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non-classical virulence factors</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: non-classical virulence factors"> <meta name="keywords" content="non-classical virulence factors"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="non-classical virulence factors"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 10742</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: non-classical virulence factors</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10742</span> Understanding the Prevalence and Expression of Virulence Factors Harbored by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debjyoti%20Bhakat">Debjyoti Bhakat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indranil%20Mondal"> Indranil Mondal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asish%20K.%20Mukhopadayay"> Asish K. Mukhopadayay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nabendu%20S.%20Chatterjee"> Nabendu S. Chatterjee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of diarrhea in infants and travelers in developing countries. Colonization factors play an important role in pathogenesis and are one of the main targets for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine development. However, ETEC vaccines had poorly performed in the past, as the prevalence of colonization factors is region-dependent. There are more than 25 classical colonization factors presently known to be expressed by ETEC, although all are not expressed together. Further, there are other multiple non-classical virulence factors that are also identified. Here the presence and expression of common classical and non-classical virulence factors were studied. Further studies were done on the expression of prevalent colonization factors in different strains. For the prevalence determination, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed, which was confirmed by simplex PCR. Quantitative RT-PCR was done to study the RNA expression of these virulence factors. Strains negative for colonization factors expression were confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Among the clinical isolates, the most prevalent toxin was est+elt, followed by est and elt, while the pattern was reversed in the control strains. There were 29% and 40% strains negative for any classical colonization factors (CF) or non-classical virulence factors (NCVF) among the clinical and control strains, respectively. Among CF positive ETEC strains, CS6 and CS21 were the prevalent ones in the clinical strains, whereas in control strains, CS6 was the predominant one. For NCVF genes, eatA was the most prevalent among the clinical isolates and etpA for control. CS6 was the most expressed CF, and eatA was the predominantly expressed NCVF for both clinical and controlled ETEC isolates. CS6 expression was more in strains having CS6 alone. Different strains express CS6 at different levels. Not all strains expressed their respective virulence factors. Understanding the prevalent colonization factor, CS6, and its nature of expression will contribute to designing an effective vaccine against ETEC in this region of the globe. The expression pattern of CS6 also will help in examining the relatedness between the ETEC subtypes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classical%20virulence%20factors" title="classical virulence factors">classical virulence factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CS6" title=" CS6"> CS6</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diarrhea" title=" diarrhea"> diarrhea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterotoxigenic%20escherichia%20coli" title=" enterotoxigenic escherichia coli"> enterotoxigenic escherichia coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expression" title=" expression"> expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-classical%20virulence%20factors" title=" non-classical virulence factors"> non-classical virulence factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112917/understanding-the-prevalence-and-expression-of-virulence-factors-harbored-by-enterotoxigenic-escherichia-coli" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10741</span> DNA Isolation and Identification of Virulence Factors of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Species Isolated from Fresh Vegetables in Phnom Penh</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heng%20Sreyly">Heng Sreyly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phoeurk%20Chanrith"> Phoeurk Chanrith</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fresh-eaten vegetables have become more popular in the Cambodian diet. However, according to WHO, these vegetables should be one of the main sources of infection if contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. The outbreaks of foodborne diseases related to fresh fruits and vegetables have been increasingly reported and raised concerns regarding the safety of these products. Therefore, it is very important to conduct the determination of virulence factors Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in fresh vegetables. This study aims to identify virulence strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species from fresh vegetables, including cucumber (Cucumis sativus), saw-herb (Eryngium foetidum), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) from different market and supermarket in Phnom Penh. The PCR method was used to detect the virulence strains of each sample. The results indicate that there are ninety five samples containing extracted DNA among one hundred and three samples. Moreover, the virulence strain of E. coli and salmonella have been found in leafy vegetables (lettuce and saw-herb) much more than in fruit vegetables (cucumber). This research is mainly used to raise public awareness of washing fresh vegetables with clean water more carefully to reduce adverse health impacts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence%20factor" title=" virulence factor"> virulence factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Escherichia%20coli" title=" Escherichia coli"> Escherichia coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salmonella" title=" Salmonella"> Salmonella</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189186/dna-isolation-and-identification-of-virulence-factors-of-escherichia-coli-and-salmonella-species-isolated-from-fresh-vegetables-in-phnom-penh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189186.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">29</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10740</span> Detection and Dissemination of Putative Virulence Genes from Brucella Species Isolated from Livestock in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rudzani%20Manafe">Rudzani Manafe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ezekiel%20Green"> Ezekiel Green </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Brucella, has many different virulence factors that act as a causative agent of brucellosis, depending on the environment and other factors, some factors may play a role more than others during infection and as a result, play a role in becoming a causative agent for pathogenesis. Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus are considered to be pathogenic to humans. The genetic regularity of nine potential causes of virulence of two Brucella species in Eastern Cape livestock have been examined. A hundred and twenty isolates obtained from Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG) were used for this study. All isolates were grown on Brucella agar medium. Nine primer pairs were used for the detection of virB2, virB5, vceC, btpA, btpB, prpA, betB, bpe275, and bspB virulence factors using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Approximately 100% was observed for genes BecC and BetB from B. arbotus. While the lowest gene observed was PrpA at 4.6% from B. arbotus. BetB was detected in 34.7%, while virB2 and prpA (0%) were not detected in B. melitensis. The results from this research suggest that most isolates of Brucella have virulence-related genes associated with disease pathogenesis. Finally, our findings showed that Brucella strains in the Eastern Cape Province are extremely virulent as virulence characteristics exist in most strains investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=putative%20virulence%20genes" title="putative virulence genes">putative virulence genes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brucella" title=" brucella"> brucella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymerase%20chain%20reaction" title=" polymerase chain reaction"> polymerase chain reaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk" title=" milk"> milk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129066/detection-and-dissemination-of-putative-virulence-genes-from-brucella-species-isolated-from-livestock-in-eastern-cape-province-of-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129066.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10739</span> Identification of Associated-Virulence Genes in Quinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Recovered from an Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alouache%20Souhila">Alouache Souhila</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Messai%20Yamina"> Messai Yamina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Torres%20Carmen"> Torres Carmen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bakour%20Rabah"> Bakour Rabah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: It has often been reported an association between antibiotic resistance and virulence. However, resistance to quinolones seems to be an exception, it tends instead to be associated with an attenuation of virulence, particularly in clinical strains. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential virulence of 28 quinolone-resistant E. coli strains recovered from water at the inflow (n=16) and outflow (n=12) of an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Methods: E. coli isolates were selected on Tergitol-7 agar supplemented with 2µg/ml of ciprofloxacin, they were screened by PCR for 11 virulence genes related to Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC): papC, papG, afa/draBC, sfa/foc, kpsMTII, iutA, iroN, hlyF, ompT, iss and traT. The phylogenetic groups were determined by PCR and clonal relationship was evaluated by ERIC-PCR. Results: Genotyping by ERIC-PCR showed 7 and 12 DNA profiles among strains of wastewater (inflow) and treated water (outflow), respectively. Strains were assigned to the following phylogenetic groups: B2 (n = 1, 3.5%), D (n = 3, 10.7%), B1 (n = 10, 35.7%.) and A (n = 14, 50%). A total of 8 virulence-associated genes were detected, traT (n=19, 67.8%), iroN (n= 16, 57 .1%), hlyF (n=15, 53 .5%), ompT (n=15, 53 .5%), iss (n=14, 50%), iutA (n=9, 32.1%) , sfa/foc (n=7, 25%) and kpsMTII (n=2, 7.1%). Combination of virulence factors allowed to define 16 virulence profiles. The pathotype APEC was observed in 17.8% (D=1, B1=4) and human ExPEC in 7% (B2=1, D=1) of strains. Conclusion: The study showed that quinolone-resistant E. coli strains isolated from wastewater and treated water in WWTP harbored virulence genes with the presence of APEC and human ExPEC strains. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20coli" title="E. coli">E. coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quinolone-resistance" title=" quinolone-resistance"> quinolone-resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence" title=" virulence"> virulence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WWTP" title=" WWTP"> WWTP</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27482/identification-of-associated-virulence-genes-in-quinolone-resistant-escherichia-coli-strains-recovered-from-an-urban-wastewater-treatment-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27482.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">465</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10738</span> Virulence Phenotypes Among Multi-Drug Resistant Uropathogenic Bacteria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20V.%20Lakshmi">V. V. Lakshmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20V.%20S.