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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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</nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waijia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Waijia">Waijia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of styles, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_martial_arts" title="List of Chinese martial arts">List of Chinese martial arts</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the fighting styles</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taichi_shanghai_bund_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Taichi_shanghai_bund_2005.jpg/300px-Taichi_shanghai_bund_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Taichi_shanghai_bund_2005.jpg/450px-Taichi_shanghai_bund_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Taichi_shanghai_bund_2005.jpg/600px-Taichi_shanghai_bund_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>The Chinese martial arts <a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">tai chi</a> being practiced on <a href="/wiki/The_Bund_(Shanghai)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bund (Shanghai)">the Bund</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are hundreds of different styles of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a>, each with their own sets of techniques and ideas. The various movements in kung fu, most of which are imitations of the fighting styles of animals, are initiated from one to five basic foot positions: normal upright posture and the four stances called dragon, frog, horse riding, and snake. </p><p>The concept of martial arts styles appeared from around the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. Before the Ming period, martial skills were commonly differentiated mainly by their lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorge_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are common themes among these styles which allow them to be grouped according to generalized "families" (<span lang="zh">家</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiā</span></i>), "fractions" (<span lang="zh">派</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">pài</span></i>), "class" (<span lang="zh-Hans">门</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">mén</span></i>), or "schools" (<span lang="zh">教</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiào</span></i>) of martial art styles. There are styles that mimic movements from animals, or otherwise refer or allude to animals or mythical beings such as dragons, and others that gather inspiration from various Chinese philosophies or mythologies. Some deeply internal styles tend to focus strongly on practice relating to harnessing of <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a> energy, while some more-conspicuously external styles tend more to display skills and abilities in competition or exhibition. </p><p>The rich variety of styles has led to the creation of numerous classification schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-BrianKennedy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrianKennedy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographical location such as regional affiliation is one well-known example. A particular Chinese martial arts style can be referred to as either a <i>northern fist</i> (<span lang="zh">北拳</span>) or a <i>southern fist</i> (<span lang="zh">南拳</span>) depending on its point of origin. Additional details such as province or city can further identify the particular style. Other classification schemes include the concept of <i>external</i> (<span lang="zh">外家拳</span>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Neijia" title="Neijia">internal</a></i>. This criterion concerns the training focus of a particular style. Religious affiliation of the group that found the style can also be used as a classification. The three great religions of Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism have associated martial arts styles. There are also many other criteria used to group Chinese martial arts; for example, imitative-styles (<span lang="zh">像形拳</span>) and legendary styles; historical styles and family styles. Another more recent approach is to describe a style according to their combat focus. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_classifications">Geographical classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographical classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional dividing line between the northern and southern Chinese martial arts is the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well-known adage concerning Chinese martial arts is the term "Southern fists and Northern kicks" (「南拳北腿」). This saying emphasizes the difference between the two groups of Chinese martial arts. However, such differences are not absolute and there are many Northern styles that excel in hand techniques and conversely, there are many different types of kicks in some Southern styles. A style can also be more clearly classified according to regional landmarks, province, city and even to a specific village. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_styles">Northern styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Northern styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchuguard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Manchuguard.jpg/220px-Manchuguard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Manchuguard.jpg/330px-Manchuguard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Manchuguard.jpg/440px-Manchuguard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="2241" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">banner</a> soldier, a caste of professional martial artists active in Chinese society as recently as a hundred years ago</figcaption></figure> <p>Northern styles (<span lang="zh">北派</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">běipài</span></i>) feature deeply extended postures—such as the horse, bow, drop, and dragon stances—connected by quick fluid transitions, able to quickly change the direction in which force is issued.