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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ponton_timah_apung.jpg/220px-Ponton_timah_apung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ponton_timah_apung.jpg/330px-Ponton_timah_apung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ponton_timah_apung.jpg/440px-Ponton_timah_apung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="2896" /></a><figcaption>A pontoon in <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Bangka</a> engaging in <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_mining" title="Artisanal mining">artisanal tin mining</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Indonesia is the world's second-largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> and its largest exporter. Tin mining activities in Indonesia are concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Islands</a> province with some production in nearby areas. Exports of tin from the region predated European colonization, with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> commencing commercial exploitation of the resource in the 18th century. Large mining concerns controlled tin production throughout the 19th and much of the 20th century under both the Dutch and Indonesian governments. </p><p>Following the restructuring of the state-owned mining company PT Timah and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">fall of President Suharto</a> in the 1990s, small-scale <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_mining" title="Artisanal mining">artisanal tin mining</a> had become the dominant producer in the country. The wide extent of mining activities on Bangka and Belitung has had significant environmental impact, with a large number of unreclaimed mining pits or <i>kolong</i> covering the islands' landscape. Smuggling and child labor have become issues in the industry. Poor safety measures have also resulted in hundreds of miners being killed in accidents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BangkaIsland_TinMines_PlanetNICFI_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BangkaIsland_TinMines_PlanetNICFI_2022.jpg/220px-BangkaIsland_TinMines_PlanetNICFI_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BangkaIsland_TinMines_PlanetNICFI_2022.jpg/330px-BangkaIsland_TinMines_PlanetNICFI_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BangkaIsland_TinMines_PlanetNICFI_2022.jpg/440px-BangkaIsland_TinMines_PlanetNICFI_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2650" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of tin mining pits in Bangka.</figcaption></figure> <p>Small-scale mining of tin in modern Indonesia might have begun in <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Bangka</a> by the 7th century; some exports of tin from Bangka are dated to the 13th century. After the arrival of the Dutch in the region, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) signed a treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a> which granted the VOC monopoly rights over Bangka's tin trade in 1722.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tin mining was further developed in Bangka in the 18th century, with migrant workers from China working the mines.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large tin deposits were further discovered in 1823 at the neighboring island of <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Belitung</a>, and Billiton Maatschappij (today part of <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>) was founded to exploit Belitung's tin, obtaining a concession over the island's mineral rights in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billiton continued operations for some time after <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Indonesia">Indonesian independence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until Dutch mining operations in Indonesia were seized in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indonesian <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timah (page does not exist)">PT Timah</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah_(perusahaan)" class="extiw" title="id:Timah (perusahaan)">id</a>]</span> company was established in 1976 to exploit the deposits in Bangka and Belitung.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to declines in global tin prices, the company underwent large-scale restructurization in 1990, laying off 26,000 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">fall of Suharto</a> in 1998, deregulation of mining activities resulted in a boom of small-scale mining activities, with a large proportion being illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was estimated in 2019 that small-scale miners made up 60% of Indonesian tin production and covered 50,000 workers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PT Timah alone employed or outsourced around 10,000 workers in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another major tin mining center was <a href="/wiki/Singkep" title="Singkep">Singkep</a>, near Bangka and Belitung but part of <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal mining operations on the island ceased in 1991 following Timah's restructurization, although illegal mining activities continued on the island with some arrests in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Mineral_Resources" title="Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources">Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources</a> reported in 2020 that Indonesia was the world's second-largest producer of tin behind <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, with an annual production of 78,000 tonnes and a proven deposit of 800,000 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-booklet_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booklet-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country was also the largest tin exporter globally, with Indonesian exports making up 32 percent of the international trade in 2020, worth US$1.11 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 90 percent of national production originated from Bangka and Belitung, with smaller amounts being mined in <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-booklet_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booklet-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tin smuggling is a significant issue, with the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Corruption_Watch" title="Indonesia Corruption Watch">Indonesia Corruption Watch</a> estimating that around one-fifth of Indonesian exports between 2004 and 2013 were smuggled.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, tin mining concessions covered over 1 million hectares – approximately one-eighth of the province's total land and sea area.<sup id="cite_ref-selama_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selama-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mining activities, dominated by tin mining, contributed around 15% to both the employment and provincial economic output of Bangka Belitung.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tin ores involved are primarily alluvial ores with a large proportion of reserves being offshore tin-rich sand mined through <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environmental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danau_Kaolin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Danau_Kaolin.jpg/220px-Danau_Kaolin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Danau_Kaolin.jpg/330px-Danau_Kaolin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Danau_Kaolin.jpg/440px-Danau_Kaolin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Kaolin Lake in Belitung, a <i>kolong</i> filled with water.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tin mining activity on Bangka and Belitung has had significant environmental impact.