Definition of academic misconduct | Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" dir="ltr" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" class="no-js"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/themes/cambridge_theme/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/profiles/cambridge/themes/cambridge_theme/apple-touch-icon.png" type="image/png" /> <meta name="description" content="Last updated: 7 September 2023 (links only) The following definition takes effect from 1 October 2019, and replaces the previous “University Statement on Plagiarism”. Any documentation or handbooks referencing this Statement should be taken to refer to the definition below." /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/definition" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/node/3" /> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Definition of academic misconduct" /> <meta name="dcterms.creator" content="Melissa Rielly" /> <meta name="dcterms.description" content="Last updated: 7 September 2023 (links only) The following definition takes effect from 1 October 2019, and replaces the previous “University Statement on Plagiarism”. Any documentation or handbooks referencing this Statement should be taken to refer to the definition below." /> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2015-10-27T16:07+00:00" /> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="Text" /> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/definition" /> <title>Definition of academic misconduct | Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_xE-rWrJf-fncB6ztZfd2huxqgxu4WO-qwma6Xer30m4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_bmSLD7wcKd9RTUy4DKKDFVk66Ykeqe5rL2CsBN5ShHs.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_Mj8uPf2g-wj5Jx3AbgtZ9BFWRBjkaINFc67ZY4kmgsg.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/css/css_G3Te6dIEbtuO19wnkj7ydAind54aEZd4ffloVdCY1vA.css" media="all" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//use.typekit.com/hyb5bko.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">try { Typekit.load(); } catch (e) { }</script> <script type="text/javascript">document.documentElement.className += " js";</script> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-3 node-type-page campl-theme-3" >    <a href="#page-content" class="campl-skipTo">skip to content</a> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5S8CM74" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div class="campl-row campl-global-header"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-header-container campl-column8" id="global-header-controls"> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk" class="campl-main-logo"> <img alt="University of Cambridge" src="/profiles/cambridge/themes/cambridge_theme/images/interface/main-logo-small.png"/> </a> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-horizontal-navigation campl-global-navigation clearfix"> <li> <a href="#study-with-us">Study at Cambridge</a> </li> <li> <a href="#about-the-university">About the University</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research?ucam-ref=global-header" class="campl-no-drawer">Research at Cambridge</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="campl-column2"> <div class="campl-quicklinks"> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column2"> <div class="campl-site-search" id="site-search-btn"> <label for="header-search" class="hidden">Search site</label> <div class="campl-search-input"> <form action="https://search.cam.ac.uk/web" method="get"> <input id="header-search" type="text" title="Search" name="query" value="" placeholder="Search"/> <input type="image" alt="Search" class="campl-search-submit" src="/profiles/cambridge/themes/cambridge_theme/images/interface/btn-search-header.png"/> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-global-header campl-search-drawer"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <form class="campl-site-search-form" id="site-search-container" action="https://search.cam.ac.uk/web" method="get"> <div class="campl-search-form-wrapper clearfix"> <input type="text" class="text" title="Search" name="query" value="" placeholder="Search"/> <input type="image" alt="Search" class="campl-search-submit" src="/profiles/cambridge/themes/cambridge_theme/images/interface/btn-search.png"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-global-navigation-drawer"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-column12 campl-home-link-container"> <a href="">Home</a> </div> </div> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-column12 campl-global-navigation-mobile-list campl-global-navigation-list"> <div class="campl-global-navigation-outer clearfix" id="study-with-us"> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-global-navigation-header-container "> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge?ucam-ref=global-header">Study at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> <div class="campl-column4"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list campl-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"> <li> <a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header">Undergraduate</a> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-tertiary campl-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/courses?ucam-ref=global-header">Undergraduate courses</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/applying?ucam-ref=global-header">Applying</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/events?ucam-ref=global-header">Events and open days</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/finance?ucam-ref=global-header">Fees and finance</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="campl-column4"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list campl-global-navigation-secondary-with-children"> <li> <a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header">Postgraduate</a> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-tertiary campl-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/courses?ucam-ref=global-header">Postgraduate courses</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/application-process/how-do-i-apply?ucam-ref=global-header">How to apply</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/events?ucam-ref=global-header">Postgraduate events</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/funding?ucam-ref=global-header">Fees and funding</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="campl-column4"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list last"> <li> <a href="https://www.internationalstudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header">International students</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header">Continuing education</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.epe.admin.