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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Unsur kala 4</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 48 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_4_element" title="Periode 4 element – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Periode 4 element" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="आवर्त 4 तत्व – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आवर्त 4 तत्व" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="عناصر الدورة الرابعة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عناصر الدورة الرابعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_d%27o_periodo_4" title="Elementos d'o periodo 4 – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Elementos d'o periodo 4" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_periodu_4" title="Elementos del periodu 4 – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementos del periodu 4" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vri_sistemin_d%C3%B6rd%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_periodu" title="Dövri sistemin dördüncü periodu – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövri sistemin dördüncü periodu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4 – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unsur periode 4" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="চতুর্থ পর্যায়ের মৌল – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চতুর্থ পর্যায়ের মৌল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1_4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="पीरियड 4 तत्व – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पीरियड 4 तत्व" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_del_per%C3%ADode_4" title="Elements del període 4 – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elements del període 4" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._perioda" title="4. perioda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="4. perioda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfen_cyfnod_4" title="Elfen cyfnod 4 – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elfen cyfnod 4" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_4-grundstof" title="Periode 4-grundstof – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Periode 4-grundstof" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_Elemente_der_vierten_Periode" title="Chemische Elemente der vierten Periode – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemische Elemente der vierten Periode" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85_4" title="Στοιχείο Περιόδου 4 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στοιχείο Περιόδου 4" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Period 4 element" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_periodo_4" title="Elementos del periodo 4 – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elementos del periodo 4" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_de_periodo_4" title="Elemento de periodo 4 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elemento de periodo 4" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._periodoko_elementu" title="4. periodoko elementu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="4. periodoko elementu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%B4" title="عنصر دوره ۴ – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عنصر دوره ۴" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_4_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Période 4 du tableau périodique – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Période 4 du tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="4주기 원소 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="4주기 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_de_periodo_4" title="Elementos de periodo 4 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Elementos de periodo 4" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_del_periodo_4" title="Elementi del periodo 4 – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elementi del periodo 4" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementum_periodi_quartae" title="Elementum periodi quartae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elementum periodi quartae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_del_period_4" title="Element del period 4 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Element del period 4" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="IV периода на периодниот систем – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="IV периода на периодниот систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode-4-element" title="Periode-4-element – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Periode-4-element" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第4周期元素 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第4周期元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode-4-Element" title="Periode-4-Element – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Periode-4-Element" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_4_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਪੀਰਡ 4 ਤੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੀਰਡ 4 ਤੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierwiastki_czwartego_okresu" title="Pierwiastki czwartego okresu – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierwiastki czwartego okresu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementele_perioadei_4" title="Elementele perioadei 4 – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elementele perioadei 4" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Четвёртый период периодической системы – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Четвёртый период периодической системы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Period 4 element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._peri%C3%B3da" title="4. perióda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="4. perióda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_4._periode" title="Element 4. periode – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Element 4. periode" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="4. периода хемијских елемената – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="4. периода хемијских елемената" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_4._periode" title="Elementi 4. periode – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elementi 4. periode" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakson_4_alkuaine" title="Jakson 4 alkuaine – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jakson 4 alkuaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81_4_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கிடைக்குழு 4 தனிமங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிடைக்குழு 4 தனிமங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_4_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="పీరియడ్ 4 మూలకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పీరియడ్ 4 మూలకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><p><b>Unsur kala 4</b> merupakan kala <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> yang terkandung dalam <a href="/wiki/Kala_jadual_berkala" title="Kala jadual berkala">baris</a> keempat (sistem <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">jadual berkala unsur</a>. Kala keempat ini mengandungi sebanyak 18 unsur iaitu <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kalium</a> (<b>K</b>), <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a> (<b>Ca</b>), <a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">skandium</a> (<b>Sc</b>), <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> (<b>Ti</b>), <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> (<b>V</b>), <a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">kromium</a> (<b>Cr</b>), <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">mangan</a> (<b>Mn</b>), <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a> (<b>Fe</b>), <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a> (<b>Co</b>), <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a> (<b>Ni</b>), <a href="/wiki/Kuprum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuprum">kuprum</a> (<b>Cu</b>), <a href="/wiki/Zink" class="mw-redirect" title="Zink">zink</a> (<b>Zn</b>), <a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">galium</a> (<b>Ga</b>), <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> (<b>Ge</b>), <a href="/wiki/Arsenik" title="Arsenik">arsenik</a> (<b>As</b>), <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> (<b>Se</b>), <a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">bromin</a> (<b>Br</b>) dan <a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">kripton</a> (<b>Kr</b>). Dari segi penerangan berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Mekanik_kuantum" title="Mekanik kuantum">mekanik kuantum</a> bagi struktur <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>, kala ini menyerupai pengisian <a href="/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital">orbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">3d</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blok-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-s">4s</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">4p</a>. Unsur kala 4 mematuhi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_oktet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum oktet (laman tidak wujud)">hukum oktet</a> di mana mereka memerlukan 8 <a href="/wiki/Elektron_valens" title="Elektron valens">elektron</a> yang diisi dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petala_valens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petala valens (laman tidak wujud)">petala valensnya</a> untuk mencapai kestabilan. Jumlah maksimum <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> yang boleh diterima dan diisi dalam semua petala bagi unsur kala ini ialah 36 (1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>6</sup>3s<sup>2</sup>3p<sup>6</sup>3d<sup>10</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>4p<sup>6</sup>). Situasi ini boleh diterangkan berdasarkan teori moden <a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur_atom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktur atom (laman tidak wujud)">struktur atom</a>. Semua unsur dalam kumpulan ini mempunyai 4 <a href="/wiki/Petala_elektron" title="Petala elektron">petala</a> yang berisi elektron. </p> <table align="center" style="text-align:center; width:80%;"> <caption><b>Unsur kimia dalam kala 4</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_jadual_berkala" title="Kumpulan jadual berkala">Kumpulan</a></small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_bumi" title="Logam alkali bumi">2</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_3" title="Unsur kumpulan 3">3</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_4" title="Unsur kumpulan 4">4</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_5" title="Unsur kumpulan 5">5</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_6" title="Unsur kumpulan 6">6</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_7" title="Unsur kumpulan 7">7</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_8" title="Unsur kumpulan 8">8</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_9" title="Unsur kumpulan 9">9</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_10" title="Unsur kumpulan 10">10</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_11" title="Unsur kumpulan 11">11</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_12" title="Unsur kumpulan 12">12</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_boron" title="Kumpulan boron">13</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_karbon" title="Kumpulan karbon">14</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_nitrogen" title="Kumpulan nitrogen">15</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_kalkogen" title="Kumpulan kalkogen">16</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gas_adi" title="Gas adi">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>Nombor atom<br />Nama</small> </th> <td bgcolor="#FF6666">19<br /><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#FFDEAD">20<br /><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">21<br /><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">22<br /><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">23<br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">24<br /><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">25<br /><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">26<br /><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">27<br /><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">28<br /><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">29<br /><a href="/wiki/Kuprum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuprum">Cu</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">30<br /><a href="/wiki/Zink" class="mw-redirect" title="Zink">Zn</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">31<br /><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">32<br /><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">33<br /><a href="/wiki/Arsenik" title="Arsenik">As</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">34<br /><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99">35<br /><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff">36<br /><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">konf.-e<sup>-</sup></a><br />semua bermula dengan [Ar]</small> </th> <td>4s<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>4s<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>1</sup>4s<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>2</sup>4s<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>3</sup>4s<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>5</sup>4s<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>5</sup>4s<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>6</sup>4s<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>7</sup>4s<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>8</sup>4s<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>10</sup>4s<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>10</sup>4s<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>10</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>4p<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>10</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>4p<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>10</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>4p<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>10</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>4p<sup>4</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>10</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>4p<sup>5</sup> </td> <td>3d<sup>10</sup>4s<sup>2</sup>4p<sup>6</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <center><div style="margin:0 1em 1em 0; text-align:center;"> <p><b>Kategori unsur dalam <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">jadual berkala</a></b> </p> <table border="2" cellpadding="4" style="background:silver; border:1px solid gray; border-collapse:collapse; margin:auto; font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">Logam</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#ffffff;"><a href="/wiki/Bukan_logam" title="Bukan logam">Bukan