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href="#Design_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design and construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design and construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_subsystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_subsystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Spacecraft subsystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_subsystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propulsion_and_attitude_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion_and_attitude_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Propulsion and attitude control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion_and_attitude_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_computer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_computer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Flight computer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_computer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications_and_data_handling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications_and_data_handling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Telecommunications and data handling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications_and_data_handling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Long-Range_Reconnaissance_Imager_(LORRI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-Range_Reconnaissance_Imager_(LORRI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-Range_Reconnaissance_Imager_(LORRI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_Wind_Around_Pluto_(SWAP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_Wind_Around_Pluto_(SWAP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_Wind_Around_Pluto_(SWAP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pluto_Energetic_Particle_Spectrometer_Science_Investigation_(PEPSSI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pluto_Energetic_Particle_Spectrometer_Science_Investigation_(PEPSSI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pluto_Energetic_Particle_Spectrometer_Science_Investigation_(PEPSSI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Alice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ralph_telescope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ralph_telescope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Ralph telescope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ralph_telescope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venetia_Burney_Student_Dust_Counter_(VBSDC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venetia_Burney_Student_Dust_Counter_(VBSDC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter (VBSDC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venetia_Burney_Student_Dust_Counter_(VBSDC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_Science_Experiment_(REX)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_Science_Experiment_(REX)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Radio Science Experiment (REX)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_Science_Experiment_(REX)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journey_to_Pluto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_to_Pluto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Journey to Pluto</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Journey_to_Pluto-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Journey to Pluto subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Journey_to_Pluto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_Solar_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_Solar_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Inner Solar System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_Solar_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trajectory_corrections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trajectory_corrections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Trajectory corrections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trajectory_corrections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-flight_tests_and_crossing_of_Mars_orbit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-flight_tests_and_crossing_of_Mars_orbit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>In-flight tests and crossing of Mars orbit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-flight_tests_and_crossing_of_Mars_orbit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asteroid_132524_APL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asteroid_132524_APL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Asteroid 132524 APL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asteroid_132524_APL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Pluto_sighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Pluto_sighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>First Pluto sighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Pluto_sighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jupiter_encounter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jupiter_encounter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Jupiter encounter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jupiter_encounter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jovian_moons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jovian_moons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Jovian moons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jovian_moons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_Solar_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_Solar_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Outer Solar System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_Solar_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possible_Neptune_trojan_targets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_Neptune_trojan_targets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Possible Neptune trojan targets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_Neptune_trojan_targets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observations_of_Pluto_and_Charon_2013–14" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observations_of_Pluto_and_Charon_2013–14"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Observations of Pluto and Charon 2013–14</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observations_of_Pluto_and_Charon_2013–14-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pluto_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pluto_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Pluto approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pluto_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software_glitch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_glitch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Software glitch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_glitch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pluto_system_encounter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pluto_system_encounter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pluto system encounter</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pluto_system_encounter-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pluto system encounter subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pluto_system_encounter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flyby_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flyby_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Flyby details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flyby_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Satellite observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Pluto_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Pluto_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Post-Pluto events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Pluto_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_extension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_extension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Mission extension</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_extension-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission extension subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_extension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kuiper_belt_object_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuiper_belt_object_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Kuiper belt object mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuiper_belt_object_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Target_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Target background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-KBO_Search" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KBO_Search"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>KBO Search</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KBO_Search-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suitable_KBOs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suitable_KBOs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>Suitable KBOs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suitable_KBOs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-KBO_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KBO_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.4</span> <span>KBO selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KBO_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observations_of_other_KBOs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observations_of_other_KBOs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Observations of other KBOs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observations_of_other_KBOs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encounter_with_Arrokoth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encounter_with_Arrokoth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Encounter with Arrokoth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Encounter_with_Arrokoth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Encounter with Arrokoth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Encounter_with_Arrokoth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Objectives_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectives_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targeting_maneuvers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeting_maneuvers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Targeting maneuvers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeting_maneuvers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approach_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approach_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Approach phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approach_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flyby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flyby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Flyby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flyby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_download" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_download"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Data download</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_download-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Arrokoth_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Arrokoth_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Post-Arrokoth events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Arrokoth_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-Arrokoth events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-Arrokoth_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Images_of_the_launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images_of_the_launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Images of the launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images_of_the_launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="نيو هورايزونز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيو هورايزونز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%9B" title="নিউ হৰাইজন্‌ছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নিউ হৰাইজন্‌ছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_%C3%BCf%C3%BCql%C9%99r" title="Yeni üfüqlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yeni üfüqlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="নিউ হরাইজন্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউ হরাইজন্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Нови хоризонти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нови хоризонти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B2" title="نیو هورایزنز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیو هورایزنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4_%ED%97%88%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="뉴 허라이즌스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴 허라이즌스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="Նոր հորիզոններ (ավտոմատ միջմոլորակային կայան) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոր հորիզոններ (ավտոմատ միջմոլորակային կայան)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="न्यू होराइज़न्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्यू होराइज़न्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="ניו הורייזונס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניו הורייזונס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3-%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ნიუ-ჰორაიზონსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიუ-ჰორაიზონსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Horizontes" title="Novi Horizontes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Novi Horizontes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ന്യൂ ഹൊറൈസൺസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂ ഹൊറൈസൺസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="न्यू होरायझन्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्यू होरायझन्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B2" title="نيو هورايزنز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيو هورايزنز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="न्यु होराईजन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="न्यु होराईजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="ニュー・ホライズンズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニュー・ホライズンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਨਿਊ ਹੋਰਾਇਜ਼ੰਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਊ ਹੋਰਾਇਜ਼ੰਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B2" title="نیو ہورائزنز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیو ہورائزنز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B2" title="نیوهورایزنز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نیوهورایزنز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Новые горизонты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новые горизонты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B2" title="نیو ھۆرایزنز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیو ھۆرایزنز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Нови хоризонти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нови хоризонти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="நியூ ஹரைசன்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நியூ ஹரைசன்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="นิวฮอไรซันส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิวฮอไรซันส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B2" title="نیو ہورائزنز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیو ہورائزنز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A7%86%E9%87%8E%E5%8F%B7" title="新视野号 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新视野号" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="New Horizons" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A6%96%E9%87%8E%E8%99%9F" title="新視野號 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="新視野號" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A7%86%E9%87%8E%E5%8F%B7" title="新视野号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新视野号" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48461#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the space probe. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="New Horizons (disambiguation)">New Horizons (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title"><i>New Horizons</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/260px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/390px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/520px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="746" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>New Horizons</i> space probe</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">New Frontiers 1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>/<a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">Arrokoth</a> flyby</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-001A">2006-001A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48461#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">28928<span style="float:right"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48461?uselang=en#P377" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.jhuapl.edu">pluto<wbr />.jhuapl<wbr />.edu</a></span> <br /> <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/new-horizons/">science.nasa.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Primary: 9.5 years<br />Elapsed: 19 years, 1 month, 5 days</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">APL</a> / <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Research_Institute" title="Southwest Research Institute">SwRI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">478 kg (1,054 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dry mass</th><td class="infobox-data">401 kg (884 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Payload mass</th><td class="infobox-data">30.4 kg (67 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">2.2 × 2.1 × 2.7 m (7.2 × 6.9 × 8.9 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">245 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">January 19, 2006, 19:00:00.221<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2006-01-19UTC19</span>)</span> <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> (2:00 pm <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time">EST</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-eelv-history_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eelv-history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> (551) AV-010<sup id="cite_ref-eelv-history_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eelv-history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41">SLC‑41</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Launch_Services" title="International Launch Services">International Launch Services</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.41905</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.23014°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 2017 (<a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">JD</a> 2457754.5)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/132524_APL" title="132524 APL">132524 APL</a> <span class="nowrap">(incidental)</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">June 13, 2006, 04:05 UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">101,867 km (63,297 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <span class="nowrap">(gravity assist)</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">February 28, 2007, 05:43:40 UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">2,300,000 km (1,400,000 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">July 14, 2015, 11:49:57 UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">12,500 km (7,800 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon (moon)</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">July 14, 2015, 12:02:22 UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">29,431 km (18,288 mi)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 2019, 05:33:00 UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">3,500 km (2,200 mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:95%"><span style="font-size:105%;">Instruments</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alice</th><td class="infobox-data">Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">LORRI</th><td class="infobox-data">Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">SWAP</th><td class="infobox-data">Solar Wind Around Pluto</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">PEPSSI</th><td class="infobox-data">Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">REX</th><td class="infobox-data">Radio Science Experiment</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ralph</th><td class="infobox-data">Ralph Telescope</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">SDC</th><td class="infobox-data">Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_-_Logo2_big.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/New_Horizons_-_Logo2_big.png/180px-New_Horizons_-_Logo2_big.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/New_Horizons_-_Logo2_big.png/270px-New_Horizons_-_Logo2_big.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/New_Horizons_-_Logo2_big.png/360px-New_Horizons_-_Logo2_big.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="930" /></a></span> <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_on_work_stand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/New_Horizons_on_work_stand.jpg/220px-New_Horizons_on_work_stand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/New_Horizons_on_work_stand.jpg/330px-New_Horizons_on_work_stand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/New_Horizons_on_work_stand.jpg/440px-New_Horizons_on_work_stand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>New Horizons before launch</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>New Horizons</b></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">interplanetary space probe</a> launched as a part of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150718_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150718-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engineered by the Johns Hopkins University <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a> (APL) and the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Research_Institute" title="Southwest Research Institute">Southwest Research Institute</a> (SwRI), with a team led by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Alan Stern</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tri_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tri-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the spacecraft was launched in 2006 with the primary mission to perform a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_flyby" title="Planetary flyby">flyby</a> study of the <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> system in 2015, and a secondary mission to fly by and study one or more other <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> objects (KBOs) in the decade to follow, which became a mission to <a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System" title="List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System">fifth space probe</a> to achieve the <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a> needed to leave the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. </p><p>On January 19, 2006, <i>New Horizons</i> was launched from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a> directly into an Earth-and-solar <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape trajectory</a> with a speed of about 16.26 km/s (10.10 mi/s; 58,500 km/h; 36,400 mph). It was the fastest (average speed with respect to Earth) human-made object ever launched from Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-APL-20070116_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APL-20070116-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sciam20130225_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam20130225-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ionine20150609_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ionine20150609-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ET-20171213_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET-20171213-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not the fastest speed recorded for a spacecraft, which, as of 2023, is that of the <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a>. After a brief encounter with <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/132524_APL" title="132524 APL">132524 APL</a>, <i>New Horizons</i> proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, making its closest approach on February 28, 2007, at a distance of 2.3 million kilometers (1.4 million miles). The Jupiter flyby provided a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> that increased <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> speed; the flyby also enabled a general test of <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> scientific capabilities, returning data about <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">the planet's atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">moons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">magnetosphere</a>. </p><p>Most of the post-Jupiter voyage was spent in <a href="/wiki/Hibernation_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibernation (spacecraft)">hibernation mode</a> to preserve onboard systems, except for brief annual checkouts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 6, 2014, <i>New Horizons</i> was brought back online for the Pluto encounter, and instrument check-out began.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 15, 2015, the spacecraft began its approach phase to Pluto. </p><p>On July 14, 2015, at 11:49 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>, it flew 12,500 km (7,800 mi) above the surface of Pluto,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150714-kc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150714-kc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP-20150714_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20150714-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which at the time was 34 AU from the Sun,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the first spacecraft to explore the dwarf planet.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150714-kn_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150714-kn-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2016, <i>New Horizons</i> was reported to have traveled at speeds of more than 84,000 km/h (52,000 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-SPC-20160824_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPC-20160824-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 25, 2016, at 21:48 UTC, the last recorded data from the Pluto flyby was received from <i>New Horizons</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161028_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161028-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having completed its flyby of Pluto,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20151211-rj_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20151211-rj-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>New Horizons</i> then maneuvered for a flyby of Kuiper belt object <a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a> (then nicknamed <i>Ultima Thule</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150828-tt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150828-tt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SP-20150828_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-20150828-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP-20151022_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20151022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which occurred on January 1, 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20190210_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190210-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181231-kc_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181231-kc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it was 43.4 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (6.49 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 4.03 billion <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150828-tt_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150828-tt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SP-20150828_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-20150828-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2018, NASA cited results by <i><a href="/wiki/Alice_(spacecraft_instrument)" title="Alice (spacecraft instrument)">Alice</a></i> on <i>New Horizons</i> to confirm the existence of a "<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen wall">hydrogen wall</a>" at the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System#Farthest_regions" title="Solar System">outer edges of the Solar System</a>. This "wall" was first detected in 1992 by the two <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager spacecraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRL-20180807_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRL-20180807-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LS-20180809_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20180809-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Horizons is traveling through the Kuiper belt; it is 61.84 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (9.25 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 5.75 billion <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) from Earth and 61.10 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (9.14 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 5.68 billion <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) from the Sun as of February 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA has announced it is to extend operations for <i>New Horizons</i> until the spacecraft exits the Kuiper belt, which is expected to occur between 2028 and 2029.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration of Pluto</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_horizons_(NASA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/New_horizons_%28NASA%29.jpg/220px-New_horizons_%28NASA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/New_horizons_%28NASA%29.jpg/330px-New_horizons_%28NASA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/New_horizons_%28NASA%29.jpg/440px-New_horizons_%28NASA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>Early concept art of the <i>New Horizons</i> spacecraft. The mission, led by the <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Alan Stern</a>, eventually became the first mission to Pluto.</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1992, <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a> scientist Robert Staehle called Pluto discoverer <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Tombaugh" title="Clyde Tombaugh">Clyde Tombaugh</a>, requesting permission to visit his planet. "I told him he was welcome to it," Tombaugh later remembered, "though he's got to go one long, cold trip."<sup id="cite_ref-Sobel1993_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobel1993-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The call eventually led to a series of proposed Pluto missions leading up to <i>New Horizons</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stamatios_Krimigis" title="Stamatios Krimigis">Stamatios "Tom" Krimigis</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a>'s space division, one of many entrants in the New Frontiers Program competition, formed the <i>New Horizons</i> team with <a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Alan Stern</a> in December 2000. Appointed as the project's <a href="/wiki/Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">principal investigator</a>, Stern was described by Krimigis as "the personification of the Pluto mission".<sup id="cite_ref-alan-stern_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alan-stern-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>New Horizons</i> was based largely on Stern's work since <i>Pluto 350</i> and involved most of the team from <i>Pluto Kuiper Express</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-newhorizonsbook_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newhorizonsbook-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>New Horizons</i> proposal was one of five that were officially submitted to NASA. It was later selected as one of two finalists to be subject to a three-month concept study in June 2001. The other finalist, POSSE (Pluto and Outer Solar System Explorer), was a separate but similar Pluto mission concept by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a>, led by principal investigator <a href="/wiki/Larry_W._Esposito" title="Larry W. Esposito">Larry W. Esposito</a>, and supported by the JPL, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-new-frontiers-finalists_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-frontiers-finalists-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the APL, in addition to being supported by <i>Pluto Kuiper Express</i> developers at the Goddard Space Flight Center and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><sup id="cite_ref-new-frontiers-finalists_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-frontiers-finalists-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were at an advantage; they had recently developed <i><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></i> for NASA, which had successfully entered orbit around <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> earlier that year, and would later land on the asteroid to scientific and engineering fanfare.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2001, <i>New Horizons</i> was officially selected for funding as part of the New Frontiers program.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the new NASA Administrator appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe" title="Sean O'Keefe">Sean O'Keefe</a>, was not supportive of <i>New Horizons</i> and effectively canceled it by not including it in NASA's budget for 2003. NASA's Associate Administrator for the Science Mission Directorate, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Weiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Weiler">Ed Weiler</a>, prompted Stern to lobby for the funding of <i>New Horizons</i> in hopes of the mission appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey" title="Planetary Science Decadal Survey">Planetary Science Decadal Survey</a>, a prioritized "wish list," compiled by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">United States National Research Council</a>, that reflects the opinions of the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-alan-stern_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alan-stern-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an intense campaign to gain support for <i>New Horizons</i>, the Planetary Science Decadal Survey of 2003–2013 was published in the summer of 2002. <i>New Horizons</i> topped the list of projects considered the highest priority among the scientific community in the medium-size category; ahead of missions to the Moon, and even Jupiter. Weiler stated that it was a result that "[his] administration was not going to fight".<sup id="cite_ref-alan-stern_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alan-stern-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding for the mission was finally secured following the publication of the report. Stern's team was finally able to start building the spacecraft and its instruments, with a planned launch in January 2006 and arrival at Pluto in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-alan-stern_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alan-stern-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Bowman" title="Alice Bowman">Alice Bowman</a> became Mission Operations Manager (MOM).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_profile">Mission profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mission profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15-011a-NewHorizons-PlutoFlyby-ArtistConcept-14July2015-20150115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/15-011a-NewHorizons-PlutoFlyby-ArtistConcept-14July2015-20150115.jpg/170px-15-011a-NewHorizons-PlutoFlyby-ArtistConcept-14July2015-20150115.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/15-011a-NewHorizons-PlutoFlyby-ArtistConcept-14July2015-20150115.jpg/255px-15-011a-NewHorizons-PlutoFlyby-ArtistConcept-14July2015-20150115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/15-011a-NewHorizons-PlutoFlyby-ArtistConcept-14July2015-20150115.jpg/340px-15-011a-NewHorizons-PlutoFlyby-ArtistConcept-14July2015-20150115.