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Indonesian_Forum_for_Environment" title="The Indonesian Forum for Environment">The Indonesian Forum for Environment</a> (WALHI) reported in 2023 that 240,000 hectares of <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forests</a> had been damaged by tin mining activities, along with over 5,000 hectares of coral reefs.<sup id="cite_ref-selama_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selama-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of arrests in 2023 over illegal mining between 2015 and 2022 cited the cost associated with environmental damage at <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 271 trillion (c. US$17 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-korupsi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korupsi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a> plantations, the province's <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia" title="Agriculture in Indonesia">other major export commodity</a>, have been converted to illegal mines.<sup id="cite_ref-korupsi_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-korupsi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>WALHI also tallied over 12,000 unreclaimed open tin mining pits, known locally as <i>kolong</i>, in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-bekas_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bekas-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pits took up an area of over 15,000 hectares.<sup id="cite_ref-bekas_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bekas-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>kolong</i> are prone to erosion around their rims, and contain blue or green-colored water with high <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal element">heavy metal</a> content.<sup id="cite_ref-bekas_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bekas-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the unusual shade of the water, along with the white sands surrounding the <i>kolong</i>, some have become tourist attractions, with one in <a href="/wiki/Koba,_Indonesia" title="Koba, Indonesia">Koba</a> receiving around 100,000 visitors in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-bekas_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bekas-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artisanal tin mining remains dangerous; 81 miners were <a href="/wiki/Mining_accident" title="Mining accident">reported killed in working accidents</a> in Indonesia between 2019 and 2023; industry observers estimate that hundreds have died since the spread of small-scale mining.<sup id="cite_ref-selama_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selama-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same period, 13 children drowned in the <i>kolong</i> water.<sup id="cite_ref-selama_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selama-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The miner deaths have been attributed to the lack of safety knowledge among the small-scale miners, who had not been involved in mining activities during the colonial and corporate mining periods.<sup id="cite_ref-selama_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selama-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> estimated in 2015 that there were 6,300 child laborers in tin mining activities in Bangka Belitung.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Indonesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Iem (17 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDvJAwAAQBAJ&dq=kota+kapur+bangka+tin&pg=PT282"><i>The Territories of Indonesia</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35540-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35540-1"><bdi>978-1-135-35540-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+Indonesia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-135-35540-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Iem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmDvJAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkota%2Bkapur%2Bbangka%2Btin%26pg%3DPT282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin+mining+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2OeBQAAQBAJ&dq=bangka+tin+1710&pg=PA207"><i>Hinterlands and Commodities: Place, Space, Time and the Political Economic Development of Asia over the Long Eighteenth Century</i></a>. BRILL. 20 November 2014. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28390-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28390-9"><bdi>978-90-04-28390-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinterlands+and+Commodities%3A+Place%2C+Space%2C+Time+and+the+Political+Economic+Development+of+Asia+over+the+Long+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28390-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2OeBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbangka%2Btin%2B1710%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin+mining+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belitungisland.com/news/seperti-apakah-sejarah-pertambangan-timah-di-belitung+-beginilah-kisahnya/gb/">"What Is the History of Tin Mining in Belitung? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=belitungisland.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+History+of+Tin+Mining+in+Belitung%3F+This+is+the+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belitungisland.com%2Fnews%2Fseperti-apakah-sejarah-pertambangan-timah-di-belitung%2B-beginilah-kisahnya%2Fgb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin+mining+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomers_Heidhues" class="citation web cs1">Somers Heidhues, Mary F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/53949/INDO_51_0_1106965317_1_20.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Company Island: A Note on the History of Belitung"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cornell</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Princeton University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3065-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-3065-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contracting+States%3A+Sovereign+Transfers+in+International+Relations&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3065-7&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Spruyt%2C+Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCRGdjkSVzE4C%26dq%3Dindonesian%2Bgovernment%2Btin%2B1949%2Bnationalisation%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin+mining+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1983" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, William Lee (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lt9adAWGs8AC&dq=indonesian+government+tin+1959+nationalisation&pg=PA32"><i>The World Tin Market: Political Pricing and Economic Competition</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kompas&rft.atitle=Ironi+Bekas+Tambang+Timah%2C+Sedap+Dipandang%2C+Berbahaya+pada+Masa+Depan&rft.date=2023-11-21&rft.aulast=Fajriansyah&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kompas.id%2Fbaca%2Fnusantara%2F2023%2F11%2F20%2Fironi-lubang-bekas-tambang-timah-sedap-dipandang-berbahaya-di-masa-depan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin+mining+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a5f34feed915d7dfb57d02f/209-213-Child-labour-in-mining.pdf">"Overview of child labour in the artisanal and small-scale mining sector in Asia and Africa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2017. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+child+labour+in+the+artisanal+and+small-scale+mining+sector+in+Asia+and+Africa&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F5a5f34feed915d7dfb57d02f%2F209-213-Child-labour-in-mining.