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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>De facto leader of Haiti (1991–1994)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_facto_leader_of_Haiti_(1991–1994)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Documentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Raoul Cédras</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="رائول سدراس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رائول سدراس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0,_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Седра, Рауль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Седра, Рауль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Рауль Седра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рауль Седра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="拉乌尔·塞德拉斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉乌尔·塞德拉斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras" title="Raoul Cédras – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Raoul Cédras" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="拉乌尔·塞德拉斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉乌尔·塞德拉斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Raoul Cédras</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Raoul_C%C3%A9dras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras.jpg/220px-Raoul_C%C3%A9dras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras.jpg/330px-Raoul_C%C3%A9dras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Raoul_C%C3%A9dras.jpg/440px-Raoul_C%C3%A9dras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Haiti" title="List of heads of state of Haiti">Leader of the Haitian Military Junta</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a></i></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 30, 1991 – October 8, 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> (as President of Haiti)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_N%C3%A9rette" title="Joseph Nérette">Joseph Nérette</a> (provisional)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders-in-chief_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="List of commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti">Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 2, 1991 – October 10, 1994</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_N%C3%A9rette" title="Joseph Nérette">Joseph Nérette</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Jonassaint" title="Émile Jonassaint">Émile Jonassaint</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rard_Abraham" title="Hérard Abraham">Hérard Abraham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duperval" title="Jean-Claude Duperval">Jean-Claude Duperval</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph Raoul Cédras</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1949-07-09</span>) </span>July 9, 1949<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 75)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie" title="Jérémie">Jérémie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1859%E2%80%931957)" title="Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)">Haiti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Yanick Prosper</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">Military officer</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Joseph Raoul Cédras</b> (born July 9, 1949) is a <a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="Haitians">Haitian</a> former <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a> who was the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> from 1991 to 1994. Cedras was the last <a href="/wiki/Military_dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictator">military ruler</a> of Haiti. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raoul_C%C3%A9dras&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Mulatto_Haitians" title="Mulatto Haitians">mulatto</a>, Cédras was educated in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Institute_for_Security_Cooperation" title="Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation">School of the Americas</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a member of the U.S.-trained <i>Leopard</i> Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996321_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996321-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also trained with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Spanish military</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cédras was chosen by the US and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to be in charge of security for the <a href="/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_Haitian_general_election" title="1990–91 Haitian general election">1990–91 Haitian general election</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996321_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996321-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently named <a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders-in-chief_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="List of commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti">Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> in early 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996321_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996321-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Aristide, Cédras "was one important source for the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, providing reports critical of President Aristide."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996322_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996322-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_facto_leader_of_Haiti_(1991–1994)"><span id="De_facto_leader_of_Haiti_.281991.E2.80.931994.29"></span>De facto leader of Haiti (1991–1994)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raoul_C%C3%A9dras&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: De facto leader of Haiti (1991–1994)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cédras, Lieutenant General in the Forces Armées d'Haïti (FAdH; the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Armed Forces of Haiti</a>) at the time, was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">1991 Haitian coup d'état</a> which ousted President Aristide on 29 September 1991. </p><p>Some human rights groups criticized Cédras's rule, alleging that innocent people were killed by the FAdH military and <a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Advancement_and_Progress_of_Ha%C3%AFti" title="Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti">FRAPH</a> paramilitary units. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US State Department</a> said in 1995 that in the three years following the coup "international observers estimated that more than 3,000 men, women and children were murdered by or with the complicity of Haiti's then-coup regime."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996322_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996322-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While remaining the <i>de facto</i> leader of Haiti as commander of the country's armed forces,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cédras did not retain his position as head of state, preferring to have other politicians as official presidents. As required by Article 149 of the 1987 Haitian Constitution, Haiti's Parliament appointed Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Joseph_N%C3%A9rette" title="Joseph Nérette">Joseph Nérette</a> as provisional President, to fill in until elections could be held. The elections were planned for December 1991, but Nérette resigned and was replaced undemocratically by Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Jonassaint" title="Émile Jonassaint">Émile Jonassaint</a>. </p><p>Under the delegation of U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, the former US president <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">Sam Nunn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>, urged Provisional President Émile Jonassaint to relinquish his control in 1994, in order to avoid a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">potential invasion</a>. Jonassaint resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cédras had indicated his desire to remain in Haiti. However, the Americans did not think this was the best solution and convinced the General that in the national interest, he should consider departing for Panama. The United States reportedly gave Cédras $1 million and rented three properties as incentive to leave power.