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header">Executive and professional education</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header">Courses in education</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="campl-global-navigation-outer clearfix" id="about-the-university"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-header-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university?ucam-ref=global-header">About the University</a></li> </ul> <div class="campl-column4"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work?ucam-ref=global-header">How the University and Colleges work</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/term-dates-and-calendars?ucam-ref=global-header">Term dates and calendars</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/history?ucam-ref=global-header">History</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://map.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header">Map</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/visiting-the-university?ucam-ref=global-header">Visiting the University</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="campl-column4"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/annual-reports?ucam-ref=global-header">Annual reports</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.equality.admin.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header">Equality and diversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/news?ucam-ref=global-header">News</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/a-global-university?ucam-ref=global-header">A global university</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="campl-column4"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/whatson/?ucam-ref=global-header">Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/public-engagement?ucam-ref=global-header">Public engagement</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jobs.cam.ac.uk/">Jobs</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-header">Give to Cambridge</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="campl-global-navigation-outer clearfix" id="our-research"> <ul class="campl-global-navigation-header-container campl-unstyled-list"> <li><a href="">Research at Cambridge</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-quicklinks-list campl-global-navigation-container "> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/for-staff?ucam-ref=global-quick-links">For staff</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links">For Cambridge students</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links">For alumni</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.research-operations.admin.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links">For our researchers</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/business-and-enterprise?ucam-ref=global-quick-links">Business and enterprise</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/colleges-and-departments?ucam-ref=global-quick-links">Colleges & departments</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/email-and-phone-search?ucam-ref=global-quick-links">Email & phone search</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links">Give to Cambridge</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.libraries.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links">Libraries</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.museums.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-quick-links">Museums & collections</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-page-header campl-section-page"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-column12"> <div class="campl-content-container "> <div class="campl-breadcrumb" id="breadcrumb"><ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-horizontal-navigation clearfix"><li class="first-child"><a href="/" class="campl-home ir">Home</a></li><li><a href="/what-academic-misconduct">What is academic misconduct?</a></li></ul></div> <p class="campl-page-title"> Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-page-header"> <div class="campl-wrap"> <div class="region region-horizontal-navigation"> <div id="block-menu-block-1" class="block block-menu-block"> <div> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix campl-local-navigation"><div class="campl-local-navigation-container"><ul class="campl-unstyled-list"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-717"><a href="/home">Home</a></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-655"><a href="/what-academic-misconduct" class="active-trail campl-selected">What is academic misconduct?</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-655"><a href="/what-academic-misconduct" class="active-trail">What is academic misconduct? overview</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-653 campl-current-page"><a href="/definition" title="The University's definition of plagiarism" class="active-trail active">Definition of academic misconduct</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-656"><a href="/what-academic-misconduct/why-does-academic-integrity-matter">Why does academic integrity matter?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-654"><a href="/what-academic-misconduct/students-responsibilities">Students' responsibilities</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-659"><a href="/what-academic-misconduct/collusion" title="The University's definition of collusion with another student, and guidance on proofreading.">Collusion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1012"><a href="/what-academic-misconduct/plagiarism-faqs">Plagiarism FAQs</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-20122"><a href="/what-academic-misconduct/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-658"><a href="/resources-and-support" title="Where to find more information and guidance about plagiarism and how to avoid it.">Resources and support</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-658"><a href="/resources-and-support" title="Where to find more information and guidance about plagiarism and how to avoid it.">Resources and support overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-891"><a href="/resources-and-support/referencing">Referencing</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-891"><a href="/resources-and-support/referencing">Referencing overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-892"><a href="/resources-and-support/referencing/referencing-conventions">Referencing conventions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-901"><a href="/resources-and-support/referencing/faculty-and-department-guidance">Faculty and Department guidance</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-893"><a href="/resources-and-support/referencing/when-cite">When to cite</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-890"><a href="/resources-and-support/resources">Resources</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-889"><a href="/resources-and-support/sources-support">Sources of support</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-895"><a href="/resources-and-support/study-skills">Study skills</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-895"><a