%20Annapurna"> Y. V. S. Annapurna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases seen in the community. Susceptible individuals experience multiple episodes, and progress to acute pyelonephritis or uro-sepsis or develop asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). Ability to cause extraintestinal infections depends on several virulence factors required for survival at extraintestinal sites. Presence of virulence phenotypes enhances the pathogenicity of these otherwise commensal organisms and thus augments its ability to cause extraintestinal infections, the most frequent in urinary tract infections(UTI). The present study focuses on detection of the virulence characters exhibited by the uropathogenic organism and most common factors exhibited in the local pathogens. A total of 700 isolates of E.coli and Klebsiella spp were included in the study. These were isolated from patients from local hospitals reported to be suffering with UTI over a period of three years. Isolation and identification was done based on Gram character and IMVIC reactions. Antibiotic sensitivity profile was carried out by disc diffusion method and multi drug resistant strains with MAR index of 0.7 were further selected.. Virulence features examined included their ability to produce exopolysaccharides, protease- gelatinase production, hemolysin production, haemagglutination and hydrophobicity test. Exopolysaccharide production was most predominant virulence feature among the isolates when checked by congo red method. The biofilms production examined by microtitre plates using ELISA reader confirmed that this is the major factor contributing to virulencity of the pathogens followed by hemolysin production <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Escherichia%20coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Klebsiella%20sp" title=" Klebsiella sp"> Klebsiella sp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uropathogens" title=" Uropathogens"> Uropathogens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Virulence%20features." title=" Virulence features. "> Virulence features. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24812/virulence-phenotypes-among-multi-drug-resistant-uropathogenic-bacteria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24812.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">421</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10737</span> Virulence Phenotypes among Multi Drug Resistant Uropathogenic E. Coli and Klebsiella SPP</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20V.%20Lakshmi">V. V. Lakshmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20V.%20S.%20Annapurna"> Y. V. S. Annapurna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases seen in the community. Susceptible individuals experience multiple episodes, and progress to acute pyelonephritis or uro-sepsis or develop asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). Ability to cause extraintestinal infections depends on several virulence factors required for survival at extraintestinal sites. Presence of virulence phenotypes enhances the pathogenicity of these otherwise commensal organisms and thus augments its ability to cause extraintestinal infections, the most frequent in urinary tract infections(UTI). The present study focuses on detection of the virulence characters exhibited by the uropathogenic organism and most common factors exhibited in the local pathogens. A total of 700 isolates of E.coli and Klebsiella spp were included in the study.These were isolated from patients from local hospitals reported to be suffering with UTI over a period of three years. Isolation and identification was done based on Gram character and IMVIC reactions. Antibiotic sensitivity profile was carried out by disc diffusion method and multi drug resistant strains with MAR index of 0.7 were further selected. Virulence features examined included their ability to produce exopolysaccharides, protease- gelatinase production, hemolysin production, haemagglutination and hydrophobicity test. Exopolysaccharide production was most predominant virulence feature among the isolates when checked by congo red method. The biofilms production examined by microtitre plates using ELISA reader confirmed that this is the major factor contributing to virulencity of the pathogens followed by hemolysin production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Escherichia%20coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Klebsiella%20spp" title=" Klebsiella spp"> Klebsiella spp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uropathogens" title=" Uropathogens"> Uropathogens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence%20features" title=" virulence features"> virulence features</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24694/virulence-phenotypes-among-multi-drug-resistant-uropathogenic-e-coli-and-klebsiella-spp" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24694.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">318</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10736</span> Nonclassical Antifolates: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modeling Study of Some New Quinazolin-4-One Analogues as Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yomna%20Ibrahim%20El-Gazzar">Yomna Ibrahim El-Gazzar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussien%20Ibrahim%20El-Subbagh"> Hussien Ibrahim El-Subbagh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanan%20Hanaa%20Georgey"> Hanan Hanaa Georgey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghada%20S.%20Hassan%20Hassan"> Ghada S. Hassan Hassan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an enzyme that has pivotal importance in biochemistry and medicinal chemistry. It catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and intimately couples with thymidylate synthase. Thymidylate synthase is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the reductive methylation of (dUMP) to (dTMP) utilizing N5, N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate as a cofactor. A new series of 2-substituted thio-quinazolin-4-one analogs was designed that possessed electron withdrawing or donating functional groups (Cl or OCH3) at position 6- or 7-, 4-methoxyphenyl function at position 3-.The thiol function is used to connect to either 1,2,4-triazole, or 1,3,4-thiadiazole via a methylene bridge. Most of the functional groups designed to be accommodated on the quinazoline ring such as thioether, alkyl to increase lipid solubility of polar compounds, a character very much needed in the nonclassical DHFR inhibitors. The target compounds were verified with spectral data and elemental analysis. DHFR inhibitions, as well as antitumor activity, were applied on three cell lines (MCF-7, CACO-2, HEPG-2). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nonclassical%20antifolates" title="nonclassical antifolates">nonclassical antifolates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DHFR%20Inhibitors" title=" DHFR Inhibitors"> DHFR Inhibitors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antitumor%20activity" title=" antitumor activity"> antitumor activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quinazoline%20ring" title=" quinazoline ring"> quinazoline ring</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53324/nonclassical-antifolates-synthesis-biological-evaluation-and-molecular-modeling-study-of-some-new-quinazolin-4-one-analogues-as-dihydrofolate-reductase-inhibitors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53324.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">393</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10735</span> Hypervirulent Klebsiella Pneumoniae in a South African Tertiary Hospital – Clinical Profile, Genetic Determinants and Virulence in Caenorhabditis Elegans</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dingiswayo%20Likhona">Dingiswayo Likhona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arko-Cobbah%20Emmanuel"> Arko-Cobbah Emmanuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carolina%20Pohl"> Carolina Pohl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nthabiseng%20Z.%20Mokoena"> Nthabiseng Z. Mokoena</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jolly%20Musoke"> Jolly Musoke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A distinct strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), referred to as hypervirulent (hvKp), is associated with invasive infections such as an invasive pyogenic liver abscess in young and healthy individuals. In South Africa, limited information is known about the prevalence and virulence of this hvKp strain. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of hvKp and virulence-associated factors in K. pneumoniae isolates from one of the largest Tertiary hospitals in a South African province. A total of 74 K. pneumoniae isolates were received from Pelonomi National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Bloemfontein. Virulence-associated genes (rmpA, capsule serotype K1/K2, iroB, and irp2) were screened, and the virulence of hvKp vs. classical Klebsiella pneumoniae (cKp) was investigated using Caenorhabditis elegans nematode model. The iutA (aerobactin transporter) gene was used as a primary biomarker of hvKp. An average of 12% (9/74) of cases were defined as hvKp. Moreover, hvKp was found to be significantly more virulent in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans relative to cKp. The virulence-associated genes (rmpA, iroB, hmv phenotype, and capsule K1/K2) were significantly (p< 0.05) associated with hvKp. Findings from this study confirm the presence of hvKp in one large Tertiary hospital in South Africa. However, the low prevalence and mild to moderate clinical presentation suggest a marginal threat to public health. Further studies in different settings are required to establish the true potential impact of hvKp in developing countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypervirulent%20klebsiella%20pneumoniae" title="hypervirulent klebsiella pneumoniae">hypervirulent klebsiella pneumoniae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence" title=" virulence"> virulence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caenorhabditis%20elegans" title=" caenorhabditis elegans"> caenorhabditis elegans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerobactin%20%28iutA%29" title=" aerobactin (iutA)"> aerobactin (iutA)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163261/hypervirulent-klebsiella-pneumoniae-in-a-south-african-tertiary-hospital-clinical-profile-genetic-determinants-and-virulence-in-caenorhabditis-elegans" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163261.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10734</span> Non-Candida Albicans Candida: Virulence Factors and Species Identification in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satender%20Saraswat">Satender Saraswat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dharmendra%20Prasad%20Singh"> Dharmendra Prasad Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajesh%20Kumar%20Verma"> Rajesh Kumar Verma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swati%20Sarswat"> Swati Sarswat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Purpose: The predominant cause of candidiasis was Candida albicans which has shifted towards non-Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) (Candida species other than the C. albicans). NCAC, earlier considered non-pathogenic or minimally virulent, are now considered a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised. With the NCAC spp. gaining weightage in the clinical cases, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of NCAC spp. in different clinical specimens and to assess a few of their virulence factors. Material and Methods: Routine samples for bacterial culture and sensitivity, showing colony characteristics like Candida on Blood Agar and microscopic features resembling Candida spp. were processed further. Candida isolates were tested for chlamydospore formation, biochemical tests including sugar fermentation and sugar assimilation tests, and growth at 42oC, colony colour on HiCrome™ Candida Differential Agar, HiCandida Identification Kit and VITEK-2 Compact. Virulence factors like adherence to buccal epithelial cells (ABEC), biofilm formation, hemolytic activity, and production of coagulase enzyme were also tested. Results: Mean age of the patients was 38.46 with a male-female ratio of 1.36:1. 137 Candida isolates were recovered. 45.3% isolates were isolated from urine, 19.7% from vaginal swabs and 13.9% from oropharyngeal swabs. 