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group of Northern martial arts includes many illustrious styles such as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Northern Shaolin kung fu">Northern Shaolin Kung Fu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bajiquan" title="Bajiquan">Bajiquan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaquan" title="Chaquan">Chaquan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuojiao" title="Chuojiao">Chuojiao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Claw" title="Eagle Claw">Eagle Claw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">tai chi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Changquan" title="Changquan">Changquan</a> is often identified as the representative Northern style and forms a separate division in modern <a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a> curriculum. </p><p>Northern styles exhibit a distinctively different flavor from the martial arts practiced in the South. In general, the training characteristics of northern styles put more focus on legwork, <a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">kicking</a> and acrobatics. The influence of Northern styles can be found in traditional <a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korean martial arts</a> and their emphasis on high-level kicks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_styles">Southern styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Southern styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nanquan_(martial_art)" title="Nanquan (martial art)">Nanquan (martial art)</a></div> <p>Southern Chinese martial arts (<span lang="zh">南派</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">nánpài</span></i>) feature low stable stances and short powerful movements that combine both attack and defense. In practice, Nanquan focus more on the use of the arm and full body techniques than high kicks or acrobatics moves. The influence of Southern styles can be found in <a href="/wiki/Goju_Ryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Goju Ryu">Goju Ryu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uechi_Ryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Uechi Ryu">Uechi Ryu</a>, and some other styles of <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> and also in <a href="/wiki/Kempo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kempo">kempo</a> both American and Japanese styles.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term Southern styles typically applies to the five family styles of Southern China: <a href="/wiki/Choy_Gar" class="mw-redirect" title="Choy Gar">Choy Gar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hung_Ga" title="Hung Ga">Hung Ga</a>, Lau Gar (<span lang="zh">刘家</span>), Ng Ying kung fu (<span lang="zh">五形功夫</span>), <a href="/wiki/Li_family_kung_fu" title="Li family kung fu">Li (Lee) Family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mok_Gar" title="Mok Gar">Mok Gar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other styles include: <a href="/wiki/Choy_Li_Fut" title="Choy Li Fut">Choy Li Fut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian_White_Crane" title="Fujian White Crane">Fujian White Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dog_kung_fu" title="Dog kung fu">Dog-style kung fu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Five_Ancestors" title="Five Ancestors">Five Ancestors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Praying_Mantis_(martial_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Praying Mantis (martial art)">Southern Praying Mantis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hak_Fu_Mun" title="Hak Fu Mun">Hak Fu Mun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bak_Mei" title="Bak Mei">Bak Mei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dragon_kung_fu" title="Southern Dragon kung fu">Dragon-style</a>. There are sub-divisions to Southern styles due to their similar characteristics and common heritage. For example, the Fujian martial arts can be considered to be one such sub-division. This groups share the following characteristics that "during fights, pugilists of these systems prefer short steps and close fighting, with their arms placed close to the chest, their elbows lowered and kept close to the flanks to offer them protection".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanquan became a separate and distinct component of the current <a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a> training. It was designed to incorporate the key elements of each major Southern style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_geographical_classifications">Other geographical classifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other geographical classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese martial arts can also be identified by the regional landmarks, province, city or even village. Generally, this identification indicates the region of origin but could also describe the place where the style has established a reputation. Well-known landmarks used to characterize Chinese martial arts include the famous mountains of China. The Eight Great Schools of Martial Arts, a grouping of martial arts schools used in many <i>wuxia</i> novels, is based on this type of geographical classifications. This group of schools includes: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hua" title="Mount Hua">Mount Hua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Emei" title="Mount Emei">Mount Emei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kongtong_Mountains" title="Kongtong Mountains">Kongtong Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cang_Mountain" title="Cang Mountain">Cang Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Qingcheng" title="Mount Qingcheng">Mount Qingcheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Song" title="Mount Song">Mount Song</a> Shaolin. Historically, there were 18 provinces in China. Each province has its own styles of martial arts. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a>, there are currently three main branches: <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>. Each branch has unique characteristics but they can all be traced to the original art developed by Li Luoneng and the Dai family. A particular style can also be identified by the city where the art was practised. For example, in the North, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> have created different martial arts branches for many styles. Similarly, in the South, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Quandong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a> all represented centers of martial arts development. Older martial art styles can be described by their village affiliation. For example, <a href="/wiki/Zhaobao_tai_chi" title="Zhaobao tai chi">Zhaobao tai chi</a> is a branch of Chen-style tai chi originating from Zhaobao village. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_and_internal_classifications">External and internal classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External and internal classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinction between external and internal (外内) martial arts comes from <a href="/wiki/Huang_Zongxi" title="Huang Zongxi">Huang Zongxi</a>'s 1669 <i>Epitaph for Wang Zhengnan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanley Henning proposes that the <i>Epitaph'</i>s identification of the internal martial arts with the <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> indigenous to China and its identification of the external martial arts with the foreign <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin</a>—and the <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> to which Huang Zongxi was opposed—may have been an act of political defiance rather than one of technical classification.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy and Guo suggests that external and internal classifications only became popular during the Republican period. It was used to differentiate between two competing groups within The Central Guoshu Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-BrianKennedy_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrianKennedy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the origin of this classification scheme, the distinction becomes less meaningful since all complete Chinese martial art styles have external and internal components. This classification scheme is only a reminder of the initial emphasis of a particular style and should not be considered an absolute division. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_styles">External styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>External style (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">外家</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wài jiā</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'external family') are often associated with Chinese martial arts. They are characterized by fast and explosive movements and a focus on physical strength and agility. External styles includes both the traditional styles focusing on application and fighting, as well as the modern styles adapted for competition and exercise. Examples of external styles are <a href="/wiki/Shaolinquan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolinquan">Shaolinquan</a>, with its direct explosive attacks and many Wushu forms that have spectacular aerial techniques. External styles begin with a training focus on muscular power, speed and application, and generally integrate their <a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">qigong</a> aspects in advanced training, after their desired "hard" physical level has been reached. Most Chinese martial art styles are classified as external styles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_styles">Internal styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internal styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG/300px-Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG/450px-Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG/600px-Martial_arts_-_Fragrant_Hills.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a>, the best-known internal style of Chinese martial arts, being practiced at the <a href="/wiki/Fragrant_Hills" title="Fragrant Hills">Fragrant Hills</a> Park, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neijia" title="Neijia">Neijia</a></div> <p>Internal styles (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">内家</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Nèi jiā</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'internal family') focus on the practice of such elements as awareness of the spirit, mind, qi (breath, or energy flow) and the use of relaxed leverage rather than muscular tension, which soft stylists call "brute force".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the principles that distinguish internal styles from the external were described at least as early as the 18th century by Chang Nai-chou,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the modern terms distinguishing external and internal styles were first recorded by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Lutang" title="Sun Lutang">Sun Lutang</a>; who wrote that <a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">tai chi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a> were internal arts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, others began to include their style under this definition; for example, <a href="/wiki/Liuhebafa" title="Liuhebafa">Liuhebafa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziranmen" title="Ziranmen">Ziranmen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yiquan" title="Yiquan">Yiquan</a>. </p><p>Components of internal training includes stance training (<i><a href="/wiki/Zhan_zhuang" title="Zhan zhuang">zhan zhuang</a></i>), stretching and strengthening of muscles, as well as on empty hand and weapon forms which can contain quite demanding coordination from posture to posture.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many internal styles have basic two-person training, such as <a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">pushing hands</a>. A prominent characteristic of internal styles is that the forms are generally performed at a slow pace. This is thought to improve coordination and balance by increasing the work load, and to require the student to pay minute attention to their whole body and its weight as they perform a technique. In some styles, for example in the <a href="/wiki/Chen-style_tai_chi" title="Chen-style tai chi">Chen style of tai chi</a>, there are forms that include sudden outbursts of explosive movements. At an advanced level, and in actual fighting, internal styles are performed quickly, but the goal is to learn to involve the entire body in every motion, to stay relaxed, with deep, controlled breathing, and to coordinate the motions of the body and the breathing accurately according to the dictates of the forms while maintaining perfect balance. Internal styles have been associated in legend and in much popular fiction with the <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Wudangshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wudangshan">Wudangshan</a> in central China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_classifications">Religious classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese martial arts being an important component of Chinese culture are also influence by the various <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">religions in China</a>. Many styles were founded by groups that were influenced by one of the three great philosophical influences of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_styles">Buddhist styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Buddhist styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhist</a> styles include Chinese martial arts that originated or practised within Chinese Buddhist temples and later spread to laity community. These styles often include <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditation</a>, imagery and principles. The most famous of these are the Shaolin (and related) styles, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Shaolinquan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolinquan">Shaolinquan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choy_Li_Fut" title="Choy Li Fut">Choy Li Fut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fut_Gar" title="Fut Gar">Fut Gar</a>, Luohanquan, <a href="/wiki/Hung_Gar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hung Gar">Hung Gar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a>, Dragon style and <a href="/wiki/Fujian_White_Crane" title="Fujian White Crane">White Crane</a>. and recently a contemporary style called wuxingheqidao. One common theme for this group is the association with <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shaolin_kung_fu">Shaolin kung fu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shaolin kung fu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></div> <p>The term "Shaolin" is used to refer to those styles that trace their origins to Shaolin, be it the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Henan Province">Henan Province</a>, another temple associated with Shaolin such as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Shaolin_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Shaolin