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</li> <li id="toc-Magnetna_susceptibilnost_i_permeabilnost_kod_paramagnetika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetna_susceptibilnost_i_permeabilnost_kod_paramagnetika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Magnetna susceptibilnost i permeabilnost kod paramagnetika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetna_susceptibilnost_i_permeabilnost_kod_paramagnetika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetni_momenat_kod_paramagnetika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetni_momenat_kod_paramagnetika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Magnetni momenat kod paramagnetika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetni_momenat_kod_paramagnetika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paulijev_paramagnetizam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paulijev_paramagnetizam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paulijev paramagnetizam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paulijev_paramagnetizam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperaturna_zavisnost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperaturna_zavisnost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Temperaturna zavisnost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperaturna_zavisnost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirijev_zakon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirijev_zakon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kirijev zakon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirijev_zakon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paramagnetizam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 51 jeziku" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 jezik</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetisme" title="Paramagnetisme — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paramagnetisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مغناطيسية مسايرة — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مغناطيسية مسايرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Парамагнетизъм — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парамагнетизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="প্যারাচৌম্বক পদার্থ — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যারাচৌম্বক পদার্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetisme" title="Paramagnetisme — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paramagnetisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetismus" title="Paramagnetismus — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paramagnetismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetisme" title="Paramagnetisme — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paramagnetisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetismus" title="Paramagnetismus — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paramagnetismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Παραμαγνητισμός — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραμαγνητισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Paramagnetism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetismo" title="Paramagnetismo — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paramagnetismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetismo" title="Paramagnetismo — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paramagnetismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paramagnetism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetismo" title="Paramagnetismo — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paramagnetismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پارامغناطیس — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارامغناطیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetismi" title="Paramagnetismi — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paramagnetismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagn%C3%A9tisme" title="Paramagnétisme — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paramagnétisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramaighn%C3%A9adas" title="Paramaighnéadas — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paramaighnéadas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פאראמגנטיות — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאראמגנטיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="अनुचुम्बकत्व — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुचुम्बकत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetizam" title="Paramagnetizam — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paramagnetizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param%C3%A1gness%C3%A9g" title="Paramágnesség — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paramágnesség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պարամագնիսականություն — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարամագնիսականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetisme" title="Paramagnetisme — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paramagnetisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetismo" title="Paramagnetismo — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paramagnetismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="常磁性 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="常磁性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="პარამაგნეტიკი — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარამაგნეტიკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Парамагнетизм — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парамагнетизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1" title="상자성 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상자성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Парамагнетизм — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Парамагнетизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4" title="അനുകാന്തികത — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനുകാന്തികത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keparamagnetan" title="Keparamagnetan — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keparamagnetan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetisme" title="Paramagnetisme — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paramagnetisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetisme" title="Paramagnetisme — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paramagnetisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetisme" title="Paramagnetisme — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paramagnetisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetyzm" title="Paramagnetyzm — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paramagnetyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Paramagnetism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetismo" title="Paramagnetismo — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paramagnetismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paramagnetism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Парамагнетики — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парамагнетики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paramagnetism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetizmus" title="Paramagnetizmus — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paramagnetizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetizem" title="Paramagnetizem — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paramagnetizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetizmi" title="Paramagnetizmi — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paramagnetizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetizam" title="Paramagnetizam — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Paramagnetizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paramagnetism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramanyetizma" title="Paramanyetizma — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paramanyetizma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Парамагнетизм — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парамагнетизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetizm" title="Paramagnetizm — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paramagnetizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Thuận từ — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuận từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="順磁性 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="順磁性" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188479#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetizam" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paramagnetism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188479" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><p><b>Paramagnetizam</b> je oblik <a href="/wiki/Magnetizam" title="Magnetizam">magnetizma</a> koji se javlja samo u prisustvu spoljašnjeg <a href="/wiki/Magnetno_polje" title="Magnetno polje">magnetnog polja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paramagnetični materijali su privučeni dejstvom magnetnog polja, ali za razliku od <a href="/wiki/Feromagnetizam" title="Feromagnetizam">feromagnetičnih</a>, magnetne osobine pokazuju isključivo u prisustvu spoljašnjeg magnetnog polja.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paramagnetične supstance je detaljno izučavao i dao im ime britanski naučnik <a href="/wiki/Majkl_Faradej" class="mw-redirect" title="Majkl Faradej">Majkl Faradej</a> <a href="/wiki/1845" title="1845">1845</a>. godine. Paramagnetici poprilično slabo interaguju sa <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetima</a>, oko sto hiljada puta slabije od feromagnetika, tako da se te interakcije mogu detektovati samo pomoću veoma osetljivih instrumenata ili korišćenjem dosta jakih magneta. Jak paramagnetizam se javlja u jedinjenjima koja sadrže <a href="/wiki/Gvo%C5%BE%C4%91e_(hemijski_element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gvožđe (hemijski element)">gvožđe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paladijum" title="Paladijum">paladijum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platinu</a> i retke metale. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magnetna_susceptibilnost_i_permeabilnost_kod_paramagnetika">Magnetna susceptibilnost i permeabilnost kod paramagnetika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Magnetna susceptibilnost i permeabilnost kod paramagnetika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Magnetna susceptibilnost i permeabilnost kod paramagnetika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jači magnetni efekti se najčešće mogu uočiti kod čestica koje poseduju d- i f-elektrone.Paramagnetici imaju pozitivnu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetna_susceptibilnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetna susceptibilnost (stranica ne postoji)">magnetnu susceptibilnost</a> (χ), mada reda veličina od 10<sup>-3</sup> do 10<sup>-5</sup>, ali može biti i reda veličine 10<sup>-1</sup> kod sintetičkih paramagnetika kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferofluidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferofluidi (stranica ne postoji)">ferofluidi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Magnetna_permeabilnost" title="Magnetna permeabilnost">Magnetna permeabilnost</a> je veća od 1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magnetni_momenat_kod_paramagnetika">Magnetni momenat kod paramagnetika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Magnetni momenat kod paramagnetika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Magnetni momenat kod paramagnetika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Paramagnetic_probe_without_magnetic_field.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paramagnetic_probe_without_magnetic_field.svg/220px-Paramagnetic_probe_without_magnetic_field.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paramagnetic_probe_without_magnetic_field.svg/330px-Paramagnetic_probe_without_magnetic_field.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paramagnetic_probe_without_magnetic_field.svg/440px-Paramagnetic_probe_without_magnetic_field.