55 (40.1%) isolates of C. albicans and 82 (59.9%) of NCAC spp. were identified, with C. tropicalis (23.4%) in NCAC. C. albicans (3; 50%) was the commonest species in cases of candidemia. Haemolysin production (85.5%) and ABEC (78.2%) were the major virulence factors in C. albicans. C. tropicalis (59.4%) and C. dubliniensis (50%) showed maximum ABEC. Biofilm forming capacity was higher in C. tropicalis (78.1%) than C. albicans (67%). Conclusion: This study suggests varied prevalence and virulence based on geographical locations, even within a subcontinent. It clearly demarcates the emergence of NCAC and their predominance in different body fluids. Identification of Candida to species level should become a routine in all the laboratories. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ABEC" title="ABEC">ABEC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NCAC" title=" NCAC"> NCAC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-Candida%20albicans%20Candida" title=" non-Candida albicans Candida"> non-Candida albicans Candida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vitek-2TM%20compact" title=" Vitek-2TM compact"> Vitek-2TM compact</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137890/non-candida-albicans-candida-virulence-factors-and-species-identification-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137890.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10733</span> Virulence Genes of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis Isolated from Milk and Dairy Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Rahimi">E. Rahimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Shaigannia"> S. Shaigannia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis are important infectious agents causing food poisoning and food-borne gastrointestinal diseases. This study was carried out in order to investigate the distribution of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance properties of S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis isolated from ruminant milk and dairy products in Iran. Overall 360 raw and pasteurized milk and traditional and commercial dairy products were purchased from random selected supermarkets and retail stories of Isfahan province, Iran. Samples were cultured immediately and those found positive for Salmonella were analyzed for the presence of S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis and several putative genes using PCR. Totally, 13 (3.61%), 8 (2.22%), 1 (0.27%) and 4 (1.11%) samples were found to be contaminated with Salmonella spp., S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis and other species of Salmonella, respectively. PCR results showed that invA, rfbJ, fliC and spv were the detected virulence genes in S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis positive samples. To the authors’ knowledge, the present study is the first prevalence report of virulence genes of S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis isolated from ruminant milk and traditional and commercial dairy products in Iran. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salmonella%20typhimurium" title="Salmonella typhimurium">Salmonella typhimurium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salmonella%20enteritidis" title=" Salmonella enteritidis"> Salmonella enteritidis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence%20genes" title=" virulence genes"> virulence genes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ruminant%20milk" title=" ruminant milk"> ruminant milk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20products" title=" dairy products"> dairy products</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21591/virulence-genes-of-salmonella-typhimurium-and-salmonella-enteritidis-isolated-from-milk-and-dairy-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">645</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10732</span> Analysis of Resistance and Virulence Genes of Gram-Positive Bacteria Detected in Calf Colostrums</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Miranda">C. Miranda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Cunha"> S. Cunha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Soares"> R. Soares</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Maia"> M. Maia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Igrejas"> G. Igrejas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Silva"> F. Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Poeta"> P. Poeta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The worldwide inappropriate use of antibiotics has increased the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms isolated from animals, humans, food, and the environment. To combat this complex and multifaceted problem is essential to know the prevalence in livestock animals and possible ways of transmission among animals and between these and humans. Enterococci species, in particular E. faecalis and E. faecium, are the most common nosocomial bacteria, causing infections in animals and humans. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize resistance and virulence factors genes among two enterococci species isolated from calf colostrums in Portuguese dairy farms. The 55 enterococci isolates (44 E. faecalis and 11 E. faecium) were tested for the presence of the resistance genes for the following antibiotics: erythromicyn (ermA, ermB, and ermC), tetracycline (tetL, tetM, tetK, and tetO), quinupristin/dalfopristin (vatD and vatE) and vancomycin (vanB). Of which, 25 isolates (15 E. faecalis and 10 E. faecium) were tested until now for 8 virulence factors genes (esp, ace, gelE, agg, cpd, cylA, cylB, and cylLL). The resistance and virulence genes were performed by PCR, using specific primers and conditions. Negative and positive controls were used in all PCR assays. All enterococci isolates showed resistance to erythromicyn and tetracycline through the presence of the genes: ermB (n=29, 53%), ermC (n=10, 18%), tetL (n=49, 89%), tetM (n=39, 71%) and tetK (n=33, 60%). Only two (4%) E. faecalis isolates showed the presence of tetO gene. No resistance genes for vancomycin were found. The virulence genes detected in both species were cpd (n=17, 68%), agg (n=16, 64%), ace (n=15, 60%), esp (n=13, 52%), gelE (n=13, 52%) and cylLL (n=8, 32%). In general, each isolate showed at least three virulence genes. In three E. faecalis isolates was not found virulence genes and only E. faecalis isolates showed virulence genes for cylA (n=4, 16%) and cylB (n=6, 24%). In conclusion, these colostrum samples that were consumed by calves demonstrated the presence of antibiotic-resistant enterococci harbored virulence genes. This genotypic characterization is crucial to control the antibiotic-resistant bacteria through the implementation of restricts measures safeguarding public health. Acknowledgements: This work was funded by the R&D Project CAREBIO2 (Comparative assessment of antimicrobial resistance in environmental biofilms through proteomics - towards innovative theragnostic biomarkers), with reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-030101 and PTDC/SAU-INF/30101/2017, financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Northern Regional Operational Program (NORTE 2020) and the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). This work was supported by the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry - LAQV which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20resistance" title="antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calf" title=" calf"> calf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colostrums" title=" colostrums"> colostrums</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterococci" title=" enterococci"> enterococci</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140448/analysis-of-resistance-and-virulence-genes-of-gram-positive-bacteria-detected-in-calf-colostrums" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140448.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10731</span> Report of Candida Auris: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen in a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Ekiti State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Oluwole%20Moses">David Oluwole Moses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Odeyemi%20Adebowale%20Toba"> Odeyemi Adebowale Toba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olawale%20Adetunji%20Kola"> Olawale Adetunji Kola</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Candida auris, an emerging fungus, has been reported in more than 30 countries around the world since its first detection in 2009. Due to its several virulence factors, resistance to antifungals, and persistence in hospital settings, Candida auris has been reported to cause treatment-failure infections. This study was therefore carried out to determine the incidence of Candida auris in a tertiary hospital in Ekiti State, Nigeria. In this study, a total of 115 samples were screened for Candida species using cultural and molecular methods. The carriage of virulence factors and antifungal resistance among C. auris was detected using standard microbiological methods. Candida species isolated from the samples were 15 (30.0%) in clinical samples and 22 (33.85%) in hospital equipment screened. Non-albicans Candida accounted for 3 (20%) and 8 (36.36%) among the isolates from the clinical samples and equipment, respectively. Only five of the non-albicans Candida isolates were C. auris. All the isolates produced biofilm, gelatinase, and hemolysin, while none produced germ tubes. Two of the isolates were resistant to all the antifungals tested. Also, all the isolates were resistant to fluconazole and itraconazole. Nystatin appeared to be the most effective among the tested antifungals. The isolation of Candida auris is being reported for the second time in Nigeria, further confirming that the fungus has spread beyond Lagos and Ibadan, where it was first reported. The extent of the spread of the nosocomial fungus needed to be further investigated and curtailed in Nigeria before its outbreak in healthcare facilities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=candida%20auris" title="candida auris">candida auris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence%20factors" title=" virulence factors"> virulence factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antifungals" title=" antifungals"> antifungals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pathogen" title=" pathogen"> pathogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hospital" title=" hospital"> hospital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181999/report-of-candida-auris-an-emerging-fungal-pathogen-in-a-tertiary-healthcare-facility-in-ekiti-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181999.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">45</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10730</span> Identifying the Host Substrates for the Mycobacterial Virulence Factor Protein Kinase G</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saha%20Saradindu">Saha Saradindu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Das%20Payel"> Das Payel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somdeb%20BoseDasgupta"> Somdeb BoseDasgupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacteria tuberculosis is a dreadful disease and more so with the advent of extreme and total drug-resistant species. Mycobacterial pathogenesis is an ever-changing paradigm from phagosome maturation block to phagosomal escape into macrophage cytosol and finally acid tolerance and survival inside the lysosome. Mycobacteria are adept at subverting the host immune response by highjacking host cell signaling and secreting virulence factors. One such virulence factor is a ser/thr kinase; Protein kinase G (PknG), which is known to prevent phagosome maturation. The host substrates of PknG, allowing successful pathogenesis still remain an enigma. Hence we carried out a comparative phosphoproteomic screen and identified a number of substrates phosphorylated by PknG. We characterized some of these substrates in vivo and in vitro and observed that PknG mediated phosphorylation of these substrates leads to reduced TNFa production as well as decreased response to TNFa induced macrophage necroptosis, thus enabling mycobacterial survival and proliferation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mycobacteria" title="mycobacteria">mycobacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Protein%20kinase%20G" title=" Protein kinase G"> Protein kinase G</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphoproteomics" title=" phosphoproteomics"> phosphoproteomics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=necroptosis" title=" necroptosis"> necroptosis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100666/identifying-the-host-substrates-for-the-mycobacterial-virulence-factor-protein-kinase-g" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100666.