logam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_bumi" title="Logam alkali bumi">Logam alkali bumi</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ffffff;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_peralihan_dalaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam peralihan dalaman (laman tidak wujud)">Logam peralihan dalaman</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_peralihan" title="Logam peralihan">Logam peralihan</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_lemah" title="Logam lemah">Logam lemah</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Bukan_logam" title="Bukan logam">Bukan logam</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogen</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_adi" title="Gas adi">Gas adi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanid" title="Lantanid">Lantanid</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktinid">Aktinid</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kala_4&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kala_4&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">Jadual berkala</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jadual_berkala" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:PeriodicTablesFooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:PeriodicTablesFooter"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:PeriodicTablesFooter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:PeriodicTablesFooter (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:PeriodicTablesFooter&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jadual_berkala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">Jadual berkala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Susun atur</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_(piawai)" title="Jadual berkala (piawai)">Piawai</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_(menegak)" title="Jadual berkala (menegak)">Menegak</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_(penuh)" title="Jadual berkala (penuh)">Nama penuh</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_(terperinci)" title="Jadual berkala (terperinci)">Nama dan jisim atom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_(logam_dan_bukan_logam)" title="Jadual berkala (logam dan bukan logam)">Logam dan bukan logam</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_(blok)" title="Jadual berkala (blok)">Blok</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jadual_berkala_(valens)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jadual berkala (valens) (laman tidak wujud)">Valens</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jadual_berkala_(tatarajah_elektron)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jadual berkala (tatarajah elektron) (laman tidak wujud)">Tatarajah elektron</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jisim_atom/Jadual" title="Jisim atom/Jadual">Jisim atom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Keelektronegatifan" title="Keelektronegatifan">Keelektronegatifan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_alternatif" title="Jadual berkala alternatif">Alternatif</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senarai unsur</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_nama" title="Senarai unsur mengikut nama">Nama</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_simbol" title="Senarai unsur mengikut simbol">Simbol atom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_nombor_atom" title="Senarai unsur mengikut nombor atom">Nombor atom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_takat_didih" title="Senarai unsur mengikut takat didih">Takat didih</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_takat_lebur" title="Senarai unsur mengikut takat lebur">Takat lebur</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_ketumpatan" title="Senarai unsur mengikut ketumpatan">Ketumpatan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_jisim_atom" title="Senarai unsur mengikut jisim atom">Jisim atom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_jadual_berkala" title="Kumpulan jadual berkala">Kumpulan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_bumi" title="Logam alkali bumi">2</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_3" title="Unsur kumpulan 3">3</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_4" title="Unsur kumpulan 4">4</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_5" title="Unsur kumpulan 5">5</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_6" title="Unsur kumpulan 6">6</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_7" title="Unsur kumpulan 7">7</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_8" title="Unsur kumpulan 8">8</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_9" title="Unsur kumpulan 9">9</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_10" title="Unsur kumpulan 10">10</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_11" title="Unsur kumpulan 11">11</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_12" title="Unsur kumpulan 12">12</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_boron" title="Kumpulan boron">13</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_karbon" title="Kumpulan karbon">14</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_nitrogen" title="Kumpulan nitrogen">15</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkogen">16</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gas_adi" title="Gas adi">18</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kala_jadual_berkala" title="Kala jadual berkala"><b>Kala:</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_1" title="Unsur kala 1">1</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_2" title="Unsur kala 2">2</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_3" title="Unsur kala 3">3</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">4</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_5" title="Unsur kala 5">5</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_6" title="Unsur kala 6">6</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_7" title="Unsur kala 7">7</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kala_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unsur kala 8 (laman tidak wujud)">8</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Siri</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Alkali</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_bumi" title="Logam alkali bumi">Logam alkali bumi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lantanid" title="Lantanid">Lantanid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Aktinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktinid">Aktinid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Logam_peralihan" title="Logam peralihan">Logam peralihan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Logam_lemah" title="Logam lemah">Logam lemah</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bukan_logam" title="Bukan logam">Bukan logam</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gas_adi" title="Gas adi">Gas adi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blok_jadual_berkala" title="Blok jadual berkala">Blok</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Blok-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-s">blok-s</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">blok-p</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">blok-d</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Blok-f" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-f">blok-f</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Blok-g" class="mw-redirect" 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