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raoul_C%C3%A9dras&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving Haiti, Cédras went to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, where he remains.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristide <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">returned to power</a> in Haiti in 1994, was re-elected to the presidency in 2000, and was forced into resigning again in <a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">a 2004 coup</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentary">Documentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raoul_C%C3%A9dras&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Documentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0113248/">Uden titel (1996)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raoul_C%C3%A9dras&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raoul_C%C3%A9dras&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/12/17/school-of-the-americas-closes/92746b1f-cf46-4763-a73d-5f558ea48a47/">"School of the Americas Closes"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=School+of+the+Americas+Closes&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2000%2F12%2F17%2Fschool-of-the-americas-closes%2F92746b1f-cf46-4763-a73d-5f558ea48a47%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaoul+C%C3%A9dras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996321-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996321_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996321_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996321_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitney1996">Whitney 1996</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreed1994" class="citation news cs1">Freed, Kenneth (October 9, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-10-09-mn-48394-story.html">"Despite Rumors, Military Ruler's Fate Looks Settled"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Despite+Rumors%2C+Military+Ruler%27s+Fate+Looks+Settled&rft.date=1994-10-09&rft.aulast=Freed&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1994-10-09-mn-48394-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaoul+C%C3%A9dras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996322-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996322_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitney1996322_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitney1996">Whitney 1996</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LAWRENCE A. PEZZULLO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/1994/09/25/clintons-errors-where-policies-went-awry-haiti-policy-and-priests-us-and-haiti-uneast-partners-turbulent-past/">Clinton's Errors: Where Policies Went Awry HAITI: POLICY AND PRIESTS U.S. And Haiti -- Uneast Partners, Turbulent Past</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i>, September 25, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/uphold_democracy.htm">"Operation Uphold democracy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GlobalSecurity.org" title="GlobalSecurity.org">GlobalSecurity.org</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GlobalSecurity.org&rft.atitle=Operation+Uphold+democracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fops%2Fuphold_democracy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaoul+C%C3%A9dras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoroyaCopeland2002" class="citation web cs1">Zoroya, Gregg; Copeland, Larry (October 11, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202055331/https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002-10-11-nobel-peace-prize_x.htm">"Carter wins Nobel Prize"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002-10-11-nobel-peace-prize_x.htm">the original</a> on February 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Carter+wins+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2002-10-11&rft.aulast=Zoroya&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft.au=Copeland%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2002-10-11-nobel-peace-prize_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaoul+C%C3%A9dras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaas2016" class="citation book cs1">Klaas, Brian Paul (2016). <i>The Despot's Accomplice: How the West is Aiding and Abetting the Decline of Democracy</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190668013" title="Special:BookSources/9780190668013"><bdi>9780190668013</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Despot%27s+Accomplice%3A+How+the+West+is+Aiding+and+Abetting+the+Decline+of+Democracy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780190668013&rft.aulast=Klaas&rft.aufirst=Brian+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaoul+C%C3%A9dras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreed1994" class="citation news cs1">Freed, Kenneth (October 14, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V114/N48/cedras.48w.html">"U.S. Gave Cedras $1 Million in Exchange for Resignation"</a>. No. 48. MIT<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+Gave+Cedras+%241+Million+in+Exchange+for+Resignation&rft.issue=48&rft.date=1994-10-14&rft.aulast=Freed&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV114%2FN48%2Fcedras.48w.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaoul+C%C3%A9dras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012142047/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/raoul_cedras_335.html">"Trial Watch : Raoul Cédras"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/raoul_cedras_335.html">the original</a> on October 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trial+Watch+%3A+Raoul+C%C3%A9dras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trial-ch.org%2Fen%2Ftrial-watch%2Fprofile%2Fdb%2Ffacts%2Fraoul_cedras_335.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaoul+C%C3%A9dras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitney1996" class="citation journal cs1">Whitney, Kathleen Marie (1996). "Sin, Fraph, and the CIA: U.S. Covert Action in Haiti". <i>Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 303-332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Journal+of+Law+and+Trade+in+the+Americas&rft.atitle=Sin%2C+Fraph%2C+and+the+CIA%3A+U.S.+Covert+Action+in+Haiti&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-332.&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Whitney&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaoul+C%C3%A9dras" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raoul_C%C3%A9dras&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319215347/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576153_8/Haiti.html#p116">"Haiti"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MSN_Encarta" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Encarta">MSN Encarta</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576153_8/Haiti.html#p116">the original</a> on March 19, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN+Encarta&rft.atitle=Haiti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761576153_8%2FHaiti.html%23p116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaoul+C%C3%A9dras" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose_Evans-Pritchard" class="citation web cs1">Ambrose Evans-Pritchard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013085342/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n23_v45/ai_14753246">"Getting to know the general - Haitian military leader General Raoul Cedras"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n23_v45/ai_14753246">the original</a> on October 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Getting+to+know+the+general+-+Haitian+military+leader+General+Raoul+Cedras&rft.au=Ambrose+Evans-Pritchard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1282%2Fis_n23_v45%2Fai_14753246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaoul+C%C3%A9dras" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/942489.stm">"Panama: Political dumping ground"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Panama%3A+Political+dumping+ground&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F942489.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaoul+C%C3%A9dras" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ha%C3%AFti" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Haïti">President of Haïti</a> </b><br />1991–1994 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Haiti525" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Haiti" title="Template:Heads of state of Haiti"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Haiti" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Haiti"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Haiti" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Haiti"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Haiti525" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Haiti" title="List of heads of state of Haiti">Heads of state of Haiti</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post–<a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Revolutionary</a> (1804–1859)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Dessalines/Jacques I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Christophe" title="Henri Christophe">Christophe/Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Blanchet" title="Bruno Blanchet">Blanchet</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_P%C3%A9tion" title="Alexandre Pétion">Pétion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Boyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivi%C3%A8re-H%C3%A9rard" title="Charles Rivière-Hérard">Rivière-Hérard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Guerrier" title="Philippe Guerrier">Guerrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Pierrot" title="Jean-Louis Pierrot">Pierrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Rich%C3%A9" title="Jean-Baptiste Riché">Riché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustin_Soulouque" title="Faustin Soulouque">Soulouque/Faustin I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Haiti.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential standard of Haiti"><img alt="Presidential standard of Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Presidential_Standard_of_Haiti.svg/100px-Presidential_Standard_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Presidential_Standard_of_Haiti.svg/150px-Presidential_Standard_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Presidential_Standard_of_Haiti.svg/200px-Presidential_Standard_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post–<a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Imperial</a> (1859–1930)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabre_Geffrard" title="Fabre Geffrard">Geffrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Nicolas_Nissage_Saget" title="Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget">Saget</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Salnave" title="Sylvain Salnave">Salnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Nicolas_Nissage_Saget" title="Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget">Saget</a></li> <li><i>Council of Secretaries of State</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Domingue" title="Michel Domingue">Domingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Th%C3%A9oma_Boisrond-Canal" title="Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal">Boisrond-Canal</a></li> <li><i>Public Order Committee</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lamothe" title="Joseph Lamothe">Lamothe</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florvil_Hyppolite" title="Florvil Hyppolite">Hyppolite</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysius_Salomon" title="Lysius Salomon">Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Th%C3%A9oma_Boisrond-Canal" title="Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal">Boisrond-Canal</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Denys_L%C3%A9gitime" title="François Denys Légitime">Légitime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monpoint_Jeune" title="Monpoint Jeune">Jeune</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florvil_Hyppolite" title="Florvil Hyppolite">Hyppolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tir%C3%A9sias_Simon_Sam" title="Tirésias Simon Sam">Simon Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Th%C3%A9oma_Boisrond-Canal" title="Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal">Boisrond-Canal</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Nord_Alexis" title="Pierre Nord Alexis">Alexis</a></li> <li><i>Commission for Public Order</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_C._Antoine_Simon" title="François C. Antoine Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnatus_Leconte" title="Cincinnatus Leconte">Leconte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancr%C3%A8de_Auguste" title="Tancrède Auguste">Auguste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Oreste" title="Michel Oreste">Oreste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Polynice" title="Edmond Polynice">Polynice</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreste_Zamor" title="Oreste Zamor">Zamor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Polynice" title="Edmond Polynice">Polynice</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Davilmar_Th%C3%A9odore" title="Joseph Davilmar Théodore">Théodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilbrun_Guillaume_Sam" title="Vilbrun Guillaume Sam">Guillaume Sam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_(Haiti)" title="Revolutionary Committee (Haiti)">Revolutionary Committee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Sudr%C3%A9_Dartiguenave" title="Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave">Dartiguenave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Borno" title="Louis Borno">Borno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Eug%C3%A8ne_Roy" title="Louis Eugène Roy">Roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post–<a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Occupation</a> (1930–1986)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9nio_Vincent" title="Sténio Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Lescot" title="Élie Lescot">Lescot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Lavaud" title="Franck Lavaud">Lavaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumarsais_Estim%C3%A9" title="Dumarsais Estimé">Estimé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Lavaud" title="Franck Lavaud">Lavaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Magloire" title="Paul Magloire">Magloire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nemours_Pierre-Louis" title="Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis">Pierre-Louis</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Sylvain" title="Franck Sylvain">Sylvain</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Cantave" title="Léon Cantave">Cantave</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Executive_Government_Council_(Haiti)" title="Executive Government Council (Haiti)">Executive Government Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Cantave" title="Léon Cantave">Cantave</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fignol%C3%A9" title="Daniel Fignolé">Fignolé</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Thrasybule_K%C3%A9breau" title="Antonio Thrasybule Kébreau">Kébreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier" title="François Duvalier">François Duvalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier" title="Jean-Claude Duvalier">Jean-Claude Duvalier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post–<a href="/wiki/Duvalier_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Duvalier dynasty">Duvalier</a> (1986–2011)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Namphy" title="Henri Namphy">Namphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Manigat" title="Leslie Manigat">Manigat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Namphy" title="Henri Namphy">Namphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_Avril" title="Prosper Avril">Avril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rard_Abraham" title="Hérard Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ertha_Pascal-Trouillot" title="Ertha Pascal-Trouillot">Pascal-Trouillot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Aristide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cédras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_N%C3%A9rette" title="Joseph Nérette">Nérette</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bazin" title="Marc Bazin">Bazin</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Jonassaint" title="Émile Jonassaint">Jonassaint</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Aristide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pr%C3%A9val" title="René Préval">Préval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Aristide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boniface_Alexandre" title="Boniface Alexandre">Alexandre</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pr%C3%A9val" title="René Préval">Préval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post–<a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">earthquake</a> (2011–2021)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Martelly" title="Michel Martelly">Martelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelerme_Privert" title="Jocelerme Privert">Privert</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovenel_Mo%C3%AFse" title="Jovenel Moïse">Moïse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post–<a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jovenel_Mo%C3%AFse" title="Assassination of Jovenel Moïse">Moïse</a> (2021–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>vacant, 2021–24</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Presidential_Council" title="Transitional Presidential Council">Transitional Presidential Council</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">*</span> <i>De facto</i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">‡</span> Provisional</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commanders_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti_since_19342627" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commanders_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Template:Commanders of the Armed Forces of Haiti"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commanders_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Template talk:Commanders of the Armed Forces of Haiti"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commanders_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commanders of the Armed Forces of Haiti"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commanders_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti_since_19342627" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders-in-chief_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="List of commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti">Commanders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Armed Forces of Haiti</a> since 1934</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders of the Guard of Haiti</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9mosth%C3%A8nes_P%C3%A9trus_Calixte" title="Démosthènes Pétrus Calixte">Démosthènes Pétrus Calixte</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934–38)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Andr%C3%A9_(Haitian_general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules André (Haitian general) (page does not exist)">Jules André</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1938–44)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Lavaud" title="Franck Lavaud">Franck Lavaud</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944–46)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Haiti"><img alt="Coat of arms of Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chiefs of the General Staff of the Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Lavaud" title="Franck Lavaud">Franck Lavaud</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946–50)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Levelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine Levelt (page does not exist)">Antoine Levelt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Levelt" class="extiw" title="fr:Antoine Levelt">fr</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950–56)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Cantave" title="Léon Cantave">Léon Cantave</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1956–57)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Thrasybule_K%C3%A9breau" title="Antonio Thrasybule Kébreau">Antonio Thrasybule Kébreau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957–58)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_P._Flambert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice P. Flambert (page does not exist)">Maurice P. Flambert</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1958)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Merceron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Merceron (page does not exist)">Pierre Merceron</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1958–61)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Ren%C3%A9_Boucicault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-René Boucicault (page does not exist)">Jean-René Boucicault</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961–62)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Constant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gérard Constant (page does not exist)">Gérard Constant</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962–70)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Raymond_(Haitian_general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Raymond (Haitian general) (page does not exist)">Claude Raymond</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970–73)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Hilaire_(Haitian_general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Hilaire (Haitian general) (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste Hilaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–78)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Saint-Albin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Saint-Albin (page does not exist)">Roger Saint-Albin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–84)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Namphy" title="Henri Namphy">Henri Namphy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984–87)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Namphy" title="Henri Namphy">Henri Namphy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987–88)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Gousse" title="Morton Gousse">Morton Gousse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1988)</span>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl-Michel_Nicolas" title="Carl-Michel Nicolas">Carl-Michel Nicolas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1988)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_Avril" title="Prosper Avril">Prosper Avril</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1988–90)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rard_Abraham" title="Hérard Abraham">Hérard Abraham</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–91)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raoul Cédras</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–94)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duperval" title="Jean-Claude Duperval">Jean-Claude Duperval</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardin_Poisson" title="Bernardin Poisson">Bernardin Poisson</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–95)</span></li> <li><i>Armed Forces disbanded</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodel_Lesage" class="mw-redirect" title="Jodel Lesage">Jodel Lesage</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–24)</span>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_Guerrier" title="Derby Guerrier">Derby Guerrier</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>*Acting Commander</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382423#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1098" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000089671425">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130702975">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/389640/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/230155995">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raoul_Cédras&oldid=1268219389">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raoul_Cédras&oldid=1268219389</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_presidents_of_Haiti" title="Category:20th-century presidents of Haiti">20th-century 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