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10729</span> Role of Lipid-Lowering Treatment in the Monocyte Phenotype and Chemokine Receptor Levels after Acute Myocardial Infarction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carolina%20N.%20Fran%C3%A7a">Carolina N. França</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J%C3%B4natas%20B.%20do%20Amaral"> Jônatas B. do Amaral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20C.O.%20Izar"> Maria C.O. Izar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ighor%20L.%20Teixeira"> Ighor L. Teixeira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20A.%20Fonseca"> Francisco A. Fonseca</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease, characterized by lipid and fibrotic element deposition in large-caliber arteries. Conditions related to the development of atherosclerosis, as dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking are associated with endothelial dysfunction. There is a frequent recurrence of cardiovascular outcomes after acute myocardial infarction and, at this sense, cycles of mobilization of monocyte subtypes (classical, intermediate and nonclassical) secondary to myocardial infarction may determine the colonization of atherosclerotic plaques in different stages of the development, contributing to early recurrence of ischemic events. The recruitment of different monocyte subsets during inflammatory process requires the expression of chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR5, and CX3CR1, to promote the migration of monocytes to the inflammatory site. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lipid-lowering treatment by six months in the monocyte phenotype and chemokine receptor levels of patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI). Methods: This is a PROBE (prospective, randomized, open-label trial with blinded endpoints) study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02428374). Adult patients (n=147) of both genders, ageing 18-75 years, were randomized in a 2x2 factorial design for treatment with rosuvastatin 20 mg/day or simvastatin 40 mg/day plus ezetimibe 10 mg/day as well as ticagrelor 90 mg 2x/day and clopidogrel 75 mg, in addition to conventional AMI therapy. Blood samples were collected at baseline, after one month and six months of treatment. Monocyte subtypes (classical - inflammatory, intermediate - phagocytic and nonclassical – anti-inflammatory) were identified, quantified and characterized by flow cytometry, as well as the expressions of the chemokine receptors (CCR2, CCR5 and CX3CR1) were also evaluated in the mononuclear cells. Results: After six months of treatment, there was an increase in the percentage of classical monocytes and reduction in the nonclassical monocytes (p=0.038 and p < 0.0001 Friedman Test), without differences for intermediate monocytes. Besides, classical monocytes had higher expressions of CCR5 and CX3CR1 after treatment, without differences related to CCR2 (p < 0.0001 for CCR5 and CX3CR1; p=0.175 for CCR2). Intermediate monocytes had higher expressions of CCR5 and CX3CR1 and lower expression of CCR2 (p = 0.003; p < 0.0001 and p = 0.011, respectively). Nonclassical monocytes had lower expressions of CCR2 and CCR5, without differences for CX3CR1 (p < 0.0001; p = 0.009 and p = 0.138, respectively). There were no differences after the comparison between the four treatment arms. Conclusion: The data suggest a time-dependent modulation of classical and nonclassical monocytes and chemokine receptor levels. The higher percentage of classical monocytes (inflammatory cells) suggest a residual inflammatory risk, even under preconized treatments to AMI. Indeed, these changes do not seem to be affected by choice of the lipid-lowering strategy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acute%20myocardial%20infarction" title="acute myocardial infarction">acute myocardial infarction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemokine%20receptors" title=" chemokine receptors"> chemokine receptors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipid-lowering%20treatment" title=" lipid-lowering treatment"> lipid-lowering treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monocyte%20subtypes" title=" monocyte subtypes"> monocyte subtypes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111555/role-of-lipid-lowering-treatment-in-the-monocyte-phenotype-and-chemokine-receptor-levels-after-acute-myocardial-infarction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111555.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10728</span> Genotypic Characterization of Gram-Positive Bacteria Isolated on Ornamental Animals Feed</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Miranda">C. Miranda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Soares"> R. Soares</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Cunha"> S. Cunha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Ferreira"> L. Ferreira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Igrejas"> G. Igrejas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Poeta"> P. Poeta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Different animal species, including ornamental animals, are reported as potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes. Consequently, these resistances can be disseminated in the environment and transferred to humans. Moreover, multidrug-resistant bacteria reduce the efficacy of antibiotics, as the case of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium are described as the main nosocomial pathogens. In this line, the aim of this study was to characterize resistance and virulence genes of enterococci species isolated from samples of food supplied to ornamental animals during 2020. The 29 enterococci isolates (10 E. faecalis and 19 E. faecium) were tested for the presence of the resistance genes for the following antibiotics: erythromicyn (ermA, ermB and ermC), tetracycline (tetL, tetM, tetK and tetO), quinupristin/dalfopristin (vatD and vatE), gentamicin (aac(6’)-aph(2’’)-Ia), chloramphenicol (catA), streptomycin (ant(6)-Ia) and vancomycin (vanA and vanB). The same isolates were also tested for 10 virulence factors genes (esp, ace, gelE, agg, fsr, cpd, cylA, cylB, cylM and cylLL). The resistance and virulence genes were performed by PCR, using specific primers and conditions. Negative and positive controls were used in all PCR assays. The most prevalent resistance genes detected in both enterococci species were ermB (n=15, 52%), ermC (n=7, 24%), tetK (n=8, 28%) and vatE (n=4, 14%). Resistance genes for vancomycin were found in ten (34%) E. faecalis and ten (34%) E. faecium isolates. Only E. faecium isolates showed the presence of ermA (n=2, 7%), tetL (n=13, 45%) and ant(6)-Ia gene (n=4, 14%). A total of nine (31%) enterococci isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant bacteria (3 E. faecalis and 6 E. faecium). In three E. faecalis and one E. faecium were not detected resistance genes. The virulence genes detected in both species were agg (n=6, 21%) and cylLL (n=11, 38%). In general, each isolate showed only one of these virulence genes. Five E. faecalis and eleven E. faecium isolates were negative for all analyzed virulence genes. These preliminary results showed the presence of multidrug-resistant enterococci in food supplied to ornamental animals, in particular vancomycin-resistant enterococci. This genotypic characterization reinforces the relevance to public health in the control of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotic%20resistance" title="antibiotic resistance">antibiotic resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterococci" title=" enterococci"> enterococci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feed" title=" feed"> feed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ornamental%20animals" title=" ornamental animals"> ornamental animals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140449/genotypic-characterization-of-gram-positive-bacteria-isolated-on-ornamental-animals-feed" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140449.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">196</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10727</span> Comparison of Machine Learning-Based Models for Predicting Streptococcus pyogenes Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fernanda%20Bravo%20Cornejo">Fernanda Bravo Cornejo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilo%20Cerda%20Sarabia"> Camilo Cerda Sarabia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bel%C3%A9n%20D%C3%ADaz%20D%C3%ADaz"> Belén Díaz Díaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diego%20Santiba%C3%B1ez%20Oyarce"> Diego Santibañez Oyarce</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esteban%20G%C3%B3mez%20Ter%C3%A1n"> Esteban Gómez Terán</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hugo%20Osses%20Prado"> Hugo Osses Prado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ra%C3%BAl%20Caulier-Cisterna"> Raúl Caulier-Cisterna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jorge%20Vergara-Quezada"> Jorge Vergara-Quezada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ana%20Moya-Beltr%C3%A1n"> Ana Moya-Beltrán</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-positive bacteria involved in a wide range of diseases and is a major-human-specific bacterial pathogen. In Chile, this year the 'Ministerio de Salud' declared an alert due to the increase in strains throughout the year. This increase can be attributed to the multitude of factors including antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and Virulence Factors (VF). Understanding these VF and AMR is crucial for developing effective strategies and improving public health responses. Moreover, experimental identification and characterization of these pathogenic mechanisms are labor-intensive and time-consuming. Therefore, new computational methods are required to provide robust techniques for accelerating this identification. Advances in Machine Learning (ML) algorithms represent the opportunity to refine and accelerate the discovery of VF associated with Streptococcus pyogenes. In this work, we evaluate the accuracy of various machine learning models in predicting the virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pyogenes, with the objective of providing new methods for identifying the pathogenic mechanisms of this organism.Our comprehensive approach involved the download of 32,798 genbank files of S. pyogenes from NCBI dataset, coupled with the incorporation of data from Virulence Factor Database (VFDB) and Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) which contains sequences of AMR gene sequence and resistance profiles. These datasets provided labeled examples of both virulent and non-virulent genes, enabling a robust foundation for feature extraction and model training. We employed preprocessing, characterization and feature extraction techniques on primary nucleotide/amino acid sequences and selected the optimal more for model training. The feature set was constructed using sequence-based descriptors (e.g., k-mers and One-hot encoding), and functional annotations based on database prediction. The ML models compared are logistic regression, decision trees, support vector machines, neural networks among others. The results of this work show some differences in accuracy between the algorithms, these differences allow us to identify different aspects that represent unique opportunities for a more precise and efficient characterization and identification of VF and AMR. This comparative analysis underscores the value of integrating machine learning techniques in predicting S. pyogenes virulence and AMR, offering potential pathways for more effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Future work will focus on incorporating additional omics data, such as transcriptomics, and exploring advanced deep learning models to further enhance predictive capabilities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotic%20resistance" title="antibiotic resistance">antibiotic resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=streptococcus%20pyogenes" title=" streptococcus pyogenes"> streptococcus pyogenes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence%20factors." title=" virulence factors."