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption>An artist's impression of <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> <a href="#Pluto_system_encounter">close encounter with the Plutonian system</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>New Horizons</i> is the first mission in NASA's New Frontiers mission category, larger and more expensive than the Discovery missions but smaller than the missions of the Flagship Program. The cost of the mission, including spacecraft and instrument development, launch vehicle, mission operations, data analysis, and education/public outreach, is approximately $700 million over 15 years (2001–2016).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft was built primarily by <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Research_Institute" title="Southwest Research Institute">Southwest Research Institute</a> (SwRI) and the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a> Applied Physics Laboratory. The mission's principal investigator is <a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Alan Stern</a> of the Southwest Research Institute (formerly NASA Associate Administrator). </p><p>After separation from the launch vehicle, overall control was taken by Mission Operations Center (MOC) at the Applied Physics Laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Maryland" title="Howard County, Maryland">Howard County, Maryland</a>. The science instruments are operated at Clyde Tombaugh Science Operations Center (T-SOC) in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DoSS_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoSS-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navigation is performed at various contractor facilities, whereas the navigational positional data and related celestial reference frames are provided by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory_Flagstaff_Station" title="United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station">Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station</a> through Headquarters NASA and <a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/KinetX" title="KinetX">KinetX</a> is the lead on the <i>New Horizons</i> navigation team and is responsible for planning trajectory adjustments as the spacecraft speeds toward <a href="/wiki/Solar_System#Trans-Neptunian_region" title="Solar System">the outer Solar System</a>. Coincidentally the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station was where the photographic plates were taken for the discovery of Pluto's moon <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a>. The Naval Observatory itself is not far from the <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory" title="Lowell Observatory">Lowell Observatory</a> where Pluto was discovered. </p><p><i>New Horizons</i> was originally planned as a voyage to the only unexplored planet in the Solar System. When the spacecraft was launched, Pluto was still classified as a <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>, later to be <a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">reclassified</a> as a dwarf planet by the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU). Some members of the <i>New Horizons</i> team, including Alan Stern, disagree with the IAU definition and still describe Pluto as the ninth planet.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pluto's satellites <a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a> also have a connection with the spacecraft: the first letters of their names (N and H) are the initials of <i>New Horizons</i>. The moons' discoverers chose these names for this reason, plus Nix and Hydra's relationship to the mythological <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mementos">Mementos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mementos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the science equipment, there are nine cultural artifacts traveling with the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_blog_2008_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern_blog_2008-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include a collection of 434,738 names stored on a compact disc,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a collection of images of New Horizons project personnel on another CD, a piece of <a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites" title="Scaled Composites">Scaled Composites</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "Not Yet Explored" USPS stamp,<sup id="cite_ref-stamp-betz_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stamp-betz-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stamp-070715_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stamp-070715-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two copies of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stern_blog_2008_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern_blog_2008-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 30 grams (1 oz) of Clyde Tombaugh's ashes are aboard the spacecraft, to commemorate his discovery of Pluto in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Florida <a href="/wiki/50_State_Quarters" class="mw-redirect" title="50 State Quarters">state quarter</a> coin, whose design commemorates human exploration, is included, officially as a trim weight,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is a Maryland state quarter to honor the probe's builders.<sup id="cite_ref-Stern_blog_2008_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stern_blog_2008-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the science packages (a dust counter) is named after <a href="/wiki/Venetia_Burney" title="Venetia Burney">Venetia Burney</a>, who, as a child, suggested the name "Pluto" after its discovery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goal">Goal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Goal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15-150-NasaTeam-NewHorizonsCallsHomeAfterPlutoFlyby-20150714.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/15-150-NasaTeam-NewHorizonsCallsHomeAfterPlutoFlyby-20150714.jpg/220px-15-150-NasaTeam-NewHorizonsCallsHomeAfterPlutoFlyby-20150714.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/15-150-NasaTeam-NewHorizonsCallsHomeAfterPlutoFlyby-20150714.jpg/330px-15-150-NasaTeam-NewHorizonsCallsHomeAfterPlutoFlyby-20150714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/15-150-NasaTeam-NewHorizonsCallsHomeAfterPlutoFlyby-20150714.jpg/440px-15-150-NasaTeam-NewHorizonsCallsHomeAfterPlutoFlyby-20150714.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4806" data-file-height="2565" /></a><figcaption>View of Mission Operations at the <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laurel,_Maryland" title="Laurel, Maryland">Laurel, Maryland</a> (July 14, 2015)</figcaption></figure> <p>The goal of the mission is to understand the formation of the Plutonian system, the Kuiper belt, and the transformation of the early Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft collected data on the atmospheres, surfaces, interiors, and environments of Pluto and its moons. It will also study other objects in the Kuiper belt.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "By way of comparison, <i>New Horizons</i> gathered 5,000 times as much data at Pluto as <a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a> did at the <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Red Planet</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the questions the mission attempts to answer are: What is Pluto's atmosphere made of and how does it behave? What does its surface look like? Are there large geological structures? How do <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> particles interact with Pluto's atmosphere?<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specifically, the mission's science objectives are to:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Map the surface compositions of Pluto and <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li>Characterize the geologies and morphologies of Pluto and Charon</li> <li>Characterize the neutral <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Pluto" title="Atmosphere of Pluto">atmosphere of Pluto</a> and its escape rate</li> <li>Search for an atmosphere around Charon</li> <li>Map surface temperatures on Pluto and Charon</li> <li>Search for rings and additional satellites around Pluto</li> <li>Conduct similar investigations of one or more <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> objects</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_construction">Design and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span class="mw-3d-wrapper" data-label="3D"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons.stl" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interactive 3D model of New Horizons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/New_Horizons.stl/220px-New_Horizons.stl.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/New_Horizons.stl/330px-New_Horizons.stl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/New_Horizons.stl/440px-New_Horizons.stl.png 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span><figcaption>An interactive 3D model of <i>New Horizons</i></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/New_Horizons" title="Special:EditPage/New Horizons">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft_subsystems">Spacecraft subsystems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spacecraft subsystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/New_Horizons_1.jpg/220px-New_Horizons_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/New_Horizons_1.jpg/330px-New_Horizons_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/New_Horizons_1.jpg/440px-New_Horizons_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><i>New Horizons</i> in a clean room at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>The spacecraft is comparable in size and general shape to a <a href="/wiki/Grand_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand piano">grand piano</a> and has been compared to a piano glued to a cocktail bar-sized satellite dish.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore-2010_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-2010-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a point of departure, the team took inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses probe">Ulysses</a> spacecraft,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also carried a <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (RTG) and dish on a box-in-box structure through the outer Solar System. Many subsystems and components have flight heritage from APL's <a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a> spacecraft, which in turn had heritage from APL's <a href="/wiki/TIMED" title="TIMED">TIMED</a> spacecraft. </p><p><i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> body forms a triangle, almost 0.76 m (2.5 ft) thick. (The <i>Pioneers</i> have <a href="/wiki/Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagonal</a> bodies, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program"><i>Voyagers</i></a>, <i>Galileo</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i> have <a href="/wiki/Decagon" title="Decagon">decagonal</a>, hollow bodies.) A <a href="/wiki/7075_aluminium_alloy" title="7075 aluminium alloy">7075 aluminium alloy</a> tube forms the main structural column, between the launch vehicle adapter ring at the "rear", and the 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) radio <a href="/wiki/Dish_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dish antenna">dish antenna</a> affixed to the "front" flat side. The <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> fuel tank is in this tube. The RTG attaches with a 4-sided titanium mount resembling a gray pyramid or stepstool. </p><p>Titanium provides strength and thermal isolation. The rest of the triangle is primarily sandwich panels of thin aluminum face sheet (less than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">64</span></span> in or 0.40 mm) bonded to aluminum honeycomb core. The structure is larger than strictly necessary, with empty space inside. The structure is designed to act as <a href="/wiki/Radiation_hardening" title="Radiation hardening">shielding</a>, reducing electronics <a href="/wiki/Single_event_upset" class="mw-redirect" title="Single event upset">errors caused by radiation</a> from the RTG. Also, the mass distribution required for a spinning spacecraft demands a wider triangle. </p><p>The interior structure is painted black to equalize temperature by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">radiative</a> heat transfer. Overall, the spacecraft is thoroughly blanketed to retain heat. Unlike the <i>Pioneers</i> and <i>Voyagers</i>, the radio dish is also enclosed in blankets that extend to the body. The heat from the RTG adds warmth to the spacecraft while it is in the outer Solar System. While in the inner Solar System, the spacecraft must prevent overheating, hence electronic activity is limited, power is diverted to <a href="/wiki/Shunt_(electrical)" title="Shunt (electrical)">shunts</a> with attached radiators, and <a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">louvers</a> are opened to radiate excess heat. While the spacecraft is cruising inactively in the cold outer Solar System, the louvers are closed, and the shunt regulator reroutes power to electric <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">heaters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Propulsion_and_attitude_control">Propulsion and attitude control</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Propulsion and attitude control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>New Horizons</i> has both spin-stabilized (cruise) and three-axis stabilized (science) modes controlled entirely with <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Monopropellant_rocket" title="Monopropellant rocket">monopropellant</a>. Additional post launch <a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">delta-<i>v</i></a> of over 290 m/s (1,000 km/h; 650 mph) is provided by a 77 kg (170 lb) internal tank. Helium is used as a pressurant, with an <a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">elastomeric</a> diaphragm assisting expulsion. The spacecraft's on-orbit mass including fuel is over 470 kg (1,040 lb) on the Jupiter flyby trajectory, but would have been only 445 kg (981 lb) for the backup direct flight option to Pluto. Significantly, had the backup option been taken, this would have meant less fuel for later Kuiper belt operations. </p><p>There are 16 <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">thrusters</a> on <i>New Horizons</i>: four 4.4 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">N</a> (1.0 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">lbf</a>) and twelve 0.9 N (0.2 lbf) plumbed into redundant branches. The larger thrusters are used primarily for trajectory corrections, and the small ones (previously used on <i>Cassini</i> and the <i>Voyager</i> spacecraft) are used primarily for <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a> and spinup/spindown maneuvers. Two star cameras are used to measure the spacecraft attitude. They are mounted on the face of the spacecraft and provide attitude information while in spin-stabilized or 3-axis mode. In between the time of star camera readings, spacecraft orientation is provided by dual redundant <a href="/wiki/Miniature_inertial_measurement_unit" title="Miniature inertial measurement unit">miniature inertial measurement units</a>. Each unit contains three solid-state <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a>. Two Adcole <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">Sun sensors</a> provide attitude determination. One detects the angle to the Sun, whereas the other measures spin rate and clocking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power">Power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RTG_and_New_Horizons_in_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/RTG_and_New_Horizons_in_background.jpg/170px-RTG_and_New_Horizons_in_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/RTG_and_New_Horizons_in_background.jpg/255px-RTG_and_New_Horizons_in_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/RTG_and_New_Horizons_in_background.jpg/340px-RTG_and_New_Horizons_in_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption><i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">RTG</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (RTG) protrudes in the plane of the triangle from one vertex of the triangle. The RTG provided <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002245700000000000♠"></span>245.7 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a></span> of power at launch, and was predicted to drop approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000350000000000000♠"></span>3.5 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a></span> every year, decaying to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002202000000000000♠"></span>202 W</span> by the time of its encounter with the <a href="/wiki/Plutonian_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonian system">Plutonian system</a> in 2015 and will decay too far to power the transmitters in the 2030s.<sup id="cite_ref-tri_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tri-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no onboard batteries since RTG output is predictable, and load transients are handled by a capacitor bank and fast circuit breakers. As of January 2019, the power output of the RTG is about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002190000000000000♠"></span>190 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RTG, model "<a href="/wiki/GPHS-RTG" title="GPHS-RTG">GPHS-RTG</a>", was originally a spare from the <i>Cassini</i> mission. The RTG contains 9.75 kg (21.5 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-238" title="Plutonium-238">plutonium-238</a> oxide pellets.<sup id="cite_ref-newhorizonsbook_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newhorizonsbook-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each pellet is clad in <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>, then encased in a graphite shell. It was developed by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> at the Materials and Fuels Complex, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Idaho_National_Laboratory" title="Idaho National Laboratory">Idaho National Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original RTG design called for 10.9 kg (24 lb) of plutonium, but a unit less powerful than the original design goal was produced because of delays at the United States Department of Energy, including security activities, that delayed plutonium production.<sup id="cite_ref-radioshow_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radioshow-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission parameters and observation sequence had to be modified for the reduced wattage; still, not all instruments can operate simultaneously. The Department of Energy transferred the space battery program from Ohio to Argonne in 2002 because of security concerns. </p><p>The amount of radioactive plutonium in the RTG is about one-third the amount on board the Cassini–Huygens probe when it launched in 1997. The Cassini launch had been protested by multiple organizations, due to the risk of such a large amount of plutonium being released into the atmosphere in case of an accident. The United States Department of Energy estimated the chances of a launch accident that would release radiation into the atmosphere at 1 in 350, and monitored the launch<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the inclusion of an RTG on board. It was estimated that a worst-case scenario of total dispersal of on-board plutonium would spread the equivalent radiation of 80% the average annual dosage in North America from background radiation over an area with a radius of 105 km (65 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flight_computer">Flight computer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flight computer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spacecraft carries two <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> systems: the Command and Data Handling system and the Guidance and Control processor. Each of the two systems is duplicated for <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">redundancy</a>, for a total of four computers. The processor used for its flight computers is the <a href="/wiki/Mongoose-V" title="Mongoose-V">Mongoose-V</a>, a 12 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a> radiation-hardened version of the <a href="/wiki/R3000" title="R3000">MIPS R3000</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a>. Multiple redundant clocks and timing routines are implemented in hardware and software to help prevent faults and downtime. To conserve heat and mass, spacecraft and instrument electronics are housed together in IEMs (integrated electronics modules). There are two redundant IEMs. Including other functions such as instrument and radio electronics, each IEM contains 9 boards.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The software of the probe runs on <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_RTOS" title="Nucleus RTOS">Nucleus RTOS</a> operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been two "safing" events, that sent the spacecraft into <a href="/wiki/Safe_mode_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe mode (spacecraft)">safe mode</a>: </p> <ul><li>On March 19, 2007, the Command and Data Handling computer experienced an uncorrectable memory error and rebooted itself, causing the spacecraft to go into safe mode. The craft fully recovered within two days, with some data loss on Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Magnetotail" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetotail">magnetotail</a>. No impact on the subsequent mission was expected.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On July 4, 2015, there was a CPU safing event triggered by an over-assignment of commanded science operations on the craft's approach to Pluto. Fortunately, the craft was able to recover within two days without major impacts on its mission. NASA scientists therefore reduced the number of scientific operations on the craft to prevent future events, which could happen during the approach with Pluto.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telecommunications_and_data_handling">Telecommunications and data handling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Telecommunications and data handling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_-_REX.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/New_Horizons_-_REX.jpeg/220px-New_Horizons_-_REX.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/New_Horizons_-_REX.jpeg/330px-New_Horizons_-_REX.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/New_Horizons_-_REX.jpeg/440px-New_Horizons_-_REX.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a>, with some test equipment attached.</figcaption></figure> <p>Communication with the spacecraft is via <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a>. The craft had a communication rate of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004380000000000000♠"></span>38 kbit/s</span> at Jupiter; at Pluto's distance, a rate of approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠"></span>1 <a href="/wiki/Kilobit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobit per second">kbit/s</a></span> per transmitter was expected. Besides the low data rate, Pluto's distance also causes a <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a> of about 4.5 hours (one-way). The 70 m (230 ft) <a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a> (DSN) dishes are used to relay commands once the spacecraft is beyond Jupiter. The spacecraft uses <a href="/wiki/Dual_modular_redundancy" title="Dual modular redundancy">dual modular redundancy</a> transmitters and receivers, and either right- or left-hand <a href="/wiki/Circular_polarization" title="Circular polarization">circular polarization</a>. </p><p>The downlink signal is amplified by dual redundant 12-watt <a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">traveling-wave tube</a> amplifiers (TWTAs) mounted on the body under the dish. The receivers are low-power designs. The system can be controlled to power both TWTAs at the same time, and transmit a dual-polarized downlink signal to the DSN that nearly doubles the downlink rate. DSN tests early in the mission with this dual polarization combining technique were successful, and the capability was declared to be operational (when the spacecraft power budget permits both TWTAs to be powered). </p><p>In addition to the <a href="/wiki/High-gain_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="High-gain antenna">high-gain antenna</a>, there are two backup low-gain antennas and a medium-gain dish. The high-gain dish has a <a href="/wiki/Cassegrain_reflector" title="Cassegrain reflector">Cassegrain reflector</a> layout, composite construction, of 2.1-meter (7 ft) diameter providing over <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001420000000000000♠"></span>42 <a href="/wiki/DBi" class="mw-redirect" title="DBi">dBi</a></span> of gain and a half-power beam width of about a degree. The prime-focus medium-gain antenna, with a 0.3-meter (1 ft) aperture and 10° half-power beam width, is mounted to the forward-facing side of the high-gain antenna's secondary reflector. The forward low-gain antenna is stacked atop the feed of the medium-gain antenna. The aft low-gain antenna is mounted within the launch adapter at the rear of the spacecraft. This antenna was used only for early mission phases near Earth, just after launch and for emergencies if the spacecraft had lost attitude control. </p><p><i>New Horizons</i> recorded scientific instrument data to its solid-state memory buffer at each encounter, then transmitted the data to Earth. Data storage is done on two low-power <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">solid-state recorders</a> (one primary, one backup) holding up to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000800000000000000♠"></span>8 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabyte</a></span>s each. Because of the extreme distance from Pluto and the Kuiper belt, only one buffer load at those encounters can be saved. This is because <i>New Horizons</i> would require approximately 16 months after leaving the vicinity of Pluto to transmit the buffer load back to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-JHU_APL_News_Center_20150414_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHU_APL_News_Center_20150414-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Pluto's distance, radio signals from the space probe back to Earth took four hours and 25 minutes to traverse 4.7 billion km of space.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the reason for the delay between the gathering of and transmission of data is that all of the <i>New Horizons</i> instrumentation is body-mounted. In order for the cameras to record data, the entire probe must turn, and the one-degree-wide beam of the high-gain antenna was not pointing toward Earth. Previous spacecraft, such as the <i>Voyager</i> program probes, had a rotatable instrumentation platform (a "scan platform") that could take measurements from virtually any angle without losing radio contact with Earth. <i>New Horizons</i> was mechanically simplified to save weight, shorten the schedule, and improve reliability during its 15-year designed lifetime. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> scan platform jammed at Saturn, and the demands of long time exposures at outer planets led to a change of plans such that the entire probe was rotated to make photos at Uranus and Neptune, similar to how <i>New Horizons</i> rotated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>New Horizons</i> carries seven instruments: three optical instruments, two plasma instruments, a dust sensor and a radio science receiver/radiometer. The instruments are to be used to investigate the global geology, surface composition, surface temperature, atmospheric pressure, atmospheric temperature and escape rate of Pluto and its moons. The rated power is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001210000000000000♠"></span>21 watts</span>, though not all instruments operate simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <i>New Horizons</i> has an Ultrastable Oscillator subsystem, which may be used to study and test the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_anomaly" title="Pioneer anomaly">Pioneer anomaly</a> towards the end of the spacecraft's life.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-Range_Reconnaissance_Imager_(LORRI)"><span id="Long-Range_Reconnaissance_Imager_.28LORRI.29"></span>Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_LORRI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/New_Horizons_LORRI.jpg/220px-New_Horizons_LORRI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/New_Horizons_LORRI.jpg/330px-New_Horizons_LORRI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/New_Horizons_LORRI.jpg/440px-New_Horizons_LORRI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>LORRI—long-range camera</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Imager" title="Long Range Reconnaissance Imager">Long Range Reconnaissance Imager</a></div> <p>The Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) is a long-focal-length imager designed for high resolution and responsivity at visible wavelengths. The instrument is equipped with a 1024×1024 pixel by 12-bits-per-pixel monochromatic <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> imager giving a resolution of 5 <a href="/wiki/Microradian" class="mw-redirect" title="Microradian">μrad</a> (~1 <a href="/wiki/Arcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsecond">arcsec</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-jhuapl-lorri_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhuapl-lorri-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCD is chilled far below freezing by a passive radiator on the antisolar face of the spacecraft. This temperature differential requires insulation and isolation from the rest of the structure. The 208.3 mm (8.20 in) aperture <a href="/wiki/Ritchey-Chr%C3%A9tien_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritchey-Chrétien telescope">Ritchey–Chretien</a> mirrors and metering structure are made of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a> to boost stiffness, reduce weight and prevent warping at low temperatures. The optical elements sit in a composite light shield and mount with titanium and fiberglass for thermal isolation. Overall mass is 8.6 kg (19 lb), with the optical tube assembly (OTA) weighing about 5.6 kg (12 lb),<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for one of the largest silicon-carbide telescopes flown at the time (now surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a>). For viewing on public web sites the 12-bit per pixel LORRI images are converted to 8-bit per pixel <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> images.<sup id="cite_ref-jhuapl-lorri_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhuapl-lorri-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These public images do not contain the full <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> of brightness information available from the raw LORRI images files.<sup id="cite_ref-jhuapl-lorri_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhuapl-lorri-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Principal investigator: Andy Cheng, <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a></i></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Data: LORRI image search at jhuapl.edu</i><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_Wind_Around_Pluto_(SWAP)"><span id="Solar_Wind_Around_Pluto_.28SWAP.29"></span>Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_SWAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/New_Horizons_SWAP.jpg/220px-New_Horizons_SWAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/New_Horizons_SWAP.jpg/330px-New_Horizons_SWAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/New_Horizons_SWAP.jpg/440px-New_Horizons_SWAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SWAP_(New_Horizons)" title="SWAP (New Horizons)">SWAP</a> – Solar Wind Around Pluto</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SWAP_(New_Horizons)" title="SWAP (New Horizons)">SWAP (New Horizons)</a></div> <p>Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) is a toroidal <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_analyzer" title="Electrostatic analyzer">electrostatic analyzer</a> and retarding potential analyzer (RPA), that makes up one of the two instruments comprising <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a> and high-energy particle spectrometer suite (PAM), the other being PEPSSI. SWAP measures particles of up to 6.5 keV and, because of the tenuous solar wind at Pluto's distance, the instrument is designed with the largest <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> of any such instrument ever flown.<sup id="cite_ref-ProbeHomepage_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProbeHomepage-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Principal investigator: David McComas, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Research_Institute" title="Southwest Research Institute">Southwest Research Institute</a></i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pluto_Energetic_Particle_Spectrometer_Science_Investigation_(PEPSSI)"><span id="Pluto_Energetic_Particle_Spectrometer_Science_Investigation_.28PEPSSI.29"></span>Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Energetic_Particle_Spectrometer_Science_Investigation" title="Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation">Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation</a></div> <p>Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI) is a <a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry" title="Time-of-flight mass spectrometry">time of flight</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> sensor that makes up one of the two instruments comprising <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> plasma and high-energy particle spectrometer suite (PAM), the other being SWAP. Unlike SWAP, which measures particles of up to 6.5 keV, PEPSSI goes up to 1 MeV.<sup id="cite_ref-ProbeHomepage_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProbeHomepage-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PEPSSI sensor has been designed to measure the mass, energy and distribution of charged particles around Pluto, and is also able to differentiate between <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Heavy_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy ion">heavy ions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Principal investigator: Ralph McNutt Jr., Applied Physics Laboratory</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alice">Alice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Alice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alice_(spacecraft_instrument)" title="Alice (spacecraft instrument)">Alice (spacecraft instrument)</a></div> <p><i>Alice</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> imaging <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a> that is one of two photographic instruments comprising <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> Pluto Exploration Remote Sensing Investigation (PERSI); the other being the <i>Ralph</i> telescope. It resolves 1,024 wavelength bands in the far and extreme ultraviolet (from 50–<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6993180000000000000♠"></span>180 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a></span>), over 32 view fields. Its goal is to determine the composition of Pluto's atmosphere. This Alice instrument is derived from another Alice aboard <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_space_probe#Nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosetta space probe">Rosetta</a> spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-ProbeHomepage_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProbeHomepage-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument has a mass of 4.4 kg and draws 4.4 watts of power. Its primary role is to determine the relative concentrations of various elements and isotopes in Pluto's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Principal investigator: Alan Stern, Southwest Research Institute</i></span></dd></dl> <p>In August 2018, NASA confirmed, based on results by <i>Alice</i> on the <i>New Horizons</i> spacecraft, a "<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen wall">hydrogen wall</a>" at the outer edges of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> that was first detected in 1992 by the two <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager spacecraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRL-20180807_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRL-20180807-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LS-20180809_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20180809-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ralph_telescope">Ralph telescope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ralph telescope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_-_Ralph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/New_Horizons_-_Ralph.png/220px-New_Horizons_-_Ralph.