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Gama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration_before_da_Gama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_voyage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_voyage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First voyage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_voyage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First voyage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_voyage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journey_to_the_Cape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_to_the_Cape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Journey to the Cape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journey_to_the_Cape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mozambique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mozambique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mozambique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mozambique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mombasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mombasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mombasa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mombasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malindi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malindi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Malindi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malindi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kozhikode,_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kozhikode,_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Kozhikode, India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kozhikode,_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Return</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rewards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rewards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rewards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rewards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_voyage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_voyage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Second voyage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_voyage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second voyage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_voyage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pilgrim_ship_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrim_ship_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pilgrim ship incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrim_ship_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kozhikode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kozhikode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Kozhikode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kozhikode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seabattle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seabattle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Seabattle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seabattle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cochin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cochin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Cochin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cochin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interlude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interlude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interlude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interlude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_voyage_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_voyage_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Third voyage and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Third_voyage_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Third voyage and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Third_voyage_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_underwater_quake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_underwater_quake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The underwater quake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_underwater_quake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Marriage and descendants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriage_and_descendants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriage and descendants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_generations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_generations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Later generations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_generations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vasco da Gama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 162 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-162" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">162 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AB%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AE_%E1%8B%B0%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%9B" title="ቫስኮ ደጋማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቫስኮ ደጋማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="वास्को दा गामा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वास्को दा गामा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="فاسكو دا غاما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاسكو دا غاما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="ভাস্কো দা গামা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাস্কো দা গামা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="भास्को दा गामा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भास्को दा गामा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasko_da_Qama" title="Vasko da Qama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vasko da Qama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="واسکو دا قاما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="واسکو دا قاما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="ভাস্কো দা গামা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাস্কো দা গামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васка да Гама – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Васка да Гама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вашку да Гама – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вашку да Гама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вашку да Гама – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вашку да Гама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DD%A3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ڤاسكو دا ݣاما – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤاسكو دا ݣاما" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Βάσκο ντα Γκάμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάσκο ντα Γκάμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="واسکو دو گاما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واسکو دو گاما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_de_Gama" title="Vasco de Gama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vasco de Gama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%A6_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE" title="વાસ્કો દ ગામા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વાસ્કો દ ગામા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4%EC%BF%A0_%EB%8B%A4_%EA%B0%80%EB%A7%88" title="바스쿠 다 가마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바스쿠 다 가마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8_%D5%A4%D5%A1_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Վասկո դա Գամա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վասկո դա Գամա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="वास्को द गामा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वास्को द गामा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%94" title="ואסקו דה גאמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואסקו דה גאמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B_%E0%B2%A1_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE" title="ವಾಸ್ಕೋ ಡ ಗಾಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಸ್ಕೋ ಡ ಗಾಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ვასკო და გამა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვასკო და გამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_de_Gama" title="Vasco de Gama – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vasco de Gama" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_de_Gama" title="Vasco de Gama – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vasco de Gama" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_di_Gama" title="Vasco di Gama – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vasco di Gama" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasko_da_Gama" title="Vasko da Gama – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Vasko da Gama" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascus_Gama" title="Vascus Gama – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vascus Gama" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasko_da_Gama" title="Vasko da Gama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vasko da Gama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="भास्को दा गामा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भास्को दा गामा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко де Гама – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Васко де Гама" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_de_Gama" title="Vasco de Gama – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vasco de Gama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%A1_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE" title="വാസ്കോ ഡ ഗാമ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാസ്കോ ഡ ഗാമ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="वास्को द गामा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वास्को द गामा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ვასკო და გამა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვასკო და გამა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="فاسكو دا جاما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاسكو دا جاما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="واسکو دا گاما – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="واسکو دا گاما" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%92%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဗတ်စကို ဒဂါးမား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗတ်စကို ဒဂါးမား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="वास्को दे गामा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वास्को दे गामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%9E" title="ヴァスコ・ダ・ガマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァスコ・ダ・ガマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9D%DF%AD%DF%8A%DF%9B%DF%91%DF%9E%DF%8F_%DF%98%DF%8B%DF%AC_%DF%9C%DF%AD%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߝ߭ߊߛߑߞߏ ߘߋ߬ ߜ߭ߡߊ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߝ߭ߊߛߑߞߏ ߘߋ߬ ߜ߭ߡߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ଭାସ୍କୋ ଡା ଗାମା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାସ୍କୋ ଡା ଗାମା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵਾਸਕੋ ਦਾ ਗਾਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਸਕੋ ਦਾ ਗਾਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%DA%88%DB%92_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="واسکو ڈے گاما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="واسکو ڈے گاما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6" title="វ៉ាស្កូដាកាម៉ា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វ៉ាស្កូដាកាម៉ា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasko_da_Gama" title="Vasko da Gama – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vasko da Gama" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D2%90%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Ґама – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Васко да Ґама" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa-se-ke._Ta-cia-ma" title="Wa-se-ke. Ta-cia-ma – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Wa-se-ke. Ta-cia-ma" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="वास्को ड गामा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वास्को ड गामा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A_%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱚ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱷᱟᱥᱠᱚ ᱰᱟ ᱜᱟᱢᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F" title="වස්කෝ ද ගාමා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වස්කෝ ද ගාමා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%88_%DA%8A%D9%8A%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="واسڪو ڊيگاما – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="واسڪو ڊيگاما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ڤاسکۆ دا گاما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤاسکۆ دا گاما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="வாஸ்கோ ட காமா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாஸ்கோ ட காமா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="వాస్కోడ గామా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వాస్కోడ గామా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="วัชกู ดา กามา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัชกู ดา กามา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Васко да Гама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Васко да Гама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88_%DA%88%DB%92_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="واسکو ڈے گاما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="واسکو ڈے گاما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasko_da_Gama" title="Vasko da Gama – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vasko da Gama" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Gama_Vasco" title="Da Gama Vasco – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Da Gama Vasco" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC" title="瓦斯科·达·伽马 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瓦斯科·达·伽马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%93%D7%90_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90" title="וואשקו דא גאמא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואשקו דא גאמא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E4%BC%BD%E9%A6%AC" title="達伽馬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="達伽馬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Vasco da Gama" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_de_Gama" title="Vasco de Gama – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vasco de Gama" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E4%BC%BD%E9%A6%AC" title="瓦斯科·達伽馬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓦斯科·達伽馬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" 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style="display:none">Portuguese explorer of Africa and India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vasco da Gama (disambiguation)">Vasco da Gama (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Vidigueira" title="Count of Vidigueira">Count of Vidigueira</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Vasco da Gama</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignoto_portoghese,_ritratto_di_un_cavaliere_dell%27ordine_di_cristo,_1525-50_ca._02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ignoto_portoghese%2C_ritratto_di_un_cavaliere_dell%27ordine_di_cristo%2C_1525-50_ca._02.jpg/220px-Ignoto_portoghese%2C_ritratto_di_un_cavaliere_dell%27ordine_di_cristo%2C_1525-50_ca._02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ignoto_portoghese%2C_ritratto_di_un_cavaliere_dell%27ordine_di_cristo%2C_1525-50_ca._02.jpg/330px-Ignoto_portoghese%2C_ritratto_di_un_cavaliere_dell%27ordine_di_cristo%2C_1525-50_ca._02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ignoto_portoghese%2C_ritratto_di_un_cavaliere_dell%27ordine_di_cristo%2C_1525-50_ca._02.jpg/440px-Ignoto_portoghese%2C_ritratto_di_un_cavaliere_dell%27ordine_di_cristo%2C_1525-50_ca._02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2609" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Anonymous portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1525</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">Viceroy of Portuguese India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 September 1524 – 24 December 1524</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duarte_de_Menezes" title="Duarte de Menezes">Duarte de Menezes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henrique_de_Meneses" title="Henrique de Meneses">Henrique de Meneses</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1460</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Sines,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sines, Portugal">Sines</a>, Alentejo, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 December 1524<br />(aged approximately 55–65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Malaria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Jerónimos Monastery</a>, Lisbon, Portugal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Catarina de Ataíde</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_da_Gama" class="extiw" title="pt:Francisco da Gama">Francisco da Gama, 2nd Count of Vidigueira</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(16th_century)" title="Estêvão da Gama (16th century)">Estêvão da Gama, Governor of Portuguese India</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_da_Gama" title="Cristóvão da Gama">Cristóvão da Gama, Captain of Malacca</a><br /><i><a href="#Marriage_and_descendants">Among others</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(15th_century)" title="Estêvão da Gama (15th century)">Estêvão da Gama</a> (father)</li><li>Isabel Sodré (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Explorer, <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_Portuguese_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial heads of Portuguese India">Viceroy of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vasco da Gama's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg/128px-Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg/192px-Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg/256px-Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Dom_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (honorific)">D.</a> <b>Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/u/: 'u' in 'influence'">u</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">VAS</span>-koo də <span style="font-size:90%">GA(H)M</span>-ə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">European Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-PT-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ˈvaʃku<span class="wrap"> </span>ðɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɣɐmɐ]</a></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1460s</span> – 24 December 1524), was a Portuguese explorer and nobleman who was the first European to reach <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His initial voyage to India by way of <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1497–1499) was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route, connecting the Atlantic and the Indian oceans. This was a milestone in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_maritime_exploration" title="Portuguese maritime exploration">Portuguese maritime exploration</a> as and marked the beginning of a sea-based phase of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da Gama's <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" title="Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India">discovery of the sea route to India</a> opened the way for an age of global <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and enabled the Portuguese to establish a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">long-lasting colonial empire</a> along the way from Africa to Asia. Traveling the ocean route allowed the Portuguese to avoid sailing across the highly disputed <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and traversing the dangerous <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. The sum of the distances covered in the outward and return voyages made this expedition the longest ocean voyage ever made until then.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After decades of sailors trying to reach the Indies, with thousands of lives and dozens of vessels lost in shipwrecks and attacks, da Gama landed at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> on 20 May 1498. Unopposed access to the Indian <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice routes</a> boosted the economy of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, which was previously based along <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and coastal <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. The main spices at first obtained from Southeast Asia were pepper and cinnamon, but soon included other products, all new to Europe. Portugal maintained a commercial monopoly of these commodities for several decades. It was not until a century later that other European powers were able to challenge Portugal's monopoly and naval supremacy in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Route" title="Cape Route">Cape Route</a>. </p><p>Da Gama led two of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a>, the first and the fourth. The latter was the largest and departed for India three years after his return from the first one. For his contributions, in 1524 da Gama was appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">Governor of India</a>, with the title of <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a>, and was ennobled as <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Vidigueira" title="Count of Vidigueira">Count of Vidigueira</a> in 1519. He remains a leading figure in the history of exploration, and homages worldwide have celebrated his explorations and accomplishments. The Portuguese national epic poem, <i><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a></i>, was written in his honour by <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <p>Vasco da Gama was born in the town of <a href="/wiki/Sines" title="Sines">Sines</a>, one of the few seaports on the <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a> coast in southwest Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Portuguese historian <a href="/wiki/Teixeira_de_Arag%C3%A3o" title="Teixeira de Aragão">Teixeira de Aragão</a>, he was born in a house near the church of Nossa Senhora das Salas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors write that he was born in or around 1460, while others give 1469 as the year of his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vasco da Gama's paternal grandfather and namesake was born in <a href="/wiki/Olivenza" title="Olivenza">Olivença</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vasco's father was <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(15th_century)" title="Estêvão da Gama (15th century)">Estêvão da Gama</a>, who had served in the 1460s as a knight of the household of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Viseu" title="Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu">Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ames_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ames-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rose in the ranks of the military <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword" title="Military Order of Saint James of the Sword">Order of Santiago</a>. Estêvão da Gama was appointed <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">alcaide-mór</i></span> (civil governor) of Sines in the 1460s, a post he held until 1478; after that he continued as a receiver of taxes and holder of the Order's commendas in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estêvão da Gama married Isabel Sodré, a daughter of João Sodré (also known as João de Resende), scion of a well-connected family of English descent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father and her brothers, <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Sodr%C3%A9" title="Vicente Sodré">Vicente Sodré</a> and Brás Sodré, had links to the household of <a href="/wiki/Infante_Diogo,_Duke_of_Viseu" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Diogo, Duke of Viseu">Infante Diogo, Duke of Viseu</a>, and were prominent figures in the military <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Christ" title="Military Order of Christ">Order of Christ</a>. Vasco da Gama was the third of five sons of Estêvão da Gama and Isabel Sodré – in (probable) order of age: <a href="/wiki/Paulo_da_Gama" title="Paulo da Gama">Paulo da Gama</a>, João Sodré, Vasco da Gama, Pedro da Gama and Aires da Gama. Vasco also had one known sister, Teresa da Gama, who married Lopo Mendes de Vasconcelos.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sines06_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sines06_edit1.jpg/220px-Sines06_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sines06_edit1.jpg/330px-Sines06_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sines06_edit1.jpg/440px-Sines06_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of Vasco da Gama at his birthplace, <a href="/wiki/Sines" title="Sines">Sines</a>, Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>Little is known of da Gama's early life. Teixeira de Aragão suggests that he studied at the inland town of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>, which is where he may have learned mathematics and navigation. Da Gama's near-contemporary <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Correia" title="Gaspar Correia">Gaspar Correia</a> and others have claimed that he studied under <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zacuto" title="Abraham Zacuto">Abraham Zacuto</a>, an astrologer and astronomer, but da Gama's biographer <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Subrahmanyam" title="Sanjay Subrahmanyam">Sanjay Subrahmanyam</a> thinks this dubious.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1480, da Gama followed his father (rather than the Sodrés) and joined the Order of Santiago.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The master of Santiago was Prince John, who ascended to the throne in 1481 as King <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II of Portugal</a>. John II doted on the Order, and the da Gamas' prospects rose accordingly. </p><p>In 1492, John II dispatched da Gama on a mission to the port of <a href="/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal" title="Setúbal">Setúbal</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> to seize <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> ships in retaliation for peacetime depredations against Portuguese shipping – a task that da Gama rapidly and effectively performed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration_before_da_Gama">Exploration before da Gama</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png/220px-Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png/330px-Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png/440px-Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a> and explorations: first arrival places and dates</figcaption></figure> <p>From the earlier part of the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese expeditions</a> organized by Prince <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a> had been reaching down the African coastline, principally in search of West African riches (notably, gold and slaves).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had greatly extended Portuguese maritime knowledge but had little profit to show for the effort. After Henry's death in 1460, the Portuguese Crown showed little interest in continuing this effort and, in 1469, licensed the neglected African enterprise to a private Lisbon merchant consortium led by <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Fernão Gomes">Fernão Gomes</a>. Within a few years, Gomes' captains expanded Portuguese knowledge across the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>, doing business in gold dust, <a href="/wiki/Melegueta_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Melegueta pepper">melegueta pepper</a>, ivory and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">sub-Saharan slaves</a>. When Gomes' charter came up for renewal in 1474, Prince John (the future John II), asked his father <a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V of Portugal</a> to pass the African charter to him.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon becoming king in 1481, <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II of Portugal</a> set out on many long reforms. To break the monarch's dependence on the feudal nobility, John II needed to build up the royal treasury; he considered royal commerce to be the key to achieving that. Under John II's watch, the gold and slave trade in West Africa was greatly expanded. He was eager to break into the highly profitable <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> between Europe and Asia, which was conducted chiefly by land. At the time, this was virtually monopolized by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, which operated overland routes via <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> ports, through the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> across to the spice markets of India. John II set a new objective for his captains: to find a sea route to Asia by sailing around the African continent.<sup id="cite_ref-Scammell,_1981,_p._232_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scammell,_1981,_p._232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg/220px-A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg/330px-A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg/440px-A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Vasco da Gama leaving the port of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time Vasco da Gama was in his 20s, the king's plans were coming to fruition. In 1487, John II dispatched two spies, <a href="/wiki/Pero_da_Covilh%C3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero da Covilhã">Pero da Covilhã</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Paiva" title="Afonso de Paiva">Afonso de Paiva</a>, overland via Egypt to East Africa and India, to scout the details of the spice markets and trade routes. The breakthrough came soon after, when John II's captain <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> returned from rounding the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in 1488, having explored as far as the <a href="/wiki/Fish_River,_Eastern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish River, Eastern Cape">Fish River</a> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Rio do Infante</i></span>) in modern-day South Africa and having verified that the unknown coast stretched away to the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-Scammell,_1981,_p._232_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scammell,_1981,_p._232-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An explorer was needed who could prove the link between the findings of Dias and those of da Covilhã and de Paiva and connect these separate segments into a potentially lucrative trade route across the Indian Ocean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_voyage">First voyage</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Special:EditPage/Vasco da Gama">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vasco+da+Gama%22">"Vasco da Gama"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vasco+da+Gama%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vasco+da+Gama%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vasco+da+Gama%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vasco+da+Gama%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vasco+da+Gama%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gama_route_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gama_route_1.svg/220px-Gama_route_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gama_route_1.svg/330px-Gama_route_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gama_route_1.svg/440px-Gama_route_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>The route followed in Vasco da Gama's first voyage (1497–1499)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 8 July 1497 Vasco da Gama led a fleet of four ships<sup id="cite_ref-Foundations_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundations-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a crew of 170 men from Lisbon. The distance traveled in the journey around Africa to India and back was greater than the length of the equator.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundations_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundations-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The navigators included Portugal's most experienced, <a href="/wiki/Pero_de_Alenquer" title="Pero de Alenquer">Pero de Alenquer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Escobar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Escobar">Pedro Escobar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_de_Coimbra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João de Coimbra (page does not exist)">João de Coimbra</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Coimbra" class="extiw" title="pt:João de Coimbra">pt</a>]</span>, and Afonso Gonçalves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam199779–80_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam199779–80-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known for certain how many people were in each ship's crew but approximately 55 returned, and two ships were lost. Two of the vessels were <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carracks</a>, newly built for the voyage; the others were a <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a> and a supply boat.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundations_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundations-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four ships were: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Gabriel_(ship)" title="São Gabriel (ship)">São Gabriel</a></i>, commanded by Vasco da Gama; a <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a> of 178 tons, length 27 m, width 8.5 m, <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a> 2.3 m, sails of 372 m<sup>2</sup></li> <li><i>São Rafael</i>, commanded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Paulo_da_Gama" title="Paulo da Gama">Paulo da Gama</a>; similar dimensions to the <i>São Gabriel</i></li> <li><i>Berrio</i> (nickname, officially called <i>São Miguel</i>), a caravel, slightly smaller than the former two, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Nicolau_Coelho" title="Nicolau Coelho">Nicolau Coelho</a></li> <li>A storage ship of unknown name, commanded by Gonçalo Nunes, destined to be scuttled in <a href="/wiki/Mossel_Bay" title="Mossel Bay">Mossel Bay</a> (São Brás) in South Africa<sup id="cite_ref-ames_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ames-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journey_to_the_Cape">Journey to the Cape</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_daGama2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cross_daGama2.jpg/220px-Cross_daGama2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cross_daGama2.jpg/330px-Cross_daGama2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cross_daGama2.jpg/440px-Cross_daGama2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the Cross of Vasco da Gama at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>The expedition set sail from Lisbon on 8 July 1497. It followed the route pioneered by earlier explorers along the coast of Africa via <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> Islands. After reaching the coast of present-day <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, da Gama took a course south into the open ocean, crossing the equator and seeking the South Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerlies</a> that Bartolomeu Dias had discovered in 1487.