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D. Jatti]] as acting president 6 months.|group=Note}} | vicepresident = [[B. D. Jatti]] | term_start = {{Start date|1977|03|24|df=yes}} | term_end = {{End date|1979|07|28|df=yes}} | predecessor = [[Indira Gandhi]] | successor = [[Charan Singh]] | deputy = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Charan Singh]] (24 January 1979 to 16 July 1979)|[[Jagjivan Ram]]}} (from 24 January 1979) | office2 = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] | term_start2 = {{Start date|1978|07|01|df=yes}} | term_end2 = {{End date|1979|01|24|df=yes}} | predecessor2 = [[Charan Singh]] | successor2 = [[Hirubhai M. Patel]] | office4 = 2nd [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]] | primeminister4 = [[Indira Gandhi]] | term_start4 = {{Start date|1967|03|13|df=yes}} | term_end4 = {{End date|1969|07|16|df=yes}} | predecessor4 = [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] | successor4 = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Charan Singh]]|[[Jagjivan Ram]]}} | office5 = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] | primeminister5 = [[Indira Gandhi]] | term_start5 = {{Start date|1967|03|13|df=yes}} | term_end5 = {{End date|1969|07|16|df=yes}} | predecessor5 = [[Sachindra Chaudhuri]] | successor5 = [[Indira Gandhi]] | primeminister6 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] | term_start6 = {{Start date|1958|03|13|df=yes}} | term_end6 = {{End date|1963|08|29|df=yes}} | predecessor6 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] | successor6 = [[T. T. Krishnamachari]] | office7 = 2nd [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Bombay State]] | term_start7 = {{Start date|1952|04|21|df=yes}} | term_end7 = {{End date|1956|10|31|df=yes}} | predecessor7 = [[B. G. Kher]] | successor7 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] | office8 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] | term_start8 = {{Start date|1957||}} | term_end8 = {{End date|1980||}} | constituency8 = [[Surat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surat]], [[Gujarat]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1896|02|29|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Valsad district|Bhadeli]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> (present-day [[Valsad]], [[Gujarat]], India) | death_date = {{death date and age|1995|04|10|1896|02|29|df=y}} | death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br/>(present-day Mumbai) | party = [[Janata Party]]<br />(1977-1988) | otherparty = {{ubl|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />(1934–1969)|[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]<br />(1969–1977)|[[Janata Dal]]<br />(1988–1995)}} | alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]] | profession = {{hlist|Activist|politician}} | spouse = {{married|Gujraben Desai|1911|25 October 1981|end=died}} | signature = Morarji Desai signature.svg | awards = [[Bharat Ratna]] (1991)<br />[[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] (1990) | children = 5 }} '''Morarji Ranchhodji Desai'''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Desai,+Morarji+Ranchhodji |title=Desai, Morarji Ranchhodji |last=The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia |author-link=The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia |work=TheFreeDictionary.com |access-date=8 September 2018 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]}}</ref> (29 February 1896 – 10 April 1995)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fugDAAAAMBAJ&q=Morarji+Desai+29+feb+1896&pg=PT88 |title=Pratiyogita Darpan |first=Pratiyogita |last=Darpan |date=1 December 2006 |publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan |via=Google Books}}</ref> was an [[Indian independence activist]] and politician who served as the [[Prime Minister of India]] between 1977 and 1979 leading the [[Premiership of Morarji Desai|government formed by the Janata Party]]. During his long career in politics, he held many important posts in government such as [[Chief Minister]] of [[Bombay State]], [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]], [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] and 2nd [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]]. Following the death of Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], Desai was a strong contender for the position of Prime Minister, only to be defeated by [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1966. He was appointed as [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] and [[Deputy Prime Minister of India|Deputy Prime Minister]] in Indira Gandhi's cabinet, until 1969. When Indian National Congress split in 1969 he became a part of the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|INC (O)]]. After the [[The Emergency (India)|controversial emergency]] was lifted in 1977, the political parties of the opposition fought together against the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] (I), under the umbrella of the [[Janata Party]], and won the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 election]]. Desai was elected prime minister, and became the first non-Congress prime minister of India. Desai was the second and the last prime minister to have been born in the nineteenth century. On the international scene, Desai holds international fame for his [[Peace activist|peace activism]] and created efforts to initiate peace between India and rival [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhary |first1=Ratnadeep |title=Morarji Desai, the prime minister for whom time in PMO was 'tougher than prison' |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/morarji-desai-the-prime-minister-for-whom-time-in-pmo-was-tougher-than-prison/218716/ |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=ThePrint |date=10 April 2019}}</ref> After India's first [[Smiling Buddha|nuclear test in 1974]], Desai helped restore friendly [[China–India relations|relations with China]] and Pakistan, and vowed to avoid armed conflict such as the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]. He was honoured with the highest civilian award of Pakistan, the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] on 19 May 1990. He is the oldest person to hold the office of prime minister, at the age of 81, in the history of Indian politics.<ref>{{cite book|title=Limca Book of Records 1991|year=1991|publisher=Bisleri Beverages Ltd.|isbn=81-900115-1-0|location=Bombay|page=40}}</ref> He subsequently retired from all political posts, but continued to campaign for the Janata Party in [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]. He was conferred with India's highest civilian honour, the [[Bharat Ratna]]. He died at the age of 99 in 1995. == Early life == ===Birth=== Morarji Desai was born into a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Anavil Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarati Prime Ministers Morarji Desai & Narendra Modi share similarities|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gujarati-prime-ministers-morarji-desai-narendra-modi-share-similarities/articleshow/35612370.cms|first=DP|last=Bhattacharya|date=26 May 2014|access-date=23 March 2018|location=[[Gandhinagar]]|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in British Imperial History: Essays in Honour of A.P. Thornton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgKxCwAAQBAJ|first1=Gordon|last1=Martel|first2=Wayne|last2=Lavender|publisher=Springer|date=16 June 1986|page=204|isbn=978-1349182442}}</ref> His father's name was Ranchhodji Nagarji Desai and his mother's name was Vajiaben Desai. He was born in Bhadeli village, [[Valsad district|Bulsar district]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Valsad district, Gujarat]], India) on 29 February 1896, the eldest of eight children. His father was a school teacher.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html|title=Obituary: Morarji Desai|author=Kuldip Singh|work=[[The Independent]]|date=10 April 1995|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> ===School education and early career=== Desai underwent his primary schooling in The Kundla School (now called J.V. Modi school), [[Savarkundla]] and later joined Bai Ava Bai High School, [[Valsad]]. Desai resigned as deputy collector of [[Kaira]] in May 1930 after being found guilty of going soft on Hindus during the [[Godhra]] riots of 1927–28 there. In his letter to the Collector, Morarji stated that his resignation was a protest against the censure passed on him by Government for his conduct as Sub-Divisional Magistrate during the communal riots in Godhra in September 1928, and the intimation conveyed to him that Government considered his offence to be a serious one and one that should ordinarily entail dismissal from service.<ref name="ET-2013-06-10">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/can-narendra-modi-follow-in-morarji-desais-footsteps/articleshow/20517337.cms |title=Can Narendra Modi follow in Morarji Desai's footsteps? |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 June 2013|access-date=10 June 2013 |author=Ajay Umat & Harit Mehta}}</ref> ===Freedom fighter=== Desai then joined the freedom struggle under [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and joined the [[civil disobedience]] movement against [[British Raj|British]] rule in India. He spent many years in jail during the [[Indian independence movement|freedom struggle]] and owing to his sharp leadership skills and tough spirit, he became