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/New_Horizons_-_Ralph.png/330px-New_Horizons_-_Ralph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/New_Horizons_-_Ralph.png/440px-New_Horizons_-_Ralph.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><i>Ralph</i>—telescope and color camera</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_(New_Horizons)" title="Ralph (New Horizons)">Ralph (New Horizons)</a></div> <p>The Ralph telescope, 75 mm<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in aperture, is one of two photographic instruments that make up <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> Pluto Exploration Remote Sensing Investigation (PERSI), with the other being the Alice instrument. Ralph has two separate channels: MVIC (Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera), a visible-light <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> imager with broadband and color channels; and LEISA (Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array), a near-<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> imaging spectrometer. LEISA is derived from a similar instrument on the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing-1" title="Earth Observing-1">Earth Observing-1</a> spacecraft. Ralph was named after Alice's husband on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Honeymooners" title="The Honeymooners">The Honeymooners</a></i>, and was designed after Alice.<sup id="cite_ref-sn20150711_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn20150711-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 23, 2017, NASA announced that it has renamed the LEISA instrument to the "Lisa Hardaway Infrared Mapping Spectrometer" in honor of <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Hardaway" title="Lisa Hardaway">Lisa Hardaway</a>, the Ralph program manager at <a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace_%26_Technologies" title="Ball Aerospace & Technologies">Ball Aerospace</a>, who died in January 2017 at age 50.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20170623_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20170623-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Principal investigator: Alan Stern, Southwest Research Institute</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venetia_Burney_Student_Dust_Counter_(VBSDC)"><span id="Venetia_Burney_Student_Dust_Counter_.28VBSDC.29"></span>Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter (VBSDC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter (VBSDC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_sdc.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/New_Horizons_sdc.jpeg/220px-New_Horizons_sdc.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/New_Horizons_sdc.jpeg/330px-New_Horizons_sdc.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/New_Horizons_sdc.jpeg/440px-New_Horizons_sdc.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>VBSDC—Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Venetia_Burney_Student_Dust_Counter" title="Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter">Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter</a> (VBSDC), built by students at the University of Colorado Boulder, is operating periodically to make <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">dust</a> measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of a detector panel, about 460 mm × 300 mm (18 in × 12 in), mounted on the anti-solar face of the spacecraft (the ram direction), and an electronics box within the spacecraft. The detector contains fourteen <a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_difluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyvinylidene difluoride">polyvinylidene difluoride</a> (PVDF) panels, twelve science and two reference, which generate voltage when impacted. Effective collecting area is 0.125 m<sup>2</sup> (1.35 sq ft). No dust counter has operated past the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>; models of dust in the outer Solar System, especially the Kuiper belt, are speculative. The VBSDC is always turned on measuring the masses of the interplanetary and interstellar dust particles (in the range of nano- and picograms) as they collide with the PVDF panels mounted on the <i>New Horizons</i> spacecraft. The measured data is expected to greatly contribute to the understanding of the dust spectra of the Solar System. The dust spectra can then be compared with those from observations of other stars, giving new clues as to where Earth-like planets can be found in the universe. The dust counter is named for <a href="/wiki/Venetia_Burney" title="Venetia Burney">Venetia Burney</a>, who first suggested the name "Pluto" at the age of 11. A thirteen-minute short film about the VBSDC garnered an Emmy Award for student achievement in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Principal investigator: Mihaly Horanyi, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a></i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_Science_Experiment_(REX)"><span id="Radio_Science_Experiment_.28REX.29"></span>Radio Science Experiment (REX)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Radio Science Experiment (REX)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/REX_(New_Horizons)" title="REX (New Horizons)">REX (New Horizons)</a></div> <p>The Radio Science Experiment (REX) used an ultrastable <a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">crystal oscillator</a> (essentially a calibrated crystal in a miniature <a href="/wiki/Crystal_oven" title="Crystal oven">oven</a>) and some additional electronics to conduct radio science investigations using the communications channels. These are small enough to fit on a single card. Because there are two redundant communications subsystems, there are two, identical REX circuit boards. </p> <dl><dd><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Principal investigators: Len Tyler and Ivan Linscott, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></i></span></dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journey_to_Pluto">Journey to Pluto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Journey to Pluto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Horizons" title="Timeline of New Horizons">Timeline of New Horizons</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NewHorizons_Rocket_Bly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NewHorizons_Rocket_Bly.jpg/152px-NewHorizons_Rocket_Bly.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NewHorizons_Rocket_Bly.jpg/228px-NewHorizons_Rocket_Bly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NewHorizons_Rocket_Bly.jpg/304px-NewHorizons_Rocket_Bly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_V_551_roars_into_blue_sky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Atlas_V_551_roars_into_blue_sky.jpg/132px-Atlas_V_551_roars_into_blue_sky.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Atlas_V_551_roars_into_blue_sky.jpg/198px-Atlas_V_551_roars_into_blue_sky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Atlas_V_551_roars_into_blue_sky.jpg/264px-Atlas_V_551_roars_into_blue_sky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Launch of <i>New Horizons</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> rocket on the launchpad (left) and lift off from Cape Canaveral.</div></div></div></div> <p>On September 24, 2005, the spacecraft arrived at the Kennedy Space Center on board a <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster III</a> for launch preparations.<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceDaily_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceDaily-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch of <i>New Horizons</i> was originally scheduled for January 11, 2006, but was initially delayed until January 17, 2006, to allow for <a href="/wiki/Borescope" title="Borescope">borescope</a> inspections of the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> tank. Further delays related to low cloud ceiling conditions <a href="/wiki/Downrange" title="Downrange">downrange</a>, and high winds and technical difficulties—unrelated to the rocket itself—prevented launch for a further two days.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space.com_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space.com-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The probe finally lifted off from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41">Pad 41</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, directly south of <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_Complex_39" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a>, at 19:00 UTC on January 19, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Amir_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amir-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harwood_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harwood-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> second stage ignited at 19:04:43 UTC and burned for 5 minutes 25 seconds. It reignited at 19:32 UTC and burned for 9 minutes 47 seconds. The <a href="/wiki/Alliant_Techsystems" title="Alliant Techsystems">ATK</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_48" title="Star 48">Star 48</a>B third stage ignited at 19:42:37 UTC and burned for 1 minute 28 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-ils200601_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ils200601-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined, these burns successfully sent the probe on a solar-escape trajectory at 16.26 kilometers per second (58,536 km/h; 36,373 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-sciam20130225_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam20130225-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>New Horizons</i> took only nine hours to pass the Moon's orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-airspace20150710_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airspace20150710-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there were backup launch opportunities in February 2006 and February 2007, only the first twenty-three days of the 2006 window permitted the Jupiter flyby. Any launch outside that period would have forced the spacecraft to fly a slower trajectory directly to Pluto, delaying its encounter by five to six years.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20150702_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20150702-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The probe was launched by a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> Atlas V 551 rocket, with a third stage added to increase the heliocentric (escape) speed. This was the first launch of the Atlas V 551 configuration, which uses five <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket_booster" title="Solid rocket booster">solid rocket boosters</a>, and the first Atlas V with a third stage. Previous flights had used zero, two, or three solid boosters, but never five. The vehicle, AV-010, weighed 573,160 kilograms (1,263,600 lb) at lift-off,<sup id="cite_ref-ils200601_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ils200601-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had earlier been slightly damaged when <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma" title="Hurricane Wilma">Hurricane Wilma</a> swept across Florida on October 24, 2005. One of the solid rocket boosters was hit by a door. The booster was replaced with an identical unit, rather than inspecting and requalifying the original.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The launch was dedicated to the memory of launch conductor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sarokon" title="Daniel Sarokon">Daniel Sarokon</a>, who was described by space program officials as one of the most influential people in the history of space travel.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_Solar_System">Inner Solar System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Inner Solar System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trajectory_corrections">Trajectory corrections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Trajectory corrections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 28 and 30, 2006, mission controllers guided the probe through its first <a href="/wiki/Trajectory" title="Trajectory">trajectory</a>-correction maneuver (TCM), which was divided into two parts (TCM-1A and TCM-1B). The total velocity change of these two corrections was about 18 meters per second (65 km/h; 40 mph). TCM-1 was accurate enough to permit the cancellation of TCM-2, the second of three originally scheduled corrections.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 9, 2006, controllers performed TCM-3, the last of three scheduled course corrections. The engines burned for 76 seconds, adjusting the spacecraft's velocity by about 1.16 m/s (4.2 km/h; 2.6 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further trajectory maneuvers were not needed until September 25, 2007 (seven months after the Jupiter flyby), when the engines were fired for 15 minutes and 37 seconds, changing the spacecraft's velocity by 2.37 m/s (8.5 km/h; 5.3 mph),<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by another TCM, almost three years later on June 30, 2010, that lasted 35.6 seconds, when <i>New Horizons</i> had already reached the halfway point (in time traveled) to Pluto.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In-flight_tests_and_crossing_of_Mars_orbit">In-flight tests and crossing of Mars orbit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In-flight tests and crossing of Mars orbit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the week of February 20, 2006, controllers conducted initial in-flight tests of three onboard science instruments, the Alice ultraviolet imaging spectrometer, the PEPSSI plasma-sensor, and the LORRI long-range visible-spectrum camera. No scientific measurements or images were taken, but instrument electronics, and in the case of Alice, some electromechanical systems were shown to be functioning correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 7, 2006, the spacecraft passed the orbit of Mars, moving at roughly 21 km/s (76,000 km/h; 47,000 mph) away from the Sun at a solar distance of 243 million kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-Malik_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malik-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asteroid_132524_APL">Asteroid 132524 APL</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Asteroid 132524 APL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asteroid_2002_JF56.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Asteroid_2002_JF56.jpg/142px-Asteroid_2002_JF56.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Asteroid_2002_JF56.jpg/213px-Asteroid_2002_JF56.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Asteroid_2002_JF56.jpg/284px-Asteroid_2002_JF56.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Asteroid <a href="/wiki/132524_APL" title="132524 APL">132524 APL</a> viewed by <i>New Horizons</i> in June 2006</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Pluto_sighting_from_New_Horizons.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/First_Pluto_sighting_from_New_Horizons.gif/142px-First_Pluto_sighting_from_New_Horizons.gif" decoding="async" width="142" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/First_Pluto_sighting_from_New_Horizons.gif/213px-First_Pluto_sighting_from_New_Horizons.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/First_Pluto_sighting_from_New_Horizons.gif/284px-First_Pluto_sighting_from_New_Horizons.gif 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="896" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">First images of Pluto in September 2006</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Because of the need to conserve fuel for possible encounters with Kuiper belt objects subsequent to the Pluto flyby, intentional encounters with objects in the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a> were not planned. After launch, the <i>New Horizons</i> team scanned the spacecraft's trajectory to determine if any asteroids would, by chance, be close enough for observation. In May 2006 it was discovered that <i>New Horizons</i> would pass close to the tiny asteroid <a href="/wiki/132524_APL" title="132524 APL">132524 APL</a> on June 13, 2006. Closest approach occurred at 4:05 UTC at a distance of 101,867 km (63,297 mi) (around one quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">average Earth-Moon distance</a>). The asteroid was imaged by Ralph (use of LORRI was not possible because of proximity to the Sun), which gave the team a chance to test Ralph<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> capabilities, and make observations of the asteroid's composition as well as light and phase curves. The asteroid was estimated to be 2.5 km (1.6 mi) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JHAPL61506_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHAPL61506-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft successfully tracked the rapidly moving asteroid over June 10–12, 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Pluto_sighting">First Pluto sighting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: First Pluto sighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first images of Pluto from <i>New Horizons</i> were acquired September 21–24, 2006, during a test of LORRI. They were released on November 28, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-LORRI_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LORRI-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The images, taken from a distance of approximately 4.2 billion km (2.6 billion mi; 28 AU), confirmed the spacecraft's ability to track distant targets, critical for maneuvering toward Pluto and other Kuiper belt objects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jupiter_encounter">Jupiter encounter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Jupiter encounter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration of Jupiter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NH_Jupiter_IR_(contrast_enhanced).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/NH_Jupiter_IR_%28contrast_enhanced%29.jpg/130px-NH_Jupiter_IR_%28contrast_enhanced%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/NH_Jupiter_IR_%28contrast_enhanced%29.jpg/195px-NH_Jupiter_IR_%28contrast_enhanced%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/NH_Jupiter_IR_%28contrast_enhanced%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Infrared image of Jupiter by <i>New Horizons</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>New Horizons</i> used LORRI to take its first photographs of Jupiter on September 4, 2006, from a distance of 291 million kilometers (181 million miles).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More detailed exploration of the system began in January 2007 with an infrared image of the moon <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>, as well as several black-and-white images of Jupiter itself.<sup id="cite_ref-jupiter-encounter_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jupiter-encounter-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>New Horizons</i> received a gravity assist from Jupiter, with its closest approach at 05:43:40 UTC on February 28, 2007, when it was 2.3 million kilometers (1.4 million miles) from Jupiter. The flyby increased <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> speed by 4 km/s (14,000 km/h; 9,000 mph), accelerating the probe to a velocity of 23 km/s (83,000 km/h; 51,000 mph) relative to the Sun and shortening its voyage to Pluto by three years.<sup id="cite_ref-boost_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boost-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flyby was the center of a four-month intensive observation campaign lasting from January to June. Being an ever-changing scientific target, Jupiter has been observed intermittently since the end of the <i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i> mission in September 2003. Knowledge about Jupiter benefited from the fact that <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> instruments were built using the latest technology, especially in the area of cameras, representing a significant improvement over <i>Galileo</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> cameras, which were modified versions of <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager</a></i> cameras, which, in turn, were modified <i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></i> cameras. The Jupiter encounter also served as a shakedown and dress rehearsal for the Pluto encounter. Because Jupiter is much closer to Earth than Pluto, the communications link can transmit multiple loadings of the memory buffer; thus the mission returned more data from the Jovian system than it was expected to transmit from Pluto.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the main goals during the Jupiter encounter was observing its <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">atmospheric conditions</a> and analyzing the structure and composition of its clouds. Heat-induced lightning strikes in the polar regions and "waves" that indicate violent storm activity were observed and measured. The <a href="/wiki/Oval_BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Oval BA">Little Red Spot</a>, spanning up to 70% of Earth's diameter, was imaged from up close for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-boost_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boost-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recording from different angles and illumination conditions, <i>New Horizons</i> took detailed images of Jupiter's faint <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">ring system</a>, discovering debris left over from recent collisions within the rings or from other unexplained phenomena. The search for undiscovered moons within the rings showed no results. Travelling through Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">magnetosphere</a>, <i>New Horizons</i> collected valuable particle readings.<sup id="cite_ref-boost_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boost-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Bubbles" of plasma that are thought to be formed from material ejected by the moon Io were noticed in the <a href="/wiki/Magnetotail" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetotail">magnetotail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-surf_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surf-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jovian_moons">Jovian moons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Jovian moons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The four largest moons of Jupiter were in poor positions for observation; the necessary path of the gravity-assist maneuver meant that <i>New Horizons</i> passed millions of kilometers from any of the <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a>. Still, its instruments were intended for small, dim targets, so they were scientifically useful on large, distant moons. Emphasis was put on Jupiter's innermost Galilean moon, <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, whose active volcanoes shoot out tons of material into Jupiter's magnetosphere, and further. Out of eleven observed eruptions, three were seen for the first time. That of <a href="/wiki/Tvashtar_Paterae" title="Tvashtar Paterae">Tvashtar</a> reached an altitude of up to 330 km (210 mi). The event gave scientists an unprecedented look into the structure and motion of the rising plume and its subsequent fall back to the surface. Infrared signatures of a further 36 volcanoes were noticed.<sup id="cite_ref-boost_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boost-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>'s surface was analyzed with LEISA, revealing how lighting and viewing conditions affect infrared spectrum readings of its surface water ice.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minor moons such as <a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a> had their orbit solutions refined. The cameras determined their positions, acting as "reverse optical navigation". </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Jovian moons imaged by <i>New Horizons</i></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tvashtar_volcano_on_Io_from_New_Horizons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tvashtar_volcano_on_Io_from_New_Horizons.jpg/194px-Tvashtar_volcano_on_Io_from_New_Horizons.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tvashtar_volcano_on_Io_from_New_Horizons.jpg/291px-Tvashtar_volcano_on_Io_from_New_Horizons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tvashtar_volcano_on_Io_from_New_Horizons.jpg/388px-Tvashtar_volcano_on_Io_from_New_Horizons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> imaged on February 28, 2007. The feature near the north pole of the moon is a 290 km (180 mi) high plume from the volcano <a href="/wiki/Tvashtar_Paterae" title="Tvashtar Paterae">Tvashtar</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA09246_Europa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PIA09246_Europa.jpg/194px-PIA09246_Europa.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/PIA09246_Europa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> imaged on February 27, 2007, from a distance of 3.1 million km (1.9 million mi). Image scale is 15 km per pixel (9.3 mi/px).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA09245_Ganymede.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PIA09245_Ganymede.jpg/194px-PIA09245_Ganymede.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PIA09245_Ganymede.jpg/291px-PIA09245_Ganymede.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/PIA09245_Ganymede.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> imaged on February 27, 2007, from a distance of 3.5 million km (2.2 million mi). Image scale is 17 km per pixel (11 mi/px).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA09258_Callisto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PIA09258_Callisto.jpg/194px-PIA09258_Callisto.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/PIA09258_Callisto.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a> imaged on February 27, 2007, from a distance of 4.7 million km (2.9 million mi).</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photos_of_Jupiter_system_by_New_Horizons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photos of Jupiter system by New Horizons">Photos of Jupiter system by New Horizons</a> at Wikimedia Commons</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_Solar_System">Outer Solar System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Outer Solar System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg/250px-Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg/375px-Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg/500px-Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system#Spherical_coordinates" title="Ecliptic coordinate system">Heliocentric positions</a> of the five <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_probe" title="Interstellar probe">interstellar probes</a> (squares) and other bodies (circles) until 2020, with launch and flyby dates. Markers denote positions on <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> of each year, with every fifth year labelled.<br style="margin-bottom:1ex;" /><span class="nowrap">Plot 1</span> is viewed from the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_pole#Ecliptic_pole" title="Orbital pole">north ecliptic pole</a>, to scale.<br /><span class="nowrap">Plots 2 to 4</span> are <a href="/wiki/Third-angle_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-angle projection">third-angle projections</a> at 20% scale.<br style="margin-bottom:1ex;" />In <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Interstellar_probes_trajectory.svg"><span class="nowrap">the SVG file,</span></a> hover over a trajectory or orbit to highlight it and its associated launches and flybys.</figcaption></figure> <p>After passing Jupiter, <i>New Horizons</i> spent most of its journey towards Pluto in hibernation mode. Redundant components as well as guidance and control systems were shut down to extend their life cycle, decrease operation costs and free the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> for other missions.<sup id="cite_ref-hibernation1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibernation1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During hibernation mode, the onboard computer monitored the probe's systems and transmitted a signal back to Earth; a "green" code if everything was functioning as expected or a "red" code if mission control's assistance was needed.<sup id="cite_ref-hibernation1_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibernation1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The probe was activated for about two months a year so that the instruments could be calibrated and the systems checked. The first hibernation mode cycle started on June 28, 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-hibernation1_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hibernation1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second cycle began on December 16, 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the third cycle on August 27, 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the fourth cycle on August 29, 2014, after a 10-week test.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>New Horizons</i> crossed the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> on June 8, 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-saturn_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saturn-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> on March 18, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-uranus_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uranus-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After astronomers announced the discovery of two new moons in the Pluto system, <a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a>, mission planners started contemplating the possibility of the probe running into unseen debris and dust left over from ancient collisions between the moons. A study based on 18 months of computer simulations, Earth-based telescope observations and occultations of the Pluto system revealed that the possibility of a catastrophic collision with debris or dust was less than 0.3% on the probe's scheduled course.<sup id="cite_ref-debris1_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debris1-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-debris2_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debris2-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the hazard increased, <i>New Horizons</i> could have used one of two possible contingency plans, the so-called SHBOTs (Safe Haven by Other Trajectories). Either the probe could have continued on its present trajectory with the antenna facing the incoming particles so the more vital systems would be protected, or it could have positioned its antenna to make a course correction that would take it just 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from the surface of Pluto where it was expected that the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric drag">atmospheric drag</a> would have cleaned the surrounding space of possible debris.<sup id="cite_ref-debris2_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debris2-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in hibernation mode in July 2012, <i>New Horizons</i> started gathering scientific data with SWAP, PEPSSI and VBSDC. Although it was originally planned to activate just the VBSDC, other instruments were powered on in order to collect valuable heliospheric data. Before activating the other two instruments, ground tests were conducted to make sure that the expanded data gathering in this phase of the mission would not limit available energy, memory and fuel in the future and that all systems were functioning during the flyby.<sup id="cite_ref-new_instruments_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new_instruments-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first set of data was transmitted in January 2013 during a three-week activation from hibernation. The command and data handling software was updated to address the problem of computer resets.<sup id="cite_ref-data_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-data-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possible_Neptune_trojan_targets">Possible Neptune trojan targets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Possible Neptune trojan targets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other possible targets were <a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a>. The probe's trajectory to Pluto passed near Neptune's trailing <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrange point</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L4_and_L5" title="Lagrange point">L<sub>5</sub></a>"), which may host hundreds of bodies in 1:1 <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">resonance</a>. In late 2013, <i>New Horizons</i> passed within 1.2 AU (180 million km; 110 million mi) of the high-inclination L5 Neptune trojan <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_HM102" title="2011 HM102">2011 HM<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">102</span></span></a></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-parker2012_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker2012-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was discovered shortly before by the <a href="#New_Horizons_KBO_Search">New Horizons KBO Search</a> task, a <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_survey" title="Astronomical survey">survey</a> to find additional <a href="/wiki/Distant_minor_planet" title="Distant minor planet">distant objects</a> for <i>New Horizons</i> to fly by after its 2015 encounter with Pluto. At that range, <span class="nowrap">2011 HM<sub>102</sub></span> would have been bright enough to be detectable by <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> LORRI instrument; however, the <i>New Horizons</i> team eventually decided that they would not target <span class="nowrap">2011 HM<sub>102</sub></span> for observations because the preparations for the Pluto approach took precedence.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 25, 2014, <i>New Horizons</i> crossed the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, exactly 25 years after the planet was visited by the <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> probe.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the last major planet orbit crossing before the Pluto flyby. At the time, the spacecraft was 3.99 billion km (2.48 billion mi; 26.7 AU) away from Neptune and 4.51 billion km (2.80 billion mi; 30.1 AU) from the Sun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Observations_of_Pluto_and_Charon_2013–14"><span id="Observations_of_Pluto_and_Charon_2013.E2.80.9314"></span>Observations of Pluto and Charon 2013–14</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Observations of Pluto and Charon 2013–14"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Images from July 1 to 3, 2013, by LORRI were the first by the probe to resolve Pluto and Charon as separate objects.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 14, 2014, mission controllers performed a sixth trajectory-correction maneuver (TCM) since its launch to enable the craft to reach Pluto.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between July 19–24, 2014, <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> LORRI snapped 12 images of Charon revolving around Pluto, covering almost one full rotation at distances ranging from about 429 to 422 million km (267 to 262 million mi).<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2014, astronomers made high-precision measurements of Pluto's location and orbit around the Sun using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (<a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">ALMA</a>), an array of radio telescopes located in Chile, to help NASA's <i>New Horizons</i> spacecraft accurately home in on Pluto.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 6, 2014, mission controllers sent a signal for the craft to "wake up" from its final Pluto-approach hibernation and begin regular operations. The craft's response that it was "awake" reached Earth on December 7, 2014, at 02:30 UTC.