Temple">Southern Shaolin Temple</a> in Fujian Province, or even wandering Shaolin monks. More restrictive definitions include only those styles that were conceived on temple grounds or even just the original Henan temple proper. The broadest definition includes just about all external Chinese martial arts, though this has much to do with the attractiveness of the Shaolin "<a href="/wiki/Brand_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand name">brand name</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoist_styles">Taoist styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Taoist styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> styles are popularly associated with Taoism. They include Chinese martial arts that were created or trained mostly within Taoist Temples or by Taoist ascetics, which often later spread out to laymen. These styles include those trained in the <a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a>, and often include <a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Taoist philosophy</a>, principles and imagery. Some of these arts include <a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liuhebafa" title="Liuhebafa">Liuhebafa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bak_Mei" title="Bak Mei">Bak Mei kung fu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_styles">Islamic styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Islamic styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islamic</a> styles are those that were practiced traditionally solely or mainly by the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> minority in China. These styles often include Islamic principles or imagery. Example of these styles include: <a href="/wiki/Chaquan" title="Chaquan">Chaquan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tan_Tui" title="Tan Tui">Tan Tui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bajiquan" title="Bajiquan">Bajiquan</a>, some branches of <a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a> and (<span lang="zh">七士拳</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qīshìquán</span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_classifications">Historical classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historical classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imitative-styles">Imitative-styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Imitative-styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Imitative-styles are styles that were developed based on the characteristics of a particular creature such as a bird or an insect. Entire systems of fighting were developed based on the observations of their movement, fighting abilities and spirit. Examples of the most well-known styles are white crane, tiger, monkey (Houquan), dog and mantis. In some systems, a variety of animals are used to represent the style of the system; for instance, there are twelve animals in most Xing yi practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legendary_and_historical_styles">Legendary and historical styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legendary and historical styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Chinese martial arts styles are based or named after legends or historical figures. Examples of such styles based on legends and myths are the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragon_kung_fu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dragon kung fu (page does not exist)">Dragon styles</a>. Example of styles attributed to historical figures include <a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a> and its relationship to <a href="/wiki/Yue_Fei" title="Yue Fei">Yue Fei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">tai chi</a> which trace its origins to a Taoist <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Sanfeng" title="Zhang Sanfeng">Zhang Sanfeng</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_styles">Family styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Family styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Family affiliations are also an important means of identifying a Chinese martial arts system. Heavily influenced by the Confucian tradition, many styles are named in honor of the founder of the system. The five family (Choi, Hung, Lau, Lei, Mok) of Southern Chinese martial arts are representative of family styles. Family styles can also denote branches of a system. For example, the families of Chen, Yang, Wu and Sun represent different training approaches to the art of Tai Chi Chuan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_main_style_of_application/attack"><span id="By_main_style_of_application.2Fattack"></span>By main style of application/attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: By main style of application/attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another popular method to describe a particular style of Chinese martial arts is to describe the style's emphasis in terms of the four major applications. The four major applications are: kicking (踢), hitting (打), wrestling (摔) and grabbing (<a href="/wiki/Chin_na" class="mw-redirect" title="Chin na">Chin na</a>). A complete system will necessary include all four types of applications but each style will differ in their training focus. For example, most Northern styles are said to emphasize kicking, Southern styles have a reputation for their intricate hand techniques, <a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a> practitioners train predominately in full-body close-range techniques, <a href="/wiki/Eagle_claw" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle claw">Eagle claw</a> fighters are noted for their grabbing expertise, and <a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a> focusses on hitting (with the hands/elbows). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_styles">Other styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The variety of classification schemes, like the subject of Chinese martial arts, are endless. Some styles are named after well-known Chinese philosophies. For example, Baguazhang is based on the Taoist philosophy of the eight trigrams (Bagua). Some styles are named after the key insight suggested by the training. For example, <a href="/wiki/Liuhebafa" title="Liuhebafa">liuhebafa</a> is a system based on the ideas of six combinations and eight methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Portal:Martial arts">martial arts portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_styles_and_technique" title="Boxing styles and technique">Boxing styles and technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_karate_styles" title="Comparison of karate styles">Comparison of karate styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_kobud%C5%8D_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of kobudō styles">Comparison of kobudō styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">Hybrid martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styles_of_wrestling" title="Styles of wrestling">Styles of wrestling</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lorge-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lorge_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLorge2012" class="citation