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Struktura paramagneticnog materijala kada nije dovedeno spoljašnje magnetno polje</figcaption></figure> <p>Kod čestica paramagnetika postoje dva <a href="/wiki/Moment_impulsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moment impulsa">momenta impulsa</a>. Prvi je moment impulsa orbitale, a drugi moment impulsa elektronskog spina. Moment impulsa spina je stalna karakteristika elektrona bez obzira na to gde se on nalazi. Ove dve vrste momenata impulsa se kombinuju dajući ukupan moment impulsa koji sačinjava magnetne momente. Kako paramagnetici obično imaju polupopunjene <a href="/wiki/Atomska_orbitala" title="Atomska orbitala">atomske</a> ( <a href="/wiki/Molekulska_orbitala" title="Molekulska orbitala">molekulske</a> ) orbitale, odnosno nesparene elektronske spinove, moment impulsa unutar jednog <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekula</a>) različit je od nule, pa se on ponaša kao stalni magnetni <a href="/wiki/Dipol" title="Dipol">dipol</a>. U odsustvu spoljašnjeg magnetnog polja efekti egzistencije stalnih magnetnih momenata nisu uočljivi zbog njihovog haotičnog rasporeda, tako da kada se posmatra telo u celini njegov ukupni magnetni momenat jednak je nuli zato što se nasumično orijentisani dipoli unutar tela međusobno kompenzuju (poništavaju). Dovodjenjem spoljašnjeg magnetnog polja stvara se dijamagnetičan efekat, odnosno dolazi do pojave indukovanog magnetnog momenta, pa se dipoli unutar tela orijentišu suprotno od pravca delovanja spoljašnjeg magnetnog polja. Za razliku od dijamagnetika, kod paramagnetika se pored toga vrši i orijentacija sopstvenih magnetnih momenata atoma ili molekula duž linija sila polja. Tako indukovani magnetni momenti daju rezultantni magnetni momenat koji ima isti pravac i smer kao i spoljšnje <a href="/wiki/Magnetno_polje" title="Magnetno polje">magnetno polje</a>. Ali čak i u prisustvu spoljašnjeg magnetnog polja ima malo indukovane magnetizacije zato što se samo mala količina spinova orijentiše ka polju. Kod paramagnetika su indukovani magnetni momenti atoma (molekula) srazmerni jačini spoljašnjeg magnetnog polja, ali za razliku od dijamagnetika magnetni momenti samih atoma(molekula) ne zavise od spoljašnjeg polja. Pravo poreklo ovakvog orijentisanja magnetnih momenata duž linija sila može biti shvaćeno samo kada posmatramo elektronski spin i moment impulsa sa stanovišta <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantne mehanike</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paulijev_paramagnetizam">Paulijev paramagnetizam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Paulijev paramagnetizam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Paulijev paramagnetizam"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin:20px" width="200px"> <caption>Selected Pauli-paramagnetic metals<sup id="cite_ref-magneticValues_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magneticValues-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Material</th> <th>Magnetna susceptibilnost (×10<sup>−5</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram">Volfram</a></td> <td>6.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cezijum" title="Cezijum">Cezijum</a></td> <td>5.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminijum" title="Aluminijum">Aluminijum</a></td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Litijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Litijum">Litijum</a></td> <td>1.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnezijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnezijum">Magnezijum</a></td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Natrijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Natrijum">Natrijum</a></td> <td>0.72 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Paulijev paramagnetizam je slaba vrsta paramagnetizma koja se javlja kada se metalni materijali izlože delovanju magnetnog polja. Tada se valentni elektroni grupišu tako da bude podjednak broj suprotnih spinova. To je moguće zbog jake interakcije između susednih atoma u kristalnoj rešetki. Kada se ovakve strukture izlože delovanju magnetnog polja samo na one elektrone koji su približno na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermijev_nivo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermijev nivo (stranica ne postoji)">Fermijevom nivou</a> će delovati magnetno polje zbog čega će nastati mali višak jedne vrste spinova. </p><p>Kod s- i p-elektrona delokalizacija dovodi do sparivanja spinova zbog čega slabi magnetizam. Zbog toga su s- i p-elektroni najčešće Paulijevi paramagnetici, ili ređe dijamagnetici. Kod d- i f- elemenata se lakše mogu uočiti paramagnetične osobine zato što je između ostalog kod <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lantanoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lantanoid (stranica ne postoji)">lantanoida</a> veći magnetni momenat jer mogu imati čak sedam nesparenih elektrona. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperaturna_zavisnost">Temperaturna zavisnost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Temperaturna zavisnost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Temperaturna zavisnost"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paramagnetizam je temperaturno zavisna pojava zato što se povećanjem temperature povećava i toplotno kretanje atoma (molekula) unutar tela, pa je zbog toga i neuređenost sistema veća zbog čega je manja verovatnoća da se određen broj atoma (molekula) orijentiše ka spoljašnjem magnetnom polju. Kod nekih paramagnetičnih materijala čak i na <a href="/wiki/Apsolutna_nula" title="Apsolutna nula">apsolutnoj nuli</a> ostaje haotičan raspored elektronskih spinova, što znači da su oni paramagnetici u osnovnom stanju. Slab paramagnetizam koji ne zavisi od temperature postoji u mnogim metalnim elementima u čvrstom agregatnom stanju kao što su <a href="/wiki/Natrijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Natrijum">natrijum</a> i ostali <a href="/wiki/Alkalni_metali" title="Alkalni metali">alkalni metali</a> zbog toga što dovedeno magnetno polje utiče na spin nekih slabo vezanih elektrona. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirijev_zakon">Kirijev zakon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Kirijev zakon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kirijev zakon"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pjer_Kiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Pjer Kiri">Kirijev</a> zakon je matematička veza između temperature i jačine magnetizacije: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {M}}=\chi {\boldsymbol {H}}={\frac {C}{T}}{\boldsymbol {H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">M</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">H</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>C</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">H</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {M}}=\chi {\boldsymbol {H}}={\frac {C}{T}}{\boldsymbol {H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1f86b72230d334400ff3310f7e370807b8ccbcd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.86ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {M}}=\chi {\boldsymbol {H}}={\frac {C}{T}}{\boldsymbol {H}}}"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li>M – rezultujuća magnetizacija</li> <li>Χ – magnetna susceptibilnost</li> <li>H – magnetno polje [A/m]</li> <li>T – temperatura [K]</li> <li>C – Kirijeva konstanta</li></ul> <p>Kirijev zakon ne važi u slučajevima kada je jako magnetno polje, a temperatura niska. </p><p>Za paramagnetne jone sa neinteragujućim magnetnim momentima sa momentom impulsa, Kirijeva konstanta je definisana kao odvojeni magnetni momenat jona: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C={\frac {N_{A}}{3k_{B}}}\mu _{\mathrm {eff} }^{2}{\text{ gde je }}\mu _{\mathrm {eff} }=g_{J}\mu _{B}{\sqrt {J(J+1)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> gde je </mtext> </mrow> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>J</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>J</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>J</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C={\frac {N_{A}}{3k_{B}}}\mu _{\mathrm {eff} }^{2}{\text{ gde je }}\mu _{\mathrm {eff} }=g_{J}\mu _{B}{\sqrt {J(J+1)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eeafaf64c6ffb42d02455135f1bb94003d3e507d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:43.143ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C={\frac {N_{A}}{3k_{B}}}\mu _{\mathrm {eff} }^{2}{\text{ gde je }}\mu _{\mathrm {eff} }=g_{J}\mu _{B}{\sqrt {J(J+1)}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>μ<sub>eff</sub> – nezavisan efektan magnetni momenat po jonu. </p><p>Kada su magnetni momenti mali, kao što najčešće jesu, efektivan magnetni momenat iznosi (ge = 2.0023... ≈ 2). </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {eff} }\simeq 2{\sqrt {S(S+1)}}\mu _{B}={\sqrt {n(n+2)}}\mu _{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≃</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </msqrt> </mrow> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </msqrt> </mrow> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {eff} }\simeq 2{\sqrt {S(S+1)}}\mu _{B}={\sqrt {n(n+2)}}\mu _{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f30524a5930b41855201527f264ac7ee70ace738" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:38.769ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{\mathrm {eff} }\simeq 2{\sqrt {S(S+1)}}\mu _{B}={\sqrt {n(n+2)}}\mu _{B}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gde je n broj nesparenih elektrona. </p><p>Ako postoji razmena veće količine energije između susednih dipola, oni će međusobno interagovati i poređati se tako da oforme magnetne domene i stvoriti feromagnetične ili antiferomagnetične strukture. Paramagnetične osobine se mogu uočiti i u feromagnetičnim materijalima koji su na temperaturama iznad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirijeva_ta%C4%8Dka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirijeva tačka (stranica ne postoji)">Kirijeve</a> kod feromagneta, odnosno <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilova_ta%C4%8Dka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nilova tačka (stranica ne postoji)">Nilove</a> kod antiferomagneta. Pri ovim temperaturama toplotna energija je mnogo veća od energije interakcije spinova. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr “Inorganic Chemistry” 3rd Ed, Pearson/Prentice Hall publisher, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-13-035471-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-13-035471-6">0-13-035471-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brit_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442927/paramagnetism">paramagnetism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105181551/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442927/paramagnetism">Arhivirano</a> 2013-11-05 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magneticValues-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-magneticValues_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Nave, Carl L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/tables/magprop.html">„Magnetic Properties of Solids”</a>. <i>HyperPhysics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 2008-11-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Magnetic+Properties+of+Solids&rft.atitle=HyperPhysics&rft.aulast=Nave&rft.aufirst=Carl+L&rft.au=Nave%2C%26%2332%3BCarl+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2FHbase%2Ftables%2Fmagprop.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Paramagnetizam"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41379810">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>Jun Yamauchi, <i>Fundamentals of Magnetism</i></li> <li>R. P. W. Scott, <i>Thermal Analysis</i></li> <li>Charles Kittel, <i>Introduction to Solid State Physics</i> (Wiley: New York, 1996).</li> <li>Neil W. Ashcroft and N. David Mermin, <i>Solid State Physics</i> (Harcourt: Orlando, 1976).</li> <li>John David Jackson, <i>Classical Electrodynamics</i> (Wiley: New York, 1999).</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr">Izvor: <a dir="ltr" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&oldid=41364230">https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetizam&oldid=41364230</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Magnetizam" title="Kategorija:Magnetizam">Magnetizam</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Sakrivena kategorija: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Kategorija:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena 31. decembra 2022. u 20:36.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uslovi. 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