<sup id="cite_ref-awoketwitter_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awoketwitter-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-awokeAST_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awokeAST-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pluto_approach">Pluto approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Pluto approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PlutoCharon-1stColorImage-NewHorizons-Ralph-20150409.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PlutoCharon-1stColorImage-NewHorizons-Ralph-20150409.png/140px-PlutoCharon-1stColorImage-NewHorizons-Ralph-20150409.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PlutoCharon-1stColorImage-NewHorizons-Ralph-20150409.png/210px-PlutoCharon-1stColorImage-NewHorizons-Ralph-20150409.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PlutoCharon-1stColorImage-NewHorizons-Ralph-20150409.png/280px-PlutoCharon-1stColorImage-NewHorizons-Ralph-20150409.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto-System-June-29.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pluto-System-June-29.png/144px-Pluto-System-June-29.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pluto-System-June-29.png/216px-Pluto-System-June-29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pluto-System-June-29.png/288px-Pluto-System-June-29.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a> photographed on April 9, 2015, <i>(left)</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_(New_Horizons)" title="Ralph (New Horizons)">Ralph</a> and on June 29, 2015, <i>(right)</i> by <a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Imager" title="Long Range Reconnaissance Imager">LORRI</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Distant-encounter operations at Pluto began on January 4, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this date, images of the targets with the onboard LORRI imager plus the Ralph telescope were only a few <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> in width. Investigators began taking Pluto images and background starfield images to assist mission navigators in the design of course-correcting engine maneuvers that would precisely modify the trajectory of <i>New Horizons</i> to aim the approach.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 12, 2015, NASA released new images of Pluto (taken from January 25 to 31) from the approaching probe.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>New Horizons</i> was more than 203 million km (126 million mi) away from Pluto when it began taking the photos, which showed Pluto and its largest moon, Charon. The exposure time was too short to see Pluto's smaller, much fainter moons. </p><p>Investigators compiled a series of images of the moons Nix and Hydra taken from January 27 through February 8, 2015, beginning at a range of 201 million km (125 million mi).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pluto and Charon appear as a single overexposed object at the center. The right side image has been processed to remove the background starfield. The other two, even smaller moons—Kerberos and Styx—were seen on photos taken on April 25.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting on May 11, a hazard search was performed, looking for unknown objects that could be a danger to the spacecraft, such as rings or hitherto undiscovered moons, which could then possibly be avoided by a course change.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No rings or additional moons were found. </p><p>Also in regard to the approach phase during January 2015, on August 21, 2012, the team announced that they would spend mission time attempting long-range observations of the Kuiper belt object temporarily designated <a href="/wiki/VNH0004" class="mw-redirect" title="VNH0004">VNH0004</a> (now designated <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_KW48" title="2011 KW48">2011 KW<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">48</span></span></a></span>), when the object was at a distance of 75 million km (0.50 AU; 47 million mi) from <i>New Horizons</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-vnh_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vnh-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object would be too distant to resolve surface features or take spectroscopy, but it would be able to make observations that cannot be made from Earth, namely a <a href="/wiki/Phase_curve_(astronomy)" title="Phase curve (astronomy)">phase curve</a> and a search for small moons. A second object was planned to be observed in June 2015, and a third in September after the flyby; the team hoped to observe a dozen such objects through 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-vnh_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vnh-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 15, 2015, Pluto was imaged showing a possible polar cap.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150429_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150429-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Software_glitch">Software glitch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Software glitch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 4, 2015, <i>New Horizons</i> experienced a software anomaly and went into safe mode, preventing the spacecraft from performing scientific observations until engineers could resolve the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 5, NASA announced that the problem was determined to be a timing flaw in a command sequence used to prepare the spacecraft for its flyby, and the spacecraft would resume scheduled science operations on July 7. The science observations lost because of the anomaly were judged to have no impact on the mission's main objectives and minimal impact on other objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-new-horizons-2015-07-05_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-new-horizons-2015-07-05-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The timing flaw consisted of performing two tasks simultaneously—compressing previously acquired data to release space for more data, and making a second copy of the approach command sequence—that together overloaded the spacecraft's primary computer. After the overload was detected, the spacecraft performed as designed: it switched from the primary computer to the backup computer, entered safe mode, and sent a distress call back to Earth. The distress call was received the afternoon of July 4 and alerted engineers that they needed to contact the spacecraft to get more information and resolve the issue. The resolution was that the problem happened as part of preparations for the approach, and was not expected to happen again because no similar tasks were planned for the remainder of the encounter.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-new-horizons-2015-07-05_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-new-horizons-2015-07-05-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pluto_system_encounter">Pluto system encounter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Pluto system encounter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg/220px-Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg/330px-Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg/440px-Alan_Stern_and_New_Horizons_Team_Celebrate_Pluto_Flyby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Alan Stern</a> and the <i>New Horizons</i> team celebrate after the spacecraft successfully completed its flyby of Pluto.</figcaption></figure> <p>The closest approach of the <i>New Horizons</i> spacecraft to Pluto occurred at 11:49 UTC on July 14, 2015, at a range of 12,472 km (7,750 mi) from the surface<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 13,658 km (8,487 mi) from the center of Pluto. <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">Telemetry</a> data confirming a successful flyby and a healthy spacecraft was received on Earth from the vicinity of the Pluto system on July 15, 2015, 00:52:37 UTC,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after 22 hours of planned <a href="/wiki/Radio_silence#Non-military_radio_silence" title="Radio silence">radio silence</a> due to the spacecraft being pointed towards the <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto system</a>. Mission managers estimated a one in 10,000 chance that debris could have destroyed the probe or its communication-systems during the flyby, preventing it from sending data to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first details of the encounter were received the next day, but the download of the complete data set through the 2 <a href="/wiki/Kilobit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobit per second">kbps</a> data downlink took just over 15 months.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161028_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161028-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectives">Objectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mission's science objectives were grouped in three distinct priorities. The "primary objectives" were required. The "secondary objectives" were expected to be met but were not demanded. The "tertiary objectives" were desired. These objectives could have been skipped in favor of the above objectives. An objective to measure any magnetic field of Pluto was dropped, due to mass and the expense associated with including a <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a> on the spacecraft. Instead, <a href="#Science_payload">SWAP and PEPSSI</a> could indirectly detect magnetic fields around Pluto.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Primary objectives (required)</b> <ul><li>Characterize the global geology and morphology of Pluto and Charon</li> <li>Map chemical compositions of Pluto and Charon surfaces</li> <li>Characterize the neutral (non-<a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionized</a>) <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Pluto" title="Atmosphere of Pluto">atmosphere of Pluto</a> and its escape rate</li></ul></li> <li><b>Secondary objectives (expected)</b> <ul><li>Characterize the time variability of Pluto's surface and atmosphere</li> <li>Image select Pluto and Charon areas in <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereo</a></li> <li>Map the <a href="/wiki/Terminator_(solar)" title="Terminator (solar)">terminators</a> (day/night border) of Pluto and Charon with high resolution</li> <li>Map the chemical compositions of select Pluto and Charon areas with high resolution</li> <li>Characterize Pluto's <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> (upper layer of the atmosphere) and its interaction with the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a></li> <li>Search for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_neutral_species&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molecular neutral species (page does not exist)">molecular neutral species</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Molecular_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular hydrogen">molecular hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Nitrile" title="Nitrile">nitriles</a> in the atmosphere</li> <li>Search for any Charon atmosphere</li> <li>Determine <a href="/wiki/Bolometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolometric">bolometric</a> <a href="/wiki/Bond_albedo" title="Bond albedo">Bond albedos</a> for Pluto and Charon</li> <li>Map surface temperatures of Pluto and Charon</li> <li>Map any additional surfaces of outermost moons: <a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Tertiary objectives (desired)</b> <ul><li>Characterize the energetic particle environment at Pluto and Charon</li> <li>Refine bulk parameters (radii, masses) and orbits of Pluto and Charon</li> <li>Search for additional <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moons</a> and any <a href="/wiki/Planetary_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary ring">rings</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>"The New Horizons flyby of the Pluto system was fully successful, meeting and in many cases exceeding, the Pluto objectives set out for it by NASA and the National Academy of Sciences."<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flyby_details">Flyby details</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Flyby details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/New_Horizons" title="Special:EditPage/New Horizons">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22New+Horizons%22">"New Horizons"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22New+Horizons%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22New+Horizons%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22New+Horizons%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22New+Horizons%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22New+Horizons%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/142px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/213px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/284px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pluto's "encounter hemisphere" viewed by <i>New Horizons</i> on July 14, 2015</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_by_LORRI,_11_July_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pluto_by_LORRI%2C_11_July_2015.jpg/142px-Pluto_by_LORRI%2C_11_July_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pluto_by_LORRI%2C_11_July_2015.jpg/213px-Pluto_by_LORRI%2C_11_July_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pluto_by_LORRI%2C_11_July_2015.jpg/284px-Pluto_by_LORRI%2C_11_July_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pluto's Charon-facing opposing hemisphere viewed on July 11, 2015</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/220px--New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="54" data-mwtitle="New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_(Eyes_on_the_Solar_System).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_(Eyes_on_the_Solar_System).ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_Pluto_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Animation of <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> flyby of Pluto in <a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_Eyes" title="NASA's Eyes">Eyes on the Solar System</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 14, 2015, at 11:50 UTC, <i>New Horizons</i> made its closest approach to Pluto, passing within 12,500 km (7,800 mi) at a speed of 13.78 km/s (49,600 km/h; 30,800 mph), while also coming as close as 28,800 km (17,900 mi) to Charon. Starting 3.2 days prior, the spacecraft mapped Pluto and Charon with 40 km (25 mi) resolution, enabling coverage of all sides. Close-range imaging was conducted twice daily to monitor for surface changes, such as snowfall or <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">cryovolcanism</a>. During the flyby, LORRI captured images with up to 50 m (160 ft) resolution, MVIC created four-color global maps at 1.6 km (1 mi) resolution, and LEISA obtained near-infrared hyperspectral maps at resolutions ranging from 7 km/px (4.3 mi/px) globally to 0.6 km/px (0.37 mi/px) for selected areas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snakeskin_terrain_on_Pluto_(PIA19957).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Snakeskin_terrain_on_Pluto_%28PIA19957%29.png/220px-Snakeskin_terrain_on_Pluto_%28PIA19957%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Snakeskin_terrain_on_Pluto_%28PIA19957%29.png/330px-Snakeskin_terrain_on_Pluto_%28PIA19957%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Snakeskin_terrain_on_Pluto_%28PIA19957%29.png/440px-Snakeskin_terrain_on_Pluto_%28PIA19957%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Patterns of blue-gray ridges and reddish material observed in the <a href="/wiki/Tartarus_Dorsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartarus Dorsa">Tartarus Dorsa</a> region on July 14, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Alice characterized the atmosphere, both by emissions of atmospheric molecules (<a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">airglow</a>), and by dimming of background stars as they pass behind Pluto (<a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a>). During and after closest approach, SWAP and PEPSSI sampled the high atmosphere and its effects on the solar wind. VBSDC searched for dust, inferring meteoroid collision rates and any invisible rings. REX performed active and passive radio science. The communications dish on Earth measured the disappearance and reappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_occultation" title="Radio occultation">radio occultation</a> signal as the probe flew by behind Pluto. The results resolved Pluto's diameter (by their timing) and atmospheric density and composition (by their weakening and strengthening pattern). (Alice can perform similar occultations, using sunlight instead of radio beacons.) Previous missions had the spacecraft transmit through the atmosphere, to Earth ("downlink"). Pluto's mass and mass distribution were evaluated by the gravitational tug on the spacecraft. As the spacecraft speeds up and slows down, the radio signal exhibited a <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shift</a>. The Doppler shift was measured by comparison with the ultrastable oscillator in the communications electronics. </p><p>Reflected sunlight from Charon allowed some imaging observations of the nightside. Backlighting by the Sun gave an opportunity to highlight any rings or atmospheric hazes. REX performed radiometry of the nightside. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_observations">Satellite observations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Satellite observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> best spatial resolution of the small satellites is 330 m per pixel (1,080 ft/px) at Nix, 780 m/px (2,560 ft/px) at Hydra, and approximately 1.8 km/px (1.1 mi/px) at Kerberos and Styx. Estimates for the dimensions of these bodies are: Nix at 49.8 × 33.2 × 31.1 km (30.9 × 20.6 × 19.3 mi); Hydra at 50.9 × 36.1 × 30.9 km (31.6 × 22.4 × 19.2 mi); Kerberos at 19 × 10 × 9 km (11.8 × 6.2 × 5.6 mi); and Styx at 16 × 9 × 8 km (9.9 × 5.6 × 5.0 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-phasecurves_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phasecurves-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial predictions envisioned Kerberos as a relatively large and massive object whose dark surface led to it having a faint reflection. This proved to be wrong as images obtained by <i>New Horizons</i> on July 14 and sent back to Earth in October 2015 revealed that Kerberos was smaller in size, 19 km (12 mi) across with a highly reflective surface suggesting the presence of relatively clean water ice similarly to the rest of Pluto's smaller moons.<sup id="cite_ref-kerberos_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kerberos-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:793px;max-width:793px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Satellites of Pluto imaged by <i>New Horizons</i></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/158px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/237px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/316px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Styx_(moon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Styx_%28moon%29.jpg/158px-Styx_%28moon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Styx_%28moon%29.jpg/237px-Styx_%28moon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Styx_%28moon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nix_best_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nix_best_view.jpg/158px-Nix_best_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nix_best_view.jpg/237px-Nix_best_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nix_best_view.jpg/316px-Nix_best_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="336" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerberos_(moon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kerberos_%28moon%29.jpg/158px-Kerberos_%28moon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kerberos_%28moon%29.jpg/237px-Kerberos_%28moon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kerberos_%28moon%29.jpg/316px-Kerberos_%28moon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydra_Enhanced_Color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hydra_Enhanced_Color.jpg/141px-Hydra_Enhanced_Color.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hydra_Enhanced_Color.jpg/212px-Hydra_Enhanced_Color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hydra_Enhanced_Color.jpg/282px-Hydra_Enhanced_Color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1285" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photos_of_Pluto_system_by_New_Horizons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photos of Pluto system by New Horizons">Photos of Pluto system by New Horizons</a> at Wikimedia Commons</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Pluto_events">Post-Pluto events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Post-Pluto events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_hazes_over_backlit_Pluto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Blue_hazes_over_backlit_Pluto.jpg/220px-Blue_hazes_over_backlit_Pluto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Blue_hazes_over_backlit_Pluto.jpg/330px-Blue_hazes_over_backlit_Pluto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Blue_hazes_over_backlit_Pluto.jpg/440px-Blue_hazes_over_backlit_Pluto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>View of Pluto as <i>New Horizons</i> left the system, catching the Sun's rays passing through Pluto's atmosphere, forming a ring</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after the Pluto flyby, in July 2015, <i>New Horizons</i> reported that the spacecraft was healthy, its flight path was within the margins, and science data of the Pluto–Charon system had been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150714-kc2_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150714-kc2-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft's immediate task was to begin returning the 6.25 gigabytes of information collected.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161028_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161028-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Free-space_path_loss" title="Free-space path loss">free-space path loss</a> at its distance of 4.5 <a href="/wiki/Light-hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-hour">light-hours</a> (3 billion km or 20 AU or 1.9 billion mi) is approximately 303 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a> at 7 GHz. Using the <a href="/wiki/High_gain_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="High gain antenna">high gain antenna</a> and transmitting at full power, the signal from <a href="/wiki/EIRP" class="mw-redirect" title="EIRP">EIRP</a> is +83 dBm, and at this distance, the signal reaching Earth is −220 dBm. The received signal level (RSL) using one, un-arrayed <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> antenna with 72 dBi of forward gain equals −148 dBm.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the extremely low RSL, it could only transmit data at 1 to 2 <a href="/wiki/Kilobits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobits per second">kilobits per second</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jhuhub20150717_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhuhub20150717-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 30, 2016, about nine months after the flyby, <i>New Horizons</i> reached the halfway point of transmitting this data.<sup id="cite_ref-airspace20160330_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airspace20160330-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transfer was completed on October 25, 2016, at 21:48 UTC, when the last piece of data—part of a Pluto–Charon observation sequence by the Ralph/LEISA imager—was received by the Johns Hopkins University <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161028_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161028-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20161027_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20161027-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of November 2018, at a distance of 43 AU (6.43 billion km; 4.00 billion mi) from the Sun and 0.4 AU (60 million km; 37 million mi) from 486958 Arrokoth,<sup id="cite_ref-currentposition_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currentposition-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>New Horizons</i> was <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:New_Horizons_Full_Trajectory.svg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:New Horizons Full Trajectory.svg">heading in the direction</a> of the constellation <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a><sup id="cite_ref-heavens-escaping_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heavens-escaping-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at 14.10 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second" title="Metre per second">km/s</a> (8.76 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi/s</a>; 2.97 <a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">AU/a</a>) relative to the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-currentposition_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currentposition-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brightness of the Sun from the spacecraft was <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">magnitude</a> −18.5.<sup id="cite_ref-heavens-escaping_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heavens-escaping-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 17, 2021, <i>New Horizons</i> reached a distance of 50 AU from the Sun, while remaining fully operational.<sup id="cite_ref-50_AU_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50_AU-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_extension">Mission extension</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Mission extension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg/220px-Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg/330px-Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg/440px-Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="2499" /></a><figcaption>Big picture: from the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System#Inner_Solar_System" title="Solar System">inner Solar System</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a> with the Kuiper belt in between</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>New Horizons</i> team requested, and received, a mission extension through 2021 to explore additional Kuiper belt objects (KBOs). Funding was secured on July 1, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Mission_Extension_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mission_Extension-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this Kuiper Belt Extended Mission (KEM) the spacecraft performed a close fly-by of <a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a> and will conduct more distant observations of an additional two dozen objects,<sup id="cite_ref-extension_request_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extension_request-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mission_Extension_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mission_Extension-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-verge20160701_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge20160701-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly make a fly-by of another KBO.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuiper_belt_object_mission">Kuiper belt object mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Kuiper belt object mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Target_background">Target background</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Target background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mission planners searched for one or more additional Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) of the order of 50–100 km (30–60 mi) in diameter as targets for flybys similar to the spacecraft's Plutonian encounter. However, despite the large population of KBOs, many factors limited the number of possible targets. Because the flight path was determined by the Pluto flyby, and the probe only had 33 kg (73 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">propellant</a> remaining, the object to be visited needed to be within a cone of less than a degree's width extending from Pluto. The target also needed to be within 55 AU, because beyond 55 AU, the communications link becomes too weak, and the RTG power output decays significantly enough to hinder observations.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desirable KBOs are well over 50 km (30 mi) in diameter, neutral in color (to contrast with the reddish Pluto), and, if possible, have a moon that imparts a wobble.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="KBO_Search">KBO Search</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: KBO Search"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_KEM_Trajectory.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/New_Horizons_KEM_Trajectory.png/220px-New_Horizons_KEM_Trajectory.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/New_Horizons_KEM_Trajectory.png/330px-New_Horizons_KEM_Trajectory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/New_Horizons_KEM_Trajectory.png/440px-New_Horizons_KEM_Trajectory.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Trajectory of <i>New Horizons</i> and other nearby Kuiper belt objects</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="New_Horizons_KBO_Search"></span> In 2011, mission scientists started the <b>New Horizons KBO Search</b>, a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_survey" title="Astronomical survey">survey</a> for suitable KBOs using ground telescopes. Large ground telescopes with wide-field cameras, notably the twin 6.5-meter <a href="/wiki/Magellan_Telescopes" title="Magellan Telescopes">Magellan Telescopes</a> in Chile, the 8.2-meter <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Telescope" title="Subaru Telescope">Subaru Observatory</a> in Hawaii and the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93France%E2%80%93Hawaii_Telescope" title="Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope">Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope</a><sup id="cite_ref-parker2012_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker2012-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pluto-bound_probe_faces_crisis_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pluto-bound_probe_faces_crisis-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were used to search for potential targets. By participating in a <a href="/wiki/Citizen-science" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen-science">citizen-science</a> project called <a href="/wiki/Zooniverse_(citizen_science_project)#Ice_Hunters" class="mw-redirect" title="Zooniverse (citizen science project)">Ice Hunters</a> the public helped to scan telescopic images for possible suitable mission candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-icehunters_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icehunters-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icehuntersdone_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icehuntersdone-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasaice_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasaice-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-exciting_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exciting-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ground-based search resulted in the discovery of about 143 KBOs of potential interest,<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but none of these were close enough to the flight path of <i>New Horizons</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pluto-bound_probe_faces_crisis_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pluto-bound_probe_faces_crisis-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> was deemed likely to find a suitable target in time for a successful KBO mission.<sup id="cite_ref-witze20140520_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-witze20140520-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 16, 2014, time on Hubble was granted for a search.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubble has a much greater ability to find suitable KBOs than ground telescopes. The probability that a target for <i>New Horizons</i> would be found was estimated beforehand at about 95%.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suitable_KBOs">Suitable KBOs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Suitable KBOs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg/220px-KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg/330px-KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg/440px-KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>486958 Arrokoth, the announced target for the Kuiper belt object mission</figcaption></figure> <p>On October 15, 2014, it was revealed that Hubble's search had uncovered three potential targets,<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20141015_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20141015-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lakdawalla2014_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla2014-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wall2014_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wall2014-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> temporarily designated PT1 ("potential target 1"), PT2 and PT3 by the <i>New Horizons</i> team. PT1 was eventually chosen as the target and would be named <a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a>. </p><p>All objects had estimated diameters in the 30–55 km (19–34 mi) range and were too small to be seen by ground telescopes. The targets were at distances from the Sun ranging from 43 to 44 AU, which would put the encounters in the 2018–2019 period.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakdawalla2014_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla2014-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial estimated probabilities that these objects were reachable within <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> fuel budget were 100%, 7%, and 97%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakdawalla2014_175-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla2014-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All were members of the "cold" (low-<a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">inclination</a>, low-<a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a>) <a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Kuiper belt">classical Kuiper belt</a> objects, and thus were very different from Pluto. </p><p><a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">PT1</a> (given the temporary designation "1110113Y" on the HST web site<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the most favorably situated object, had a magnitude of 26.8, is 30–45 km (19–28 mi) in diameter, and was encountered in January 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-VOX-20150414_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOX-20150414-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A course change to reach it required about 35% of <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> available <a href="/wiki/Delta-v_budget" title="Delta-v budget">trajectory-adjustment fuel supply</a>. A mission to PT3 was in some ways preferable, in that it is brighter and therefore probably larger than PT1, but the greater fuel requirements to reach it would have left less for maneuvering and unforeseen events.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakdawalla2014_175-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla2014-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once sufficient orbital information was provided, the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Provisional_designation_in_astronomy" title="Provisional designation in astronomy">provisional designations</a> to the three target KBOs: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_MU69" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 MU69">2014 MU<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">69</span></span></a></span> (later 486958 Arrokoth) (PT1), <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_OS393" title="2014 OS393">2014 OS<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">393</span></span></a></span> (PT2), and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_PN70" title="2014 PN70">2014 PN<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">70</span></span></a></span> (PT3). By the fall of 2014, a possible fourth target, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_MT69" title="2014 MT69">2014 MT<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">69</span></span></a></span>, had been eliminated by follow-up observations. PT2 was out of the running before the Pluto flyby.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="KBO_selection">KBO selection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: KBO selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 28, 2015, 486958 <a href="/wiki/Arrokoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrokoth">Arrokoth</a> (then known as <span class="nowrap">(486958) 2014 MU<sub>69</sub></span> and nicknamed <i>Ultima Thule</i>) (PT1) was chosen as the flyby target. The necessary course adjustment was performed with four engine firings between October 22 and November 4, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-wired-20151104_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-20151104-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flyby occurred on January 1, 2019, at 00:33 UTC.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observations_of_other_KBOs">Observations of other KBOs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Observations of other KBOs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from its flyby of 486958 Arrokoth, the extended mission for <i>New Horizons</i> calls for the spacecraft to conduct observations of, and look for ring systems around, between 25 and 35 different KBOs.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter2017_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter2017-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it will continue to study the gas, dust and plasma composition of the Kuiper belt before the mission extension ends in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-extension_request_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extension_request-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-verge20160701_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge20160701-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (June 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On November 2, 2015, <i>New Horizons</i> imaged KBO <a href="/wiki/15810_Arawn" title="15810 Arawn">15810 Arawn</a> with the LORRI instrument from 280 million km away (170 million mi; 1.9 AU).<sup id="cite_ref-spdaily20151207_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spdaily20151207-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This KBO was again imaged by the LORRI instrument on April 7–8, 2016, from a distance of 111 million km (69 million mi; 0.74 AU). The new images allowed the science team to further refine the location of 15810 Arawn to within 1,000 km (620 mi) and to determine its rotational period of 5.47 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-unitoday20160613_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unitoday20160613-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jhuapl20160518_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhuapl20160518-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2016, the LORRI camera captured some distant images of <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a> from 2.1 billion km away (1.3 billion mi; 14 AU); the oblique view will complement Earth-based observations to study the object's light-scattering properties.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20160831_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20160831-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 5, 2017, when <i>New Horizons</i> was 40.9 AU from Earth, a calibration image of the <a href="/wiki/NGC_3532" title="NGC 3532">Wishing Well cluster</a> marked the most distant image ever taken by a spacecraft (breaking the 27-year record set by <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s famous <i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i>). Two hours later, <i>New Horizons</i> surpassed its own record, imaging the Kuiper belt objects <span class="nowrap">2012 HZ<sub>84</sub></span> and <span class="nowrap">2012 HE<sub>85</sub></span> from a distance of 0.50 and 0.34 AU, respectively. These were the closest images taken of a Kuiper belt object besides Pluto and Arrokoth as of February 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20180208_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20180208-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a> was observed from afar by the <i>New Horizons</i> spacecraft in October 2007, January 2017, and May 2020, from distances of 49 AU, 59 AU, and 63 AU, respectively. <i>New Horizons</i> has observed the dwarf planets Eris (2020), Haumea (2007, 2017, 2020), Makemake (2007, 2017), and Quaoar (2016, 2017, 2019), as well as the large KBOs <a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">Ixion</a> (2016), <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">2002 MS<sub>4</sub></a></span> (2016, 2017, 2019), and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(556416)_2014_OE394" title="(556416) 2014 OE394">2014 OE<sub>394</sub></a></span> (2017, 2018). It also observed Neptune's largest moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> (which shares similarities with Pluto and Eris) in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Verbiscer2022_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbiscer2022-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:793px;max-width:793px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Extended mission imaging targets</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KBO_1994_JR1_by_New_Horizons_in_April_2016.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/KBO_1994_JR1_by_New_Horizons_in_April_2016.gif/193px-KBO_1994_JR1_by_New_Horizons_in_April_2016.gif" decoding="async" width="193" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/KBO_1994_JR1_by_New_Horizons_in_April_2016.gif/290px-KBO_1994_JR1_by_New_Horizons_in_April_2016.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/KBO_1994_JR1_by_New_Horizons_in_April_2016.gif/386px-KBO_1994_JR1_by_New_Horizons_in_April_2016.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/15810_Arawn" title="15810 Arawn">15810 Arawn</a> in April 2016</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaoar_animation_dark_crsub_circle.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Quaoar_animation_dark_crsub_circle.gif/145px-Quaoar_animation_dark_crsub_circle.gif" decoding="async" width="145" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Quaoar_animation_dark_crsub_circle.gif/218px-Quaoar_animation_dark_crsub_circle.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Quaoar_animation_dark_crsub_circle.gif/290px-Quaoar_animation_dark_crsub_circle.gif 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="2018" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">50000 Quaoar</a> in July 2016 at a distance of about 14 AU<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20160831_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20160831-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wishing_Well_cluster_New_Horizons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Wishing_Well_cluster_New_Horizons.png/145px-Wishing_Well_cluster_New_Horizons.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Wishing_Well_cluster_New_Horizons.png/218px-Wishing_Well_cluster_New_Horizons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Wishing_Well_cluster_New_Horizons.png/290px-Wishing_Well_cluster_New_Horizons.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Calibration image of the <a href="/wiki/NGC_3532" title="NGC 3532">Wishing Well cluster</a> from December 2017</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_HZ84_by_New_Horizons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2012_HZ84_by_New_Horizons.jpg/145px-2012_HZ84_by_New_Horizons.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2012_HZ84_by_New_Horizons.jpg/218px-2012_HZ84_by_New_Horizons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2012_HZ84_by_New_Horizons.jpg/290px-2012_HZ84_by_New_Horizons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">False-color image of <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_HZ84" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 HZ84">2012 HZ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">84</span></span></a></span> from December 2017</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_HE85_by_New_Horizons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2012_HE85_by_New_Horizons.jpg/145px-2012_HE85_by_New_Horizons.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2012_HE85_by_New_Horizons.jpg/218px-2012_HE85_by_New_Horizons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2012_HE85_by_New_Horizons.jpg/290px-2012_HE85_by_New_Horizons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">False-color image of <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_HE85" title="2012 HE85">2012 HE<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">85</span></span></a></span> from December 2017</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photos_of_Kuiper_belt_objects_by_New_Horizons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photos of Kuiper belt objects by New Horizons">Photos of Kuiper belt objects by <i>New Horizons</i></a> at Wikimedia Commons</div></div></div></div> <p>By December 2023, <i>New Horizons</i> had discovered a total of about 100 KBOs, and flown close enough to about 20 of them to capture characteristics such as shape, rotational period, possible moons, and surface composition. In addition, since 2021, Canadian researchers had been able to use <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> software to speed up identification processes of potential KBO targets for a third flyby, cutting weeks-long efforts to hours-long.<sup id="cite_ref-Verbiscer2022_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbiscer2022-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hope_2023_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hope_2023-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encounter_with_Arrokoth">Encounter with Arrokoth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Encounter with Arrokoth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/220px--New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="19" data-mwtitle="New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_(Eyes_on_the_Solar_System).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_(Eyes_on_the_Solar_System).ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv/New_Horizons_flyby_of_2014_MU69_%28Eyes_on_the_Solar_System%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Animation of New Horizons' flyby of Arrokoth in <a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_Eyes" title="NASA's Eyes">Eyes on the Solar System</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_New_Horizons_trajectory.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Animation_of_New_Horizons_trajectory.gif/220px-Animation_of_New_Horizons_trajectory.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Animation_of_New_Horizons_trajectory.gif/330px-Animation_of_New_Horizons_trajectory.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Animation_of_New_Horizons_trajectory.gif/440px-Animation_of_New_Horizons_trajectory.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Animation of <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> trajectory from January 19, 2006, to December 30, 2030<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span>  <i>New Horizons</i> </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lime; color:black;"> </span> 486958 Arrokoth</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Royalblue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/132524_APL" title="132524 APL">132524 APL</a></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:OrangeRed; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Cyan; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> </span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UltimaThule_CA06_color_vertical.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/UltimaThule_CA06_color_vertical.png/220px-UltimaThule_CA06_color_vertical.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/UltimaThule_CA06_color_vertical.png/330px-UltimaThule_CA06_color_vertical.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/UltimaThule_CA06_color_vertical.png/440px-UltimaThule_CA06_color_vertical.png 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption><i>New Horizons</i> image of <a href="/wiki/Arrokoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrokoth">Arrokoth</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth#Exploration" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth § Exploration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectives_2">Objectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Science objectives of the flyby included characterizing the geology and morphology of <a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">Arrokoth</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181231_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181231-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181230_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181230-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mapping the surface composition (by searching for ammonia, carbon monoxide, methane, and water ice). Searches will be conducted for orbiting moonlets, a coma, rings and the surrounding environment.<sup id="cite_ref-2017_AGU_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017_AGU-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional objectives include:<sup id="cite_ref-skytel20151001_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skytel20151001-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mapping the surface geology to learn how it formed and evolved</li> <li>Measuring the surface temperature</li> <li>Mapping the 3-D surface topography and surface composition to learn how it is similar to and different from comets such as <a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> and dwarf planets such as Pluto</li> <li>Searching for any signs of activity, such as a cloud-like coma</li> <li>Searching for and studying any satellites or rings</li> <li>Measuring or constraining the mass</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeting_maneuvers">Targeting maneuvers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Targeting maneuvers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arrokoth is the first object to be targeted for a flyby that was discovered after the spacecraft was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakdawalla20150901_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla20150901-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>New Horizons</i> was planned to come within 3,500 km (2,200 mi) of Arrokoth, three times closer than the spacecraft's earlier encounter with Pluto. Images with a resolution of up to 30 m (98 ft) per pixel were expected.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new mission began on October 22, 2015, when <i>New Horizons</i> carried out the first in a series of four initial targeting maneuvers designed to send it towards Arrokoth. The maneuver, which started at approximately 19:50 UTC and used two of the spacecraft's small hydrazine-fueled thrusters, lasted approximately 16 minutes and changed the spacecraft's trajectory by about 10 meters per second (33 ft/s). The remaining three targeting maneuvers took place on October 25, October 28, and November 4, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-spdaily20151106_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spdaily20151106-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jhuapl20151029_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhuapl20151029-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approach_phase">Approach phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Approach phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The craft was brought out of its hibernation at approximately 00:33 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Event_Time" title="Spacecraft Event Time"><abbr title="Spacecraft Event Time">SCET</abbr></a> on June 5, 2018 (06:12 UTC <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Event_Time" title="Spacecraft Event Time">ERT</a>, Earth-Received Time),<sup id="cite_ref-note_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to prepare for the approach phase.<sup id="cite_ref-verge20180605_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge20180605-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jhuapl20180605_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhuapl20180605-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After verifying its health status, the spacecraft transitioned from a <a href="/wiki/Spin-stabilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-stabilisation">spin-stabilized</a> mode to a three-axis-stabilized mode on August 13, 2018. The official approach phase began on August 16, 2018, and continued through December 24, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Planetary_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planetary-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>New Horizons</i> made its first detection of Arrokoth on August 16, 2018, from a distance of 172 million km (107 million mi). At that time, Arrokoth was visible at magnitude 20 against a crowded stellar background in the direction of the constellation <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-First_detection_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_detection-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JPLHorizonsX_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPLHorizonsX-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flyby">Flyby</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Flyby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Core phase began a week before the encounter and continued for two days after the encounter. The spacecraft flew by the object at a speed of 51,500 km/h (32,000 mph; 14.3 km/s) and within 3,500 km (2,200 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the science data was collected within 48 hours of the closest approach in a phase called the Inner Core.<sup id="cite_ref-Planetary_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planetary-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closest approach occurred January 1, 2019, at 05:33 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a><sup id="cite_ref-sfnow20180106_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfnow20180106-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Event_Time" title="Spacecraft Event Time">SCET</a> at which point the probe was <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7012649254758838000♠"></span>43.4 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a></span> from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this distance, the one-way transit time for radio signals between Earth and <i>New Horizons</i> was six hours.<sup id="cite_ref-2017_AGU_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017_AGU-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confirmation that the craft had succeeded in filling its digital recorders occurred when data arrived on Earth ten hours later, at 15:29 UTC.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_download">Data download</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Data download"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the encounter, preliminary, high-priority data was sent to Earth on January 1 and 2, 2019. On January 9, <i>New Horizons</i> returned to a spin-stabilized mode to prepare sending the remainder of its data back to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Planetary_208-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planetary-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This download was expected to take 20 months at a data rate of 1–2 <a href="/wiki/Kilobit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobit per second">kilobits per second</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of July 2022, approximately 10% of the data was still left to be received.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Arrokoth_events">Post-Arrokoth events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Post-Arrokoth events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_Proxima_Centauri_Parallax_Animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/New_Horizons_Proxima_Centauri_Parallax_Animation.gif/220px-New_Horizons_Proxima_Centauri_Parallax_Animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/New_Horizons_Proxima_Centauri_Parallax_Animation.gif/330px-New_Horizons_Proxima_Centauri_Parallax_Animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/New_Horizons_Proxima_Centauri_Parallax_Animation.gif/440px-New_Horizons_Proxima_Centauri_Parallax_Animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Parallax of Proxima Centauri as observed from New Horizons and Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In April 2020, <i>New Horizons</i> was used in conjunction with telescopes on Earth to take pictures of nearby stars <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolf_359" title="Wolf 359">Wolf 359</a>; the images from each vantage point – over 6.4 billion km (4 billion miles) apart – were compared to produce "the first demonstration of an easily observable <a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">stellar parallax</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_217-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Images taken by the LORRI camera while <i>New Horizons</i> was 42 to 45 AU from the Sun were used to measure the cosmic optical background, the visible light analog of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a>, in seven high galactic latitude fields. At that distance <i>New Horizons</i> saw a sky ten times darker than the sky seen by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> because of the absence of diffuse background sky brightness from the <a href="/wiki/Zodiacal_light" title="Zodiacal light">zodiacal light</a> in the inner solar system. These measurements indicate that the total amount of light emitted by all galaxies at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths may be lower than previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-laueretal_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laueretal-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-COBPress_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COBPress-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_Full_Trajectory_Sideview.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/New_Horizons_Full_Trajectory_Sideview.svg/220px-New_Horizons_Full_Trajectory_Sideview.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/New_Horizons_Full_Trajectory_Sideview.svg/330px-New_Horizons_Full_Trajectory_Sideview.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/New_Horizons_Full_Trajectory_Sideview.svg/440px-New_Horizons_Full_Trajectory_Sideview.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption><i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> position<sup id="cite_ref-currentposition_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currentposition-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The spacecraft reached a distance of 50 AU (7.5 billion km; 4.6 billion mi) on April 17, 2021, at 12:42 UTC, a feat performed only four times before, by <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i>. <i>Voyager 1</i> is the farthest spacecraft from the Sun, more than 152 AU (22.7 billion km; 14.1 billion mi) away when <i>New Horizons</i> reached its landmark in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-50_AU_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50_AU-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The support team continued to use the spacecraft in 2021 to study the <a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliospheric</a> environment (plasma, dust and gas) and to study other Kuiper Belt objects.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plans">Plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the spacecraft passed Arrokoth, the instruments continue to have enough power to be operational until the 2030s. </p><p>Team leader Alan Stern stated there is potential for a third flyby in the 2020s at the outer edges of the Kuiper belt.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This depends on a suitable Kuiper belt object being found or confirmed close enough to the spacecraft's current trajectory. Since May 2020, the <i>New Horizons</i> team has been using time on the <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Telescope" title="Subaru Telescope">Subaru Telescope</a> to look for suitable candidates within the spacecraft's proximity. As of June 2024, no suitable targets have been found. Beginning in fiscal year 2025, <i>New Horizons</i> will focus on specific heliophysics data, as stated by NASA in September 2023. It will remain available for a flyby of a different target until it leaves the Kuiper belt in 2028.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>New Horizons</i> may also take a picture of Earth from its distance in the Kuiper belt, but only after completing all planned KBO flybys and imaging Uranus and Neptune.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kornfeld_2023_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kornfeld_2023-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because pointing a camera towards Earth could cause the camera to be damaged by sunlight,<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as none of <i>New Horizons'</i> cameras have an active shutter mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speed">Speed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_Speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/New_Horizons_Speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg/220px-New_Horizons_Speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/New_Horizons_Speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg/330px-New_Horizons_Speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/New_Horizons_Speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg/440px-New_Horizons_Speed_and_distance_from_Sun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Speed and distance from the Sun</figcaption></figure> <p><i>New Horizons</i> has been called "the fastest spacecraft ever launched"<sup id="cite_ref-APL-20070116_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APL-20070116-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because it left Earth at 16.26 kilometers per second (58,536 km/h; 36,373 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-sciam20130225_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam20130225-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ionine20150609_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ionine20150609-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the first spacecraft launched directly into a solar escape trajectory, which requires an approximate speed while near Earth of 16.5 km/s (59,000 km/h; 37,000 mph),<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus additional <a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">delta-<i>v</i></a> to cover <a href="/wiki/Air_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Air drag">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravity_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity drag">gravity drag</a>, all to be provided by the launch vehicle. As of May 2, 2024, the spacecraft is 58.80 AU (8.796 billion km; 5.466 billion mi) from the Sun traveling at 13.68 kilometres per second (49,200 km/h; 30,600 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it is not the fastest spacecraft to leave the Solar System. As of July 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, this record is held by <i>Voyager 1</i>, traveling at 16.985 km/s (61,146 km/h; 37,994 mph) relative to the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-heavens-escaping_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heavens-escaping-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Voyager 1</i> attained greater <a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_excess_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbolic excess velocity">hyperbolic excess velocity</a> than <i>New Horizons</i> due to <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assists</a> by Jupiter and Saturn. When <i>New Horizons</i> reaches the distance of 100 AU (15 billion km; 9.3 billion mi), it will be traveling at about 13 km/s (47,000 km/h; 29,000 mph), around 4 km/s (14,000 km/h; 8,900 mph) slower than <i>Voyager 1</i> at that distance.<sup id="cite_ref-jhuapl2006_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhuapl2006-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> can also be measured as the fastest object, because of its <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a> relative to the Sun at <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perihelion</a>: 95.3 km/s (343,000 km/h; 213,000 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-parker-note_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because it remains in solar orbit, its <a href="/wiki/Specific_orbital_energy" title="Specific orbital energy">specific orbital energy</a> relative to the Sun is lower than <i>New Horizons</i> and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_escaping_from_the_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artificial objects escaping from the Solar System">artificial objects escaping the Solar System</a>. </p><p><i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> <a href="/wiki/Star_48B" class="mw-redirect" title="Star 48B">Star 48B</a> third stage is also on a <a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_trajectory" title="Hyperbolic trajectory">hyperbolic escape trajectory</a> from the Solar System and reached Jupiter before the <i>New Horizons</i> spacecraft; it was expected to cross Pluto's orbit on October 15, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-star48_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star48-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because it was not in controlled flight, it did not receive the correct gravity assist and passed within 200 million km (120 million mi) of Pluto.<sup id="cite_ref-star48_233-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star48-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> second stage did not achieve solar escape velocity and remains in a heliocentric orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parker-note_232-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Images_of_the_launch">Images of the launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Images of the launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_551_rocket_prepared_for_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Atlas_551_rocket_prepared_for_launch.jpg/103px-Atlas_551_rocket_prepared_for_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Atlas_551_rocket_prepared_for_launch.jpg/155px-Atlas_551_rocket_prepared_for_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Atlas_551_rocket_prepared_for_launch.jpg/206px-Atlas_551_rocket_prepared_for_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V-401" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas V-401">Atlas V 551</a> rocket, used to launch <i>New Horizons</i>, being processed a month before launch.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_V_551_at_Launch_Pad_41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atlas_V_551_at_Launch_Pad_41.jpg/233px-Atlas_V_551_at_Launch_Pad_41.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atlas_V_551_at_Launch_Pad_41.jpg/350px-Atlas_V_551_at_Launch_Pad_41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Atlas_V_551_at_Launch_Pad_41.jpg/466px-Atlas_V_551_at_Launch_Pad_41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">View of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41">Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 41</a>, with the Atlas V carrying <i>New Horizons</i> on the pad.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Canaveral_New_Horizons_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cape_Canaveral_New_Horizons_launch.jpg/233px-Cape_Canaveral_New_Horizons_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cape_Canaveral_New_Horizons_launch.jpg/350px-Cape_Canaveral_New_Horizons_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cape_Canaveral_New_Horizons_launch.jpg/466px-Cape_Canaveral_New_Horizons_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Distant view of Cape Canaveral during the launch of <i>New Horizons</i> on January 19, 2006.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/NASA_TV_-_New_Horizons_Pluto_Launch_%28January_19%2C_2006%29.ogv/207px--NASA_TV_-_New_Horizons_Pluto_Launch_%28January_19%2C_2006%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="207" height="155" data-durationhint="241" data-mwtitle="NASA_TV_-_New_Horizons_Pluto_Launch_(January_19,_2006).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/NASA_TV_-_New_Horizons_Pluto_Launch_%28January_19%2C_2006%29.ogv/NASA_TV_-_New_Horizons_Pluto_Launch_%28January_19%2C_2006%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/NASA_TV_-_New_Horizons_Pluto_Launch_%28January_19%2C_2006%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/NASA_TV_-_New_Horizons_Pluto_Launch_%28January_19%2C_2006%29.ogv/NASA_TV_-_New_Horizons_Pluto_Launch_%28January_19%2C_2006%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/NASA_TV_-_New_Horizons_Pluto_Launch_%28January_19%2C_2006%29.ogv/NASA_TV_-_New_Horizons_Pluto_Launch_%28January_19%2C_2006%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANASA_TV_-_New_Horizons_Pluto_Launch_%28January_19%2C_2006%29.ogv&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a> footage of <i>New Horizons</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> launch from Cape Canaveral. (4:00)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:394px;max-width:394px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm/392px--Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="392" height="221" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm/Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">(00:30; <a href="/wiki/File:Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm" title="File:Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm">released September 18, 2015</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:394px;max-width:394px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm/392px--15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="392" height="221" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm/15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">(00:50; <a href="/wiki/File:15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm" title="File:15-02652-PlutoFilm-50sec-20150714.webm">released December 5, 2015</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_spaceflight" title="2006 in spaceflight">2006 in spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration of Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_dwarf_planets" title="Exploration of dwarf planets">Exploration of dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System" title="List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System">List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">List of missions to the outer planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Horizons_topics" title="List of New Horizons topics">List of <i>New Horizons</i> topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a>, a planned family of NASA spacecraft including a Pluto mission</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></i>, a proposed trans-Neptunian object flyby mission</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pluto_Kuiper_Express" title="Pluto Kuiper Express">Pluto Kuiper Express</a></i>, a cancelled NASA Pluto flyby mission</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TAU_(spacecraft)" title="TAU (spacecraft)">TAU</a></i>, a proposed mission to fly by Pluto</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">Timeline of Solar System exploration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Confirmation that <i>New Horizons</i> exited hibernation was received by ground stations at 06:12 UTC. <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Event_Time" title="Spacecraft Event Time">Spacecraft Event Time</a> is calculated by subtracting the one-way light-travel time (5 hours, 38 minutes, 38 seconds) from Earth-received time.<sup id="cite_ref-position20180606_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-position20180606-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To escape the Sun, the spacecraft needs a speed relative to the Sun of the square root of 2 times the speed of the Earth, which is 29.78 km/s. (In other words, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\cdot 29.78{\text{ km/s}}\approx 42.11{\text{ km/s}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>29.78</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> km/s</mtext> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>42.11</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> km/s</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\cdot 29.78{\text{ km/s}}\approx 42.11{\text{ km/s}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a6bf1989ab122c7c90fbb08f362e091d6340613f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.115ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\cdot 29.78{\text{ km/s}}\approx 42.11{\text{ km/s}}}"></span>.) Relative to the Earth, this is just 12.3 km/s. But the kinetic energy when near the surface of the Earth must include the energy to exit the gravity well of the Earth, which requires a speed of about 11 km/s. The total speed needed is the square root of the sum of the squares of these two speeds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parker-note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parker-note_232-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parker-note_232-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Parker Solar Probe</i> is expected to beat this record at its next <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> in April 2019.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (April 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> Following several more <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assists</a> at Venus, the spacecraft is expected to reach a maximum speed at perihelion of approximately 200 km/s (720,000 km/h; 450,000 mph) on December 24, 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollingum_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollingum-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/new-horizons/in-depth/">"New Horizons"</a>. NASA's Solar System Exploration website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Horizons&rft.pub=NASA%27s+Solar+System+Exploration+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fnew-horizons%2Fin-depth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eelv-history-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eelv-history_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eelv-history_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleary2010" class="citation techreport cs1">Cleary, Mark C. (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103210054/http://afspacemuseum.org/library/histories/EELV.pdf"><i>Evolved Expendable Launch Operations at Cape Canaveral, 2002–2009</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report). 45th Space Wing History Office. p. 30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afspacemuseum.org/library/histories/EELV.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Evolved+Expendable+Launch+Operations+at+Cape+Canaveral%2C+2002%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=45th+Space+Wing+History+Office&rft.date=2010-08&rft.aulast=Cleary&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafspacemuseum.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistories%2FEELV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilslaunch.com/atlas-launch-archives">"Atlas Launch Archives"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astronomy&rft.atitle=Postage+for+Pluto%3A+A+29-cent+stamp+pissed+off+scientists+so+much+they+tacked+it+to+New+Horizons&rft.date=2015-06-26&rft.aulast=Betz&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomy.com%2Fyear-of-pluto%2F2015%2F06%2Fpostage-for-pluto-a-29-cent-stamp-pissed-off-scientists-enough-they-tacked-it-to-new-horizons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stamp-070715-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stamp-070715_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-070715a-newhorizons-pluto-explored-stamp.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Not Yet Explored' no more: New Horizons flying Pluto stamp to dwarf planet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CollectSPACE" title="CollectSPACE">collectSPACE</a></i>. Robert Pearlman. July 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collectSPACE&rft.atitle=%27Not+Yet+Explored%27+no+more%3A+New+Horizons+flying+Pluto+stamp+to+dwarf+planet&rft.date=2015-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectspace.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-070715a-newhorizons-pluto-explored-stamp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-102808a.html">"To Pluto, With Postage"</a>. <i>collectSPACE</i>. October 28, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213192553/http://collectspace.com/news/news-102808a.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=collectSPACE&rft.atitle=To+Pluto%2C+With+Postage&rft.date=2008-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectspace.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-102808a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av010/060119launch.html">"New Horizons launches on voyage to Pluto and beyond"</a>. <i>spaceFlightNow</i>. January 19, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607074815/http://spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av010/060119launch.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=spaceFlightNow&rft.atitle=New+Horizons+launches+on+voyage+to+Pluto+and+beyond&rft.date=2006-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceflightnow.com%2Fatlas%2Fav010%2F060119launch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-102808a.html">"To Pluto, with postage: Nine mementos fly with NASA's first mission to the last planet"</a>. collectSPACE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217045712/http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-102808a.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Pluto%2C+with+postage%3A+Nine+mementos+fly+with+NASA%27s+first+mission+to+the+last+planet&rft.pub=collectSPACE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectspace.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-102808a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130406015913/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/fl_quarter.html">"NASA – A 'State' of Exploration"</a>. Nasa.gov. March 8, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/fl_quarter.html">the original</a> on April 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+A+%27State%27+of+Exploration&rft.pub=Nasa.gov&rft.date=2006-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fnewhorizons%2Fmain%2Ffl_quarter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/AGU-NH-Workshop.pdf">"The Everest of Planetary Exploration: New Horizons Explores The Pluto System 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PowerPoint Presentation)</span>. <i>NASA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710185202/http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/AGU-NH-Workshop.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=The+Everest+of+Planetary+Exploration%3A+New+Horizons+Explores+The+Pluto+System+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FAGU-NH-Workshop.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=PKB">"Solar System Exploration – New Horizons"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. February 27, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711185410/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=PKB">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Solar+System+Exploration+%E2%80%93+New+Horizons&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fprofile.cfm%3FMCode%3DPKB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33440926">New Horizons: Pluto map shows 'whale' of a feature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704010737/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33440926">Archived</a> July 4, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Jonathan Amos, on July 8, 2015 (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> – Science & Environment section)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/spacecraft/index.html">"New Horizons Spacecraft and Instruments"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. November 10, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711010249/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/spacecraft/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=New+Horizons+Spacecraft+and+Instruments&rft.date=2014-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fnewhorizons%2Fspacecraft%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415224640/http://discoverynewfrontiers.nasa.gov/missions/missions_nh.cfml">"New Frontiers Program: New Horizons Science Objectives"</a>. <i>NASA – New Frontiers Program</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discoverynewfrontiers.nasa.gov/missions/missions_nh.cfml">the original</a> on April 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+New+Frontiers+Program&rft.atitle=New+Frontiers+Program%3A+New+Horizons+Science+Objectives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscoverynewfrontiers.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2Fmissions_nh.cfml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-2010-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore-2010_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2010" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Patrick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7u7k3qBd-boC&pg=PA35"><i>The Sky at Night</i></a>. Springer. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6408-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6408-3"><bdi>978-1-4419-6408-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sky+at+Night&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-6408-3&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7u7k3qBd-boC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFountainKusnierkiewiczHersmanHerder2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fountain, G. H.; et al. (2008). "The New Horizons Spacecraft". <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>140</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0709.4288">0709.4288</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSRv..140...23F">2008SSRv..140...23F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-008-9374-8">10.1007/s11214-008-9374-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119216290">119216290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+New+Horizons+Spacecraft&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0709.4288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119216290%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-008-9374-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SSRv..140...23F&rft.aulast=Fountain&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rft.au=Kusnierkiewicz%2C+D.+Y.&rft.au=Hersman%2C+C.+B.&rft.au=Herder%2C+T.+S.&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+T.+B.&rft.au=Gibson%2C+W.+C.&rft.au=Clancy%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Deboy%2C+C.+C.&rft.au=Hill%2C+T.+A.&rft.au=Kinnison%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Mehoke%2C+D.+S.&rft.au=Ottman%2C+G.+K.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+G.+D.&rft.au=Stern%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Stratton%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Vernon%2C+S.+R.&rft.au=Williams%2C+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Mission/Spacecraft/Systems-and-Components.php">"New Horizons Systems and Components"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Horizons+Systems+and+Components&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpluto.jhuapl.edu%2FMission%2FSpacecraft%2FSystems-and-Components.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriederich2003" class="citation news cs1">Friederich, Steven (December 16, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040119190022/http://www.journalnet.com/articles/2003/12/16/news/local/news02.txt">"Argonne Lab is developing battery for NASA missions"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pluto.jhuapl.edu&rft.atitle=New+Horizons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpluto.jhuapl.edu%2FMission%2FWhere-is-New-Horizons.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jhuapl2006-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jhuapl2006_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113224847/http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/news_center/news/081706.php">"New Horizons Salutes Voyager"</a>. Johns Hopkins APL. August 17, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=20620">the original</a> on November 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Horizons+Salutes+Voyager&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+APL&rft.date=2006-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceref.com%2Fnews%2Fviewpr.html%3Fpid%3D20620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-star48-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-star48_233-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-star48_233-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2006" class="citation news cs1">Malik, Tariq (January 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/1991-derelict-booster-beat-pluto-probe-jupiter.html">"Derelict Booster to Beat Pluto Probe to Jupiter"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823144822/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/060126_newhorizons_update.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Derelict+Booster+to+Beat+Pluto+Probe+to+Jupiter&rft.date=2006-01-26&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F1991-derelict-booster-beat-pluto-probe-jupiter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternGuo2010" class="citation web cs1">Stern, Alan; Guo, Yanping (October 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20101028">"Where Is the New Horizons Centaur Stage?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+Is+the+New+Horizons+Centaur+Stage%3F&rft.pub=Applied+Physics+Laboratory&rft.date=2010-10-28&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Guo%2C+Yanping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpluto.jhuapl.edu%2FNews-Center%2FNews-Article.php%3Fpage%3D20101028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollingum-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hollingum_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollingum2018" class="citation news cs1">Hollingum, Ben (October 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2018/10/nasa-probe-breaks-speed-records-as-it-tops-150-000-mph-on-way-to-the-sun-546192">"NASA probe breaks speed records as it tops 150,000 mph on way to the Sun"</a>. Guinness World Records<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NASA+probe+breaks+speed+records+as+it+tops+150%2C000+mph+on+way+to+the+Sun&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft.aulast=Hollingum&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F10%2Fnasa-probe-breaks-speed-records-as-it-tops-150-000-mph-on-way-to-the-sun-546192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuoFarquhar2005" class="citation journal cs1">Guo, Yanping; Farquhar, Robert W. (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~tcase/Guo_Acta56_2005.pdf">"New Horizons Pluto–Kuiper Belt mission: design and simulation of the Pluto–Charon encounter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Astronautica</i>. <b>56</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">421–</span>429. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AcAau..56..421G">2005AcAau..56..421G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2004.05.076">10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.05.076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Astronautica&rft.atitle=New+Horizons+Pluto%E2%80%93Kuiper+Belt+mission%3A+design+and+simulation+of+the+Pluto%E2%80%93Charon+encounter&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E429&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2004.05.076&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005AcAau..56..421G&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Yanping&rft.au=Farquhar%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boulder.swri.edu%2F~tcase%2FGuo_Acta56_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeufeld2012" class="citation journal cs1">Neufeld, Michael J. (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907015621/https://airandspace.si.edu/blogmedia/neufeld-new-horizons-2015.pdf">"First Mission to Pluto: Policy, Politics, Science, and Technology in the Origins of New Horizons, 1989–2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences</i>. <b>44</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">234–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fhsns.2014.44.3.234">10.1525/hsns.2014.44.3.234</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/blogmedia/neufeld-new-horizons-2015.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Studies+in+the+Natural+Sciences&rft.atitle=First+Mission+to+Pluto%3A+Policy%2C+Politics%2C+Science%2C+and+Technology+in+the+Origins+of+New+Horizons%2C+1989%E2%80%932003&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fhsns.2014.44.3.234&rft.aulast=Neufeld&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fblogmedia%2Fneufeld-new-horizons-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2009" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Christopher T. (2009). <i>New Horizons: Reconnaissance of the Pluto-Charon System and the Kuiper Belt</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-89517-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-89517-8"><bdi>978-0-387-89517-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Horizons%3A+Reconnaissance+of+the+Pluto-Charon+System+and+the+Kuiper+Belt&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-387-89517-8&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Christopher+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternGrinspoon2018" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Alan; Grinspoon, David (2018). <i>Chasing New Horizons: Inside the Epic First Mission to Pluto</i>. Picador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-125009896-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-125009896-2"><bdi>978-125009896-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chasing+New+Horizons%3A+Inside+the+Epic+First+Mission+to+Pluto&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-125009896-2&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Grinspoon%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Horizons" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Horizons&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Horizons</i> website</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205053300/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/newhorizons"><i>New Horizons</i> profile</a> by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary Science Division">Planetary Science Division</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-001A"><i>New Horizons</i> profile</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Data_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Space Science Data Center">National Space Science Data Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/Where-to-Watch.php"><i>New Horizons</i> Flyby</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arrokoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrokoth"><i>Ultima Thule</i></a> – Best Places to Follow Future News.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j3Jm5POCAj8"><i>New Horizons</i> Flyby</a> – Musical Tribute by astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Brian_May" title="Brian May">Brian May</a> (who consulted on the project<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the band <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdssbn.astro.umd.edu/data_sb/missions/newhorizons/index.shtml"><i>New Horizons</i> Mission Archive</a> at the NASA Planetary Data System, Small Bodies Node</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdssbn.astro.umd.edu/data_sb/missions/nh-kem/index.shtml"><i>New Horizons: Kuiper Belt Extended Mission (KEM)</i> Mission Archive</a> at the NASA Planetary Data System, Small Bodies 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Horizons" title="Template:New Horizons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Horizons" title="Template talk:New Horizons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Horizons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Horizons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Horizons335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Horizons" title="Timeline of New Horizons">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration of Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Horizons_topics" title="List of New Horizons topics">List of <i>New Horizons</i> topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/132524_APL" title="132524 APL">132524 APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_JY31" title="2011 JY31">2011 JY<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">31</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_KW48" title="2011 KW48">2011 KW<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">48</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15810_Arawn" title="15810 Arawn">15810 Arawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">28978 Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">(307261) 2002 MS<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(516977)_2012_HZ84" title="(516977) 2012 HZ84">(516977) 2012 HZ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">84</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(556416)_2014_OE394" title="(556416) 2014 OE394">(556416) 2014 OE<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">394</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_HE85" title="2012 HE85">2012 HE<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">85</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Rejected</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_HM102" title="2011 HM102">2011 HM<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">102</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_MT69" title="2014 MT69">2014 MT<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">69</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_OS393" title="2014 OS393">2014 OS<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">393</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_PN70" title="2014 PN70">2014 PN<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">70</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/100px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/150px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/200px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Science_payload">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_(spacecraft_instrument)" title="Alice (spacecraft instrument)">Alice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Imager" title="Long Range Reconnaissance Imager">Long Range Reconnaissance Imager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_Energetic_Particle_Spectrometer_Science_Investigation" title="Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation">PEPSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_(New_Horizons)" title="Ralph (New Horizons)">Ralph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REX_(New_Horizons)" title="REX (New Horizons)">REX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_Burney_Student_Dust_Counter" title="Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter">Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAP_(New_Horizons)" title="SWAP (New Horizons)">SWAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Subsystems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPHS-RTG" title="GPHS-RTG">GPHS-RTG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball Aerospace">Ball Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KinetX" title="KinetX">KinetX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Research_Institute" title="Southwest Research Institute">Southwest Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Bagenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Bagenal">Frances Bagenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Binzel" title="Richard P. Binzel">Richard Binzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bowman" title="Alice Bowman">Alice Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_William_Buie" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc William Buie">Marc Buie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Hardaway" title="Lisa Hardaway">Lisa Hardaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_May" title="Brian May">Brian May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Olkin" title="Cathy Olkin">Cathy Olkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sarokon" title="Daniel Sarokon">Daniel Sarokon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Showalter" title="Mark R. Showalter">Mark Showalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Alan Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_A._Weaver" title="Hal A. Weaver">Hal Weaver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> (<small>launch vehicle</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> (<small>upper stage</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_48" title="Star 48">Star 48B</a> (<small>3rd stage</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41</a> (<small>launch site</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pluto_Kuiper_Express" title="Pluto Kuiper Express">Pluto Kuiper Express</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Horizons" title="Category:New Horizons">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pluto270" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pluto" title="Template:Pluto"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pluto" title="Template talk:Pluto"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pluto" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pluto"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pluto270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Pluto" title="Atmosphere of Pluto">Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pluto" title="Climate of Pluto">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pluto" title="Geology of Pluto">Geology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pluto" title="Geography of Pluto">Geography</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Pluto" title="List of geological features on Pluto">features</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pluto#The_Brass_Knuckles" title="Geography of Pluto">Brass Knuckles</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safronov_Regio" title="Safronov Regio">Safronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_Regio" title="Sharaf Regio">Sharaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_Regio" title="Harrington Regio">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vucub-Came_Macula" title="Vucub-Came Macula">Vucub-Came</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun-Came_Macula" title="Hun-Came Macula">Hun-Came</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng-p%CA%BBo_Macula" class="mw-redirect" title="Meng-pʻo Macula">Meng-pʻo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belton_Regio" title="Belton Regio">Belton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadejo_Macula" title="Cadejo Macula">Cadejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_Terra" title="Hayabusa Terra">Hayabusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Regio" title="Lowell Regio">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgoth_Macula" title="Morgoth Macula">Morgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Terra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Terra">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombaugh_Regio" title="Tombaugh Regio">Tombaugh "The Heart"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_Terra" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera Terra">Venera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Terra" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Terra">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Terra" title="Voyager Terra">Voyager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Hills and<br /> mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baret_Montes" title="Baret Montes">Baret Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_Colles" title="Challenger Colles">Challenger Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleta_de_Dados_Colles" title="Coleta de Dados Colles">Coleta de Dados Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Montes" title="Hillary Montes">Hillary Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccard_Mons" title="Piccard Mons">Piccard Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Montes" title="Tenzing Montes">Tenzing Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Mons" title="Wright Mons">Wright Mons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Plains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_Planitia" title="Sputnik Planitia">Sputnik Planitia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Valleys and<br />depressions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlivun_Cavus" title="Adlivun Cavus">Adlivun Cavus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Lineae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_Linea" title="Luna Linea">Luna Linea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Craters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burney_(crater)" title="Burney (crater)">Burney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pluto"><img alt="Pluto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/90px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/135px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Both to scale"><img alt="Both to scale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg/90px-NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg/135px-NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg/180px-NH-PlutoCharon-Color-NewHorizons-20150711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="744" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charon"><img alt="Charon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/90px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/135px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Charon_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Official definitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_planet" title="Definition of planet">Definition of planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">IAU definition of planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Scientist opinions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern#Planetary_classification" title="Alan Stern">Alan Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown#Other_work" title="Michael E. Brown">Michael E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson#Pluto" title="Neil deGrasse Tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Discovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Discovery_of_Pluto" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory" title="Lowell Observatory">Lowell Observatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Lowell#Pluto" title="Percival Lowell">Percival Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Tombaugh#Pluto" title="Clyde Tombaugh">Clyde Tombaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Putnam#Role_in_discovering_Pluto" title="Roger Putnam">Roger Putnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_in_fiction" title="Pluto in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_Burney" title="Venetia Burney">Venetia Burney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ganymede51" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ganymede_(moon)" title="Template:Ganymede (moon)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ganymede_(moon)" title="Template talk:Ganymede (moon)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ganymede_(moon)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ganymede (moon)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ganymede51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Ganymede" title="List of geological features on Ganymede">List of geological features on Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Ganymede" title="List of quadrangles on Ganymede">List of quadrangles on Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Ganymede" title="List of craters on Ganymede">List of craters on Ganymede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Ganymede" title="List of craters on Ganymede">Impact craters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achelous_(crater)" title="Achelous (crater)">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(crater)" title="El (crater)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigeus_(crater)" title="Epigeus (crater)">Epigeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_(crater)" title="Gula (crater)">Gula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensu_(crater)" title="Khensu (crater)">Khensu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittu_(crater)" title="Kittu (crater)">Kittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith_(crater)" title="Neith (crater)">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal_(crater)" title="Nergal (crater)">Nergal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Regio" title="Galileo Regio">Galileo Regio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sulci</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_Sulcus" title="Uruk Sulcus">Uruk Sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Faculae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Facula" title="Memphis Facula">Memphis Facula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Catenae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enki_Catena" title="Enki Catena">Enki Catena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png/100px-Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png/150px-Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png/200px-Ganymede_-_Perijove_34_Composite.png 2x" data-file-width="3445" data-file-height="3445" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ganymede_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter">Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction#Ganymede" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Ganymede in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Ganymede" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Ganymede">Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Io83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Io_(moon)" title="Template:Io (moon)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Io_(moon)" title="Template talk:Io (moon)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Io_(moon)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Io (moon)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Io83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)#Geology" title="Io (moon)">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_on_Io" title="List of regions on Io">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Io" title="List of mountains on Io">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_features_on_Io" title="List of volcanic features on Io">Volcanic Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Io" title="List of quadrangles on Io">Quadrangles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paterae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ah_Peku_Patera" title="Ah Peku Patera">Ah Peku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu_Patera" title="Amaterasu Patera">Amaterasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha_Patera" title="Asha Patera">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbar_Patera" title="Babbar Patera">Babbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazhbog_Patera" title="Dazhbog Patera">Dazhbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estan_Patera" title="Estan Patera">Estan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuchi_Patera" title="Fuchi Patera">Fuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gish_Bar_Patera" title="Gish Bar Patera">Gish Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami-Nari_Patera" title="Kami-Nari Patera">Kami-Nari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinich_Ahau_Patera" title="Kinich Ahau Patera">Kinich Ahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki_Patera" title="Loki Patera">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manua_Patera" title="Manua Patera">Manua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui_Patera" title="Maui Patera">Maui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithra_Patera" title="Mithra Patera">Mithra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monan_Patera" title="Monan Patera">Monan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillan_Patera" title="Pillan Patera">Pillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(volcano)" title="Prometheus (volcano)">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyerun_Patera" title="Pyerun Patera">Pyerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra_Patera" title="Ra Patera">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiden_Patera" title="Reiden Patera">Reiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shango_Patera" title="Shango Patera">Shango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarog_Patera" title="Svarog Patera">Svarog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhaki_Patera" title="Tawhaki Patera">Tawhaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomagata_Patera" title="Thomagata Patera">Thomagata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupan_Patera" title="Tupan Patera">Tupan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvashtar_Paterae" title="Tvashtar Paterae">Tvashtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_Patera" title="Viracocha Patera">Viracocha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Io" title="Mountains of Io">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_Mons" title="Egypt Mons">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboea_Montes" title="Euboea Montes">Euboea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silpium_Mons" title="Silpium Mons">Silpium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohil_Mons" title="Tohil Mons">Tohil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lava flows or channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhaki_Vallis" title="Tawhaki Vallis">Tawhaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Io" title="Volcanism on Io">Volcanism</a> / Volcanoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amirani_(volcano)" title="Amirani (volcano)">Amirani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masubi_(volcano)" title="Masubi (volcano)">Masubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pele_(volcano)" title="Pele (volcano)">Pele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(volcano)" title="Prometheus (volcano)">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surt_(volcano)" title="Surt (volcano)">Surt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(volcano)" title="Thor (volcano)">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamama_(volcano)" title="Zamama (volcano)">Zamama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fluctūs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanehekili_Fluctus" title="Kanehekili Fluctus">Kanehekili Fluctus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plains and plateaus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Planum" title="Danube Planum">Danube Planum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/200px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/300px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg/400px-Io_highest_resolution_true_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="3196" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Io" title="Exploration of Io">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned / On-route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled / Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Magnetospheric_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter">Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyby_of_Io_with_Repeat_Encounters" title="Flyby of Io with Repeat Encounters">FIRE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction#Io" title="Jupiter in fiction">Io in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites#In_the_Solar_System" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europa205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europa_(moon)" title="Template:Europa (moon)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europa_(moon)" title="Template talk:Europa (moon)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europa_(moon)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europa (moon)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europa205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Europa" title="List of geological features on Europa">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chaotic terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conamara_Chaos" title="Conamara Chaos">Conamara Chaos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Europa" title="List of craters on Europa">Craters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pwyll_(crater)" title="Pwyll (crater)">Pwyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilix_(crater)" title="Cilix (crater)">Cilix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lineae_on_Europa" title="List of lineae on Europa">List of lineae on Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Europa" title="List of geological features on Europa">List of geological features on Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Europa" title="List of craters on Europa">List of craters on Europa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_in_natural_color.