a favourite among freedom-fighters and an important leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the Gujarat region. When provincial elections were held in 1934 and [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937]], Desai was elected and served as the Revenue Minister and Home Minister of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. ==In government== ===Chief Minister of Bombay and Partition into two state=== [[File:Desai1937.jpg|thumb|left|Desai in 1937, as [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Home Minister of [[Bombay Presidency]]]] Before the independence of India, he became Bombay's Home Minister and was later elected Chief Minister of [[Bombay state]] in 1952. It was a period when movements for linguistic states were on the rise, particularly in South India. Bombay was a bi-lingual state, home to [[Gujarati people|Gujarati-speaking]] and [[Marathi people|Marathi-speaking]] people. Since 1956, activist organisation [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti]] led a movement for a Marathi-speaking state of [[Maharashtra]]. Desai was opposed to such movements, including the [[Mahagujarat Movement]] led by [[Indulal Yagnik]] demanding a new state of [[Gujarat]].<ref name="DesaiD'Costa1994">{{cite book|author1=Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai|author2=Wilfred D'Costa|title=State and Repressive Culture: A Case Study of Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ubk4qXLI9AQC&pg=PR7|year=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-702-9|page=20}}</ref> Desai proposed that the metropolitan [[Mumbai]] be made a Union territory. His logic was that a separate development region would suit the city's cosmopolitan nature, with citizens from diverse settings across various linguistic, cultural, and religious backgrounds living there for generations. The movement led to violence across the city and state, and Desai ordered the police to open fire on the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti]] demonstrators who had gathered at [[Flora Fountain]]. The protesters were led by [[Senapati Bapat]]. In the carnage that followed, 105 protesters, were killed. The issue escalated and is believed to have forced the Central Government to agree to two separate states based on language. After the formation of the present State of Maharashtra, Bombay, now [[Mumbai]] became its state capital. Flora Fountain was renamed "[[Hutatma Chowk]]" ("Martyrs' Square" in English) to honour the people killed in the firing. Later Desai moved to Delhi when he was inducted as finance Minister in the cabinet of Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. ===Nehru cabinet=== Desai was socially conservative, pro-business, and in favour of free enterprise reforms, as opposed to Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s socialistic policies. Rising in Congress leadership, as a fierce nationalist with anti-corruption leanings, Desai was at odds with Prime Minister Nehru and his allies, and with Nehru's age and health failing, he was considered as a possible contender for the position of Prime Minister. ===Congress party leadership contest=== In 1964 after prime minister's Nehru's death, Desai was outflanked in the leadership contest by the Nehru's protege, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]. Desai was invited but did not join the short lived Shastri cabinet.<ref name="HaqqiAssociation1986">{{cite book|author1=Anwarul Haque Haqqi|author2=Indian Political Science Association|title=Indian Democracy at the Crossroads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk7c6O2XlGwC&pg=PA150|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=123|id=GGKEY:X2U27GYQ2L1}}</ref> In early 1966, the unexpected passing away of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri after only 18 months in power made Desai once again a contender for the top position. However, he was defeated by Nehru's daughter, [[Indira Gandhi]], in the Congress party leadership election by a big margin.<ref name="Singh1981a">{{cite book|author=Mahendra Prasad Singh|title=Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOQRWuMXyRMC&pg=PAPR5|year=1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-140-9|page=50}}</ref> ===Indira Gandhi cabinet=== Desai served as deputy prime minister and Finance Minister of India in the Indira Gandhi government until July 1969 when Prime Minister Gandhi took the finance portfolio from him but asked him to serve as the deputy prime minister. However, to save his self-respect, Desai tendered his resignation from the Gandhi cabinet.