> virulence factors.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190241/comparison-of-machine-learning-based-models-for-predicting-streptococcus-pyogenes-virulence-factors-and-antimicrobial-resistance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190241.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">30</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10726</span> Ganoderma Infection in Acacia mangium: Difference of Plant Hosts to Virulency of Ganoderma</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosa%20Suryantini">Rosa Suryantini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reine%20S.%20Wulandari"> Reine S. Wulandari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Slamet%20Rifanjani"> Slamet Rifanjani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Acacia (Acacia mangium) is a forest plant species which is produced to pulp and paper. The high demand for pulp and paper increase the acacia plantation forest area. However, the outbreak of Ganoderma (root rot pathogen) infection becomes obstacles for the development of acacia plantations. This is due to the extent of host range and species of Ganoderma. Ganoderma has also the ability to survive the long-term without hosts. The diversity of the host and Ganoderma species affects its virulence. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the virulence of Ganoderma from different hosts (acacia, palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) and rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)). The methods were isolation and morphology identification of Ganoderma, and inoculation of Ganoderma isolates on acacia seedlings. The results showed that the three isolates of Ganoderma from different hosts had a morphological similarity with G. Lucidum (according to Ganoderma isolated from acacia or G1), G. boninense (according to Ganoderma isolated from palm oil or G2) and G. applanatum (according to Ganoderma isolated from rubber or G3). Symptoms of infection in acacia were seen at 3 months of age. The symptoms were begun with chlorosis, necrosis and death of seedlings (such as burning). Necrosis was started from the tip of the leaf. Based on this visible symptoms, G1 was moderate virulence isolate and G2 was low virulence isolate while G3 was avirulen isolate. The symptoms were still growing in accordance with the development of plant so it affected the value of diseases severity index. Ganoderma infection decreased the dry weight of seedlings, ie. 3.82 g (seedlings that were inoculated by G1), 4.01 g (seedlings that were inoculated by G2); and 5.02 g (seedlings that were inoculated by G3) when the dry weight of seedlings control was 10,02 g. These results provide information for early control of Ganoderma diseases on acacia especially those planted near rubber and oil palm crops. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ganoderma" title=" Ganoderma"> Ganoderma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence" title=" virulence"> virulence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74648/ganoderma-infection-in-acacia-mangium-difference-of-plant-hosts-to-virulency-of-ganoderma" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74648.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">192</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10725</span> Virulence Factors and Drug Resistance of Enterococci Species Isolated from the Intensive Care Units of Assiut University Hospitals, Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nahla%20Elsherbiny">Nahla Elsherbiny</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Ahmed"> Ahmed Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamada%20Mohammed"> Hamada Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Ali"> Mohamed Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The enterococci may be considered as opportunistic agents particularly in immunocompromised patients. It is one of the top three pathogens causing many healthcare associated infections (HAIs). Resistance to several commonly used antimicrobial agents is a remarkable characteristic of most species which may carry various genes contributing to virulence. Objectives: to determine the prevalence of enterococci species in different intensive care units (ICUs) causing health care-associated infections (HAIs), intestinal carriage and environmental contamination. Also, to study the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates with special reference to vancomycin resistance. In addition to phenotypic and genotypic detection of gelatinase, cytolysin and biofilm formation among isolates. Patients and Methods: This study was carried out in the infection control laboratory at Assiut University Hospitals over a period of one year. Clinical samples were collected from 285 patients with various (HAIs) acquired after admission to different ICUs. Rectal swabs were taken from 14 cases for detection of enterococci carriage. In addition, 1377 environmental samples were collected from the surroundings of the patients. Identification was done by conventional bacteriological methods and confirmed by analytical profile index (API). Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and detection of vancomycin resistance was done by agar screen method. For the isolates, phenotypic detection of cytolysin, gelatinase production and detection of biofilm by tube method, Congo red method and microtiter plate. We performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of some virulence genes (gelE, cylA, vanA, vanB and esp). Results: Enterococci caused 10.5% of the HAIs. Respiratory tract infection was the predominant type (86.7%). The commonest species were E.gallinarum (36.7%), E.casseliflavus (30%), E.faecalis (30%), and E.durans (3.4 %). Vancomycin resistance was detected in a total of 40% (12/30) of those isolates. The risk factors associated with acquiring vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) were immune suppression (P= 0.031) and artificial feeding (P= 0.008). For the rectal swabs, enterococci species were detected in 71.4% of samples with the predominance of E. casseliflavus (50%). Most of the isolates were vancomycin resistant (70%). Out of a total 1377 environmental samples, 577 (42%) samples were contaminated with different microorganisms. Enterococci were detected in 1.7% (10/577) of total contaminated samples, 50% of which were vancomycin resistant. All isolates were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, erythromycin, clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole. For the remaining antibiotics, variable percentages of resistance were reported. Cytolysin and gelatinase were detected phenotypically in 16% and 48 % of the isolates respectively. The microtiter plate method showed the highest percentages of detection of biofilm among all isolated species (100%). The studied virulence genes gelE, esp, vanA and vanB were detected in 62%, 12%, 2% and 12% respectively, while cylA gene was not detected in any isolates. Conclusions: A significant percentage of enterococci was isolated from patients and environments in the ICUs. Many virulence factors were detected phenotypically and genotypically among isolates. The high percentage of resistance, coupled with the risk of cross transmission to other patients make enterococci infections a significant infection control issue in hospitals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20resistance" title="antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterococci" title=" enterococci"> enterococci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICUs" title=" ICUs"> ICUs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence%20factors" title=" virulence factors"> virulence factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51696/virulence-factors-and-drug-resistance-of-enterococci-species-isolated-from-the-intensive-care-units-of-assiut-university-hospitals-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51696.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">285</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10724</span> Cytolethal Distending Toxins in Intestinal and Extraintestinal E. coli</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katar%C3%ADna%20%C4%8Curov%C3%A1">Katarína Čurová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leonard%20Siegfried"> Leonard Siegfried</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radka%20Vargov%C3%A1"> Radka Vargová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marta%20Kme%C5%A5ov%C3%A1"> Marta Kmeťová</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladim%C3%ADr%20Hrabovsk%C3%BD"> Vladimír Hrabovský</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) represent intracellular acting proteins which interfere with cell cycle of eukaryotic cells. They are produced by Gram-negative bacteria with afinity to mucocutaneous surfaces and could play a role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. CDTs induce DNA damage probably through DNAse activity, which causes cell cycle arrest and leads to further changes (cell distension and death, apoptosis) depending on the cell type. Five subtypes of CDT (I to V) were reported in E. coli. Methods: We examined 252 E. coli strains belonging to four different groups. Of these strains, 57 were isolated from patients with diarrhea, 65 from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI), 65 from patients with sepsis and 65 from patients with other extraintestinal infections (mostly surgical wounds, decubitus ulcers and respiratory tract infections). Identification of these strains was performed by MALDI-TOF analysis and detection of genes encoding CDTs and determination of the phylogenetic group was performed by PCR. Results: In this study, we detected presence of cdt genes in 11 of 252 E. coli strains tested (4,4 %). Four cdt positive E. coli strains were confirmed in group of UTI (6,15 %), three cdt positive E. coli strains in groups of diarrhea (5,3 %) and other extraintestinal infections (4,6 %). The lowest incidence, one cdt positive E. coli strain, was observed in group of sepsis (1,5 %). All cdt positive E. coli strains belonged to phylogenetic group B2. Conclusion: CDT-producing E. coli are isolated in a low percentage from patients with intestinal and extraintestinal infections, including sepsis and our results correspond with these studies. A weak prevalence of cdt genes suggests that CDTs are not major virulence factors but in combination with other virulence factors may increase virulence potential of E. coli. We suppose that all 11 cdt positive E. coli strains represent real pathogens because they belong to the phylogenetic group B2 which is pathogenic lineage for bacteria E. coli. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cytolethal%20distending%20toxin" title="cytolethal distending toxin">cytolethal distending toxin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20coli" title=" E. coli"> E. coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phylogenetic%20group" title=" phylogenetic group"> phylogenetic group</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraintestinal%20infection" title=" extraintestinal infection"> extraintestinal infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diarrhea" title=" diarrhea"> diarrhea</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29361/cytolethal-distending-toxins-in-intestinal-and-extraintestinal-e-coli" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29361.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">350</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10723</span> Characterization of Shiga Toxin Escherichia coli Recovered from a Beef Processing Facility within Southern Ontario and Comparative Performance of Molecular Diagnostic Platforms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jessica%20C.%20Bannon">Jessica C. Bannon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cleso%20M.%20Jordao%20Jr."> Cleso M. Jordao Jr.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Melebari"> Mohammad Melebari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20Leon-Velarde"> Carlos Leon-Velarde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roger%20Johnson"> Roger Johnson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keith%20Warriner"> Keith Warriner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There has been an increased incidence of non-O157 Shiga Toxin Escherichia coli (STEC) with six serotypes (Top 6) being implicated in causing haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Beef has been suggested to be a significant vehicle for non-O157 STEC although conclusive evidence has yet to be obtained. The following aimed to determine the prevalence of the Top 6 non-O157 STEC in beef processing using three different diagnostic platforms then characterize the recovered isolates. Hide, carcass and environmental swab samples (n = 60) were collected from a beef processing facility over a 12 month period. Enriched samples were screened using Biocontrol GDS, BAX or PALLgene molecular diagnostic tests. Presumptive non-O157 STEC positive samples were confirmed using conventional PCR and serology. STEC was detected by GDS (55% positive), BAX (85% positive), and PALLgene (93%). However, during confirmation testing only 8 of the 60 samples (13%) were found to harbour STEC. Interestingly, the presence of virulence factors in the recovered isolates was unstable and readily lost during subsequent sub-culturing. There is a low prevalence of Top 6 non-O157 STEC associated with beef although other serotypes are encountered. Yet, the instability of the virulence factors in recovered strains would question their clinical relevance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beef" title="beef">beef</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20microbiology" title=" food microbiology"> food microbiology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shiga%20toxin" title=" shiga toxin"> shiga toxin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STEC" title=" STEC"> STEC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28089/characterization-of-shiga-toxin-escherichia-coli-recovered-from-a-beef-processing-facility-within-southern-ontario-and-comparative-performance-of-molecular-diagnostic-platforms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28089.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">461</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10722</span> Possible Involvement of DNA-methyltransferase and Histone Deacetylase in the Regulation of Virulence Potential of Acanthamoeba castellanii</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi%20H.%20Wong">Yi H. Wong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20L.%20Chan"> Li L. Chan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chee%20O.%20Leong"> Chee O. Leong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Ambu"> Stephen Ambu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joon%20W.%20Mak"> Joon W. Mak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Priyadashi%20S.%20Sahu"> Priyadashi S. Sahu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Acanthamoeba is a free-living opportunistic protist which is ubiquitously distributed in the environment. Virulent Acanthamoeba can cause fatal encephalitis in immunocompromised patients and potential blinding keratitis in immunocompetent contact lens wearers. Approximately 24 species have been identified but only the A. castellanii, A. polyphaga and A. culbertsoni are commonly associated with human infections. Until to date, the precise molecular basis for Acanthamoeba pathogenesis remains unclear. Previous studies reported that Acanthamoeba virulence can be diminished through prolonged axenic culture but revived through serial mouse passages. As no clear explanation on this reversible pathogenesis is established, hereby, we postulate that the epigenetic regulators, DNA-methyltransferases (DNMT) and histone-deacetylases (HDAC), could possibly be involved in granting the virulence plasticity of Acanthamoeba spp. Methods: Four rounds of mouse passages were conducted to revive the virulence potential of the virulence-attenuated Acanthamoeba castellanii strain (ATCC 50492). Briefly, each mouse (n=6/group) was inoculated intraperitoneally with Acanthamoebae cells (2x 105 trophozoites/mouse) and incubated for 2 months. Acanthamoebae cells were isolated from infected mouse organs by culture method and subjected to subsequent mouse passage. In vitro cytopathic, encystment and gelatinolytic assays were conducted to evaluate the virulence characteristics of Acanthamoebae isolates for each passage. PCR primers which targeted on the 2 members (DNMT1 and DNMT2) and 5 members (HDAC1 to 5) of the DNMT and HDAC gene families respectively were custom designed. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed to detect and quantify the relative expression of the two gene families in each Acanthamoeba isolates. Beta-tubulin of A. castellanii (Genbank accession no: XP_004353728) was included as housekeeping gene for data normalisation. PCR mixtures were also analyzed by electrophoresis for amplicons detection. All statistical analyses were performed using the paired one-tailed Student’s t test. Results: Our pathogenicity tests showed that the virulence-reactivated Acanthamoeba had a higher degree of cytopathic effect on vero cells, a better resistance to encystment challenge and a higher gelatinolytic activity which was catalysed by serine protease. qPCR assay showed that DNMT1 expression was significantly higher in the virulence-reactivated compared to the virulence-attenuated Acanthamoeba strain (p ≤ 0.01). The specificity of primers which targeted on DNMT1 was confirmed by sequence analysis of PCR amplicons, which showed a 97% similarity to the published DNA-methyltransferase gene of A. castellanii (GenBank accession no: XM_004332804.1). Out of the five primer pairs which targeted on the HDAC family genes, only HDAC4 expression was significantly difference between the two variant strains. In contrast to DNMT1, HDAC4 expression was much higher in the virulence-attenuated Acanthamoeba strain. Conclusion: Our mouse passages had successfully restored the virulence of the attenuated strain. Our findings suggested that DNA-methyltransferase (DNMT1) and histone deacetylase (HDAC4) expressions are associated with virulence potential of Acanthamoeba spp. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acanthamoeba" title="acanthamoeba">acanthamoeba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA-methyltransferase" title=" DNA-methyltransferase"> DNA-methyltransferase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histone%20deacetylase" title=" histone deacetylase"> histone deacetylase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence-associated%20proteins" title=" virulence-associated proteins"> virulence-associated proteins</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49185/possible-involvement-of-dna-methyltransferase-and-histone-deacetylase-in-the-regulation-of-virulence-potential-of-acanthamoeba-castellanii" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49185.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10721</span> Genetic and Virulence Diversity among Alternaria carthami Isolates of India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Garima%20Anand">Garima Anand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rupam%20Kapoor"> Rupam Kapoor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria carthami is one of the most devastating diseases of safflower. It has resulted in huge losses in crop production and cultivation leading to a fall out of India’s rank as the leading producer of safflower in the world. Understanding the diversity of any pathogen is essential for its management and for the development of disease control strategies. The diversity of A. carthami was therefore analysed on the basis of biochemical, pathogenicity and genetic lines using ISSR markers. Collections and isolations of 95 isolates of A. carthami were made from major safflower producing states of India. Virulence was analysed to evaluate the pathogenic potential of these isolates. The isolates from Bijapur, Dharwad districts (Karnataka), and Parbhani and Solapur districts (Maharashtra) were found to be highly virulent. The virulence assays showed low virulence levels (42%) for the largest part of the population. Biochemical characterization to assess aggressiveness of these isolates was done by estimating the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes where isolates from districts Dharwad, Bijapur of Karnataka and districts Parbhani and Latur of Maharashtra were found to be most aggressive. Genetic diversity among isolates of A. carthami was determined using eighteen ISSR markers. Distance analysis using neighbour joining method and PCoA analysis of the ISSR profiles divided the isolates into three sub-populations. The most virulent isolates clustered in one group in the dendrogram. The study provided no evidence for geographical clustering indicating that isolates are randomly spread across the states, signifying the high potential of the fungus to adapt to diverse regions. The study can, therefore, aid in the breeding and deployment of A. carthami resistant safflower varieties and in the management of Alternaria leaf spot disease. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternaria%20leaf%20spot" title="alternaria leaf spot">alternaria leaf spot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20diversity" title=" genetic diversity"> genetic diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pathogenic%20potential" title=" pathogenic potential"> pathogenic potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence" title=" virulence"> virulence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84938/genetic-and-virulence-diversity-among-alternaria-carthami-isolates-of-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84938.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">255</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10720</span> Studies on Virulence Factors Analysis in Streptococcus agalactiae from the Clinical Isolates </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natesan%20Balasubramanian">Natesan Balasubramanian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Palpandi%20Pounpandi"> Palpandi Pounpandi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venkatraman%20Thamil%20Priya"> Venkatraman Thamil Priya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vellasamy%20Shanmugaiah"> Vellasamy Shanmugaiah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karubbiah%20%20Balakrishnan"> Karubbiah Balakrishnan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mandayam%20Anandam%20Thirunarayan"> Mandayam Anandam Thirunarayan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Streptococcus agalactiae is commonly known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS) and it is the most common cause of life-threatening bacterial infection. GBS first considered as a veterinary pathogen causing mastitis in cattle later becomes a human pathogen for severe neonatal infections. In this present study, a total of 20 new clinical isolates of S. agalactiae were collected from male (6) and female patient (14) with different age group. The isolates were from Urinary tract infection (UTI), blood, pus and eye ulcer. All the 20 S. agalactiae isolates has clear hemolysis properties on blood agar medium and were identified by serogrouping and MALTI-TOF-MS analysis. Antibiotic susceptibility/resistance test was performed for 20 S. agalactiae isolates, further phenotypic resistance pattern was observed for tetracycline, vancomycin, ampicillin and penicillin. Genotypically we found two antibiotic resistance genes such as Betalactem antibiotic resistance gene (Tem) (70%) and tetracycline resistance gene Tet(O) 15% in our isolates. Six virulence factors encoding genes were performed by PCR in twenty GBS isolates, cfb gene (100%), followed by, cylE(90.47%), lmp(85.7%), bca(71.42%), rib (38%) and low frequency in bac gene (4.76%) were determined. Most of the S. agalactiae isolates produced strong biofilm in the polystyrene surface (hydrophobic), and low-level biofilm formation was found in glass tube (hydrophilic) surface. lytR is secreted protein and localized in bacterial cell wall, extra cellular membrane, and cytoplasm. In silico docking studies were performed for lytR protein with four antibiofilm compounds, including a peptide (PR39) with the docking study showed peptide has strong interaction followed by ellagic acid and interaction length is 2.95, 2.97 and 2.95 A°. In ligand EGCGO10 and O11 two atoms intract with lytR (Leu271), with binding bond affinity length is 3.24 and 3.14. The aminoacid Leu 271 is act as an impartant aminoacid, since ellagic acid and EGCG interact with same aminoacid. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotics" title="antibiotics">antibiotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofilms" title=" biofilms"> biofilms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clinical%20isolates" title=" clinical isolates"> clinical isolates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20agalactiae" title=" S. agalactiae"> S. agalactiae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence" title=" virulence"> virulence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117756/studies-on-virulence-factors-analysis-in-streptococcus-agalactiae-from-the-clinical-isolates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117756.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10719</span> Transcriptomic Analysis of Acanthamoeba castellanii Virulence Alteration by Epigenetic DNA Methylation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Hao%20Wong">Yi-Hao Wong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li-Li%20Chan"> Li-Li Chan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chee-Onn%20Leong"> Chee-Onn Leong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Ambu"> Stephen Ambu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joon-Wah%20Mak"> Joon-Wah Mak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Priyasashi%20Sahu"> Priyasashi Sahu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Acanthamoeba is a genus of amoebae which lives as a free-living in nature or as a human pathogen that causes severe brain and eye infections. Virulence potential of Acanthamoeba is not constant and can change with growth conditions. DNA methylation, an epigenetic process which adds methyl groups to DNA, is used by eukaryotic cells, including several human parasites to control their gene expression. We used qPCR, siRNA gene silencing, and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to study DNA-methyltransferase gene family (DNMT) in order to indicate the possibility of its involvement in programming Acanthamoeba virulence potential. Methods: A virulence-attenuated Acanthamoeba isolate (designation: ATCC; original isolate: ATCC 50492) was subjected to mouse passages to restore its pathogenicity; a virulence-reactivated isolate (designation: AC/5) was generated. Several established factors associated with Acanthamoeba virulence phenotype were examined to confirm the succession of reactivation process. Differential gene expression of DNMT between ATCC and AC/5 isolates was performed by qPCR. Silencing on DNMT gene expression in AC/5 isolate was achieved by siRNA duplex. Total RNAs extracted from ATCC, AC/5, and siRNA-treated (designation: si-146) were subjected to RNA-Seq for comparative transcriptomic analysis in order to identify the genome-wide effect of DNMT in regulating Acanthamoeba gene expression. qPCR was performed to validate the RNA-Seq results. Results: Physiological and cytophatic assays demonstrated an increased in virulence potential of AC/5 isolate after mouse passages. DNMT gene expression was significantly higher in AC/5 compared to ATCC isolate (p ≤ 0.01) by qPCR. si-146 duplex reduced DNMT gene expression in AC/5 isolate by 30%. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified the differentially expressed genes, with 3768 genes in AC/5 vs ATCC isolate; 2102 genes in si-146 vs AC/5 isolate and 3422 genes in si-146 vs ATCC isolate, respectively (fold-change of ≥ 2 or ≤ 0.5, p-value adjusted (padj) < 0.05). Of these, 840 and 1262 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in si-146 vs AC/5 isolate. Eukaryotic orthologous group (KOG) assignments revealed a higher percentage of downregulated gene expression in si-146 compared to AC/5 isolate, were related to posttranslational modification, signal transduction and energy production. Gene Ontology (GO) terms for those downregulated genes shown were associated with transport activity, oxidation-reduction process, and metabolic process. Among these downregulated genes were putative genes encoded for heat shock proteins, transporters, ubiquitin-related proteins, proteins for vesicular trafficking (small GTPases), and oxidoreductases. Functional analysis of similar predicted proteins had been described in other parasitic protozoa for their survival and pathogenicity. Decreased expression of these genes in si146-treated isolate may account in part for Acanthamoeba reduced pathogenicity. qPCR on 6 selected genes upregulated in AC/5 compared to ATCC isolate corroborated the RNA sequencing findings, indicating a good concordance between these two analyses. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation and its effects on gene expression in Acanthamoeba spp. The present data indicate that DNA methylation has substantial effect on global gene expression, allowing further dissection of the genome-wide effects of DNA-methyltransferase gene in regulating Acanthamoeba pathogenicity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Acanthamoeba" title="Acanthamoeba">Acanthamoeba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20methylation" title=" DNA methylation"> DNA methylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RNA%20sequencing" title=" RNA sequencing"> RNA sequencing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=virulence" title=" virulence"> virulence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94889/transcriptomic-analysis-of-acanthamoeba-castellanii-virulence-alteration-by-epigenetic-dna-methylation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">196</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10718</span> Unequal Contributions of Parental Isolates in Somatic Recombination of the Stripe Rust Fungus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xianming%20Chen">Xianming Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Lei"> Yu Lei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meinan%20Wang"> Meinan Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The dikaryotic basidiomycete fungus, Puccinia striiformis, causes stripe rust, one of the most important diseases of wheat and barley worldwide. The pathogen is largely reproduced asexually, and asexual recombination has been hypothesized to be one of the mechanisms for the pathogen variations. To test the hypothesis and understand the genetic process of asexual recombination, somatic recombinant isolates were obtained under controlled conditions by inoculating susceptible host plants with a mixture of equal quantity of urediniospores of isolates with different virulence patterns and selecting through a series of inoculation on host plants with different genes for resistance to one of the parental isolates. The potential recombinant isolates were phenotypically characterized by virulence testing on the set of 18 wheat lines used to differentiate races of the wheat stripe rust pathogen, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), for the combinations of Pst isolates; or on both sets of the wheat differentials and 12 barley differentials for identifying races of the barley stripe rust pathogen, P. striiformis f. sp. hordei (Psh) for combinations of a Pst isolate and a Psh isolate. The progeny and parental isolates were also genotypically characterized with 51 simple sequence repeat and 90 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers. From nine combinations of parental isolates, 68 potential recombinant isolates were obtained, of which 33 (48.5%) had similar virulence patterns to one of the parental isolates, and 35 (51.5%) had virulence patterns distinct from either of the parental isolates. Of the 35 isolates of distinct virulence patterns, 11 were identified as races that had been previously detected from natural collections and 24 were identified as new races. The molecular marker data confirmed 66 of the 68 isolates as recombinants. The percentages of parental marker alleles ranged from 0.9% to 98.9% and were significantly different from equal proportions in the recombinant isolates. Except for a couple of combinations, the greater or less contribution was not specific to any particular parental isolates as the same parental isolates contributed more to some of the progeny isolates but less to the other progeny isolates in the same combination. The unequal contributions by parental isolates appear to be a general role in somatic recombination for the stripe rust fungus, which may be used to distinguish asexual recombination from sexual recombination in studying the evolutionary mechanisms of the highly variable fungal pathogen. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=molecular%20markers" title="molecular markers">molecular markers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Puccinia%20striiformis" title=" Puccinia striiformis"> Puccinia striiformis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=somatic%20recombination" title=" somatic recombination"> somatic recombination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stripe%20rust" title=" stripe rust "> stripe rust </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62774/unequal-contributions-of-parental-isolates-in-somatic-recombination-of-the-stripe-rust-fungus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62774.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10717</span> Genome-Wide Functional Analysis of Phosphatase in Cryptococcus neoformans</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Hyung%20Jin">Jae-Hyung Jin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyung-Tae%20Lee"> Kyung-Tae Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yee-Seul%20So"> Yee-Seul So</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eunji%20Jeong"> Eunji Jeong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeonseon%20Lee"> Yeonseon Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dongpil%20Lee"> Dongpil Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong-Gi%20Lee"> Dong-Gi Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong-Sun%20Bahn"> Yong-Sun Bahn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cryptococcus neoformans causes cryptococcal meningoencephalitis mainly in immunocompromised patients as well as immunocompetent people. But therapeutic options are limited to treat cryptococcosis. Some signaling pathways including cyclic AMP pathway, MAPK pathway, and calcineurin pathway play a central role in the regulation of the growth, differentiation, and virulence of C. neoformans. To understand signaling networks regulating the virulence of C. neoformans, we selected the 114 putative phosphatase genes, one of the major components of signaling networks, in the genome of C. neoformans. We identified putative phosphatases based on annotation in C. neoformans var. grubii genome database provided by the Broad Institute and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and performed a BLAST search of phosphatases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus nidulans, Candida albicans and Fusarium graminearum to Cryptococcus neoformans. We classified putative phosphatases into 14 groups based on InterPro phosphatase domain annotation. Here, we constructed 170 signature-tagged gene-deletion strains through homologous recombination methods for 91 putative phosphatases. We examined their phenotypic traits under 30 different in vitro conditions, including growth, differentiation, stress response, antifungal resistance and virulence-factor production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20fungal%20pathogen" title="human fungal pathogen">human fungal pathogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphatase" title=" phosphatase"> phosphatase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deletion%20library" title=" deletion library"> deletion library</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20genomics" title=" functional genomics"> functional genomics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63313/genome-wide-functional-analysis-of-phosphatase-in-cryptococcus-neoformans" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63313.