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europa_in_natural_color.png/150px-Europa_in_natural_color.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europa_in_natural_color.png/225px-Europa_in_natural_color.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europa_in_natural_color.png/300px-Europa_in_natural_color.png 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2744" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">En route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> <small>(2023)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> <small>(2024)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Orbiter" title="Europa Orbiter">Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jovian Europa Orbiter">Jovian Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P/Europa Lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Europa">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction#Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Europa in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europa_(moon)" title="Category:Europa (moon)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Callisto51" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Callisto_(moon)" title="Template:Callisto (moon)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Callisto_(moon)" title="Template talk:Callisto (moon)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Callisto_(moon)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Callisto (moon)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Callisto51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Callisto" title="List of geological features on Callisto">List of geological features on Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Callisto" title="List of craters on Callisto">List of craters on Callisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Craters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlinda_(crater)" title="Adlinda (crater)">Adlinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcas_(crater)" title="Arcas (crater)">Arcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgard_(crater)" title="Asgard (crater)">Asgard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burr_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burr (crater)">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doh_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doh (crater)">Doh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njord_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Njord (crater)">Njord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omol%CA%B9_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omolʹ (crater)">Omolʹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornarsuk_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornarsuk (crater)">Tornarsuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utgard_(crater)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utgard (crater) (page does not exist)">Utgard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1r_(crater)" title="Hár (crater)">Hár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall_(Callistoan_crater)" title="Heimdall (Callistoan crater)">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalkr" title="Jalkr">Jalkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelut_(crater)" title="Keelut (crater)">Keelut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn_(crater)" title="Lofn (crater)">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindr_(crater)" title="Tindr (crater)">Tindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla_(crater)" title="Valhalla (crater)">Valhalla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla_(crater)#Craters" title="Valhalla (crater)">Egdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla_(crater)#Craters" title="Valhalla (crater)">Mimir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crater_chain" title="Crater chain">Catenae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gomul_Catena" title="Gomul Catena">Gomul Catena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Callisto_-_July_8_1979_(38926064465).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Callisto_-_July_8_1979_%2838926064465%29.jpg/150px-Callisto_-_July_8_1979_%2838926064465%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Callisto_-_July_8_1979_%2838926064465%29.jpg/225px-Callisto_-_July_8_1979_%2838926064465%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Callisto_-_July_8_1979_%2838926064465%29.jpg/300px-Callisto_-_July_8_1979_%2838926064465%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1655" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2029)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Magnetospheric_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter">Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction#Callisto" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Callisto in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)#Potential_habitability" title="Callisto (moon)">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)#Potential_colonization" title="Callisto (moon)">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_Planetary_Missions_Program_Office395" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Template:Planetary Missions Program Office"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Template talk:Planetary Missions Program Office"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary Missions Program Office"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA_Planetary_Missions_Program_Office395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions Program Office</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discovery_program395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Opportunity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express#Scientific_instruments" title="Mars Express">ASPERA-3</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)#New_Exploration_of_Tempel_1_(NExT)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">NExT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper" title="Moon Mineralogy Mapper">Moon Mineralogy Mapper</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo#Mercury_Planetary_Orbiter" title="BepiColombo">Strofio</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_Exploration#Scientific_payload" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian Moons Exploration">MEGANE</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png/80px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png/120px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png/160px-NEAR_Shoemaker_spacecraft_model.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Finalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mission 12 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_of_Discovery_Mission_13_and_14" title="Selection of Discovery Mission 13 and 14">Mission 13 and 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Object_Camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth Object Camera">NEOCam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mission 15 and 16 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">JET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">LIFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_Surveyor" title="Phobos Surveyor">Phobos Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipple_(spacecraft)" title="Whipple (spacecraft)">Whipple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Frontiers_program395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Missions8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:176px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/80px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/120px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/160px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="746" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Finalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mission 2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mission 3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">SAGE</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mission 4 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous,_Sample_Acquisition,_Investigation,_and_Return" title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return">CORSAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">ELF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">ELSAH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPRITE_(spacecraft)" title="SPRITE (spacecraft)">SPRITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Solar_System_Exploration_program395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Missions8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:176px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE instruments</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><u>Underline</u> indicates active current missions</li> <li><i>Italics</i> indicate missions yet to launch</li> <li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets367" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Template:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets367" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_extraterrestrial_surfaces" title="List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces">List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2♯</a> (lander)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)"><i>Lucy</i></a> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a> (orbiter) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/90px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/135px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros,_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/90px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/135px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/180px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:243_ida_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/90px-243_ida_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/135px-243_ida_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/180px-243_ida_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="399" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_(32755885495).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/90px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/135px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/180px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">International Cometary Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LICIACube" title="LICIACube">LICIACube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9#Pioneer_7" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Rosetta (spacecraft)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MINERVA_(spacecraft)" title="MINERVA (spacecraft)">MINERVA</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1A / HIBOU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1B / OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sample return</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a> (multiple flybys and sample return, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a> (multiple flybys, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a> (multiple flybys and orbiter, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a> (flyby, 2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i> (flybys, 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTER_(spacecraft)" title="ASTER (spacecraft)">ASTER</a> (orbiter, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramses_(spacecraft)" title="Ramses (spacecraft)">Ramses</a> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a></i> (flyby, 2030–2042)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Cancelled or <br />not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGORA_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="AGORA mission">AGORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)#History" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Redirect_Mission" title="Asteroid Redirect Mission">Asteroid Redirect Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(spacecraft)" title="Athena (spacecraft)">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia_(spacecraft)" title="Castalia (spacecraft)">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus_(spacecraft_mission)" title="Centaurus (spacecraft mission)">Centaurus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(spacecraft)" title="Chimera (spacecraft)">Chimera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_2" title="Clementine 2">Clementine 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous,_Sample_Acquisition,_Investigation,_and_Return" title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return">CORSAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous_Asteroid_Flyby" title="Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby">CRAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(spacecraft)" title="HAMMER (spacecraft)">HAMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_Mk2" title="Hayabusa Mk2">Hayabusa Mk2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(spacecraft)" title="Janus (spacecraft)">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAOSEP" class="mw-redirect" title="MAOSEP">MAOSEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_capture" title="Asteroid capture">Asteroid capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Colonization of asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects">Colonization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>Probes are listed in chronological order of launch. <sup>†</sup> indicates mission failures.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Jupiter403" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Template:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Jupiter403" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">2</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/120px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/240px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a> (active)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atmospheric probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo Probe"><i>Galileo</i> Probe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">En route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a></i> (JUICE) (2023, insertion 2031)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> (2024, insertion 2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a></i> (2029, insertion 2035)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Polar_Orbit_Observatory" title="Solar Polar Orbit Observatory">Solar Polar Orbit Observatory</a><sup>‡</sup> (2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander" title="Europa Lander">Europa Lander</a> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2036)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argo_(NASA_spacecraft)" title="Argo (NASA spacecraft)">Argo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Jupiter_System_Mission_%E2%80%93_Laplace" title="Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace">Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ganymede_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter">Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Magnetospheric_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter">Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Orbiter" title="Europa Orbiter">Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyby_of_Io_with_Repeat_Encounters" title="Flyby of Io with Repeat Encounters">FIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovative_Interstellar_Explorer" title="Innovative Interstellar Explorer">Innovative Interstellar Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jovian Europa Orbiter">Jovian Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_H" title="Pioneer H">Pioneer H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)">SMARA</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsiolkovsky mission">Tsiolkovsky mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Io" title="Exploration of Io">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Missions to outer planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_outer_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the outer Solar System">Colonization of the outer Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jupiter398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jupiter" title="Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter" title="Template talk:Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jupiter398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jupiter" title="Outline of Jupiter">Outline of Jupiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_North_Pole" title="Jupiter's North Pole">Jupiter's North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_South_Pole" title="Jupiter's South Pole">Jupiter's South Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA image of Jupiter"><img alt="NASA image of Jupiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irregular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a> group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter-crossing minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Jupiter" title="Solar eclipses on Jupiter">Solar eclipses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Trojans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Jupiter" title="Impact events on Jupiter">Impacts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2009 Jupiter impact event">2009 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">2010 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2016 Jupiter impact event">2016 Jupiter impact event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration</a>,<br />orbital<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo project</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023, en route)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> (2024, en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a> (2029)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Polar_Orbit_Observatory" title="Solar Polar Orbit Observatory">Solar Polar Orbit Observatory</a> (2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)">SMARA</a></i> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a> (2038)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction" title="Jupiter in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jupiter" title="Category:Jupiter">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Planetary_defense172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Planetary_defense" title="Template:Planetary defense"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Planetary_defense" title="Template talk:Planetary defense"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary_defense" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary defense"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Planetary_defense172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Planetary defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">Bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball" title="Earth-grazing fireball">Earth-grazing fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_air_burst" title="Meteor air burst">Meteor air burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession" title="Meteor procession">Meteor procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_minor_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Earth-crossing minor planets">Earth-crossing minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">Asteroid close approaches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Defense</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_laser_ablation" title="Asteroid laser ablation">Asteroid laser ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_tractor" title="Gravity tractor">Gravity tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion-beam_shepherd" title="Ion-beam shepherd">Ion-beam shepherd</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(spacecraft)" title="HAMMER (spacecraft)">HAMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>DART</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEO</a> tracking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Terrestrial-impact_Last_Alert_System" title="Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System">ATLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina Sky Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Research" title="Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research">LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search" title="Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search">LONEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEODyS" title="NEODyS">NEODyS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite" title="Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite">NEOSSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Optical_Ground_Station" title="ESA Optical Ground Station">OGS Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit@home" title="Orbit@home">Orbit@home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Schmidt_CCD_Asteroid_Program" title="Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program">SCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Space_Telescope" title="Sentinel Space Telescope">Sentinel Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_(monitoring_system)" title="Sentry (monitoring system)">Sentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacewatch" title="Spacewatch">Spacewatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B612_Foundation" title="B612 Foundation">B612 Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Spaceguard_Association" title="Japan Spaceguard Association">Japan Spaceguard Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoritical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteoritical Society">Meteoritical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance#Ongoing_projects" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">NEOShield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office" title="Planetary Defense Coordination Office">Planetary Defense Coordination Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Hazard rating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torino_scale" title="Torino scale">Torino scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo_scale" title="Palermo scale">Palermo scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Potential threats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(29075)_1950_DA" title="(29075) 1950 DA">1950 DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">101955 Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_RF12" title="2010 RF12">2010 RF<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_YR4" title="2024 YR4">2024 YR<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_objects_with_non-zero_Torino_ratings" title="List of objects with non-zero Torino ratings">List of objects with non-zero Torino ratings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Impact_events" title="Category:Impact events">Impact events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_meteoroids" title="Category:Fiction about meteoroids">Fiction about meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_impact_events" title="Category:Fiction about impact events">Fiction about impact events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a><br />(deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i> rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1">Blue Ghost Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">TGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a><br />(by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>Double Asteroid Redirection Test</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2005Orbital_launches_in_20062007_→618" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2006" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2006"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2006" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2006"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2006" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2006"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2005Orbital_launches_in_20062007_→618" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2005_in_spaceflight" title="2005 in spaceflight">← 2005</a></div><a href="/wiki/2006_in_spaceflight" title="2006 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2006</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2007_in_spaceflight" title="2007 in spaceflight">2007 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Land_Observing_Satellite" title="Advanced Land Observing Satellite">Daichi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EchoStar_X" title="EchoStar X">EchoStar X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Functional_Transport_Satellite" title="Multi-Functional Transport Satellite">MTSAT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akari_(satellite)" title="Akari (satellite)">Akari</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/CUTE-1.7_%2B_APD" title="CUTE-1.7 + APD">CUTE-1.7 + APD</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization#Arabsat-4" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arabsat-4A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spainsat" title="Spainsat">Spainsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_Bird" title="Hot Bird">Hot Bird 7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Technology_5" title="Space Technology 5">ST-5</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FalconSAT-2" title="FalconSAT-2">FalconSAT-2</a></i></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-8" title="Soyuz TMA-8">Soyuz TMA-8</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-5A" title="JCSAT-5A">JCSAT-5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_Observing_System_for_Meteorology,_Ionosphere,_and_Climate" title="Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate">COSMIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_1KR" title="Astra 1KR">Astra 1KR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-56" title="Progress M-56">Progress M-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROS_B" title="EROS B">EROS-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALIPSO" title="CALIPSO">CALIPSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/CloudSat" title="CloudSat">CloudSat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2420&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2420 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_13" title="GOES 13">GOES 13</a> / EWS-G1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_113_West_A" title="Eutelsat 113 West A">Satmex 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thaicom_5" title="Thaicom 5">Thaicom 5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-DK_No.1" title="Resurs-DK No.1">Resurs-DK No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KazSat-1" title="KazSat-1">KazSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxy_16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaxy 16 (page does not exist)">Galaxy 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiTEx" title="MiTEx">USA-187</a>, <a href="/wiki/MiTEx" title="MiTEx">USA-188</a>, <a href="/wiki/MiTEx" title="MiTEx">USA-189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-57" title="Progress M-57">Progress M-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2421" title="Kosmos 2421">Kosmos 2421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-184" title="USA-184">USA-184</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-121" title="STS-121">STS-121</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">MPLM</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4C" title="INSAT-4C">INSAT-4C</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">Genesis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2422" title="Kosmos 2422">Kosmos 2422</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BelKA" title="BelKA">BelKA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baumanets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baumanets (page does not exist)">Baumanets</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PicPot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PicPot (page does not exist)">PicPot</a>, <a href="/wiki/SACRED" title="SACRED">SACRED</a>, <a href="/wiki/ION_(satellite)" title="ION (satellite)">ION</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rincon_1" title="Rincon 1">Rincon 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICECube-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICECube-1 (page does not exist)">ICECube-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=KUTESat_Pathfinder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KUTESat Pathfinder (page does not exist)">KUTESat Pathfinder</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SEEDS_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEEDS (satellite) (page does not exist)">SEEDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/NCube_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="NCube (satellite)">nCube</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HAUSAT-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HAUSAT-1 (page does not exist)">HAUSAT-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MEROPE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEROPE (page does not exist)">MEROPE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-2_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-2 (satellite) (page does not exist)">CP-2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=AeroCube-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AeroCube-1 (page does not exist)">AeroCube-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-1_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-1 (satellite) (page does not exist)">CP-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mea_Huaka%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mea Huaka'i (page does not exist)">Mea Huaka'i</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICECube-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICECube-2 (page does not exist)">ICECube-2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arirang-2">Arirang-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Bird_13B" title="Hot Bird 13B">Hot Bird 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-3A" title="JCSAT-3A">JCSAT-3A</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syracuse_3B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syracuse 3B (page does not exist)">Syracuse 3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreasat_5" title="Koreasat 5">Koreasat 5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian 8</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-115" title="STS-115">STS-115</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">ITS P3/4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IGS-3A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IGS-3A (page does not exist)">IGS-3A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinasat-22A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinasat-22A (page does not exist)">Chinasat-22A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2423&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2423 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2423</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-9" title="Soyuz TMA-9">Soyuz TMA-9</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIT-SAT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIT-SAT (page does not exist)">HIT-SAT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SSSAT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSSAT (page does not exist)">SSSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-190" title="USA-190">USA-190</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DirecTV-9S&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DirecTV-9S (page does not exist)">DirecTV-9S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optus_(satellite)#Optus_D1" title="Optus (satellite)">Optus D1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LDREX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LDREX (page does not exist)">LDREX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-58" title="Progress M-58">Progress M-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian 6C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian 6D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino_Satellite_Communications#Sinosat-2" title="Sino Satellite Communications">Sinosat-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XM-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XM-4 (page does not exist)">XM-4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-191&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-191 (page does not exist)">USA-191</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr-4" title="Badr-4">Badr-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-192" title="USA-192">USA-192</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun 2-05</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WildBlue_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WildBlue 1 (page does not exist)">WildBlue 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMC-18" title="AMC-18">AMC-18</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-116" title="STS-116">STS-116</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">ITS P5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrotech_Corporation#SpaceHab" title="Astrotech Corporation">SpaceHab LSM</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ANDE-MAA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANDE-MAA (page does not exist)">ANDE-MAA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ANDE-FACL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANDE-FACL (page does not exist)">ANDE-FACL</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAFT1_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="RAFT1 (satellite)">RAFT1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MARScom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MARScom (page does not exist)">MARScom</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MEPSI-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEPSI-2 (page does not exist)">MEPSI-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEASAT-3" title="MEASAT-3">MEASAT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-193" title="USA-193">USA-193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TacSat-2" title="TacSat-2">TacSat-2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=GeneSat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GeneSat (page does not exist)">GeneSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETS-VIII" title="ETS-VIII">Kiku 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAR-Lupe" title="SAR-Lupe">SAR-Lupe 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_1" title="Meridian 1">Meridian 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2424" title="Kosmos 2424">Kosmos 2424</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2425" title="Kosmos 2425">Kosmos 2425</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2426" title="Kosmos 2426">Kosmos 2426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2015_in_space1146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2015_in_space" title="Template:2015 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2015_in_space" title="Template talk:2015 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2015_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2015 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2015_in_space1146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2015 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"> « <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2014_in_space" title="Template:2014 in space">2014</a></span> </div> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2016_in_space" title="Template:2016 in space">2016</a></span> » </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2015_in_spaceflight" title="2015 in spaceflight">Space probe launches</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2015" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2015"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_Active_Passive" title="Soil Moisture Active Passive">SMAP</a> (weather satellite; Jan 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (technology demonstration; Dec 2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space observatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">DSCOVR</a> (weather satellite; Feb 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a> (space telescope; Sep 2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto-new-horizons-2015-07-14-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pluto-new-horizons-2015-07-14-01.jpg/150px-Pluto-new-horizons-2015-07-14-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pluto-new-horizons-2015-07-14-01.jpg/225px-Pluto-new-horizons-2015-07-14-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pluto-new-horizons-2015-07-14-01.jpg/300px-Pluto-new-horizons-2015-07-14-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2405" data-file-height="1804" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA20053-PossibleCometSwarmAroundKIC8462852-ArtistConcept-20151124.