<ref name="Singh1981b">{{cite book|author=Mahendra Prasad Singh|title=Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOQRWuMXyRMC&pg=PAPR5|year=1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-140-9|pages=67–68}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archives/from-the-archives-july-17-1969-morarji-desai-resigns/article28491110.ece|title=From the Archives (July 17, 1969): Morarji Desai resigns|work=The Hindu|date=17 July 2019|access-date=24 July 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Gandhi also nationalised the fourteen largest banks in India at the same time. There was some difference of opinion between Mrs. Gandhi and Morarji Desai related to Congress candidate for Presidency in India. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/morarji-desai-saw-this-letter-from-indira-gandhi-as-a-brazen-attack-on-his-self-respect-and-resigned/372939|title=Morarji Desai saw this letter from Indira Gandhi as a brazen attack on his self-respect and resigned|work=The Print|date=29 February 2020|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref> ===In opposition=== When the Congress party split in 1969, Desai joined the [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]] faction of the party, whereas Indira Gandhi formed a new faction called Indian National Congress (Requisitionists). Alternatively, the two factions of Desai and Indira were called Syndicate and Indicate respectively. The 1971 general elections to the Indian parliament were won by Indira Gandhi's faction in a landslide. Desai, however, was elected as a member of the Lok Sabha or lower house of Parliament. Desai went on indefinite hunger strike on 12 March 1975 to support [[Nav Nirman]] movement of Gujarat.<ref name="avk">{{Cite book|last=Krishna|first=Ananth V.|title=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn= 9788131734650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&q=navnirman+gujarat&pg=PA120|access-date=22 November 2012|page=117|year=2011}}</ref> In 1975, Indira Gandhi was convicted of electoral fraud by the Allahabad High Court, after opponents alleged she had used government civil servants and equipment during the campaign for the 1971 General Elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/indira-gandhi-convicted-of-election-fraud |title=Indira Gandhi convicted of election fraud – History.com This Day in History – 6/12/1975 |publisher=History.com |access-date=10 July 2013}}</ref> During the subsequent Emergency rule in 1975–77, Desai and other opposition leaders were jailed by the Indira Gandhi government as part of a massive crackdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/26/archives/many-opponents-of-mrs-gandhi-arrested-in-india-narayan-and-desai.html|title=MANY OPPONENTS OF MRS. GANDHI ARRESTED IN INDIA - 26/06/1975|work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref> ===Janata wave of 1977=== The popular anti-corruption movement led by [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and the Janata-wave in 1977 led to the complete routing of the Congress party in Northern India, and a landslide victory for the opposition Janata alliance in the National elections held in March 1977. Desai was selected by the Janata alliance, later [[Janata Party]] as their parliamentary leader, and thus became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.<ref name="Mirchandani2003">{{cite book|author=G.G. Mirchandani|title=320 Million Judges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xj0g8euumQC&pg=PA11|date=June 2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-061-7|pages=177–178}}</ref> ==Prime Minister of India (1977–1979)== {{Main|Premiership of Morarji Desai}} [[File:Officials of India welcome Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter during an arrival ceremony in New Delhi, India - NARA - 177371.jpg|thumb|Desai (third from right, front row) with the US President [[Jimmy Carter]] during his January 1978 visit to India.|247x247px]] [[File:Nicolae Ceaușescu and Morarji Desai in Delhi.jpg|thumb|Desai with the Romanian President [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] in [[Delhi]] in May 1978.|246x246px]] [[File:Jimmy Carter with Prime Minister of India, Morarji Desai - NARA - 179821.jpg|thumb|Desai and Carter in the [[Oval Office]] in June 1978.|243x243px]] [[File:Morarji Desai 1996 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|150px|Desai on Indian Postal Stamp 1996]] [[File:Morarji Desai 1997 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|150px|Desai on Indian Postal Stamp 1997]] ===As a Prime Minister=== In January 1977, Indira Gandhi advised the President dissolve the Lok Sabha, which he did, and Gandhi declared that elections to the body were to be held during March 1977. Opposition leaders were also released and promptly formed the Janata alliance to fight the elections. The alliance registered a landslide victory in the election. On the urging of [[Jayaprakash Narayan]], the Janata alliance selected Desai as their parliamentary leader and thus the Prime Minister.