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10716</span> Difference in Virulence Factor Genes Between Transient and Persistent Streptococcus Uberis Intramammary Infection in Dairy Cattle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anyaphat%20Srithanasuwan">Anyaphat Srithanasuwan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noppason%20Pangprasit"> Noppason Pangprasit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Montira%20Intanon"> Montira Intanon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phongsakorn%20Chuammitri"> Phongsakorn Chuammitri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Witaya%20Suriyasathaporn"> Witaya Suriyasathaporn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ynte%20H.%20Schukken"> Ynte H. Schukken</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Streptococcus uberis is one of the most common mastitis-causing pathogens, with a wide range of intramammary infection (IMI) durations and pathogenicity. This study aimed to compare shared or unique virulence factor gene clusters distinguishing persistent and transient strains of S. uberis. A total of 139 S. uberis strains were isolated from three small-holder dairy herds with a high prevalence of S. uberis mastitis. The duration of IMI was used to categorize bacteria into two groups: transient and persistent strains with an IMI duration of less than 1 month and longer than 2 months, respectively. Six representative S. uberis strains, three from each group (transience and persistence) were selected for analysis. All transient strains exhibited multi-locus sequence types (MLST), indicating a highly diverse population of transient S. uberis. In contrast, MLST of persistent strains was available in an online database (pubMLST). Identification of virulence genes was performed using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. Differences in genomic size and number of virulent genes were found. For example, the BCA gene or alpha-c protein and the gene associated with capsule formation (hasAB), found in persistent strains, are important for attachment and invasion, as well as the evasion of the antimicrobial mechanisms and survival persistence, respectively. These findings suggest a genetic-level difference between the two strain types. Consequently, a comprehensive study of 139 S. uberis isolates will be conducted to perform an in-depth genetic assessment through WGS analysis on an Illumina platform. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Streptococcus%20Uberis" title="Streptococcus Uberis">Streptococcus Uberis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mastitis" title=" mastitis"> mastitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=whole%20genome%20sequence" title=" whole genome sequence"> whole genome sequence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intramammary%20infection" title=" intramammary infection"> intramammary infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=persistent%20S.%20Uberis" title=" persistent S. Uberis"> persistent S. Uberis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transient%20s.%20Uberis" title=" transient s. Uberis"> transient s. Uberis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183360/difference-in-virulence-factor-genes-between-transient-and-persistent-streptococcus-uberis-intramammary-infection-in-dairy-cattle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183360.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10715</span> Protection and Immune Responses of DNA Vaccines Targeting Virulence Factors of Streptococcus iniae in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pattanapon%20Kayansamruaj">Pattanapon Kayansamruaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ha%20Thanh%20Dong"> Ha Thanh Dong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nopadon%20Pirarat"> Nopadon Pirarat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Channarong%20Rodkhum"> Channarong Rodkhum</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Streptococcus iniae (SI) is a devastating pathogenic bacteria causing heavy mortality in farmed fish. The application of commercialized bacterin vaccine has been reported failures as the outbreaks of the new serotype of SI were emerged in farms after vaccination and subsequently caused severe losses. In the present study, we attempted to develop effective DNA vaccines against SI infection using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as an animal model. Two monovalent DNA vaccines were constructed by the insertion of coding sequences of cell wall-associated virulence factors-encoding genes, comprised of eno (α-enolase) and mtsB (hydrophobic membrane protein), into cytomegalovirus expression vector (pCI-neo). In the animal trial, 30-g Nile tilapia were injected intramuscularly with 15 µg of each vaccine (mock vaccine group was injected by naked pCI-neo) and maintained for 35 days prior challenging with pathogenic SI at the dosage of 107 CFU/fish. At 13 days post-challenge, the relative percent survival of pEno, pMtsB and mock vaccine were 57%, 45% and 27%, respectively. The expression levels of immune responses-associated genes, namely, IL1β, TNF-α, TGF-β, COX2, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-13, were investigated from the spleen of experimental animal at 7 days post-vaccination (PV) and 7 days post-challenge (PC) using quantitative RT-PCR technique. Generally, at 7 days PV, the pEno vaccinated group exhibited highest level of up-regulation (1.7 to 2.9 folds) of every gene, but TGF-β, comparing to pMtsB and mock vaccine groups. However, at 7 days PC, pEno group showed significant up-regulation (1.4 to 8.5 folds) of immune-related genes as similar as mock vaccine group, while pMtsB group had lowest level of up-regulation (0.7 to 3.3 folds). Summarily, this study indicated that the pEno and pMtsB vaccines could elicit the immune responses of the fish and the magnitude of gene expression at 7 days PV was also consistent with the protection level conferred by the vaccine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20expression" title="gene expression">gene expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20vaccine" title=" DNA vaccine"> DNA vaccine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nile%20tilapia" title=" Nile tilapia"> Nile tilapia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Streptococcus%20iniae" title=" Streptococcus iniae"> Streptococcus iniae</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41062/protection-and-immune-responses-of-dna-vaccines-targeting-virulence-factors-of-streptococcus-iniae-in-nile-tilapia-oreochromis-niloticus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41062.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10714</span> Prediction and Identification of a Permissive Epitope Insertion Site for St Toxoid in cfaB from Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Zeinalzadeh">N. Zeinalzadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdi%20Sadeghi"> Mahdi Sadeghi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most common cause of non-inflammatory diarrhea in the developing countries, resulting in approximately 20% of all diarrheal episodes in children in these areas. ST is one of the most important virulence factors and CFA/I is one of the frequent colonization factors that help to process of ETEC infection. ST and CfaB (CFA/I subunit) are among vaccine candidates against ETEC. So, ST because of its small size is not a good immunogenic in the natural form. However to increase its immunogenic potential, here we explored candidate positions for ST insertion in CfaB sequence. After bioinformatics analysis, one of the candidate positions was selected and the chimeric gene (cfaB*st) sequence was synthesized and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The chimeric recombinant protein was purified with Ni-NTA columns and characterized with western blot analysis. The residue 74-75 of CfaB sequence could be a good candidate position for ST and other epitopes insertion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioinformatics" title="bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFA%2FI" title=" CFA/I"> CFA/I</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enterotoxigenic%20E.%20coli" title=" enterotoxigenic E. coli"> enterotoxigenic E. coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ST%20toxoid" title=" ST toxoid"> ST toxoid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41728/prediction-and-identification-of-a-permissive-epitope-insertion-site-for-st-toxoid-in-cfab-from-enterotoxigenic-escherichia-coli" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41728.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">448</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10713</span> Prevalence and Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Mastitic Dairy Cattle in Canada</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satwik%20Majumder">Satwik Majumder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dongyun%20Jung"> Dongyun Jung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jennifer%20Ronholm"> Jennifer Ronholm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saji%20George"> Saji George</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bovine mastitis is the most common infectious disease in dairy cattle, with major economic implications for the dairy industry worldwide. Continuous monitoring for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacterial isolates from dairy farms is vital not only for animal husbandry but also for public health. In this study, the prevalence of AMR in 113 Escherichia coli isolates from cases of bovine clinical mastitis in Canada was investigated. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test with 18 antibiotics and microdilution method with three heavy metals (copper, zinc, and silver) was performed to determine the antibiotic and heavy-metal susceptibility. Resistant strains were assessed for efflux and ß-lactamase activities besides assessing biofilm formation and hemolysis. Whole-genome sequences for each of the isolates were examined to detect the presence of genes corresponding to the observed AMR and virulence factors. Phenotypic analysis revealed that 32 isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics, and 107 showed resistance against at least one heavy metal. Quinolones and silver were the most efficient against the tested isolates. Among the AMR isolates, AcrAB-TolC efflux activity and ß-lactamase enzyme activities were detected in 13 and 14 isolates, respectively. All isolates produced biofilm but with different capacities, and 33 isolates showed α-hemolysin activity. A positive correlation (Pearson r = +0.89) between efflux pump activity and quantity of biofilm was observed. Genes associated with aggregation, adhesion, cyclic di-GMP, quorum sensing were detected in the AMR isolates, corroborating phenotype observations. This investigation showed the prevalence of AMR in E. coli isolates from bovine clinical mastitis. The results also suggest the inadequacy of antimicrobials with a single mode of action to curtail AMR bacteria with multiple mechanisms of resistance and virulence factors. Therefore, it calls for combinatorial therapy for the effective management of AMR infections in dairy farms and combats its potential transmission to the food supply chain through milk and dairy products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20resistance" title="antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20coli" title=" E. coli"> E. coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bovine%20mastitis" title=" bovine mastitis"> bovine mastitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotics" title=" antibiotics"> antibiotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy-metals" title=" heavy-metals"> heavy-metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efflux%20pump" title=" efflux pump"> efflux pump</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%9F-lactamase%20enzyme" title=" ß-lactamase enzyme"> ß-lactamase enzyme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofilm" title=" biofilm"> biofilm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=whole-genome%20sequencing" title=" whole-genome sequencing"> whole-genome sequencing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139889/prevalence-and-mechanisms-of-antibiotic-resistance-in-escherichia-coli-isolated-from-mastitic-dairy-cattle-in-canada" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span 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