book cs1">Lorge, Peter (2012). <i>Chinese Martial Arts From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521878814" title="Special:BookSources/9780521878814"><bdi>9780521878814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Martial+Arts+From+Antiquity+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780521878814&rft.aulast=Lorge&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyles+of+Chinese+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrianKennedy-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BrianKennedy_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BrianKennedy_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Kennedy and Elizabeth Guo (2005), Chinese Martial Arts Training Manuals: A Historical Survey, CA: North Atlantic Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55643-557-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55643-557-6">1-55643-557-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuo1920" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fuo, Hsi Fen (郭希汾) (1920). <bdi lang="zh">《中國體育史》</bdi> [<i>Chinese China Sports History</i>] (in Chinese). Shanghai: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Press" title="Commercial Press">Commercial Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=Commercial+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Fuo&rft.aufirst=Hsi+Fen+%28%E9%83%AD%E5%B8%8C%E6%B1%BE%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyles+of+Chinese+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-80569-179-7" title="Special:BookSources/7-80569-179-7">7-80569-179-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donn F. Draeger, Robert W. Smith (1981), Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts, Oxford University Press (USA), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870114366" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870114366">978-0870114366</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jwing Ming Yang and Jeffery A. Bolt (1981), Shaolin Long Fist Kung Fu, Unique Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86568-020-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86568-020-5">0-86568-020-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Klingborg (1999), The Secrets of Northern Shaolin Kung-Fu, Tuttle Pub, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-3164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-3164-5">0-8048-3164-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffery A. Bolt and Jwing-Ming Yang (2000), Northern Shaolin Sword: Form, Techniques & Applications, YMAA Publication Center, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886969-85-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-886969-85-X">1-886969-85-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanly E. Henning (2000), "Chinese Influences on Korean Martial Arts" in Martial arts of the world: an encyclopedia, edited by Thomas A. Green, Published by ABC-CLIO, 2001, page 299, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886969-85-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-886969-85-X">1-886969-85-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick McCarthy (1999), Ancient Okinawan Martial Arts, Tuttle Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-3147-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-3147-5">0-8048-3147-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bucksam Kong and Eugene H. Ho (1973), Hung Gar Kung Fu, Black Belt Communications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89750-038-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89750-038-5">0-89750-038-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leung Ting (1978). Wing Tsun Kuen. Hong Kong: Leung's Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-7284-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/962-7284-01-7">962-7284-01-7</a>, 1978, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahar,_Meir2001" class="citation journal cs1">Shahar, Meir (December 2001). "Ming-Period Evidence of Shaolin Martial Practice". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>61</b> (2). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 359–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3558572">10.2307/3558572</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3558572">3558572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Ming-Period+Evidence+of+Shaolin+Martial+Practice&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=359-413&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3558572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3558572%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Shahar%2C+Meir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyles+of+Chinese+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenning,_Stanley1994" class="citation journal cs1">Henning, Stanley (Autumn–Winter 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328172713/http://seinenkai.com/articles/henning/il&t.pdf">"Ignorance, Legend and Taijiquan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Chenstyle Taijiquan Research Association of Hawaii</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 1–7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seinenkai.com/articles/henning/il&t.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chenstyle+Taijiquan+Research+Association+of+Hawaii&rft.atitle=Ignorance%2C+Legend+and+Taijiquan&rft.chron=fall%E2%80%93winter&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Henning%2C+Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseinenkai.com%2Farticles%2Fhenning%2Fil%26t.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStyles+of+Chinese+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. K. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Kumar_Frantzis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Kumar Frantzis">Frantzis</a> (1998), The Power of Internal Martial Arts: Combat Secrets of Ba Gua, Tai Chi, and Hsing-I, North Atlantic Books, CA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-253-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-253-8">978-1-55643-253-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marnix Wells, Chang Naizhou, Xu Zhen (2005), Scholar Boxer: Cháng Nâizhou's Theory of Internal Martial Arts and the Evolution of Taijiquan, North Atlantic Books (CA), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1556434820" title="Special:BookSources/1556434820">1556434820</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sun Lu Tang (192?), Master Sun Lu Tang's Martial Arts Concepts, in Chinese republished in 2004, Hong Kong, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5009-1997-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5009-1997-1">978-7-5009-1997-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lu Shengli, Zhang Yun (2006), Combat Techniques of Taiji, Xingyi, and Bagua: Principles and Practices of Internal Martial Arts, Blue Snake Books/Frog, Ltd., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58394-145-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58394-145-2">1-58394-145-2</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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