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATin+mining+in+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tin_mining_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tin_mining_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tin mining in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in China (page does not exist)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in India (page does not exist)">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Iran (page does not exist)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_mining_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin mining in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Pakistan (page does not exist)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_mining_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin mining in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mining_in_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mining_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Mining in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mining_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Mining in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mining_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mining in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mining_in_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Indonesia">Mining in Indonesia</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Mineral_Resources_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia)">Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaro_Energy" title="Adaro Energy">Adaro Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneka_Tambang" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneka Tambang">Aneka Tambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Coal_Energy" title="Berau Coal Energy">Berau Coal Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumi_Resources" title="Bumi Resources">Bumi Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalum" title="Inalum">Inalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newmont_Nusa_Tenggara" title="Newmont Nusa Tenggara">Newmont Nusa Tenggara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commodities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauxite_mining_in_Indonesia" title="Bauxite mining in Indonesia">Bauxite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in Indonesia">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_mining_in_Indonesia" title="Copper mining in Indonesia">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_mining_in_Indonesia" title="Nickel mining in Indonesia">Nickel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Economy of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Economy of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Economy of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_program" title="Benteng program">Benteng program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Mafia" title="Berkeley Mafia">Berkeley Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Indonesian rupiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking and finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange">Indonesia Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QRIS" title="QRIS">QRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Indonesia" title="List of banks in Indonesia">Commercial banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_regional_development_bank" title="Indonesian regional development bank">Regional development banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministries and agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs" title="Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs">Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Indonesia)">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Industry (Indonesia)">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Trade (Indonesia)">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Indonesia)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Owned_Enterprises_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of State Owned Enterprises (Indonesia)">State Owned Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Manpower (Indonesia)">Manpower</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Cooperatives_and_Small_%26_Medium_Enterprises_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Cooperatives and Small & Medium Enterprises (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Small & Medium Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Land_and_Spatial_Planning_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Land and Spatial Planning (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Land and Spatial Planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Maritime_and_Investment_Affairs" title="Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment Affairs">Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Transportation (Indonesia)">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Marine_Affairs_and_Fisheries" title="Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries">Maritime Affairs and Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Works_and_Housing_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Indonesia)">Public Works and Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_and_Creative_Economy" title="Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy">Tourism and Creative Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Mineral_Resources_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia)">Energy and Mineral Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environment and Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Investment_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Investment (Indonesia)">Investment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority_(Indonesia)" title="Financial Services Authority (Indonesia)">OJK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li>Bilateral agreements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Australia_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Indonesia_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Chile–Indonesia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Japan_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Mozambique_Preferential_Trade_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Mozambique Preferential Trade Agreement">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Korea_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Pakistan_Preferential_Trade_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Pakistan Preferential Trade Agreement">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Indonesia">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pos_Indonesia" title="Pos Indonesia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia" title="Agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Indonesia" title="Coconut production in Indonesia">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Indonesia" title="Coffee production in Indonesia">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia" title="Palm oil production in Indonesia">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Indonesia" title="Rice production in Indonesia">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Indonesia" title="Tea production in Indonesia">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_products_in_Indonesia" title="Tobacco products in Indonesia">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Indonesia">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauxite_mining_in_Indonesia" title="Bauxite mining in Indonesia">Bauxite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in Indonesia">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_mining_in_Indonesia" title="Copper mining in Indonesia">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_mining_in_Indonesia" title="Nickel mining in Indonesia">Nickel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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