<ref name="Mirchandani2003"/><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Prasad|first=Ravi Visvesvaraya Sharada |date=22 March 2021|title=How Morarji Desai outwitted Jagjivan Ram and Charan Singh|url=https://openthemagazine.com/columns/morarji-desai-outwitted-jagjivan-ram-charan-singh/ |magazine=Open The Magazine|access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref> ====Foreign policy==== Desai restored normal relations with China, for the first time since [[Sino-Indian War|the 1962 war]]. He also communicated with the military ruler of Pakistan, General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] and established friendly relations. Despite his pacifist leanings, he refused to sign the non-nuclear proliferation treaty despite the threat of stopping supply of uranium for power plants by the USA Congress.<ref name="Alam1988">{{cite book |author=Mohammed Badrul Alam |title=India's Nuclear Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RM5LtfsT3z8C&pg=PR7 |year=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-079-6 |pages=34–35}}</ref> ===Nuclear programme=== Domestically, Desai played a crucial role in the [[Indian nuclear programme|Indian nuclear program]] after it was targeted by major nuclear powers after India conducted a [[Smiling Buddha|surprise nuclear test in 1974]]. Desai kept India's nuclear reactors stating "they will never be used for atomic bombs, and I will see to it if I can help it".<ref name="The World: Morarji Desai: The Ascetic Activist">{{cite magazine |title=The World: Morarji Desai: The Ascetic Activist |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947858-2,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001014914/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947858-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=19 March 2014 |date=4 April 1977}}</ref> Internationally, he reaffirmed India's stand that it would not manufacture nuclear weapons and would refrain from conducting even peaceful nuclear explosions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-moraji-desai-holds-talks-with-carter/article6446146.ece|title=PM Moraji Desai holds talks with Carter (From The Hindu's archives: 14.06.1978)|work=The Hindu|date=26 September 2014|access-date=16 February 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 1977, the [[Presidency of Jimmy Carter|Carter administration]] offered to sell [[heavy water]] and [[uranium]] to India for its nuclear reactors but required American on-site inspection of nuclear materials. Desai declined, seeing the American stance as contradictory, in light of its own nuclear arsenal.<ref name="Nation: Jimmy's Journey: Mostly Pluses">{{cite magazine|date=16 January 1978|title=Nation: Jimmy's Journey: Mostly Pluses|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919248-3,00.html|url-status=dead|magazine=Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001014935/https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919248-3,00.html|archive-date=1 October 2007|access-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> ===Decimation of R&AW=== Desai had described the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW), India's external intelligence agency, as the [[praetorian guard]] of [[Indira Gandhi]] and had promised to stop all activities of the R&AW after becoming prime minister. He closed down much of the agency, and reduced its budget and operations,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 =Shaffer| first1 = Ryan| s2cid = 157714194| title = Significant Distrust and Drastic Cuts: The Indian Government's Uneasy Relationship with Intelligence | doi = 10.1080/08850607.2017.1263529 | journal = International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 522–531 | year = 2017 }}</ref> such as closing its Information Division.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Shaffer| first1 = Ryan| s2cid = 157485301| title = Indian intelligence revealed: an examination of operations, failures and transformations | doi = 10.1080/02684527.2017.1327135 | journal = Intelligence and National Security | volume = 32 | issue = 4| pages = 598–610| year = 2018 }}</ref> [[B. Raman]], the former head of the Counter-Terrorism Division of R&AW and noted security analyst, revealed that in an informal discussion, Desai indiscreetly told Pakistan's [[Chief Martial Law Administrator]] General [[General Zia-ul-Haq|Zia ul-Haq]] that his government was well aware of Pakistan's [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|nuclear development]].<ref name="ReferenceA">"Kaoboys of R&AW: Down Memory Lane" by [[B. Raman]]</ref> ===Intra-party squabbles and collapse of Janata government=== His government undid many [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|amendments made to the constitution during emergency]] and made it more difficult for any future government to impose a national emergency. However, the Janata Party coalition was full of personal and policy friction and thus failed to achieve much, owing to continuous in-wrangling and much controversy.<ref name="Singh1981c">{{cite book|author=Mahendra Prasad Singh|title=Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOQRWuMXyRMC&pg=PAPR5|year=1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-140-9|pages=8–9}}</ref> With no party in leadership of the coalition, rival groups vied to unseat Desai. Controversial trials of prominent Congress leaders, including [[Indira Gandhi]] over Emergency-era abuses worsened the fortunes of his administration. In 1979, [[Raj Narain]] and [[Choudhary Charan Singh|Charan Singh]] pulled out of the Janata Party, forcing Desai to resign from office and retire from politics. The chief reason for the collapse was the demand by the duo and other left-leaning members, like [[Madhu Limaye]], [[Krishan Kant]], and [[George Fernandes]] that no member of the Janata party could simultaneously be a member of an alternative social or political organisation. This attack on "dual membership" was directed specifically at members of the Janata Party who had been members of the [[Jan Sangh]], and continued to be members of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], the Jan Sangh's ideological parent.<ref>Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne H. Rudolph, ''In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State'' (1987), University of Chicago Press, pp 457–459.</ref> ==Retirement and death== Desai campaigned for the [[Janata Party]] in [[1980 Indian general election|1980 General Election]] as a senior politician but did not contest the election himself. In retirement, he lived in [[Mumbai]]. When former French [[List of Prime Ministers of France|Prime Minister]] [[Antoine Pinay]] died on 13 December 1994, Desai became the world's oldest living former head of government. He was much honoured in his last years as a freedom-fighter of his generation. On his 99th birthday, he was visited by Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], and soon after began to fall ill.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Morarji Desai Dies at age 99 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/04/11/morarji-desai-dies-at-age-99/ef130273-ac56-41b0-acf6-34409ef2ce81/ |access-date=22 June 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> He was treated in a hospital in Mumbai due to low blood pressure and a chest infection. He died on 10 April 1995, aged 99, after he underwent surgery for a blood clot in his brain.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/11/obituaries/morarji-desai-dies-at-99-defeated-indira-gandhi-to-become-premier-of-india.html|title=Morarji Desai Dies at 99; Defeated Indira Gandhi to Become Premier of India|first=Sanjoy|last=Hazarika|date=11 April 1995|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Desai was a [[morality|moralist]]. He was a [[Vegetarians|vegetarian]] "both by birth and by conviction."<ref>Shri Morarji Desai, ''In my view'', 1966, pp. 234–235.</ref> ==Social service== Desai was a Gandhian follower, social worker, institution builder and a great reformer. He was the chancellor of Gujarat Vidyapith. Even during his term as the prime minister he used to visit and stay at Vidyapith during the month of October. He lived simply and used to write post cards himself even when he held the office of Prime Minister. Sardar Patel deputed him to conduct meetings of farmers in Kaira district which finally led to the establishment of the [[Amul]] Cooperative movement. During his rule, he withdrew intervention in [[Public Distribution System]] and rationing shops were literally lost due to cheap sugar and oil available in the market. == State honours == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Ribbon ! Decoration ! width="100px" | Country ! width="100px" | Date ! width="300px" | Note ! Ref. |- | [[File:Nishan-e-Pakistan.png|100x100px]] | '''[[Nishan-e-Pakistan]]''' | {{flag|Pakistan}} | 19 May 1990 | The highest civilian honour of Pakistan. | <ref>{{cite news |author=Shyam Bhatia |date=11 July 2001 |title=When India and Pakistan almost made peace |publisher=Rediff |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jul/11spec.htm |access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref> |- | [[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|100x100px]] | '''[[Bharat Ratna]]''' | {{flag|India}} | 1991 | The highest civilian honour of India. |<ref>{{cite news |title=Morarji Desai was Conferred by the Bharat Ratna Award on 24th Aug, 1991 |publisher=eparlib.nic.in|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/7756?view_type=search }}</ref> |} ==Personal life== Desai married Gujraben in 1911, at the age of 15.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dubey|first1=Scharada|title=Movers and Shakers Prime Minister of India|date=2009|publisher=Westland|page=Morarji Desai Section Page 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dgqNH6uKUsC&pg=PT39|access-date=26 August 2014|isbn=9788189975548}}</ref> Gujraben lived to see her husband becoming prime minister. She died on 25 October 1981 at the age of 81.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gajraben Desai, wife of India's former prime minister, died... - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/10/25/Gajraben-Desai-wife-of-Indias-former-prime-minister-died/8794372830400/ |website=UPI |date=25 October 1981 |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> Out of his five children, only three survived infancy. Desai's three surviving children were: his daughters Virumati, Indu and his son Kantilal.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|title=Of Many Shades{{!}}Morarji Desai: A Profile in Courage | url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/book-reviews/morarji-desai-a-profile-in-courage-18061}}</ref> Virumati, who was married to Ramanlal Desai, died in early 2000s. Indu, a medical student died by suicide in 1953. Kantilal Desai, who was married to Padma Kirloskar, died in 2014.<ref name="auto1"/> Desai has two grandsons, through his son Kantilal; Bharat Desai and Jagdeep Desai, and one granddaughter; Varsha Desai Naik. One of Desai's great-grandsons, [[Madhukeshwar Desai]] is currently the National Vice-President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]], the youth wing of the BJP.<ref>{{cite news|title=Morarji Desai's great grandson Madhukeshwar joins BJP's youth wing as vice-president | url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news/39629167_1_youth-wing-bharatiya-janata-yuva-morcha-bjp-fold | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130613193028/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-30/news/39629167_1_youth-wing-bharatiya-janata-yuva-morcha-bjp-fold | url-status= dead | archive-date= 13 June 2013 | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=30 May 2013}}</ref> Madhukeshwar is married to Sneha Menon, a celebrity talkshow host. Of his great-granddaughters; Kalayani is a celebrity stylist and designer. Desai's eldest great-grandson, Vishaal Desai is a film director and editor known for his documentary on the renowned yoga guru B.K.S. Iyengar, titled 'Yogacharya B.K.S. Iyengar: Uniting Through Yoga.' <ref>{{cite news|title=healing-the-spirit-through-film|url=https://depauliaonline.com/68617/artslife/healing-the-spirit-through-film-depaul-grad-student-celebrates-distribution-of-documentary-feature|newspaper=The DePaulia|date=25 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=A lightly carried legacy|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/interview/a-lightly-carried-legacy/article_23612|newspaper=The Afternoon|access-date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510182053/http://www.afternoondc.in/interview/a-lightly-carried-legacy/article_23612|archive-date=10 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yogacharya B. K. S. Iyengar: Uniting Through Yoga |url=https://www.amazon.com/Yogacharya-B-K-S-Iyengar/dp/B07ZG24BX7/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2HQVM8D3141DY&keywords=uniting+through+yoga&qid=1645050000&sprefix=uniting+through+y%2Caps%2C342&sr=8-1|website=[[Amazon Prime]]|date=18 September 2019 }}</ref> Desai, a [[teetotalism|teetotaler]] and longtime practitioner of '[[urine therapy]]',<ref>{{cite web|last=Lal|first=Vinay|title=Coca-Cola in India|work=AsiaMedia|date=1 September 2006|url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/current-affairs/coca-cola-india/|access-date=26 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521141002/https://southasia.ucla.edu/history-politics/current-affairs/coca-cola-india/|archive-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> spoke in 1978 to [[Dan Rather]] on ''[[60 Minutes]]'' about the benefits of drinking urine.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4822621.cms |title=Curative Elixir: Waters Of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112082228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4822621.cms |archive-date=12 November 2017 |first1=Prasenjit |last1=Chowdhury |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Tietze |first=Harald |title=Urine the Holy Water |year=1996 |isbn=0846451905 |page=16 |publisher=Harald Tietze Publishing P/ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc1jn7SLRaoC&pg=PA8}}</ref><ref>Wasson, R.G., 1979. Soma brought up-to-date. ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 99(1), pp.100-105.</ref> He also attributed his longevity to drinking urine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kuldip |title=OBITUARY: Morarji Desai |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-morarji-desai-1615165.html |issue=Monday 10 April 1995 |work=The Independent |date=1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Raman |first1=B. |title=The Kaoboys of R&AW: Down Memory Lane |year=2007 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-48-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsBerwgsf38C&q=Kaoboys+of+R%26AW:+Down+Memory+Lane |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref> == In popular culture == ''Morarji'', an Indian television series about the life of Desai from his days as an independence activist till his tenure as prime minister, aired on the national public broadcaster [[Doordarshan]]'s [[DD National]] channel.<ref>{{Citation|last=Doordarshan National|title=Morarji (मोरारजी) : EP #01|date=28 June 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mgzp-TC28do| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/Mgzp-TC28do| archive-date=30 October 2021|access-date=10 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The [[Films Division of India]] made ''For Peace and Friendship'', a 1978 [[Short film|short]] [[documentary film]] directed by C. Ramani about Desai's campaign for nuclear disarmament.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FOR PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/for-peace-and-friendship|access-date=10 June 2021|website=filmsdivision.org}}</ref> [[Govind Namdeo]] appeared as Desai in the 2019 [[conspiracy thriller]] film ''[[The Gandhi Murder]]'', by Karim Traïdia and Pankaj Sehgal, which explores a British abetment in the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Govind Namdeo plays Morarji Desai in Solar Eclipse |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/govind-namdeo-plays-morarji-desai-in-solar-eclipse/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 March 2016}}</ref> [[Avijit Dutt]] appears as Desai in [[Mission Majnu]]. ''[[Pradhanmantri]]'' ({{Literal translation|Prime Minister}}), a 2013 Indian docudrama television series which aired on [[ABP News]] and covers the various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, dedicated the thirteenth episode – "Story of Morarji Desai and Janata Party" – to his term as the country's leader.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pradhanmantri – Episode 13: India after emergency, Janata Party wins general election |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMTXTPAvfxk | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/QMTXTPAvfxk| archive-date=30 October 2021|publisher=ABP News |language=en |date=6 October 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=Note}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|display=Morarji Desai|wikt=no|c=Morarji Desai|commonscat=yes|n=no|q=Morarji Desai|s=no|author=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q218661|species=no|species_author=no|m=no|mw=no|position=right}} * {{IMDb name|id=1531487}} * {{OL author}} {{Navboxes |title=Offices and distinctions |list1= {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]|years=1958–1963}} {{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[T. 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Kher]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Chief Minister of [[Bombay State]]|years=1952–1957}} {{s-aft|after=[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]}} {{s-ach|rec}} {{succession box | title = [[List of oldest living state leaders|Oldest living state leader]] | years = 13 December 1994 – 10 April 1995 | before = [[Antoine Pinay]] | after = [[Hastings Banda]] }} {{s-end}} }}{{Navboxes|list={{Prime Ministers of India}} {{Ministry of Finance (India)}} {{Home Ministry (India)}} {{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}} {{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}} {{Ministry of Communications (India)}} {{Bharat Ratna}} {{The Emergency (India)}} {{Mahatma Gandhi}}|title=Templates related to Morarji Desai}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Morarji}} [[Category:Morarji Desai| ]] [[Category:1896 births]] [[Category:1995 deaths]] [[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]] [[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]] [[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]] [[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]] [[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]] [[Category:Desai 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