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This course proved successful and on 4 November 1497, the expedition made landfall on the African coast. For over three months the ships had sailed more than 10,000 kilometres (6,000 mi) of open ocean, by far the longest journey without landfall made by that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundations_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundations-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 16 December, the fleet had passed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fish_River" title="Great Fish River">Great Fish River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a>, South Africa) – where Dias had anchored – and sailed into waters previously unknown to Europeans. With Christmas pending, da Gama and his crew gave the coast they were passing the name <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="KwaZulu-Natal Province">Natal</a>, which carried the connotation of "birth of Christ" in Portuguese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mozambique">Mozambique</h3></div> <p>Vasco da Gama spent 2 to 29 March 1498 in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozambique Island">Mozambique Island</a>. Arab-controlled territory on the East African coast was an integral part of the network of trade in the Indian Ocean. Fearing the local population would be hostile to Christians, da Gama impersonated a Muslim and gained audience with the Sultan of Mozambique. With the paltry trade goods he had to offer, the explorer was unable to provide a suitable gift to the ruler. Soon the local populace became suspicious of da Gama and his men. Forced by a hostile crowd to flee Mozambique, da Gama departed the harbor, firing his cannons into the city in retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mombasa">Mombasa</h3></div> <p>In the vicinity of modern Kenya, the expedition resorted to piracy, looting Arab merchant ships that were generally unarmed trading vessels without heavy cannons. The Portuguese became the first known Europeans to visit the port of <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> from 7 to 13 April 1498, but were met with hostility and soon departed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malindi">Malindi</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg/220px-Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg/330px-Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg/440px-Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Pillar,_Malindi" title="Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi">Pillar of Vasco da Gama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a>, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, erected on the journey</figcaption></figure> <p>Vasco da Gama continued north, arriving on 14 April 1498 at the friendlier port of <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a>, whose leaders were in conflict with those of Mombasa. There, da Gama and his crew contracted the services of a pilot who used his knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds to guide the expedition the rest of the way to <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, located on the southwest coast of India. Sources differ over the identity of the pilot, calling him variously a Christian, a Muslim, or a <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a> Hindu. One traditional story describes the pilot as the famous Arab navigator <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Majid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Majid">Ibn Majid</a>, but other contemporaneous accounts place Majid elsewhere, and he could not have been near the vicinity at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the Portuguese historians of the time mentions Ibn Majid. Vasco da Gama left Malindi for India on 24 April 1498.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kozhikode,_India"><span id="Kozhikode.2C_India"></span>Kozhikode, India</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_chegada_de_Vasco_da_Gama_a_Calicute_em_1498.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A_chegada_de_Vasco_da_Gama_a_Calicute_em_1498.jpg/220px-A_chegada_de_Vasco_da_Gama_a_Calicute_em_1498.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A_chegada_de_Vasco_da_Gama_a_Calicute_em_1498.jpg/330px-A_chegada_de_Vasco_da_Gama_a_Calicute_em_1498.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A_chegada_de_Vasco_da_Gama_a_Calicute_em_1498.jpg/440px-A_chegada_de_Vasco_da_Gama_a_Calicute_em_1498.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>The arrival of Vasco da Gama at Calicut (Kozhikode), by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roque_Gameiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roque Gameiro (page does not exist)">Roque Gameiro</a>, 1900.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png/220px-Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png/330px-Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png/440px-Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Vasco da Gama before the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of Calicut (Kozhikode), by <a href="/wiki/Veloso_Salgado" title="Veloso Salgado">Veloso Salgado</a>, 1898.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasco_Memo_Kappad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vasco_Memo_Kappad.jpg/220px-Vasco_Memo_Kappad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vasco_Memo_Kappad.jpg/330px-Vasco_Memo_Kappad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vasco_Memo_Kappad.jpg/440px-Vasco_Memo_Kappad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Landmark in Kappad, near <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The fleet arrived in <a href="/wiki/Kappad" title="Kappad">Kappadu</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> (known as Kozhikode at the time, subsequently known as Calicut and now renamed Kozhikode) on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> state of India) on 20 May 1498. The Zamorin of Kozhikode, who was at that time staying in his second capital at <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, returned to the city on hearing the news of the foreign fleet's arrival. The navigator was received with traditional hospitality, including a grand procession of at least 3,000 armed <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nairs</a>, but an interview with the Zamorin failed to produce any concrete results. When local authorities asked da Gama's fleet, "What brought you hither?", they replied that they had come "in search of Christians and spices."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presents that da Gama sent to the Zamorin as gifts from Dom Manuel – four cloaks of scarlet cloth, six hats, four branches of corals, twelve <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">almasares</i></span>, a box with seven brass vessels, a chest of sugar, two barrels of oil and a cask of honey – were trivial, and failed to impress. While the Zamorin's officials wondered at why there was no gold or silver, the Muslim merchants who considered da Gama their rival suggested that the latter was only an ordinary pirate and not a royal ambassador.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vasco da Gama's request for permission to leave a factor behind him in charge of the merchandise he could not sell was turned down by the King, who insisted that da Gama pay customs duty – preferably in gold – like any other trader, which strained the relation between the two. Annoyed by this, da Gama carried a few Nairs and sixteen fishermen (<i>mukkuva</i>) off with him by force.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return">Return</h3></div> <p>Vasco da Gama left Kozhikode on 29 August 1498. Eager to set sail for home, he ignored the local knowledge of monsoon wind patterns that were still blowing onshore. The fleet initially inched north along the Indian coast, and then anchored in at <a href="/wiki/Anjediva" class="mw-redirect" title="Anjediva">Anjediva</a> island for a spell. They finally struck out for their Indian Ocean crossing on 3 October 1498. But with the winter monsoon yet to set in, it was a harrowing journey. On the outgoing journey, sailing with the summer monsoon wind, da Gama's fleet crossed the Indian Ocean in only 23 days; now, on the return trip, sailing against the wind, it took more than 90 days. </p><p>Da Gama saw land again only on 2 January 1499, passing before the coastal <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, then under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>. The fleet did not make a stop, but passing before Mogadishu, the anonymous diarist of the expedition noted that it was a large city with houses of four or five storeys high and big palaces in its center and many mosques with cylindrical minarets.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Da Gama's fleet finally arrived in Malindi on 7 January 1499, in a terrible state – approximately half of the crew had died during the crossing, and many of the rest were afflicted with scurvy. Not having enough crewmen left standing to manage three ships, da Gama ordered the <i>São Rafael</i> scuttled off the East African coast, and the crew re-distributed to the remaining two ships, the <i>São Gabriel</i> and the <i>Berrio</i>. While there he was also granted permission by the Sultan to set up a <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%A3o" title="Padrão">padrão</a></i></span> (a stone pillar). <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Pillar,_Malindi" title="Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi">The Vasco da Gama Pillar</a>, as it is still known locally, seems to be the only one of the many <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">padrões</i></span> set up by da Gama to survive to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving Malindi, the sailing was smoother. By early March, the fleet had arrived in Mossel Bay, and crossed the Cape of Good Hope in the opposite direction on 20 March, reaching the western coast of Africa by 25 April. </p><p>The diary record of the expedition ends abruptly here. Reconstructing from other sources, it seems they continued to Cape Verde, where Nicolau Coelho's <i>Berrio</i> separated from Vasco da Gama's <i>São Gabriel</i> and sailed on by itself.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Berrio</i> arrived in Lisbon on 10 July 1499 and Nicolau Coelho personally delivered the news to King Manuel I and the royal court, then assembled in <a href="/wiki/Sintra" title="Sintra">Sintra</a>. In the meantime, back in Cape Verde, da Gama's brother, Paulo da Gama, had fallen grievously ill. Da Gama elected to stay by his side on <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Cape_Verde" title="Santiago, Cape Verde">Santiago</a> island and handed the <i>São Gabriel</i> over to his clerk, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_S%C3%A1" title="João de Sá">João de Sá</a>, to take home. The <i>São Gabriel</i> under Sá arrived in Lisbon sometime in late July or early August. Da Gama and his sickly brother eventually hitched a ride with a Guinea caravel returning to Portugal, but Paulo da Gama died en route. Da Gama disembarked at the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> to bury his brother at the monastery of São Francisco in <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Heroismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra do Heroismo">Angra do Heroismo</a>, and lingered there for a little while in mourning. He eventually took passage on an Azorean caravel and finally arrived in Lisbon on 29 August 1499 (according to Barros),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or early September<sup id="cite_ref-Foundations_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundations-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (8th or 18th, according to other sources). Despite his melancholic mood, da Gama was given a hero's welcome and showered with honors, including a triumphal procession and public festivities. King Manuel wrote two letters in which he described da Gama's first voyage, in July and August 1499, soon after the return of the ships. <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Sernigi" title="Girolamo Sernigi">Girolamo Sernigi</a> also wrote three letters describing da Gama's first voyage soon after the return of the expedition. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif/350px-Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif/525px-Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif/700px-Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Outward and return voyages of the Portuguese India Run (<i>Carreira da Índia</i>). The outward route of the South Atlantic westerlies that Bartolomeu Dias discovered in 1487, followed and explored by da Gama in the open ocean, would be developed in subsequent years.</figcaption></figure> <p>The expedition had exacted a large cost – two ships and over half the men had been lost. It had also failed in its principal mission of securing a commercial treaty with Kozhikode. Nonetheless, the small quantities of spices and other trade goods brought back on the remaining two ships demonstrated the potential of great profit for future trade.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vasco da Gama was justly celebrated for opening a direct sea route to Asia. His path would be followed up thereafter by yearly <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a>. </p><p>The spice trade would prove to be a major asset to the Portuguese royal treasury, and other consequences soon followed. For example, da Gama's voyage had made it clear that the east coast of Africa, the <i>Contra Costa</i>, was essential to Portuguese interests; its ports provided fresh water, provisions, timber, and harbors for repairs, and served as a refuge where ships could wait out unfavorable weather. One significant result was the colonization of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a> by the Portuguese Crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rewards">Rewards</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg/220px-Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg/330px-Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg/440px-Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Vasco da Gama's signature (reads Ho Comde Almirante, "The Count Admiral")</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1499, King Manuel I of Portugal rewarded Vasco da Gama with the town of Sines as a hereditary fief (the town his father, Estêvão, had once held as a <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">comenda</i></span>). This turned out to be a complicated affair, for Sines still belonged to the Order of Santiago. The master of the Order, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Lencastre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge de Lencastre">Jorge de Lencastre</a>, might have endorsed the reward – after all, da Gama was a Santiago knight, one of their own, and a close associate of Lencastre himself. But the fact that Sines was awarded by the king provoked Lencastre to refuse out of principle, lest it encourage the king to make other donations of the Order's properties.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da Gama would spend the next few years attempting to take hold of Sines, an effort that would estrange him from Lencastre and eventually prompt da Gama to abandon his beloved Order of Santiago, switching over to the rival <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ</a> in 1507. </p><p>In the meantime, da Gama made do with a substantial hereditary royal pension of 300,000 <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_real" title="Portuguese real">reis</a></i></span>. He was awarded the noble title of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Dom</i></span> (lord) in perpetuity for himself, his siblings and their descendants. On 30 January 1502, da Gama was awarded the title of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Almirante dos mares de Arabia, Persia, India e de todo o Oriente</i></span> ("Admiral of the Seas of Arabia, Persia, India and all the Orient") – an overwrought title reminiscent of the ornate Castilian title borne by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another royal letter, dated October 1501, gave da Gama the personal right to intervene and exercise a determining role on <i>any</i> future India-bound fleet. </p><p>Around 1501, Vasco da Gama married Catarina de Ataíde, daughter of Álvaro de Ataíde, the <i><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">alcaide-mór</i></span></i> of <a href="/wiki/Alvor_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvor Parish">Alvor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>), and a prominent nobleman connected by kinship with the powerful <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Abrantes" title="Count of Abrantes">Almeida</a> family (Catarina was a first cousin of Dom <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_voyage">Second voyage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/4th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Gama,_1502)" title="4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)">4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Special:EditPage/Vasco da Gama">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gama_armada_in_India,_1502.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gama_armada_in_India%2C_1502.gif/220px-Gama_armada_in_India%2C_1502.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gama_armada_in_India%2C_1502.gif/330px-Gama_armada_in_India%2C_1502.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gama_armada_in_India%2C_1502.gif 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> of India, c. 1500, showing the path of Vasco da Gama's <a href="/wiki/4th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Gama,_1502)" title="4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)">4th India Armada</a> in 1502</figcaption></figure> <p>The follow-up expedition, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Cabral,_1500)" title="2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)">Second India Armada</a>, launched in 1500 under the command of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> with the mission of making a treaty with the Zamorin of Kozhikodeand setting up a Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factory</a> in the city. However, Pedro Cabral entered into a conflict with the local Arab merchant guilds, with the result that the Portuguese factory was overrun in a riot and up to 70 Portuguese were killed. Cabral blamed the Zamorin for the incident and bombarded the city. Thus war broke out between Portugal and Kozhikode. </p><p>Vasco da Gama invoked his royal letter to take command of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Gama,_1502)" title="4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)">Fourth India Armada</a>, scheduled to set out in 1502, with the explicit aim of taking revenge upon the Zamorin and force him to submit to Portuguese terms. The heavily armed fleet of fifteen ships and eight hundred men left Lisbon on 12 February 1502. It was followed in April by another squadron of five ships led by his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(c._1470)" title="Estêvão da Gama (c. 1470)">Estêvão da Gama</a> (the son of Aires da Gama), which caught up to them in the Indian Ocean. The Fourth Armada was a veritable da Gama family affair. Two of his maternal uncles, Vicente Sodré and Brás Sodré, were pre-designated to command an Indian Ocean naval patrol, while brothers-in-law Álvaro de Ataíde (brother of Vasco's wife Catarina) and Lopo Mendes de Vasconcelos (betrothed to Teresa da Gama, Vasco's sister) captained ships in the main fleet. </p><p>On the outgoing voyage, da Gama's fleet opened contact with the East African gold trading port of <a href="/wiki/Sofala" title="Sofala">Sofala</a> and reduced the sultanate of <a href="/wiki/Kilwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilwa">Kilwa</a> to tribute, extracting a substantial sum of gold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilgrim_ship_incident">Pilgrim ship incident</h3></div> <p>On reaching India in October 1502, da Gama's fleet intercepted <i>Mirim</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a ship of Muslim pilgrims at <a href="/wiki/Madayi" title="Madayi">Madayi</a> travelling from Kozhikode to Mecca. Described in detail by eyewitness <a href="/wiki/Thom%C3%A9_Lopes" title="Thomé Lopes">Thomé Lopes</a> and chronicler Gaspar Correia, da Gama looted the ship with over 400 pilgrims on board including 50 women, locked in the passengers, the owner and an ambassador from Egypt and burned them to death. They offered their wealth, which "could ransom all the Christian slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fez" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Fez">Kingdom of Fez</a> and much more" but were not spared. Da Gama looked on through the porthole and saw the women bringing up their gold and jewels and holding up their babies to beg for mercy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lives of twenty children were spared against a forced conversion to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gama_squadron_of_1502_Armada_(Livro_das_Armadas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gama_squadron_of_1502_Armada_%28Livro_das_Armadas%29.jpg/220px-Gama_squadron_of_1502_Armada_%28Livro_das_Armadas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gama_squadron_of_1502_Armada_%28Livro_das_Armadas%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of da Gama's fleet (from the <i>Livro das Armadas</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D._Vasco_da_Gama_(Livro_de_Lisuarte_de_Abreu).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/D._Vasco_da_Gama_%28Livro_de_Lisuarte_de_Abreu%29.jpg/220px-D._Vasco_da_Gama_%28Livro_de_Lisuarte_de_Abreu%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/D._Vasco_da_Gama_%28Livro_de_Lisuarte_de_Abreu%29.jpg/330px-D._Vasco_da_Gama_%28Livro_de_Lisuarte_de_Abreu%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/D._Vasco_da_Gama_%28Livro_de_Lisuarte_de_Abreu%29.jpg/440px-D._Vasco_da_Gama_%28Livro_de_Lisuarte_de_Abreu%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of an aged D. Vasco da Gama, as Viceroy of India and Count of Vidigueira, in <i>Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1560</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St-Francis-Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/St-Francis-Church.jpg/220px-St-Francis-Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/St-Francis-Church.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>St. Francis CSI Church, in <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Kochi</a>. Vasco da Gama died in Kochi in 1524 when he was on his third visit to India. His body was originally buried in this church.</figcaption></figure> <p>After stopping at Cannanore, Gama drove his fleet before Kozhikode, demanding redress for the treatment of Cabral. Having known of the fate of the pilgrims' ship, the Zamorin adopted a conciliatory attitude towards the Portuguese and expressed willingness to sign a new treaty, but da Gama made a call to the Hindu king to expel all Muslims from Kozhikode before beginning negotiations, which was turned down.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time however, the Zamorin sent a message to his rebellious vassal, the Raja of Cochin, urging cooperation and obedience to counter the Portuguese threat; the ruler of Cochin forwarded this message to Gama, which reinforced his opinion of the Indians as duplicitous.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After da Gama's demand for the expulsion of Muslims from Kozhikode, the Zamorin sent the high priest Talappana <a href="/wiki/Namboothiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Namboothiri">Namboothiri</a> (the very same person who conducted da Gama to the Zamorin's chamber during his much celebrated first visit to Kozhikodein May 1498) for talks. Da Gama called him a spy, ordered the priest's lips and ears to be cut off and after sewing a pair of dog's ears to his head, sent him away.<sup id="cite_ref-M.G.S._Narayanan,_Calicut_2006_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M.G.S._Narayanan,_Calicut_2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese fleet then bombarded the unfortified city for nearly two days from the sea, severely damaging it. He also captured several rice vessels and cut off the crew's hands, ears and noses, dispatching them with a note to the Zamorin, in which Gama declared that he would be open to friendly relations once the Zamorin had paid for the items plundered from the feitoria as well as the gunpowder and cannonballs.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seabattle">Seabattle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calicut_(1503)" title="Battle of Calicut (1503)">Battle of Calicut (1503)</a></div> <p>The violent treatment meted out by da Gama quickly brought trade along the Malabar Coast of India, upon which Calicut (Kozhikode) depended, to a standstill. The Zamorin ventured to dispatch a fleet of strong warships to challenge da Gama's armada, but which Gama managed to defeat in a naval battle before Kozhikode harbor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cochin">Cochin</h3></div> <p>Da Gama loaded up with spices at <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cannanore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannanore">Cannanore</a>, small nearby kingdoms at war with the Zamorin, whose alliances had been secured by prior Portuguese fleets. The 4th armada left India in early 1503. Da Gama left behind a small squadron of caravels under the command of his uncle, Vicente Sodré, to patrol the Indian coast, to continue harassing Kozhikode shipping, and to protect the Portuguese factories at Cochin and Cannanore from the Zamorin's inevitable reprisals. </p><p>Vasco da Gama arrived back in Portugal in September 1503, effectively having failed in his mission to bring the Zamorin to submission. This failure, and the subsequent more galling failure of his uncle Vicente Sodré to protect the Portuguese factory in Cochin, probably counted against any further rewards. When the Portuguese king Manuel I decided to appoint the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">governor and viceroy</a> of Portuguese India in 1505, da Gama was conspicuously overlooked, and the post given to Francisco de Almeida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interlude">Interlude</h2></div> <p>For the next two decades, Vasco da Gama lived out a quiet life, unwelcome in the royal court and sidelined from Indian affairs. His attempts to return to the favor of Manuel I, including switching over to the Order of Christ in 1507, yielded little. Almeida, the larger-than-life <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> and, later on, <a href="/wiki/Lopo_Soares_de_Albergaria" title="Lopo Soares de Albergaria">Albergaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Sequeira</a>, were the king's preferred point men for India. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> defected to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> in 1518, Vasco da Gama threatened to do the same, prompting the king to undertake steps to retain him in Portugal and avoid the embarrassment of losing his own "Admiral of the Indies" to Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1519, after years of ignoring his petitions, King Manuel I finally hurried to give Vasco da Gama a feudal title, appointing him the first <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Vidigueira" title="Count of Vidigueira">Count of Vidigueira</a>, a title created by a royal decree issued in Évora on 29 December, after a complicated agreement with Dom <a href="/wiki/Jaime,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Jaime, Duke of Braganza">Jaime, Duke of Braganza</a>, who ceded him on payment the towns of <a href="/wiki/Vidigueira" title="Vidigueira">Vidigueira</a> and Vila dos Frades. The decree granted Vasco da Gama and his heirs all the revenues and privileges related,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus promoting da Gama from a petty noble to one of the relatively few titled nobles in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_voyage_and_death">Third voyage and death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kochi_2018-04-04g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kochi_2018-04-04g.jpg/220px-Kochi_2018-04-04g.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kochi_2018-04-04g.jpg/330px-Kochi_2018-04-04g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kochi_2018-04-04g.jpg/440px-Kochi_2018-04-04g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2949" data-file-height="4982" /></a><figcaption>Gama's former tomb in <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Church,_Kochi" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis Church, Kochi">St. Francis Church, Kochi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of King Manuel I in late 1521, his son and successor, King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> set about reviewing the Portuguese government overseas. Turning away from the old Albuquerque clique (now represented by <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Diogo Lopes de Sequeira</a>), John III looked for a fresh start. Vasco da Gama re-emerged from his political wilderness as an important adviser to the new king's appointments and strategy. Seeing the new Spanish threat to the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> as the priority, Vasco da Gama advised against the obsession with Arabia that had pervaded much of the Manueline period, and continued to be the dominant concern of <a href="/wiki/Duarte_de_Menezes" title="Duarte de Menezes">Duarte de Menezes</a>, then-<a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">governor of Portuguese India</a>. Menezes also turned out to be incompetent and corrupt, subject to numerous complaints. As a result, John III decided to appoint Vasco da Gama himself to replace Menezes, confident that the magic of his name and memory of his deeds might better impress his authority on Portuguese India, and manage the transition to a new government and new strategy. </p><p>By his appointment letter of February 1524, John III granted Vasco da Gama the privileged title of "<a href="/wiki/Viceroy#Portuguese_Empire" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a>", being only the second Portuguese governor to enjoy that title (the first was <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> in 1505).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His second son, <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(16th_century)" title="Estêvão da Gama (16th century)">Estêvão da Gama</a> was simultaneously appointed <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Capitão-mor do Mar da Índia</i></span> ('Captain-major of the Indian Sea', commander of the Indian Ocean naval patrol fleet), to replace Duarte's brother, Luís de Menezes. As a final condition, Gama secured from <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> the commitment to appoint all his sons successively as Portuguese captains of <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>. </p><p>Setting out in April 1524, with a fleet of fourteen ships, Vasco da Gama took as his flagship the famous large carrack <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_do_Monte_Sinai" title="Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai">Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai</a></i> on her last journey to India, along with two of his sons, Estêvão and Paulo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_underwater_quake">The underwater quake</h3></div> <p>After a troubled journey<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please give a basic description of the route. (April 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in which four or five of the ships were lost en route, he arrived in India in September. </p><p>Early on the morning of September 8, as the ships laid becalmed near Dabul the sea began to boil and the vessels pitched and rocked violently for about an hour as the result of a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_earthquake" title="Submarine earthquake">submarine earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-calvert_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calvert-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese crews were frightened, and one death occurred as a sailor jumped overboard in panic and drowned.<sup id="cite_ref-calvert_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calvert-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gama capitalized on the situation and so as to reassure his men cried out: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Friends, rejoice and be happy, for even sea trembles before us!<sup id="cite_ref-calvert_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calvert-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <p>Vasco da Gama immediately invoked his high viceregal powers to impose a new order in Portuguese India, replacing all the old officials with his own appointments. But da Gama contracted malaria not long after arriving and died in the city of Cochin on Christmas Eve in 1524, three months after his arrival. As per royal instructions, da Gama was succeeded as governor of India by one of the captains who had come with him, Henrique de Menezes (no relation to Duarte). Da Gama's sons Estêvão and Paulo immediately lost their posts and joined the returning fleet of early 1525 (along with the dismissed Duarte de Menezes and Luís de Menezes).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vasco da Gama's body was first buried at <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Church,_Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis Church, Cochin">St. Francis Church</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kochi_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochi (India)">Kochi</a>, but his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539. The body of Vasco da Gama was re-interred in Vidigueira in a casket decorated with gold and jewels. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:33630-Lisbon_(36358426111).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/33630-Lisbon_%2836358426111%29.jpg/220px-33630-Lisbon_%2836358426111%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/33630-Lisbon_%2836358426111%29.jpg/330px-33630-Lisbon_%2836358426111%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/33630-Lisbon_%2836358426111%29.jpg/440px-33630-Lisbon_%2836358426111%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Vasco da Gama in the <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Jerónimos Monastery</a> in Belém, Lisbon</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery,_Lisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerónimos Monastery, Lisbon">Monastery of the Hieronymites</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m,_Lisbon" title="Belém, Lisbon">Belém</a>, which later became the necropolis of the Portuguese royal dynasty of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">Aviz</a>, was erected in the early 1500s near the launch point of Vasco da Gama's first journey; its construction funded by a tax on the profits of the yearly Portuguese India Armadas. In 1880, what were believed to be da Gama's remains and those of the poet <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a> (who celebrated da Gama's first voyage in his 1572 epic poem, <i><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a></i>), were moved to new carved tombs in the nave of the monastery's church, only a few meters away from the tombs of the kings Manuel I and John III, whom da Gama had served. </p><p>However, by 1884, Teixeira de Aragão, one of the advocates for the transfer of da Gama's remains to the monastery, discovered documents suggesting that the wrong remains had been exhumed from Vidigueira. Apparently, da Gama's gravestone had been exchanged with that of his great-grandson Francisco da Gama, whose tomb lay opposite his, likely during restoration works in 1841. Additionally, it was found that the casket moved in 1880 contained the bones of more than one person, whereas the other tomb contained only one skeleton. It was not until May 1898, during the celebrations of the fourth centenary of da Gama's arrival in Kozhikode, that the remains from the other tomb in the chapel of Vidigueira were moved to the Hieronymite monastery. In 1994, a member of the family that now owns the estate where da Gama's remains were until the 1880s claimed that the real bones of Vasco da Gama were located in an unmarked spot on the estate, purportedly having been hidden there by the estate's owner in the 19th century, the Visconde de Ribeira Brava.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_descendants">Marriage and descendants</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasco_da_Gama_o_navegador_escudo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vasco_da_Gama_o_navegador_escudo.png/220px-Vasco_da_Gama_o_navegador_escudo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vasco_da_Gama_o_navegador_escudo.png/330px-Vasco_da_Gama_o_navegador_escudo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vasco_da_Gama_o_navegador_escudo.png/440px-Vasco_da_Gama_o_navegador_escudo.png 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Vasco da Gama.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vasco da Gama and his wife, Catarina de Ataíde, had six sons and one daughter:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Dom Francisco da Gama, who inherited his father's titles as 2nd Count of Vidigueira and the 2nd "Admiral of the Seas of India, Arabia and Persia." He remained in Portugal.</li> <li>Dom Estevão da Gama, after his abortive 1524 term as Indian patrol captain, he was appointed for a three-year term as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca#Portuguese_administration_of_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">captain of Malacca</a>, serving from 1534 to 1539 (includes the last two years of his younger brother Paulo's term). He was subsequently appointed as the 11th <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">governor of India</a> from 1540 to 1542.</li> <li>Dom Paulo da Gama (having the same name as his uncle <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_da_Gama" class="extiw" title="pt:Paulo da Gama">Paulo</a>), captain of Malacca from 1533 to 1534, killed in a naval action off <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>.</li> <li>Dom <a href="/wiki/Cristov%C3%A3o_da_Gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristovão da Gama">Cristovão da Gama</a>, captain of Malacca from 1538 to 1540; nominated to succeed in Malacca, but executed by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian-Adal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian-Adal war">Ethiopian-Adal war</a> in 1542.</li> <li>Dom Pedro da Silva da Gama, appointed captain of Malacca from 1548 to 1552.</li> <li>Dom Álvaro de Ataíde da Gama, appointed captain of Malacca fleet in the 1540s, captain of Malacca itself from 1552 to 1554.</li> <li>Dona Isabel de Ataíde da Gama, only daughter, married Dom Ignacio de Noronha, son of the first <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Linhares" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Linhares">Count of Linhares</a>.</li></ol> <p>His male-line issue became extinct in 1735, when the 7th Count of Vidigueira, Dom Vasco Baltasar José Luís Gama died, leaving only one daughter from his marriage, Dona Maria José da Gama, who inherited the Vidigueira estate. The title thus continued through this female-line.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_generations">Later generations</h3></div> <ul><li>Dom <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama,_3.%C2%BA_Conde_da_Vidigueira" class="extiw" title="pt:Vasco da Gama, 3.º Conde da Vidigueira">Vasco da Gama, 3rd Count of Vidigueira</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a>, son of Francisco (2nd Count) and grandson of Vasco da Gama.</li> <li>Dom <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_da_Gama,_4.%C2%BA_Conde_da_Vidigueira" class="extiw" title="pt:Francisco da Gama, 4.º Conde da Vidigueira">Francisco da Gama, 4th Count of Vidigueira</a>, the viceroy (1597–1600) and governor (1622–1628) of India, son of Vasco (3rd Count) and great-grandson of Vasco da Gama.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Special:EditPage/Vasco da Gama">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasco_da_Gama_-_1838.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Vasco_da_Gama_-_1838.png/220px-Vasco_da_Gama_-_1838.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Vasco_da_Gama_-_1838.png/330px-Vasco_da_Gama_-_1838.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Vasco_da_Gama_-_1838.png/440px-Vasco_da_Gama_-_1838.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Vasco da Gama by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Manuel_da_Fonseca" title="António Manuel da Fonseca">António Manuel da Fonseca</a> (1838)</figcaption></figure> <p>Vasco da Gama is one of the most famous and celebrated explorers from the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>. As much as anyone after <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a>, he was responsible for Portugal's success as an early colonizing power. Beside the fact of the first voyage itself, it was his astute mix of politics and war on the other side of the world that placed Portugal in a prominent position in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a>. Following da Gama's initial voyage, the Portuguese crown realized that securing outposts on the eastern coast of Africa would prove vital to maintaining national trade routes to the Far East. </p><p>However, his fame is tempered by such incidents and attitudes as displayed in the notorious Pilgrim Ship Incident previously discussed. </p><p>The Portuguese <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lus%C3%ADadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusíadas">Lusíadas</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís Vaz de Camões</a>, largely concerns Vasco da Gama's voyages.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1865 <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Africaine" title="L'Africaine">L'Africaine</a></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a> from a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Scribe" title="Eugène Scribe">Eugène Scribe</a>, prominently includes the character of Vasco da Gama. The events depicted, however, are fictitious. Meyerbeer's working title for the opera was <i>Vasco da Gama</i>. A 1989 production of the opera by the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera" title="San Francisco Opera">San Francisco Opera</a> featured noted <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a> in the role of da Gama.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th-century composer <a href="/wiki/Louis-Albert_Bourgault-Ducoudray" title="Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray">Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray</a> composed an eponymous 1872 opera based on da Gama's life and exploits at sea. </p><p>The port city of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama,_Goa" title="Vasco da Gama, Goa">Vasco da Gama</a> in Goa is named after him, as is the crater <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_(crater)" title="Vasco da Gama (crater)">Vasco da Gama</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. There are three football clubs in Brazil (including <a href="/wiki/Club_de_Regatas_Vasco_da_Gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama">Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Vasco_Sports_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasco Sports Club">Vasco Sports Club</a> in Goa that were also named after him. There exists a church in <a href="/wiki/Kochi_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kochi (India)">Kochi</a>, Kerala called <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasco da Gama Church">Vasco da Gama Church</a>, and a private residence on the island of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>. The suburb of Vasco in Cape Town also honours him. A <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Garden" title="Vasco da Gama Garden">garden</a> in Macau is also named after him. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisbon_(49219762623).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lisbon_%2849219762623%29.jpg/220px-Lisbon_%2849219762623%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lisbon_%2849219762623%29.jpg/330px-Lisbon_%2849219762623%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lisbon_%2849219762623%29.jpg/440px-Lisbon_%2849219762623%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Cenotaph to Vasco da Gama in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Santa_Engr%C3%A1cia" title="Church of Santa Engrácia">Church of Santa Engrácia</a>, now the National Pantheon in Lisbon.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_500e_anniversaire_de_la_naissance_de_Vasco_Da_Gama,_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/50_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_500e_anniversaire_de_la_naissance_de_Vasco_Da_Gama%2C_1969.jpg/220px-50_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_500e_anniversaire_de_la_naissance_de_Vasco_Da_Gama%2C_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/50_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_500e_anniversaire_de_la_naissance_de_Vasco_Da_Gama%2C_1969.jpg/330px-50_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_500e_anniversaire_de_la_naissance_de_Vasco_Da_Gama%2C_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/50_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_500e_anniversaire_de_la_naissance_de_Vasco_Da_Gama%2C_1969.jpg/440px-50_Escudos_c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brant_le_500e_anniversaire_de_la_naissance_de_Vasco_Da_Gama%2C_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese coin from 1969 commemorating the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's birth.</figcaption></figure> <p>A few places in Lisbon's <a href="/wiki/Parque_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Parque das Nações">Parque das Nações</a> are named after the explorer, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Bridge" title="Vasco da Gama Bridge">Vasco da Gama Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Tower" title="Vasco da Gama Tower">Vasco da Gama Tower</a> and the <i>Centro Comercial Vasco da Gama</i> shopping centre.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Oceanarium" title="Lisbon Oceanarium">Oceanário</a> in the Parque das Nações has a mascot of a cartoon diver with the name of "Vasco", who is named after the explorer.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vasco da Gama was the only explorer on the final pool of <a href="/wiki/Os_Grandes_Portugueses" title="Os Grandes Portugueses">Os Grandes Portugueses</a>. Although the final shortlist featured other Age of Discovery-related people, they were not actually explorers nor navigators for any matter. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Navy" title="Portuguese Navy">Portuguese Navy</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_class_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasco da Gama class frigate">class of frigates</a> named after him. There are three <i>Vasco da Gama</i> class frigates in total, of which the first one also <a href="/wiki/NRP_Vasco_da_Gama_(F330)" title="NRP Vasco da Gama (F330)">bears his name</a>. </p><p>The Portuguese government erected two navigational beacons, Dias Cross and da Gama Cross, to commemorate da Gama and Bartolomeu Dias, who were the first modern European explorers to reach the Cape of Good Hope. When lined up, these crosses point to Whittle Rock, a large, permanently submerged shipping hazard in <a href="/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</a>. </p><p>South African musician <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Masekela" title="Hugh Masekela">Hugh Masekela</a> recorded an anti-colonialist song entitled "Colonial Man", which contains the lyrics "Vasco da Gama was no friend of mine", and another song entitled "Vasco da Gama (The Sailor Man)". Both songs were included in his 1976 album <i><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Man" title="Colonial Man">Colonial Man</a></i>. </p><p>Vasco da Gama appears as an antagonist in the Indian film <i><a href="/wiki/Urumi_(film)" title="Urumi (film)">Urumi</a></i>. The film, directed by Santosh Sivan, depicts atrocities and progression to establish the Portuguese empire by da Gama in India. </p><p>In March 2016, archaeologists working off the coast of Oman identified a shipwreck believed to be that of the <i>Esmeralda</i> from da Gama's 1502–1503 fleet. The wreck was initially discovered in 1998. Later underwater excavations took place between 2013 and 2015 through a partnership between the Oman Ministry of Heritage and Culture and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Water_Recoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Water Recoveries">Blue Water Recoveries</a> Ltd., a shipwreck recovery company. The vessel was identified through such artifacts as a "Portuguese coin minted for trade with India (one of only two coins of this type known to exist) and stone cannonballs engraved with what appear to be the initials of Vincente Sodré, da Gama's maternal uncle and the commander of the <i>Esmeralda</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_European_exploration_of_Asia" title="Chronology of European exploration of Asia">Chronology of European exploration of Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasco-da-Gama">"Vasco da Gama | Biography, Achievements, Route, Map, Significance, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Vasco+da+Gama+%7C+Biography%2C+Achievements%2C+Route%2C+Map%2C+Significance%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FVasco-da-Gama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vasco-da-Gama">"Vasco da Gama | Biography, Achievements, Route, Map, Significance, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Vasco+da+Gama+%7C+Biography%2C+Achievements%2C+Route%2C+Map%2C+Significance%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FVasco-da-Gama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigel2011" class="citation book cs1">Nigel, Cliff (2011). <i>Holy War: How Vasco da Gama's Epic Voyages Turned the Tide in a Centuries-Old Clash of Civilizations</i>. Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-173512-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-173512-7"><bdi>978-0-06-173512-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+War%3A+How+Vasco+da+Gama%27s+Epic+Voyages+Turned+the+Tide+in+a+Centuries-Old+Clash+of+Civilizations&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-06-173512-7&rft.aulast=Nigel&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffie, Bailey W. and George D. Winius, <i>Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580</i>, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jayne, 1910, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ames-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ames_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ames_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmes,_Glenn_J.2008" class="citation book cs1">Ames, Glenn J. (2008). <i>The Globe Encompassed</i>. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-193388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-193388-0"><bdi>978-0-13-193388-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Globe+Encompassed&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-13-193388-0&rft.au=Ames%2C+Glenn+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Sodrés were said to have been descended from Frederick Sudley, of Gloucestershire, who accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York" title="Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York">Earl of Cambridge</a> to Portugal in 1381, and subsequently settled there (Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 61).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Oliveira Marques, António Henrique R. (1972). <i>History of Portugal</i>. Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03159-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03159-9">0-231-03159-9</a>, pp. 158–160, 362–370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parry, 1981, pp. 132–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scammell,_1981,_p._232-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scammell,_1981,_p._232_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scammell,_1981,_p._232_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scammell, 1981, p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foundations-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foundations_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundations_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundations_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundations_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundations_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiffieWinius1977" class="citation book cs1">Diffie, Bailey W.; Winius, George D. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&pg=PA176"><i>Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1850</i></a>. Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion. Vol. 1. pp. 176–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0850-8"><bdi>978-0-8166-0850-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Portuguese+Empire%2C+1415%E2%80%931850&rft.series=Europe+and+the+World+in+the+Age+of+Expansion&rft.pages=176-177&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0850-8&rft.aulast=Diffie&rft.aufirst=Bailey+W.&rft.au=Winius%2C+George+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtZtMBLJ7GgC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.html">Da Gama's <i>Round Africa to India</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828160915/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.html">Archived</a> 28 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, fordham.edu Retrieved 16 November 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam199779–80-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubrahmanyam199779–80_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSubrahmanyam1997">Subrahmanyam 1997</a>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gago_Coutinho" title="Gago Coutinho">Gago Coutinho</a>, C.V. (1951–52) <i>A Nautica dos Descobrimentos: os descobrimentos maritimos visitos por um navegador</i>, Lisbon: Agencia Geral do Ultramar; pp. 319–363; Axelson, E. (1988) "The Dias Voyage, 1487–1488: toponymy and padrões", <i>Revista da Universidade de Coimbra</i>, Vol. 34, pp. 29–55 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hcMp9hZ_8yAC&pg=PA29">offprint</a>; Waters, D.W. (1988) "Reflections Upon Some Navigational and Hydrographic Problems of the XVth Century Related to the voyage of Bartolomeu Dias", <i>Revista da Universidade de Coimbra</i>, Vol. 34, pp. 275–347. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKK-b3If-78C&dq=rota%20entre%20santiago&pg=PA333">offprint</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez-Armesto2006" class="citation book cs1">Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/177"><i>Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/177">177–178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5"><bdi>978-0-393-06259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathfinders%3A+A+Global+History+of+Exploration&rft.pages=177-178&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06259-5&rft.aulast=Fernandez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathfindersgloba00fern%2Fpage%2F177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldnewspublishing.com/dagamma.htm">"Vasco da Gamma Seeks Sea Route to India"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222043247/http://www.oldnewspublishing.com/dagamma.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Old News Publishing, Retrieved 8 July 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez-Armesto2006" class="citation book cs1">Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/178"><i>Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration</i></a>. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/178">178–179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5"><bdi>978-0-393-06259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathfinders%3A+A+Global+History+of+Exploration&rft.pages=178-179&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06259-5&rft.aulast=Fernandez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpathfindersgloba00fern%2Fpage%2F178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmes2005" class="citation book cs1">Ames, Glenn J. (2005). <i>Vasco da Gama: Renaissance Crusader</i>. New York: Pearson/Longman. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasco+da+Gama%3A+Renaissance+Crusader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Pearson%2FLongman&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Glenn+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castaneda, Herman Lopes de, The First Book of the Historie of the Discoveries and Conquests of the East India by the Portingals, London, 1582, in Kerr, Robert (ed.) A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels Vol. II, London, 1811.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/M.G.S._Narayanan" class="mw-redirect" title="M.G.S. Narayanan">M.G.S. Narayanan</a>, <i>Calicut: The City of Truth</i> (2006) Calicut University Publications (The incident is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Camoes</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Lusiads" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lusiads">The Lusiads</a>, wherein it is stated that the Zamorin "showed no signs of treachery" and that "on the other hand, da Gama's conduct in carrying off the five men he had entrapped on board his ships is indefensible.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Da Gama's First Voyage p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Axelson (1981). 'Prince Henry the Navigator and the discovery of the sea route to India', <i>The Geographical Journal</i>, 137, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">João de Barros, <i>Da Asia</i>, Dec. I, Lib. IV, c. 11, p. 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffie & Winius, 1977, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">João de Barros (1552, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23">pp. 23–24</a>) dates this appointment in January 1502, just before da Gama's departure on his second voyage. But Subrahmanyan (1997, p. 169), following Braancamp Freire, conjectures this award may have been made as early as January 1500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catarina de Ataíde's mother, Maria da Silva, was the sister of Beatriz da Silva, mother of Francisco de Almeida. The Almeidas provided a substantial part of Catarina's dowry (Subrahmanyan, 1997, p. 174).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2017" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Charles (2017). <i>Coromandel: a personal history of South India</i>. London: Little, Brown. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408705391" title="Special:BookSources/9781408705391"><bdi>9781408705391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coromandel%3A+a+personal+history+of+South+India&rft.place=London&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781408705391&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nambiar O.K, <i>The Kunjalis – Admirals of Calicut</i>, Bombay, 1963. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040118015254/http://www.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/WestEurope/DaGama.CP.html">"Vasco da Gama Arrives in India 1498"</a>. Archived from the original on 18 January 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vasco+da+Gama+Arrives+in+India+1498&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northpark.edu%2Fhistory%2FWebChron%2FWestEurope%2FDaGama.CP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> Dana Thompson, Felicity Ruiz, Michelle Mejiak; 15 December 1998. Retrieved 8 July 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. Roger Crowley: <i>Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire</i>, Faber & Faber, 2015, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M.G.S._Narayanan,_Calicut_2006-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M.G.S._Narayanan,_Calicut_2006_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/M._G._S._Narayanan" title="M. G. S. Narayanan">M. G. S. Narayanan</a>, Calicut: The City of Truth (2006) Calicut University Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sreedhara Menon. A. <i>A Survey of Kerala History</i> (1967), p. 152. D. C. Books Kottayam.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Crowley, in <i>Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire</i>, Faber & Faber, 2015, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasco Da Gama, Ernest George Ravenstein, "A journal of the first voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497–1499", p. <a href="/wiki/Hakluyt_Society" title="Hakluyt Society">Hakluyt Society</a>, Issue 99 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-1136-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-1136-5">81-206-1136-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At this time in Portugal, there were only twelve other counts, one count-bishop, two marquises and two dukes (Subrahmaynam, 1997, p. 281).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calvert-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calvert_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calvert_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calvert_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Calvert: <i>Vasco da Gama: So Strong a Spirit</i>, Marshall Cavendish, 2005, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, pp. 343–345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, pp. 11–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Diogo do Couto (<i>Decadas de Asia</i>, Dec. IV, Lib. 8, c. 2); Teixeira de Aragão <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15">pp. 15–16</a>, and Castanhoso (1898: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MiFXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR7">p. viiff</a>.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreire1921" class="citation book cs1">Freire, Anselmo Braamcamp (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/brasesdasaladesi02braa"><i>Brasões da Sala de Sintra, Livro Segundo</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. Coimbra : Imprensa da Universidade. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bras%C3%B5es+da+Sala+de+Sintra%2C+Livro+Segundo&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Coimbra+%3A+Imprensa+da+Universidade&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Freire&rft.aufirst=Anselmo+Braamcamp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrasesdasaladesi02braa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDL_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11198/">"The Lusiads"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></i>. 1800–1882<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=The+Lusiads&rft.date=1800%2F1882&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11198%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subrahmanyam, 1997, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centrovascodagama.pt/">"Centro Vasco da Gama"</a>. Centrovascodagama.pt<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Shipwreck+Discovered+from+Explorer+Vasco+da+Gama%27s+Fleet&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.aulast=Romey&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F03%2F20160314-oman-shipwreck-explorer-vasco-da-gama-age-of-exploration-india-route%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmes2004" class="citation book cs1">Ames, Glenn J. 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(1993). <i>A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808</i>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-09427-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-09427-0"><bdi>978-0-312-09427-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+on+the+Move%3A+The+Portuguese+in+Africa%2C+Asia%2C+and+America%2C+1415%E2%80%931808&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-312-09427-0&rft.aulast=Russell-Wood&rft.aufirst=A.J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScammell1981" class="citation book cs1">Scammell, G. V. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EayR3sm4mvUC"><i>The World Encompassed</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520044227" title="Special:BookSources/9780520044227"><bdi>9780520044227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Encompassed&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780520044227&rft.aulast=Scammell&rft.aufirst=G.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_EayR3sm4mvUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Subrahmanyam" title="Sanjay Subrahmanyam">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay</a> (1997). <i>The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47072-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47072-8"><bdi>978-0-521-47072-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Career+and+Legend+of+Vasco+da+Gama&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47072-8&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Teixeira de Aragão, A.C. (1887) <i>Vasco da Gama e a Vidigueira: um estudo historico</i>. Lisbon: Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowlec._1878" class="citation book cs1">Towle, George Makepeace (c. 1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vascodagamahisvo00towl"><i>Vasco da Gama, his voyages and adventures</i></a>. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasco+da+Gama%2C+his+voyages+and+adventures&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Lothrop%2C+Lee+%26+Shepard&rft.aulast=Towle&rft.aufirst=George+Makepeace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvascodagamahisvo00towl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Vasco da Gama</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=106966471&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=106966471">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=106966471&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Vasco da Gama (Ernst Georg Ravenstein, Gaspar Corrêa, Alvaro Velho) [2011] Viartis <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906421-04-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906421-04-5">978-1-906421-04-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eila_Campbell" title="Eila Campbell">Campbell, Eila M. J.</a> (1989). "Gamo, Vasco da". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia0005unse_g0l9"><i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia</i></a></span>. Vol. 5 (15th ed.). Chicago. pp. 100–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-236-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-236-9"><bdi>978-1-59339-236-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gamo%2C+Vasco+da&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+Microp%C3%A6dia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=100-101&rft.edition=15th&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-236-9&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Eila+M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia0005unse_g0l9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gama, Vasco da"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gama,_Vasco_da">"Gama, Vasco da" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 433–434.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gama%2C+Vasco+da&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=433-434&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVasco+da+Gama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" class="extiw" title="commons:Vasco da Gama"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Vasco da Gama</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vasco_da_Gama" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.html">Vasco da Gama's <i>Round Africa to India</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828160915/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.html">Archived</a> 28 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, fordham.edu</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213003604/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco.html">Vasco da Gama web tutorial with animated maps</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">ucalgary.ca</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1095-9270.12175/pdf">A Portuguese East Indiaman from the 1502–1503 Fleet of Vasco da Gama off Al Hallaniyah Island, Oman: an interim report</a>, IJNA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Gama%2C%20Vasco%20da%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gama%2C%20Vasco%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gama%2C%20V%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Vasco%20da%20Gama%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Vasco%20d%2E%20Gama%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22V%2E%20d%2E%20Gama%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gama%2C%20Vasco%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Vasco%20Gama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Vasco%20da%20Gama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Vasco%20d%2E%20Gama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22V%2E%20d%2E%20Gama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22V%2E%20da%20Gama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gama%2C%20Vasco%20da%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gama%2C%20Vasco%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gama%2C%20V%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gama%2C%20V%2E%20da%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Vasco%20Gama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gama%2C%20Vasco%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Vasco%20da%20Gama%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Vasco%20d%2E%20Gama%22%20OR%20title%3A%22V%2E%20d%2E%20Gama%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Vasco%20Gama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Vasco%20da%20Gama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Vasco%20d%2E%20Gama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22V%2E%20d%2E%20Gama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gama%2C%20Vasco%20da%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gama%2C%20Vasco%20d%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Vasco%20Gama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gama%2C%20Vasco%22%29%20OR%20%28%221460-1524%22%20AND%20Gama%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Vasco da Gama</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Duarte_de_Menezes" title="Duarte de Menezes">Duarte de Menezes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_Portuguese_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial heads of Portuguese India">Governor of Portuguese India</a> </b><br />September−December 1524 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Henrique de Menezes<br /><a href="/wiki/Lopo_Vaz_de_Sampaio" title="Lopo Vaz de Sampaio">Lopo Vaz de Sampaio</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_explorers" title="Template:Portuguese explorers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_explorers" title="Template talk:Portuguese explorers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_explorers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese explorers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_explorers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Portuguese explorers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maritime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="In_service_of_Prince_Henry" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">In service of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_the_Navigator" title="Prince Henry the Navigator">Prince Henry</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_Gon%C3%A7alves_Baldaia" title="Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia">Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Fernandes" title="Álvaro Fernandes">Álvaro Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvise_Cadamosto" title="Alvise Cadamosto">Alvise Cadamosto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A3o_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Antão Gonçalves">Antão Gonçalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Noli" title="António de Noli">António de Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoniotto_Usodimare" title="Antoniotto Usodimare">Antoniotto Usodimare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Perestrelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeu Perestrelo">Bartolomeu Perestrelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinis_Dias" title="Dinis Dias">Dinis Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Afonso" title="Diogo Afonso">Diogo Afonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Melo_Coutinho_(15th_century)" title="Diogo de Melo Coutinho (15th century)">Diogo de Melo Coutinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Silves" title="Diogo de Silves">Diogo de Silves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Teive" title="Diogo de Teive">Diogo de Teive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Gomes" title="Diogo Gomes">Diogo Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Castro" title="Fernando de Castro">Fernando de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Eanes" title="Gil Eanes">Gil Eanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_de_Sintra" title="Gonçalo de Sintra">Gonçalo de Sintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Velho_Cabral" title="Gonçalo Velho Cabral">Gonçalo Velho Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Trasto" title="João de Trasto">João de Trasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_(explorer)" title="João Fernandes (explorer)">João Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gon%C3%A7alves_Zarco" title="João Gonçalves Zarco">João Gonçalves Zarco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%A7arote_de_Freitas" title="Lançarote de Freitas">Lançarote de Freitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Trist%C3%A3o" title="Nuno Tristão">Nuno Tristão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Sintra" title="Pedro de Sintra">Pedro de Sintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_Vaz_Teixeira" title="Tristão Vaz Teixeira">Tristão Vaz Teixeira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Martins" title="Álvaro Martins">Álvaro Martins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gon%C3%A7alves_(explorer)" title="André Gonçalves (explorer)">André Gonçalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Abreu" title="António de Abreu">António de Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Saldanha" title="António de Saldanha">António de Saldanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Galv%C3%A3o" title="António Galvão">António Galvão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Mota" title="António Mota">António Mota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="Cristóvão de Mendonça">Cristóvão de Mendonça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Jacques" title="Cristóvão Jacques">Cristóvão Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_da_Rocha" title="Diogo da Rocha">Diogo da Rocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Azambuja" title="Diogo de Azambuja">Diogo de Azambuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Dias" title="Diogo Dias">Diogo Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Fernandes_Pereira" title="Diogo Fernandes Pereira">Diogo Fernandes Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Diogo Lopes de Sequeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Rodrigues" title="Diogo Rodrigues">Diogo Rodrigues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Soares" title="Diogo Soares">Diogo Soares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Fernandes" title="Duarte Fernandes">Duarte Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(c._1470)" title="Estêvão da Gama (c. 1470)">Estêvão da Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Loronha" title="Fernão de Loronha">Fernão de Loronha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_do_P%C3%B3" title="Fernão do Pó">Fernão do Pó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Fernão Gomes">Fernão Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Mendes_Pinto" title="Fernão Mendes Pinto">Fernão Mendes Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">Fernão Pires de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">Gaspar Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Lemos" title="Gaspar de Lemos">Gaspar de Lemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomes_de_Sequeira" title="Gomes de Sequeira">Gomes de Sequeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_%C3%81lvares" title="Gonçalo Álvares">Gonçalo Álvares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Coelho" title="Gonçalo Coelho">Gonçalo Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Afonso_do_Estreito" title="João Afonso do Estreito">João Afonso do Estreito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_%C3%81lvares_Fagundes" title="João Álvares Fagundes">João Álvares Fagundes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Gama" title="João da Gama">João da Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Nova" title="João da Nova">João da Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Santar%C3%A9m" title="João de Santarém">João de Santarém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_Lavrador" title="João Fernandes Lavrador">João Fernandes Lavrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Grego" title="João Grego">João Grego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Infante" title="João Infante">João Infante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Serr%C3%A3o" title="João Serrão">João Serrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Corte-Real" title="João Vaz Corte-Real">João Vaz Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81lvares" title="Jorge Álvares">Jorge Álvares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Menezes" title="Jorge de Menezes">Jorge de Menezes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopes_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Lopes Gonçalves">Lopes Gonçalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">Miguel Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolau_Coelho" title="Nicolau Coelho">Nicolau Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_da_Gama" title="Paulo da Gama">Paulo da Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mascarenhas" title="Pedro Mascarenhas">Pedro Mascarenhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_Dias" title="Pero Dias">Pero Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_Escobar" title="Pero Escobar">Pero Escobar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vasco da Gama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Paiva" title="Afonso de Paiva">Afonso de Paiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Serpa_Pinto" title="Alexandre de Serpa Pinto">Alexandre de Serpa Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_%C3%81lvares_de_Almada" title="André Álvares de Almada">André Álvares de Almada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_%C3%81lvares" title="Francisco Álvares">Francisco Álvares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Barreto" title="Francisco Barreto">Francisco Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Lacerda" title="Francisco de Lacerda">Francisco de Lacerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_da_Silveira" title="Gonçalo da Silveira">Gonçalo da Silveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermenegildo_Capelo" title="Hermenegildo Capelo">Hermenegildo Capelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Lobo" title="Jerónimo Lobo">Jerónimo Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alberto_de_Oliveira_Anchieta" title="José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta">José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sapateiro" title="José Sapateiro">José Sapateiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_(explorer)" title="Lourenço Marques (explorer)">Lourenço Marques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Dias_de_Novais" title="Paulo Dias de Novais">Paulo Dias de Novais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_da_Covilh%C3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero da Covilhã">Pero da Covilhã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ivens" title="Roberto Ivens">Roberto Ivens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_de_Tovar" title="Sancho de Tovar">Sancho de Tovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silva_Porto_(explorer)" title="Silva Porto (explorer)">Silva Porto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Rodrigues_Ferreira" title="Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira">Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Raposo_Tavares" title="António Raposo Tavares">António Raposo Tavares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Fernandes" title="Baltasar Fernandes">Baltasar Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borba_Gato" title="Borba Gato">Borba Gato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1s_Cubas" title="Brás Cubas">Brás Cubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramuru" title="Caramuru">Diogo Álvares Correia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingos_Jorge_Velho" title="Domingos Jorge Velho">Domingos Jorge Velho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Coelho" title="Duarte Coelho">Duarte Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martim_Soares_Moreno" title="Martim Soares Moreno">Martim Soares Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Teixeira" title="Pedro Teixeira">Pedro Teixeira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_da_Madalena" title="António da Madalena">António da Madalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Andrade" title="António de Andrade">António de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bento_de_G%C3%B3is" title="Bento de Góis">Bento de Góis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Veloso" title="Diogo Veloso">Diogo Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Paes" title="Domingo Paes">Domingo Paes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Cacella" title="Estêvão Cacella">Estêvão Cacella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Nunes" title="Fernão Nunes">Fernão Nunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeote_Pereira" title="Galeote Pereira">Galeote Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral" title="João Cabral">João Cabral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">In foreign service</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_del_Canto" title="Alberto del Canto">Alberto del Canto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleixo_Garcia" title="Aleixo Garcia">Aleixo Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_D%C3%ADaz_de_Cardoso" title="Antonio Díaz de Cardoso">Antonio Díaz de Cardoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Estêvão Gomes">Estêvão Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa" title="Gaspar Castaño de Sosa">Gaspar Castaño de Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ura" title="George Ura">George Ura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s_de_Mafra" title="Ginés de Mafra">Ginés de Mafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Alfonse" title="Jean Alfonse">Jean Alfonse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_D%C3%ADaz_de_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Juan Díaz de Solís">Juan Díaz de Solís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva" title="Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Vaz_de_Torres" title="Luís Vaz de Torres">Luís Vaz de Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Mederos" title="Manuel de Mederos">Manuel de Mederos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91u%C3%B1o_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Lobo" title="Ñuño Fernández Lobo">Ñuño Fernández Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fernandes_de_Queir%C3%B3s" title="Pedro Fernandes de Queirós">Pedro Fernandes de Queirós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Rodrigues_Soromenho" title="Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho">Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_and_Viceroys_of_the_Portuguese_State_of_India_(1505–1961)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_Governors_and_Viceroys_of_India" title="Template:Portuguese Governors and Viceroys of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_Governors_and_Viceroys_of_India" title="Template talk:Portuguese Governors and Viceroys of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_Governors_and_Viceroys_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese Governors and Viceroys of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_and_Viceroys_of_the_Portuguese_State_of_India_(1505–1961)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">Governors and Viceroys of the Portuguese State of India</a> (1505–1961)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;">Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Dom Francisco de Almeida</a> 1505–1509</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> 1510–15</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopo_Soares_de_Albergaria" title="Lopo Soares de Albergaria">Lopo Soares de Albergaria</a> 1515–18</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Diogo Lopes de Sequeira</a> 1518–22</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_de_Menezes" title="Duarte de Menezes">Dom Duarte de Menezes</a> 1522–24</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dom Vasco da Gama</a> 1524</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_de_Menezes" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrique de Menezes">Dom Henrique de Menezes</a> 1525–26</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopo_Vaz_de_Sampaio" title="Lopo Vaz de Sampaio">Lopo Vaz de Sampaio</a> 1526–29</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_da_Cunha" title="Nuno da Cunha">Nuno da Cunha</a> 1529–38</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_Noronha" title="Garcia de Noronha">Dom Garcia de Noronha</a> 1538–40</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(16th_century)" title="Estêvão da Gama (16th century)">Dom Estêvão da Gama</a> 1540–42</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa">Martim Afonso de Sousa</a> 1542–45</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro" title="João de Castro">Dom João de Castro</a> 1545–48</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcia_de_S%C3%A1" title="Garcia de Sá">Garcia de Sá</a> 1548–49</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Cabral" title="Jorge Cabral">Jorge Cabral</a> 1549–50</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afonso_de_Noronha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afonso de Noronha (page does not exist)">Dom Afonso de Noronha</a> 1550–54</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mascarenhas" title="Pedro Mascarenhas">Pedro Mascarenhas</a> 1554–55</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Barreto" title="Francisco Barreto">Francisco Barreto</a> 1555–58</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantino_de_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantino de Braganza">Dom Constantino de Bragança</a> 1558–61</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Coutinho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Coutinho (page does not exist)">Dom Francisco Coutinho</a> 1561–64</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_de_Mendon%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João de Mendonça (page does not exist)">João de Mendonça</a> 1564</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Noronha" class="mw-redirect" title="António de Noronha">Dom António de Noronha</a> 1564–68</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Ata%C3%ADde,_3rd_Count_of_Atouguia" title="Luís de Ataíde, 3rd Count of Atouguia">Dom Luís de Ataíde</a> 1568–71</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Noronha_o_Catarraz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António de Noronha o Catarraz (page does not exist)">Dom António de Noronha "Catarraz"</a> 1571–73</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_Moniz_Barreto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António Moniz Barreto (page does not exist)">António Moniz Barreto</a> 1573–76</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogo_de_Menezes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diogo de Menezes (page does not exist)">Dom Diogo de Menezes</a> 1576–78</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern%C3%A3o_Teles_de_Menezes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernão Teles de Menezes (page does not exist)">Fernão Teles de Menezes</a> 1581</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Mascarenhas" title="Francisco de Mascarenhas">Francisco de Mascarenhas</a> 1581–84</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duarte_de_Menezes,_14th_Viceroy_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duarte de Menezes, 14th Viceroy of India (page does not exist)">Dom Duarte de Menezes</a> 1584–88</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Sousa_Coutinho" title="Manuel de Sousa Coutinho">Dom Manuel de Sousa Coutinho</a> 1588–91</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matias_de_Albuquerque,_Viceroy_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matias de Albuquerque, Viceroy of India (page does not exist)">Matias de Albuquerque</a> 1591–97</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_da_Gama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco da Gama (page does not exist)">Dom Francisco da Gama</a> 1597–1600</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aires_de_Saldanha" title="Aires de Saldanha">Aires de Saldanha</a> 1600–05</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Castro" title="Martim Afonso de Castro">Martim Afonso de Castro</a> 1605–07</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleixo_de_Meneses" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleixo de Meneses">Aleixo de Meneses</a> 1607–09</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Furtado_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="André Furtado de Mendonça">André Furtado de Mendonça</a> 1609–10</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rui_Louren%C3%A7o_de_T%C3%A1vora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rui Lourenço de Távora (page does not exist)">Rui Lourenço de Távora</a> 1610–12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Azevedo" title="Jerónimo de Azevedo">Dom Jerónimo de Azevedo</a> 1612–17</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Coutinho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Coutinho (page does not exist)">Dom João Coutinho</a> 1617–19</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fern%C3%A3o_de_Albuquerque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernão de Albuquerque (page does not exist)">Fernão de Albuquerque</a> 1619–22</li> <li>D. Francisco da Gama (<i>second time</i>) 1622–28</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_de_Brito_e_Meneses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís de Brito e Meneses (page does not exist)">Luís de Brito e Meneses</a> 1629–29</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Noronha,_conde_de_Linhares" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel de Noronha, conde de Linhares">Miguel de Noronha</a> 1629–35</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pero_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pero da Silva (page does not exist)">Pero da Silva</a> 1635–39</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Teles_de_Meneses" title="António Teles de Meneses">António Teles de Meneses</a> 1639–40</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_da_Silva_Telo_e_Meneses,_conde_de_Aveiras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João da Silva Telo e Meneses, conde de Aveiras (page does not exist)">João da Silva Telo e Meneses</a> 1640–44</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipe_Mascarenhas" title="Filipe Mascarenhas">Filipe Mascarenhas</a> 1644–51</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_da_Silva_Telo_e_Meneses,_conde_de_Aveiras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João da Silva Telo e Meneses, conde de Aveiras (page does not exist)">João da Silva Telo e Meneses</a> 1651</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_Mascarenhas,_1st_Count_of_%C3%93bedos" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasco Mascarenhas, 1st Count of Óbedos">Vasco Mascarenhas</a> 1652–55</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Br%C3%A1s_de_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brás de Castro (page does not exist)">Brás de Castro</a> 1655</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Lobo_da_Silveira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrigo Lobo da Silveira (page does not exist)">Rodrigo Lobo da Silveira</a> 1655–56</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mascarenhas_Homem_(viceroy)" title="Manuel Mascarenhas Homem (viceroy)">Manuel Mascarenhas Homem</a> 1656</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Melo_e_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António de Melo e Castro (page does not exist)">António de Melo e Castro</a> 1662–66</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Nunes_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Nunes da Cunha (page does not exist)">João Nunes da Cunha</a> 1666–68</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_de_Mendon%C3%A7a_Furtado_e_Albuquerque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque (page does not exist)">Luís de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque</a> 1671–76</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_Almeida,_Conde_de_Assumar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro de Almeida, Conde de Assumar (page does not exist)">Dom Pedro de Almeida</a> 1676–78</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_Brand%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António Brandão (page does not exist)">António Brandão</a> 1678–81</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_T%C3%A1vora,_conde_de_Alvor" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Távora, conde de Alvor">Francisco de Távora</a> 1681–86</li> <li>Rodrigo da Costa 1686–90</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_Almeida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel de Almeida (page does not exist)">Dom Miguel de Almeida</a> 1690–91</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Meneses_Noronha_de_Albuquerque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque (page does not exist)">Pedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque</a> 1692–97</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_Lu%C3%ADs_Gon%C3%A7alves_da_C%C3%A2mara_Coutinho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António Luís Gonçalves da Câmara Coutinho (page does not exist)">António Luís Gonçalves da Câmara Coutinho</a> 1697–1701</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caetano_de_Melo_e_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caetano de Melo e Castro (page does not exist)">Caetano de Melo e Castro</a> 1702–1707</li> <li>Dom Rodrigo da Costa 1707–12</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasco_Fernandes_C%C3%A9sar_de_Meneses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses (page does not exist)">Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses</a> 1712–17</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebasti%C3%A3o_de_Andrade_Pessanha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebastião de Andrade Pessanha (page does not exist)">Sebastião de Andrade Pessanha</a> 1717</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Carlos_In%C3%A1cio_Xavier_de_Meneses,_1st_Marquis_of_Louri%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Louriçal">Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses</a> 1717–20</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sampaio_e_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro (page does not exist)">Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro</a> 1720–23</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Melo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristóvão de Melo (page does not exist)">Cristóvão de Melo</a> 1723</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_de_Saldanha_da_Gama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João de Saldanha da Gama (page does not exist)">João de Saldanha da Gama</a> 1725–32</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mascarenhas,_1st_Count_of_Sandomil" title="Pedro Mascarenhas, 1st Count of Sandomil">Pedro de Mascarenhas</a> 1732–40</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Carlos_In%C3%A1cio_Xavier_de_Meneses,_1st_Marquis_of_Louri%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Louriçal">Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses</a> 1740–42</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Miguel_de_Almeida_Portugal_e_Vasconcelos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos (page does not exist)">Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos</a> 1745–50</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Assis_de_T%C3%A1vora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de Assis de Távora (page does not exist)">Francisco de Assis de Távora</a> 1750–54</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Mascarenhas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís Mascarenhas (page does not exist)">Luís Mascarenhas</a> 1754–56</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_Saldanha_e_Albuquerque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel de Saldanha e Albuquerque (page does not exist)">Manuel de Saldanha e Albuquerque</a> 1758–65</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Melo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João José de Melo (page does not exist)">João José de Melo</a> 1768–74</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filipe_de_Valadares_Sotomaior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filipe de Valadares Sotomaior (page does not exist)">Filipe de Valadares Sotomaior</a> 1774</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Pedro_da_C%C3%A2mara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Pedro da Câmara (page does not exist)">Dom José Pedro da Câmara</a> 1774–79</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederico_Guilherme_de_Sousa_Holstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederico Guilherme de Sousa Holstein (page does not exist)">Dom Frederico Guilherme de Sousa Holstein</a> 1779–86</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_da_Cunha_e_Meneses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco da Cunha e Meneses (page does not exist)">Francisco da Cunha e Meneses</a> 1786–94</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ant%C3%B3nio_da_Veiga_Cabral_da_C%C3%A2mara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco António da Veiga Cabral da Câmara (page does not exist)">Francisco António da Veiga Cabral da Câmara</a> 1794–1806</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Lorena_e_Silveira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernardo José Maria Lorena e Silveira (page does not exist)">Dom Bernardo José Maria da Silveira e Lorena</a> 1806–16</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogo_de_Sousa,_Count_of_Rio_Pardo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diogo de Sousa, Count of Rio Pardo (page does not exist)">Dom Diogo de Sousa</a> 1816–21</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Maria_Gon%C3%A7alves_Zarco_da_C%C3%A2mara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Maria Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara (page does not exist)">Dom Manuel da Câmara</a> 1823–25</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Francisco_Zacarias_de_Portugal_e_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro (page does not exist)">Dom Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro</a> 1826–35</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Peres_da_Silva" title="Bernardo Peres da Silva">Bernardo Peres da Silva</a> 1835</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Francisco_Zacarias_de_Portugal_e_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro (page does not exist)">Dom Manuel Francisco Zacarias de Portugal e Castro</a> 1835</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Manuel_Correia_da_Silva_e_Gama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama (page does not exist)">Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama</a> 1835</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Peres_da_Silva" title="Bernardo Peres da Silva">Bernardo Peres da Silva</a> 1836–37</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%A3o_Infante_de_Lacerda_de_Sousa_Tavares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simão Infante de Lacerda de Sousa Tavares (page does not exist)">Simão Infante de Lacerda de Sousa Tavares</a> 1837–39</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira_da_Fonseca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José António Vieira da Fonseca (page does not exist)">José António Vieira da Fonseca</a> 1839</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Jos%C3%A9_Mendes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel José Mendes (page does not exist)">Manuel José Mendes</a> 1839–40</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Lopes_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Joaquim Lopes Lima (page does not exist)">José Joaquim Lopes Lima</a> 1840–42</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Xavier_da_Silva_Pereira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira (page does not exist)">Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira</a> 1842–43</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Mour%C3%A3o_Garcez_Palha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha (page does not exist)">Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha</a> 1843–44</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ferreira_Pestana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Ferreira Pestana (page does not exist)">José Ferreira Pestana</a> 1844–51</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Janu%C3%A1rio_Lapa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Joaquim Januário Lapa (page does not exist)">José Joaquim Januário Lapa</a> 1851–55</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_C%C3%A9sar_de_Vasconcelos_Correia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António César de Vasconcelos Correia (page does not exist)">António César de Vasconcelos Correia</a> 1855–64</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ferreira_Pestana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Ferreira Pestana (page does not exist)">José Ferreira Pestana</a> 1864–70</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janu%C3%A1rio_Correia_de_Almeida" class="mw-redirect" title="Januário Correia de Almeida">Januário Correia de Almeida</a> 1870–71</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Jos%C3%A9_Macedo_e_Couto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim José Macedo e Couto (page does not exist)">Joaquim José Macedo e Couto</a> 1871–75</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Tavares_de_Almeida,_governor_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Tavares de Almeida, governor of India (page does not exist)">João Tavares de Almeida</a> 1875–77</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_S%C3%A9rgio_de_Sousa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António Sérgio de Sousa (page does not exist)">António Sérgio de Sousa</a> 1877–78</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caetano_Alexandre_de_Almeida_e_Albuquerque" title="Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e Albuquerque">Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e Albuquerque</a> 1878–82</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Eug%C3%A9nio_Correia_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva">Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva</a> 1882–86</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Joaquim_Ferreira_do_Amaral" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral">Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral</a> 1886</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Cardoso_de_Carvalho" title="Augusto César Cardoso de Carvalho">Augusto César Cardoso de Carvalho</a> 1886–89</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Augusto_Mouzinho_de_Albuquerque" title="Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque">Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque</a> 1889</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_Guedes_de_Carvalho_e_Meneses" title="Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses">Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses</a> 1889–91</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Maria_da_Cunha" title="Francisco Maria da Cunha">Francisco Maria da Cunha</a> 1891</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel_Correia_Taborda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Manuel Correia Taborda (page does not exist)">João Manuel Correia Taborda</a> 1891–92</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Teixeira_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Teixeira da Silva (page does not exist)">Francisco Teixeira da Silva</a> 1892–93</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_J%C3%A1come_de_Andrade" title="Rafael Jácome de Andrade">Rafael Jácome de Andrade</a> 1893–94</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel_Correia_Taborda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Manuel Correia Taborda (page does not exist)">João Manuel Correia Taborda</a> 1894</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elesb%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Bettencourt_Lapa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elesbão José de Bettencourt Lapa (page does not exist)">Elesbão José de Bettencourt Lapa</a> 1894–95</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_J%C3%A1come_de_Andrade" title="Rafael Jácome de Andrade">Rafael Jácome de Andrade</a> 1895–96</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso, Prince Royal of Portugal">Prince Afonso Henriques de Bragança</a> 1896</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Brissac_das_Neves_Ferreira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João António de Brissac das Neves Ferreira (page does not exist)">João António de Brissac das Neves Ferreira</a> 1896–97</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel_Correia_Taborda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Manuel Correia Taborda (page does not exist)">João Manuel Correia Taborda</a> 1897</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Jos%C3%A9_Machado" title="Joaquim José Machado">Joaquim José Machado</a> 1897–1900</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Augusto_Rodrigues_Galhardo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo (page does not exist)">Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo</a> 1900–05</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_de_Novais_Guedes_Rebelo" title="Arnaldo de Novais Guedes Rebelo">Arnaldo de Novais Guedes Rebelo</a> 1905–07</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_de_Sousa_Horta_e_Costa" title="José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa">José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa</a> 1907–10</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_(1951%E2%80%931961).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281951%E2%80%931961%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281951%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281951%E2%80%931961%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281951%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281951%E2%80%931961%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_India_%281951%E2%80%931961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="871" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Manuel_Couceiro_da_Costa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa (page does not exist)">Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa</a> 1910–17</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Maria_Peixoto_Vieira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira (page does not exist)">Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira</a> 1917</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Freitas_Ribeiro" title="José de Freitas Ribeiro">José de Freitas Ribeiro</a> 1917–19</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_de_Paiva_Bobela_da_Mota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augusto de Paiva Bobela da Mota (page does not exist)">Augusto de Paiva Bobela da Mota</a> 1919–20</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Alberto_de_Castro_Morais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaime Alberto de Castro Morais (page does not exist)">Jaime Alberto de Castro Morais</a> 1920–25</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Maria_Peixoto_Vieira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira (page does not exist)">Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira</a> 1925</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Martins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariano Martins (page does not exist)">Mariano Martins</a> 1925–26</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Augusto_de_Morais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tito Augusto de Morais (page does not exist)">Tito Augusto de Morais</a> 1926</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%BArcio_Mendes_da_Rocha_Dinis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acúrcio Mendes da Rocha Dinis">Acúrcio Mendes da Rocha Dinis</a> 1926–27</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Francisco_Massano_de_Amorim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim (page does not exist)">Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim</a> 1927–29</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%BArcio_Mendes_da_Rocha_Dinis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acúrcio Mendes da Rocha Dinis">Acúrcio Mendes da Rocha Dinis</a> 1929</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Pedro_de_Almeida" title="Alfredo Pedro de Almeida">Alfredo Pedro de Almeida</a> 1929–30</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_Craveiro_Lopes" class="mw-redirect" title="João Carlos Craveiro Lopes">João Carlos Craveiro Lopes</a> 1930–36</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Craveiro_Lopes" title="Francisco Craveiro Lopes">Francisco Craveiro Lopes</a> 1936–38</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ricardo_Pereira_Cabral" class="mw-redirect" title="José Ricardo Pereira Cabral">José Ricardo Pereira Cabral</a> 1938–45</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_B%C3%A9nard_Guedes" title="Paulo Bénard Guedes">Paulo Bénard Guedes</a> 1945–46</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferreira_Bossa" title="José Ferreira Bossa">José Ferreira Bossa</a> 1946–47</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alves_Ferreira" title="José Alves Ferreira">José Alves Ferreira</a> 1947–48</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Quintanilha_e_Mendon%C3%A7a_Dias" title="Fernando de Quintanilha e Mendonça Dias">Fernando de Quintanilha e Mendonça Dias</a> 1948–52</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_B%C3%A9nard_Guedes" title="Paulo Bénard Guedes">Paulo Bénard Guedes</a> 1952–58</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B3nio_Vassalo_e_Silva" title="Manuel António Vassalo e Silva">Manuel António Vassalo e Silva</a> 1958–61</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding-top:0.3em; line-height:1.2em;"><div>Note: The head of Portuguese India could have either the title of "Governor" or the more prestigious "Viceroy" though their responsibilities were the same</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7328#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7328#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7328#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083462817">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/106966471">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/50423/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdcykQ6jfwG3HjMvCm68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118537431">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80019653">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13499179v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13499179v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620706">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49682275">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700584&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX937254">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/11358">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070485763">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90534734">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000177865&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000244904">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dggjcl5bjkxhw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569523305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/83898">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007312752905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000104492">Finland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0524327X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1525089">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118537431.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118537431">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027492575">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xk8mqz">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasco_da_Gama&oldid=1257344774">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasco_da_Gama&oldid=1257344774</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maritime_history_of_Portugal" title="Category:Maritime history of Portugal">Maritime history of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_Asia" title="Category:Explorers of Asia">Explorers of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_India" title="Category:Explorers of India">Explorers of India</a></li><li><a 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