href="/resources-and-support/study-skills">Study skills overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-894"><a href="/resources-and-support/study-skills/time-management">Time management</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-896"><a href="/resources-and-support/study-skills/reading">Reading</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-897"><a href="/resources-and-support/study-skills/note-taking">Note-taking</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-898"><a href="/resources-and-support/study-skills/research-library-and-it-skills">Research, library and IT skills</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-16592"><a href="/investigating">Investigating academic misconduct</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-16592"><a href="/investigating">Investigating academic misconduct overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-16602"><a href="/investigating/staff-guidance">Staff guidance</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-16612"><a href="/investigating/forms-misconduct">Forms of Academic Misconduct</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-16532"><a href="/investigating/turnitin">Turnitin</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-16532"><a href="/investigating/turnitin">Turnitin overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-16582"><a href="/investigating/turnitin/turnitin-policy">Turnitin Policy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-16572"><a href="/investigating/turnitin/staff">Turnitin information for staff</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-16552"><a href="/investigating/turnitin/students">Turnitin information for students</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-16552"><a href="/investigating/turnitin/students">Turnitin information for students overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-16562"><a href="/investigating/turnitin/students/faqs">Turnitin FAQs (students)</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-page-header"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix campl-page-sub-title campl-recessed-sub-title"> <div class="campl-column3 campl-spacing-column">   </div> <div class="campl-column9"> <div class="campl-content-container clearfix contextual-links-region"> <h1 class="campl-sub-title">Definition of academic misconduct </h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-content campl-recessed-content"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-column3"> <div class="campl-tertiary-navigation"> <div class="region region-left-navigation"> <div id="block-menu-block-2" class="block block-menu-block"> <div> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-2 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <div class="campl-tertiary-navigation-structure"><ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-vertical-breadcrumb"><li class="leaf menu-mlid-717"><a href="/home">Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct<span class="campl-vertical-breadcrumb-indicator"></span></a></li></ul><ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-vertical-breadcrumb-navigation"><li class="first expanded active-trail menu-mlid-655"><a href="/what-academic-misconduct" class="active-trail active-trail">What is academic misconduct?</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-vertical-breadcrumb-children"><li class="first leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-653 campl-selected"><a href="/definition" title="The University's definition of plagiarism" class="active-trail active-trail active">Definition of academic misconduct</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-656"><a href="/what-academic-misconduct/why-does-academic-integrity-matter">Why does academic integrity matter?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-654"><a href="/what-academic-misconduct/students-responsibilities">Students' responsibilities</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-659"><a href="/what-academic-misconduct/collusion" title="The University's definition of collusion with another student, and guidance on proofreading.">Collusion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1012"><a href="/what-academic-misconduct/plagiarism-faqs">Plagiarism FAQs</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-20122"><a href="/what-academic-misconduct/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-658"><a href="/resources-and-support" title="Where to find more information and guidance about plagiarism and how to avoid it.">Resources and support</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-16592"><a href="/investigating">Investigating academic misconduct</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column9 campl-main-content" id="page-content"> <div class=""> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"> <div> <div id="node-3" class="node node-page clearfix" about="/definition" typeof="foaf:Document"> <span property="dc:title" content="Definition of academic misconduct" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> <div class="content campl-content-container"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p><em>Last updated: 7 September 2023 (links only)</em></p> <p><span style="color:#4B0082;"><em>The following definition takes effect from 1 October 2019, and replaces the previous “University Statement on Plagiarism”. Any documentation or handbooks referencing this Statement should be taken to refer to the definition below.</em></span></p> <p> </p> <p>With effect from 1 October 2019, the University has outlined Rules of Behaviour for both current and former registered students (<a href="https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/pdfs/2022/ordinance02.pdf">Statutes and Ordinances 2022, Chapter II, Section 18; p.195</a>). All registered students and formerly registered students are responsible for following the Rules of Behaviour. Not knowing or forgetting about the rules or their consequences is not a justification for not following them. These Rules include a definition of academic misconduct, which is replicated below:</p> <p>‘Academic misconduct’ is gaining or attempting to gain, or helping others to gain or attempt to gain, an unfair academic advantage in formal University assessment, or any activity likely to undermine the integrity essential to scholarship and research. It includes being in possession of unauthorised materials or electronic devices during an examination, including recording or communication devices or devices that can store data, even where the Registered Student is unaware that such materials or devices are unauthorised, has no intention of using them, or is unaware that they have them in their possession. Academic misconduct also includes:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Plagiarism</strong>: using someone else’s ideas, words, data, or other material produced by them without acknowledgement;</li> <li><strong>Self-plagiarism</strong>: using the Registered Student’s own ideas, words, data or other