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/PIA20053-PossibleCometSwarmAroundKIC8462852-ArtistConcept-20151124.jpg/150px-PIA20053-PossibleCometSwarmAroundKIC8462852-ArtistConcept-20151124.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/PIA20053-PossibleCometSwarmAroundKIC8462852-ArtistConcept-20151124.jpg/225px-PIA20053-PossibleCometSwarmAroundKIC8462852-ArtistConcept-20151124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/PIA20053-PossibleCometSwarmAroundKIC8462852-ArtistConcept-20151124.jpg/300px-PIA20053-PossibleCometSwarmAroundKIC8462852-ArtistConcept-20151124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4534" data-file-height="2550" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hole_collision_and_merger_releasing_gravitational_waves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Black_hole_collision_and_merger_releasing_gravitational_waves.jpg/150px-Black_hole_collision_and_merger_releasing_gravitational_waves.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Black_hole_collision_and_merger_releasing_gravitational_waves.jpg/225px-Black_hole_collision_and_merger_releasing_gravitational_waves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Black_hole_collision_and_merger_releasing_gravitational_waves.jpg/300px-Black_hole_collision_and_merger_releasing_gravitational_waves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="349" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kerala_meteoroid" title="2015 Kerala meteoroid">2015 Kerala meteoroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Thailand_bolide" title="2015 Thailand bolide">2015 Thailand bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WT1190F" title="WT1190F">WT1190F impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2015" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2015">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_BP513" title="2015 BP513">2015 BP<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">513</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(357439)_2004_BL86" title="(357439) 2004 BL86">(357439) 2004 BL<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">86</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_AZ43" title="2015 AZ43">2015 AZ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">43</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(523775)_2014_YB35" title="(523775) 2014 YB35">(523775) 2014 YB<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">35</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1566_Icarus" title="1566 Icarus">1566 Icarus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_HM10" title="2015 HM10">2015 HM<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">10</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_TC25" title="2015 TC25">2015 TC<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">25</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_TB145" title="2015 TB145">2015 TB<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">145</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_VE191" title="2007 VE191">2007 VE<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">191</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(33342)_1998_WT24" title="(33342) 1998 WT24">(33342) 1998 WT<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">24</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(85989)_1999_JD6" title="(85989) 1999 JD6">(85989) 1999 JD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">6</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_SO2" title="2015 SO2">2015 SO<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">2</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2015" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2015">Exoplanets</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_discovered_in_2015" title="Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2015"><img alt="Exoplanets discovered in 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldebaran_b" title="Aldebaran b">Aldebaran b</a></li> <li>evaporation of <a href="/wiki/Gliese_436_b" title="Gliese 436 b">Gliese 436 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_1132_b" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 1132 b">Gliese 1132 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_155233_b" title="HD 155233 b">HD 155233 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_164595_b" title="HD 164595 b">HD 164595 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_219134" title="HD 219134">HD 219134</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD_219134_b" title="HD 219134 b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_219134_c" title="HD 219134 c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_219134_d" title="HD 219134 d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_219134_f" title="HD 219134 f">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_219134_g" title="HD 219134 g">g?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_219134_h" title="HD 219134 h">h</a>?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIP_11915_b" title="HIP 11915 b">HIP 11915 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-3d" title="K2-3d">K2-3d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-18b" title="K2-18b">K2-18b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-22b" title="K2-22b">K2-22b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-24" title="K2-24">K2-24</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K2-24b" title="K2-24b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-24c" title="K2-24c">c</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KELT-4Ab" title="KELT-4Ab">KELT-4Ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-438b" title="Kepler-438b">Kepler-438b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-440b" title="Kepler-440b">Kepler-440b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-442b" title="Kepler-442b">Kepler-442b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-444" title="Kepler-444">Kepler-444</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li> <li>d</li> <li>e</li> <li>f</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-451b" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-451b">Kepler-451b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-452b" title="Kepler-452b">Kepler-452b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-453b" title="Kepler-453b">Kepler-453b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI-4878.01" title="KOI-4878.01">KOI-4878.01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LkCa_15_b" class="mw-redirect" title="LkCa 15 b">LkCa 15 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi_b#Direct_detection_of_visible_light" title="51 Pegasi b">spectrum of</a> <a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi_b" title="51 Pegasi b">51 Pegasi b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASP-121b" title="WASP-121b">WASP-121b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_1061c" title="Wolf 1061c">Wolf 1061c</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_BP519" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 BP519">2015 BP<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">519</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_708" title="US 708">US 708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGS-zs8-1" title="EGS-zs8-1">EGS-zs8-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISE_J224607.57%E2%88%92052635.0" title="WISE J224607.57−052635.0">WISE J224607.57−052635.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1SWASP_J093010.78%2B533859.5" title="1SWASP J093010.78+533859.5">1SWASP J093010.78+533859.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASASSN-15lh" title="ASASSN-15lh">ASASSN-15lh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGSY8p7" title="EGSY8p7">EGSY8p7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabby%27s_Star" title="Tabby's Star">Tabby's Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/541132_Lele%C4%81k%C5%ABhonua" title="541132 Leleākūhonua">541132 Leleākūhonua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VFTS_352" title="VFTS 352">VFTS 352</a> <a href="/wiki/Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">contact binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">GW150914</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first observation of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW151226" title="GW151226">GW151226</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2015" title="Category:Comets in 2015"><img alt="Comets in 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15P/Finlay" title="15P/Finlay">15P/Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/88P/Howell" title="88P/Howell">88P/Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_G2_(MASTER)" title="C/2015 G2 (MASTER)">C/2015 G2 (MASTER)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_US10_(Catalina)" title="C/2013 US10 (Catalina)"><span class="nowrap">C/2013 US<sub>10</sub></span> (Catalina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10P/Tempel" title="10P/Tempel">10P/Tempel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> (orbiting <a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">comet 67P</a>; Nov 2014 / Mar 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> orbit insertion; Mar 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i> (end of mission; Apr 2015)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i> (flyby of <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>; Jul 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> orbit insertion; Dec 2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:2014_in_outer_space" title="Category:2014 in outer space">Category:2014 in outer space</a> — <b><a href="/wiki/Category:2015_in_outer_space" title="Category:2015 in outer space">Category:2015 in outer space</a></b> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2016_in_outer_space" title="Category:2016 in outer space">Category:2016 in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2018_in_space1061" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2018_in_space" title="Template:2018 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2018_in_space" title="Template talk:2018 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2018_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2018 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2018_in_space1061" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2018 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float:left"> « <a href="/wiki/Template:2017_in_space" title="Template:2017 in space">2017</a></div> <div style="float:right"><a href="/wiki/Template:2019_in_space" title="Template:2019 in space">2019</a> »</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2018_in_spaceflight" title="2018 in spaceflight">Space probe<br />launches</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2018" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2018"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> (lunar flyby; Apr 2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></i> (mission to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>; May 2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (mission to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>; May 2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></i> (solar space mission; Aug 2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> (mission to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>; Oct 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a> (mission to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>; Dec 2018)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-Icarus-MostDistantMainSequenceStar-20180402.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/NASA-Icarus-MostDistantMainSequenceStar-20180402.jpg/150px-NASA-Icarus-MostDistantMainSequenceStar-20180402.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/NASA-Icarus-MostDistantMainSequenceStar-20180402.jpg/225px-NASA-Icarus-MostDistantMainSequenceStar-20180402.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/NASA-Icarus-MostDistantMainSequenceStar-20180402.jpg/300px-NASA-Icarus-MostDistantMainSequenceStar-20180402.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg/150px-PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg/225px-PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg/300px-PIA22876-InSight-FirstSelfie-20181211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4391" data-file-height="2504" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bennu_at_300_pixels_(wide).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bennu_at_300_pixels_%28wide%29.png/150px-Bennu_at_300_pixels_%28wide%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bennu_at_300_pixels_%28wide%29.png/225px-Bennu_at_300_pixels_%28wide%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bennu_at_300_pixels_%28wide%29.png/300px-Bennu_at_300_pixels_%28wide%29.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_LA" title="2018 LA">2018 LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_meteor" title="Kamchatka meteor">Kamchatka meteor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2018" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2018">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_WC9" title="2010 WC9">2010 WC<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">9</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_VR12" title="2017 VR12">2017 VR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">12</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_YE5" title="2017 YE5">2017 YE<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(585310)_2017_YZ1" title="(585310) 2017 YZ1">(585310) 2017 YZ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_AH" title="2018 AH">2018 AH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_BD" title="2018 BD">2018 BD</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_BF3" title="2018 BF3">2018 BF<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">3</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_CB" title="2018 CB">2018 CB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_CC" title="2018 CC">2018 CC</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(276033)_2002_AJ129" title="(276033) 2002 AJ129">(276033) 2002 AJ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">129</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(505657)_2014_SR339" title="(505657) 2014 SR339">(505657) 2014 SR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">339</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_CF2" title="2018 CF2">2018 CF<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">2</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_CL" title="2018 CL">2018 CL</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_CN2" title="2018 CN2">2018 CN<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">2</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_CY2" title="2018 CY2">2018 CY<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">2</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_DV1" title="2018 DV1">2018 DV<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_GE3" title="2018 GE3">2018 GE<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">3</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_PD20" title="2018 PD20">2018 PD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">20</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_LF16" title="2018 LF16">2018 LF<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">16</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_WV1" title="2018 WV1">2018 WV<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(163899)_2003_SD220" title="(163899) 2003 SD220">(163899) 2003 SD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">220</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2018" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2018">Exoplanets</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_discovered_in_2018" title="Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2018"><img alt="Exoplanets discovered in 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_1132" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 1132">Gliese 1132 c</a></li> <li>possible <a href="/wiki/Exomoon" title="Exomoon">exomoon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kepler-1625b_I" title="Kepler-1625b I">Kepler-1625b I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-141b" title="K2-141b">K2-141b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-146b" title="K2-146b">K2-146b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-148b" title="K2-148b">K2-148b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-155d" title="K2-155d">K2-155d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-229b" title="K2-229b">K2-229b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-239" title="K2-239">K2-239b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-239" title="K2-239">K2-239c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-239" title="K2-239">K2-239d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-288Bb" title="K2-288Bb">K2-288Bb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPIC_211945201_b" class="mw-redirect" title="EPIC 211945201 b">EPIC 211945201 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_89345_b" title="HD 89345 b">HD 89345 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KELT-21b" title="KELT-21b">KELT-21b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGTS-3Ab" title="NGTS-3Ab">NGTS-3Ab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LSPM_J0207%2B3331" title="LSPM J0207+3331">LSPM J0207+3331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVV-WIT-07" title="VVV-WIT-07">VVV-WIT-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACS_J1149_Lensed_Star_1" title="MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1">MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1</a></li> <li>10 <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">moons of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/541132_Lele%C4%81k%C5%ABhonua" title="541132 Leleākūhonua">541132 Leleākūhonua</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_proto-supercluster" title="Hyperion proto-supercluster">Hyperion proto-supercluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J18082002%E2%88%925104378" title="2MASS J18082002−5104378">2MASS J18082002−5104378</a></li> <li>Farout (<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_VG18" title="2018 VG18">2018 VG<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">18</span></span></a></span>)</li> <li>FarFarOut (<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_AG37" title="2018 AG37">2018 AG<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">37</span></span></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">first imaged</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT2018hyz" title="AT2018hyz">AT2018hyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2018cow" title="SN 2018cow">SN 2018cow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Novae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V357_Muscae" title="V357 Muscae">V357 Muscae</a> (Nova Muscae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V906_Carinae" title="V906 Carinae">V906 Carinae</a> (Nova Carinae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V392_Persei" title="V392 Persei">V392 Persei</a> (Nova Persei)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2018" title="Category:Comets in 2018"><img alt="Comets in 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_T1_(Heinze)" title="C/2017 T1 (Heinze)">C/2017 T1 (Heinze)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_U7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2017 U7">C/2017 U7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_C2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)">C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37P/Forbes" title="37P/Forbes">37P/Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/66P/du_Toit" title="66P/du Toit">66P/du Toit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64P/Swift%E2%80%93Gehrels" title="64P/Swift–Gehrels">64P/Swift–Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38P/Stephan%E2%80%93Oterma" title="38P/Stephan–Oterma">38P/Stephan–Oterma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_F4_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2018 F4 (PanSTARRS)">C/2018 F4 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_V1_(Machholz-Fujikawa-Iwamoto)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2018 V1 (Machholz-Fujikawa-Iwamoto)">C/2018 V1 (Machholz-Fujikawa-Iwamoto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46P/Wirtanen" title="46P/Wirtanen">46P/Wirtanen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> (asteroid <a href="/wiki/162173_Ryugu" title="162173 Ryugu">Ryugu</a> arrival; Jun 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope"><i>Kepler</i> retirement</a> (Oct 2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i> (Mars landing; Oct 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i> retirement</a> (Nov 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> (asteroid <a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">Bennu</a> arrival; Dec 2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> (enters interstellar space; Dec 2018)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i> (encounter with <a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a>; Dec 2018 / Jan 2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:2017_in_outer_space" title="Category:2017 in outer space">2017 in outer space</a> — <b><a href="/wiki/Category:2018_in_outer_space" title="Category:2018 in outer space">2018 in outer space</a></b> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2019_in_outer_space" title="Category:2019 in outer space">2019 in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2019_in_space1076" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2019_in_space" title="Template:2019 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2019_in_space" title="Template talk:2019 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2019_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2019 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2019_in_space1076" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2019 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"> « <a href="/wiki/Template:2018_in_space" title="Template:2018 in space">2018</a></div> <div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2020_in_space" title="Template:2020 in space">2020</a> »</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2019_in_spaceflight" title="2019 in spaceflight">Space probe<br />launches</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2019" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2019"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a> (lunar lander; Feb 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LightSail#LightSail_2" title="LightSail">LightSail 2</a> (solar sail demonstration; Jun 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan</a> (lunar obiter, lander and rover; Jul 2019)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png/150px-UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png/225px-UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png/300px-UltimaThule_CA06_color_20190516.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1302" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg/150px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg/225px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg/300px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7416" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg/150px-Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg/225px-Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg/300px-Esa-hubble-k2-18a_impression.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_meteor" title="Kamchatka meteor">Kamchatka meteor</a> (announced)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_MO" title="2019 MO">2019 MO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2019" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2019">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_XB4" title="2018 XB4">2018 XB<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_AS5" title="2019 AS5">2019 AS<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_AZ8" title="2016 AZ8">2016 AZ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">8</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/66391_Moshup" title="66391 Moshup">66391 Moshup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_OK" title="2019 OK">2019 OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1620_Geographos" title="1620 Geographos">1620 Geographos</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_QV89" title="2006 QV89">2006 QV<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">89</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2100_Ra-Shalom" title="2100 Ra-Shalom">2100 Ra-Shalom</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_SU3" title="2019 SU3">2019 SU<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">3</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_TA7" title="2019 TA7">2019 TA<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">7</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_UN13" title="2019 UN13">2019 UN<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">13</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2019" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2019">Exoplanets</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_discovered_in_2019" title="Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2019"><img alt="Exoplanets discovered in 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_Leonis" title="AD Leonis">AD Leonis</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Pictoris_c" title="Beta Pictoris c">Beta Pictoris c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_Tucanae" title="DS Tucanae">DS Tucanae</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_251" title="Gliese 251">Gliese 251</a> c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_357_d" title="Gliese 357 d">Gliese 357 d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_588" title="Gliese 588">Gliese 588</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_687" title="Gliese 687">Gliese 687</a> c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_555" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 555">Gliese 555</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_754" title="Gliese 754">Gliese 754</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_784" title="Gliese 784">Gliese 784</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HR_5183_b" title="HR 5183 b">HR 5183 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-47d" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-47d">Kepler-47d</a> confirmed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-288Bb" title="K2-288Bb">K2-288Bb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_1159-16" class="mw-redirect" title="L 1159-16">L 1159-16</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li> <li>d</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP_816-60" title="LP 816-60">LP 816-60</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTT_1445" title="LTT 1445">LTT 1445</a> Ab</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luyten%27s_Star" title="Luyten's Star">Luyten's Star</a> <ul><li>d</li> <li>e</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDS_70" title="PDS 70">PDS 70c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_c" title="Proxima Centauri c">Proxima Centauri c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struve_2398" title="Struve 2398">Struve 2398</a> <ul><li>Bb</li> <li>Bc</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Ceti" title="Tau Ceti">Tau Ceti</a> i (hypothesized)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teegarden%27s_Star" title="Teegarden's Star">Teegarden's Star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teegarden%27s_Star_b" title="Teegarden's Star b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teegarden%27s_Star_c" title="Teegarden's Star c">c</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V1298_Tauri" title="V1298 Tauri">V1298 Tauri</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li> <li>d</li> <li>e</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_359" title="Wolf 359">Wolf 359</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_AQ3" title="2019 AQ3">2019 AQ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">3</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASASSN-19bt" title="ASASSN-19bt">ASASSN-19bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT2019qiz" title="AT2019qiz">AT2019qiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRB_190114C" title="GRB 190114C">GRB 190114C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPIC_204376071" title="EPIC 204376071">EPIC 204376071</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190412" title="GW190412">GW190412</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190521g" class="mw-redirect" title="GW190521g">GW190521g</a> (first-ever light from bh-bh merger)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190814" title="GW190814">GW190814</a> (first-ever "mass-gap" collision)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J043947.08%2B163415.7" class="mw-redirect" title="J043947.08+163415.7">J043947.08+163415.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-18b" title="K2-18b">K2-18b</a> water vapor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_87#Supermassive_black_hole_M87*" title="Messier 87">M87*</a> imaged</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSR_J0030%2B0451&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSR J0030+0451 (page does not exist)">PSR J0030+0451</a> mapped</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSR_J0740%2B6620" title="PSR J0740+6620">PSR J0740+6620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S5-HVS1" title="S5-HVS1">S5-HVS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">2I/Borisov</a></li> <li>20 <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">moons of Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WD_0145%2B234" title="WD 0145+234">WD 0145+234</a> detection of <a href="/wiki/Exoasteroid" title="Exoasteroid">exoasteroid</a> disruption</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WD_J0914%2B1914" title="WD J0914+1914">WD J0914+1914</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2019" title="Category:Comets in 2019"><img alt="Comets in 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/78P/Gehrels" title="78P/Gehrels">78P/Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/168P/Hergenrother" title="168P/Hergenrother">168P/Hergenrother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/163P/NEAT" title="163P/NEAT">163P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/138P/Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy" title="138P/Shoemaker–Levy">138P/Shoemaker–Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/171P/Spahr" title="171P/Spahr">171P/Spahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/289P/Blanpain" title="289P/Blanpain">289P/Blanpain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Horizons</a></i> (encounter with <a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a>; Dec 2018 / Jan 2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></i> (landing on the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>; Jan 2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a></i> (end of mission; Aug 2018 / Feb 2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> (departure from <a href="/wiki/162173_Ryugu" title="162173 Ryugu">162173 Ryugu</a>; Dec 2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:2018_in_outer_space" title="Category:2018 in outer space">Category:2018 in outer space</a> — <b><a href="/wiki/Category:2019_in_outer_space" title="Category:2019 in outer space">Category:2019 in outer space</a></b> — <a href="/wiki/Category:2020_in_outer_space" title="Category:2020 in outer space">Category:2020 in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Space">Space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a 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