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href="/resources">Resources</a> <a href="/resources/guidelines">Guidelines</a></p> </div> <div class="hero__title"> <a id="main-content"></a> <h1 id="page-title">Retraction guidelines</h1> </div> <div class="hero__bottom"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-main"> <div class="page-main__row"> <div class="page-main__col"> <main> <section id="content" class="region region-content"> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system clearfix"> <div class="content"> <div id="node-19896" class="node-resource node node-resource "> <div class="node-resource__body"> <div class="sidebar sidebar--offset"> <div class="sidebar__body"> <div class="node-resource__fields"> <div class="field field--doi"> <span class="field-label">DOI:</span> <span class="field-item"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2019.1.4">https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2019.1.4</a> </span> </div> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div>COPE's Retraction guidelines for advice and guidance for editors: when should a retraction be considered, what to include in a notice, how quickly to issue a retraction, who should issue a retraction, and what to do when there is inconclusive evidence of a retraction.</div> <div>COPE Guidelines are formal COPE policy and are intended to advise editors and publishers on expected publication ethics practice.</div> <div id="file-994736" class="file file-document file-application-pdf"> <h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/file/994736">Retraction guidelines</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="resource-download-inline"> <div class="resource-download-inline__container"> <div class="resource-download-inline__type"> Document </div> <div class="resource-download-inline__description"> <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">Retraction guidelines</a> <span class="resource-download-inline__meta">PDF 158 KB</span> </div> </div> <div class="resource-download-inline__shadow"> <div class="resource-download-inline__shadow__inner"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2>Key points</h2> <h3>Editors should consider retracting a publication if:</h3> <ul> <li>They have clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of major error (eg, miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (eg, of data) or falsification (eg, image manipulation)</li> <li>It constitutes plagiarism</li> <li>The findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper attribution to previous sources or disclosure to the editor, permission to republish, or justification (ie, cases of redundant publication)</li> <li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use</li> <li>Copyright has been infringed or there is some other serious legal issue (eg, libel, privacy)</li> <li>It reports unethical research</li> <li>It has been published solely on the basis of a compromised or manipulated peer review process</li> <li>The author(s) failed to disclose a major competing interest (a.k.a. conflict of interest) that, in the view of the editor, would have unduly affected interpretations of the work or recommendations by editors and peer reviewers.</li> </ul> <h3>Notices of retraction should:</h3> <ul> <li>Be linked to the retracted article wherever possible (ie, in all online versions)</li> <li>Clearly identify the retracted article (eg, by including the title and authors in the retraction heading or citing the retracted article)</li> <li>Be clearly identified as a retraction (ie, distinct from other types of correction or comment)</li> <li>Be published promptly to minimise harmful effects</li> <li>Be freely available to all readers (ie, not behind access barriers or available only to subscribers)</li> <li>State who is retracting the article</li> <li>State the reason(s) for retraction</li> <li>Be objective, factual and avoid inflammatory language</li> </ul> <h3>Retractions are not usually appropriate if:</h3> <ul> <li>The authorship is disputed but there is no reason to doubt the validity of the findings</li> <li>The main findings of the work are still reliable and correction could sufficiently address errors or concerns</li> <li>An editor has inconclusive evidence to support retraction, or is awaiting additional information such as from an institutional investigation <ul> <li>See also <a href="https://publicationethics.org/expressions-of-concern-forum-discussion">Expressions of Concern</a> Forum discussion.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Author conflicts of interest have been reported to the journal after publication, but in the editor鈥檚 view these are not likely to have influenced interpretations or recommendations or the conclusions of the article.</li> </ul> <h3>Related resources</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.24318/x0mN3xfd">Addressing concerns about systematic manipulation of the publication process</a>, COPE guidance 2023. Guidance on dealing with batch-level retractions.</li> <li><a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/translated-resources/guias-para-la-retractacion">Gu铆as para la retractaci贸n</a>, Spanish translation</li> <li><a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/undisclosed-conflict-interest-published-article">Undisclosed conflict of interest in a published article</a>, flowchart</li> <li><a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/seminars-and-webinars/european-seminar-2019-analysis-retractions-initiators-and-reasons">The scientometrics of retractions</a>, COPE European Seminar 2019</li> <li><a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/seminars-and-webinars/european-seminar-2019-retractions-publishers-perspective">Retractions: a publisher's perspective</a>,聽COPE European Seminar 2019</li> <li><a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/forum-discussions/expressions-of-concern">Expressions of concern</a> Forum discussion 2018</li> </ul> <p>聽</p> </div></div></div><div class="field field--classifications field--short"><div class="field-label">Core practices:</div><div class="item-list"><ul><li class="first last"><a href="/postpublication" title="View all "Post-publication discussions and corrections" content">Post-publication discussions and corrections</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <details class="revision-log"> <summary class="revision-log__summary"> <h2>About this resource</h2> </summary> <div class="revision-log__col"> <div class="revision-log__doi-meta"> <p><strong>Cite this as </strong></p> <p>COPE Council. COPE Guidelines: Retraction Guidelines. November 2019.<br /> <a href="https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2019.1.4" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.24318/cope.2019.1.4</a><br /> 漏2021 Committee on Publication Ethics (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" rel="nofollow">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</a>)<br /> <a href="https://publicationethics.org" rel="nofollow">https://publicationethics.org</a></p> <p>聽</p> <p><strong>Version history</strong></p> <p> <strong>Version 2</strong>: 2019</p> <p><strong>Version 1</strong>: 2009</p> </div> <h3 class="revision-log__subhead">Full page history</h3> <ul class="revision-log__entries"> <li class="revision-log__entry"> <div class="revision-log__date">20 April 2023</div> <p class="revision-log__message"> Authors information removed from 'About this resource'. (The PDF lists author contributions and acknowledgements.) </p> <div class="revision-log__link"> </div> </li> <li class="revision-log__entry"> <div class="revision-log__date">19 November 2020</div> <p class="revision-log__message"> Minor edits of About this resource </p> <div class="revision-log__link"> <a href="/node/19896/revisions/66401/view">View revision</a> </div> </li> <li class="revision-log__entry"> <div class="revision-log__date">19 November 2020</div> <p class="revision-log__message"> Updated 'About this resource' info. </p> <div class="revision-log__link"> <a href="/node/19896/revisions/66396/view">View revision</a> </div> </li> <li class="revision-log__entry"> <div class="revision-log__date">19 November 2020</div> <p class="revision-log__message"> Link in body of page to newer V2 PDF updated. </p> <div class="revision-log__link"> <a href="/node/19896/revisions/66391/view">View revision</a> </div> </li> <li class="revision-log__entry"> <div class="revision-log__date">19 November 2020</div> <p class="revision-log__message"> Design edits and metadata added to PDF. </p> <div class="revision-log__link"> <a href="/node/19896/revisions/66386/view">View revision</a> </div> </li> <li class="revision-log__entry"> <div class="revision-log__date">17 May 2020</div> <p class="revision-log__message"> Text replaced with summary text from 2019 guidelines. </p> <div class="revision-log__link"> <a href="/node/19896/revisions/63411/view">View revision</a> </div> </li> <li class="revision-log__entry"> <div class="revision-log__date">13 December 2019</div> <p class="revision-log__message"> case edits </p> <div class="revision-log__link"> <a href="/node/19896/revisions/62871/view">View revision</a> </div> </li> <li class="revision-log__entry"> <div class="revision-log__date">13 December 2019</div> <p class="revision-log__message"> Editing for case </p> <div class="revision-log__link"> <a href="/node/19896/revisions/62866/view">View revision</a> </div> </li> <li class="revision-log__entry"> <div class="revision-log__date">13 December 2019</div> <p class="revision-log__message"> Title case </p> <div class="revision-log__link"> <a href="/node/19896/revisions/62861/view">View revision</a> </div> </li> <li class="revision-log__entry"> <div class="revision-log__date">11 December 2019</div> <p class="revision-log__message"> 2019 updated Retraction Guidelines replace version 1 as pdf. </p> <div class="revision-log__link"> <a href="/node/19896/revisions/62416/view">View revision</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </main> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="footer"> <div class="footer__outer"> <div class="footer__row"> <div class="footer__col"> <div class="footer__menu"> <h2>Useful links</h2> <ul class="links menu-site-map"><li class="menu-4141 first"><a href="/join-cope" title="">Become a member</a></li> <li class="menu-4140"><a href="/contact-us" title="">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-4137"><a 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