0mTUzb.MAP3_JYtQxJ8GbTdzvFTF18jvl1bxTdwDKxjXMhdXFbYK_W_9EprtqW9qg6CE.3vCksVsD9DOiisdBo9EaZSZ8o3D_j6DsqnbYHYcVZpSl23Y8PInWYz8cVnIhIbPLPTDOjhMHbek5Unku.AKfujqSiLVMMP6uMM4Ck2zxR7YMR99jBMjix4mNk3PU5TrWUCdUZojHiak8D51bKY3k.zYW6sa4CkFvTbtInTdasO27K.WZRiu2rqBjCHONsEQN7TdVR_v0qusEMizVHYPARt4yQ0KMkNHoTxy._P1M0OoIK2Ne.epxjod2KCRkO0O9x6ZzSydExcBNCJVjYYnyUbkfFyL_vIuZDXU4mf5FyYJrZzFhIHp0xFBAOmF4fUIVUvXpFyZ0Rjs7H61BLDwV4h07RoLAnFO74Hpx.NKFaIxGBx5BclJAsBLYDL_l4gUoeyID7SxbDscMxsQyfgo3tXEWY0NeSbpzxKaMIuGnu6D6ntTTjGZAOYy9D4VujleLmbWAYaOJMqCnmbCzEU6dgDcjqRL6I13vP_2kDxym..FUVaiHQAyT7m6ZlWqYozXsZDUD8rHuq1i1oN3W.Du53yfj0BBG1RuNL708JjPKwjv9Bhv9v.3.PFiUef4XJLGXSP06n9pCBrtHk2UWct48Ti0uVFQww1PBEFjQ2Y7Y3ZoQYVZAGqu4uPOBHzntFCQ3o0KYsgCC_X.vpCuHYHG9NDfW_DyTjPsLQvIaSpiUG8SfLktUqNS2V6uJbf4Lj5OjS8xHWHTCs9BtqVkXUhZxauRQpKW.Jl.fgZL2Pp6hduZtNc9mjco3H2OvdQQyBbxq4XdbFvdXXENe5eeuJE_swt2QX9QS1HhcNcds3kcA9pkyhiFab.kJbBgQuDWd_goux7Wfs1kfOTWdFhed7WzDx0sYs.LlPvNEFvr.XvF_xWqAj2iDEkR591hQxtbGlkAp0SNFBrbZKCFMI3WFzJnrS9Y10seNqJYoYocYiD0ptQcSt6.yZ.zdoN3eFcOF.8KSwZWi9.luPpz4n87PQCod7cb_wqSq4562SdLAgiH7B87E5teH0ygVBCzbs5HRF9.0CGOQT5ve7BJa5JyYUbNOwRFj585LqihUq2LoA5UPSE6ht.5jUSyqGBGw6yPsZf2EUjbvbE6ei5lz1_hdptim5jdiZyjrsGE71VEoDF8OQgg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914a84365888f922';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=children%20and%20youth&__cf_chl_rt_tk=LcGcqfPQJczz5fjeSK3ZzGFIGNXnS9hjc5z256SEArM-1740012772-1.0.1.1-BTqnVkFvS03JGxGnkqNWKiLE_aZekqVQhv0ZJMnuX0c" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>