material produced by them and submitted for formal assessment at this University or another institution, or for publication elsewhere, without acknowledgement, unless expressly permitted by the assessment;</li> <li><strong>Contract cheating</strong>: contracting a third party to provide work, which is then used or submitted as part of a formal assessment as though it is the Registered Student’s own work;</li> <li><strong>Collusion</strong>: working with others and using the ideas or words of this joint work without acknowledgment, as though it is the Registered Student’s own work, or allowing others to use the ideas or words of joint work without acknowledgment;</li> <li><strong>Impersonating someone or being impersonated</strong> in an examination or arranging for someone to impersonate someone else by sitting their examination;</li> <li><strong>Fabrication, falsification or misrepresentation</strong> of data, results or other outputs or aspects of research, including documentation and participant consent, or presenting or recording such data, etc, as if they were real; or</li> <li><strong>Failure to meet legal, ethical and professional obligations</strong> in carrying out research. This includes failure to follow agreed protocol if this failure results in unreasonable risk or harm to humans, other sentient beings or the environment, and facilitating of misconduct in research by collusion in, or concealment of, such actions by others. It includes any plan or conspiracy to attempt to do any of these things.</li> </ul> <p>Breaches of academic misconduct will be taken forward under the Student Discipline Procedure. Full information on the Student Discipline Procedure is available from the Office of Student Conduct, Complaints, and Appeals (OSCCA):</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.studentcomplaints.admin.cam.ac.uk/">visit the OSCCA website</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.studentcomplaints.admin.cam.ac.uk/student-discipline">review OSCCA information on student discipline</a></li> </ul> <p> </p> <h2>Discipline Regulation 7</h2> <p>No member of the University shall assist a candidate in any form of academic misconduct against the Rules of Behaviour for Registered Students and Formerly Registered Students. (<a href="https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/pdfs/2022/ordinance02.pdf">Statutes and Ordinances 2022, Chapter II, Section 18; p.195</a>).</p> <p> </p> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-global-footer"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-footer-logo"> <img alt="University of Cambridge" src="/profiles/cambridge/themes/cambridge_theme/images/interface/main-logo-small.png" class="campl-scale-with-grid"/> <p>© 2025 University of Cambridge</p> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-global-footer-links"> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/contact-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer">Contact the University</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-this-site/accessibility?ucam-ref=global-footer">Accessibility</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.information-compliance.admin.cam.ac.uk/foi?ucam-ref=global-footer">Freedom of information</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-this-site/privacy-policy?ucam-ref=global-footer">Privacy policy and cookies</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.registrarysoffice.admin.cam.ac.uk/governance-and-strategy/anti-slavery-and-anti-trafficking?ucam-ref=global-footer">Statement on Modern Slavery</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-this-site/terms-and-conditions?ucam-ref=global-footer">Terms and conditions</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/university-a-z?ucam-ref=global-footer">University A-Z</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <div class="link-list"> <h3><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/study-at-cambridge?ucam-ref=global-footer">Study at Cambridge</a></h3> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-page-children"> <li> <a href="https://www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer">Undergraduate</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.postgraduate.study.cam.ac.uk?ucam-ref=global-footer">Postgraduate</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ice.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer">Continuing education</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.epe.admin.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer">Executive and professional education</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer">Courses in education</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <h3><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer">About the University</a></h3> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-page-children"> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/how-the-university-and-colleges-work?ucam-ref=global-footer">How the University and Colleges work</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.philanthropy.cam.ac.uk/give-now?ucam-ref=global-footer">Give to Cambridge</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.jobs.cam.ac.uk">Jobs</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://map.cam.ac.uk/?ucam-ref=global-footer">Map</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/about-the-university/visiting-the-university?ucam-ref=global-footer">Visiting the University</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation last"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <h3><a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research?ucam-ref=global-footer">Research at Cambridge</a></h3> <ul class="campl-unstyled-list campl-page-children"> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news?ucam-ref=global-footer">Research news</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/research-at-cambridge?ucam-ref=global-footer">About research at Cambridge</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/public-engagement?ucam-ref=global-footer">Public engagement</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/spotlight-on?ucam-ref=global-footer">Spotlight on...</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/js/js_zOtZRp4z_bq2kg67wJCPS7aOk-LI5fG9tnC3BiwI0eQ.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/js/js_XV6WEdeo7Mw2eBbRVW_6exH4lRdBoD0NtZz7qS3yJYo.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/js/js_otIGU3p2tmUTVRsTJhZYG_EzOT3aYBC_7sXF343boSc.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/js/js_waP91NpgGpectm_6Y2XDEauLJ8WCSCBKmmA87unpp2E.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-85201178-1"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.plagiarism.admin.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/js/js_hQmvjWkSvVwHzs0T3J3hLAECzhAgd20GIxrkuwTotzA.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script>  </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Definition of academic misconduct | Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct