CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Homework - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"34885101-68fe-4726-83d0-9a9d61a3c35a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Homework","wgTitle":"Homework","wgCurRevisionId":1250995260,"wgRevisionId":1250995260,"wgArticleId":326546,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Commons category link from Wikidata","Education reform","Learning methods","School terminology","Standards-based education","Home"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Homework","wgRelevantArticleId":326546, "wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q753877","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg/1200px-Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg/800px-Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="534"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg/640px-Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Homework - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homework"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homework"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Homework rootpage-Homework skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Homework" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Homework" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Homework" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Homework" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Purposes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Academic performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-academic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-academic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Non-academic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-academic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Busy_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Busy_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Busy work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Busy_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_daily_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_daily_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Health and daily life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_daily_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Time use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homework_in_the_United_States,_the_United_Kingdom,_and_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homework_in_the_United_States,_the_United_Kingdom,_and_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Homework in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Homework_in_the_United_States,_the_United_Kingdom,_and_Spain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Homework in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Homework_in_the_United_States,_the_United_Kingdom,_and_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_trends_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_trends_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Current trends and practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_trends_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effectiveness_of_homework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness_of_homework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Effectiveness of homework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness_of_homework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homework_and_non-academic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homework_and_non-academic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Homework and non-academic effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homework_and_non-academic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Homework</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A" title="واجب منزلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="واجب منزلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ev_tap%C5%9F%C4%B1r%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Ev tapşırığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ev tapşırığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Домашна работа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Домашна работа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treball_escolar" title="Treball escolar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Treball escolar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A1c%C3%AD_%C3%BAkol" title="Domácí úkol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Domácí úkol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausaufgabe" title="Hausaufgabe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hausaufgabe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%83%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Εργασία για το σπίτι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εργασία για το σπίτι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabajo_escolar" title="Trabajo escolar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trabajo escolar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejmtasko" title="Hejmtasko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hejmtasko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etxeko_lan_(eskola)" title="Etxeko lan (eskola) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Etxeko lan (eskola)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="کار در خانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کار در خانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devoir_%C3%A0_la_maison" title="Devoir à la maison – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Devoir à la maison" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%99%EC%A0%9C" title="숙제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="숙제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Տնային աշխատանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տնային աշխատանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekerjaan_rumah" title="Pekerjaan rumah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pekerjaan rumah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimavinna" title="Heimavinna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heimavinna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiti_a_casa" title="Compiti a casa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Compiti a casa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שיעורי בית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיעורי בית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Үй тапсырмасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үй тапсырмасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Үй тапшырмасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Үй тапшырмасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huiswerk" title="Huiswerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Huiswerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E9%A1%8C" title="宿題 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宿題" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekser" title="Lekser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lekser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uy_vazifasi" title="Uy vazifasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uy vazifasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praca_domowa" title="Praca domowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Praca domowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_casa" title="Lição de casa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lição de casa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Домашнее задание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Домашнее задание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detyrat_sht%C3%ABpiake" title="Detyrat shtëpiake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Detyrat shtëpiake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A1ca_%C3%BAloha" title="Domáca úloha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Domáca úloha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaqa-guri" title="Shaqa-guri – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shaqa-guri" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Домаћи задатак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Домаћи задатак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotiteht%C3%A4v%C3%A4" title="Kotitehtävä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kotitehtävä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4xa" title="Läxa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Läxa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araling-pambahay" title="Araling-pambahay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Araling-pambahay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வீட்டுப்பாடம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வீட்டுப்பாடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="การบ้าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การบ้าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%A3" title="Вазифаи хонагӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вазифаи хонагӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96dev" title="Ödev – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ödev" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Домашня робота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Домашня робота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0i_t%E1%BA%ADp_v%E1%BB%81_nh%C3%A0" title="Bài tập về nhà – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bài tập về nhà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E8%AA%B2" title="功課 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="功課" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E8%AA%B2" title="功課 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="功課" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q753877#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Homework" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Homework" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Homework"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homework&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homework&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Homework"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homework&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homework&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Homework" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Homework" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homework&oldid=1250995260" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homework&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Homework&id=1250995260&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHomework"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHomework"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Homework&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homework&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Homework" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q753877" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Educational practice</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Homework_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Homework (disambiguation)">Homework (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg/195px-Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg/293px-Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg/390px-Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>A person doing geometry homework</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tel_Aviv-Yafo_(997008136673805171).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tel_Aviv-Yafo_%28997008136673805171%29.jpg/220px-Tel_Aviv-Yafo_%28997008136673805171%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tel_Aviv-Yafo_%28997008136673805171%29.jpg/330px-Tel_Aviv-Yafo_%28997008136673805171%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tel_Aviv-Yafo_%28997008136673805171%29.jpg/440px-Tel_Aviv-Yafo_%28997008136673805171%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>Children doing homework on the street, Tel Aviv, 1954</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Homework</b> is a set of tasks assigned to <a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">students</a> by their <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teachers</a> to be completed at <a href="/wiki/Home" title="Home">home</a>. Common homework assignments may include required <a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">reading</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Typing" title="Typing">typing</a> project, <a href="/wiki/Exercise_(mathematics)" title="Exercise (mathematics)">mathematical exercises</a> to be completed, information to be reviewed before a <a href="/wiki/Test_(assessment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Test (assessment)">test</a>, or other skills to be practiced. </p><p>The benefits of homework are debated. Generally speaking, homework does not improve <a href="/wiki/Academic_performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic performance">academic performance</a> among young children. Homework may improve academic skills among older students, especially lower-achieving students. It is also believed it creates stress on students and parents, and reduces the amount of time that students can spend in other important activities. Hence, emphasis should be not on how long students spend on the homework but on what they gain through the practice. It can be useful to help students develop their self-regulation skills.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultivating self-regulation skills is vital for individuals to become lifelong learners and sustain their growth over time. While developing these skills may require dedication and patience, the long-term benefits can make it worthwhile to some.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purposes">Purposes</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boy_doing_homework_(4596604619).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boy_doing_homework_%284596604619%29.jpg/237px-Boy_doing_homework_%284596604619%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boy_doing_homework_%284596604619%29.jpg/356px-Boy_doing_homework_%284596604619%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boy_doing_homework_%284596604619%29.jpg/474px-Boy_doing_homework_%284596604619%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>A child completing her homework</figcaption></figure> <p>The basic objectives of assigning homework to students often align with <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schooling</a> in general. However, assigning homework serves multiple purposes for teachers, which include:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>reinforcing skills taught in class</li> <li>extending skills to new situations</li> <li>preparing for future class lessons</li> <li>engaging students in <a href="/wiki/Active_learning" title="Active learning">active learning</a></li> <li>developing <a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">time management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Study_skills" title="Study skills">study skills</a></li> <li>promoting parent-student communications</li> <li>encouraging collaboration between students</li> <li>fulfilling school/<a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">district</a> policies</li> <li>demonstrating a rigorous school program to others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_discipline" title="School discipline">punishing</a> a student or a class</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_performance">Academic performance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%E2%80%99%C3%A9ducation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/L%E2%80%99%C3%A9ducation.jpg/220px-L%E2%80%99%C3%A9ducation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/L%E2%80%99%C3%A9ducation.jpg/330px-L%E2%80%99%C3%A9ducation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/L%E2%80%99%C3%A9ducation.jpg/440px-L%E2%80%99%C3%A9ducation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Senegalese child doing homework</figcaption></figure> <p>Homework research dates back to the early 1900s. However, no consensus exists on the general effectiveness on homework.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautweinKöller2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautweinKöller2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Results of homework studies vary based on multiple factors, such as the age group of those studied and the measure of academic performance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall20061_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall20061-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Younger students who spend more time on homework generally have slightly worse, or the same academic performance, as those who spend less time on homework.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200642–51_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200642–51-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homework has not been shown to improve academic achievements for <a href="/wiki/Grade_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade school">grade school</a> students. Proponents claim that assigning homework to young children helps them learn good study habits. No research has ever been conducted to determine whether this claim has any merit.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among teenagers, students who spend more time on homework generally have higher <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">grades</a>, and higher <a href="/wiki/Test_score" title="Test score">test scores</a> than students who spend less time on homework.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200642–51_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200642–51-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large amounts of homework cause students' academic performance to worsen, even among older students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200642–51_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200642–51-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students who are assigned homework in <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> score somewhat better on <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized tests</a>, but the students who have more than 90 minutes of homework a day in middle school or more than two hours in high school score worse.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Low-achieving students receive more benefit from doing homework than high-achieving students.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, school teachers commonly assign less homework to the students who need it most, and more homework to the students who are performing well.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In past centuries, homework was a cause of academic failure: when school attendance was optional, students would <a href="/wiki/Dropping_out_of_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropping out of school">drop out of school</a> entirely if they were unable to keep up with the homework assigned.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-academic">Non-academic</h3></div> <p>The amount of homework given does not necessarily affect students' attitudes towards homework and various other aspects of school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall20061_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall20061-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1988">Epstein (1988)</a> found a near-zero correlation between the amount of homework and parents' reports on how well their elementary school students behaved. <a href="#CITEREFVazsonyiPickering2003">Vazsonyi & Pickering (2003)</a> studied 809 <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescents</a> in American high schools, and found that, using the Normative Deviance Scale as a model for <a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">deviance</a>, the correlation was <span class="texhtml"><i>r</i> = 0.28</span> for <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> students, and <span class="texhtml"><i>r</i> = 0.24</span> for <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> students. For all three of the correlations, higher values represent a higher correlation between time spent on homework and poor conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200647_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200647-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFBempechat2004">Bempechat (2004)</a> says that homework develops students' motivation and study skills. In a single study, parents and teachers of middle school students believed that homework improved students' study skills and personal responsibility skills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXuYuan2003_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuYuan2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their students were more likely to have negative perceptions about homework and were less likely to ascribe the development of such skills to homework.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXuYuan2003_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuYuan2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFLeoneRichards1989">Leone & Richards (1989)</a> found that students generally had <a href="/wiki/Negative_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative emotion">negative emotions</a> when completing homework and reduced engagement compared to other activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Busy_work">Busy work</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_calculating_with_fingers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Child_calculating_with_fingers.jpg/220px-Child_calculating_with_fingers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Child_calculating_with_fingers.jpg/330px-Child_calculating_with_fingers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Child_calculating_with_fingers.jpg/440px-Child_calculating_with_fingers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5634" data-file-height="3753" /></a><figcaption>Homework should not be merely given to occupy student's time.</figcaption></figure> <p>The intention of homework is to further test students' knowledge at home. However, there is a line between productive work and busy work. Busy work has no inherent value; it just occupies time. Karin Chenoweth provides an example of a student taking chemistry who must color a mole for homework.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chenoweth shared how busy work like this can have a negative effect on students, and explained that having this simple drawing is of no worth in terms of learning, yet it lowered the student's grade in class. However, Miriam Ferzli et al. point out that just because an assignment is time consuming does not give students the right to call an assignment "busy work," which can be seen in the case of lab reports, which are indeed time-consuming but which are also key to learning.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One way to promote productive learning starts in the classroom and then seeps into the homework.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brian Cook and Andrea Babon point to the difference between active and passive learning, noting that <a href="/wiki/Active_learning" title="Active learning">active learning</a> promotes engagement and "a deeper approach to learning that enables students to develop meaning from knowledge." Cook and Babon discuss the use of weekly quizzes, which are based on the course readings and which test each student's understanding at the end of each week. Weekly quizzes engage not only students, but also teachers, who must look at what is commonly missed, review students' answers, and clear up any misunderstandings.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Sarah Greenwald and Judy Holdener discuss the rise of online homework and report that "online homework can increase student engagement, and students generally appreciate the immediate feedback offered by online homework systems as well as the ability to have multiple attempts after an incorrect solution."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greenwald and Holdener state that after creating effective homework assignments, teachers must also implement the learning from that homework.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greenwald and Holdener point to a teacher who uses a two-step homework process of connecting homework to classroom learning by first assigning homework followed by in-class presentations. The teacher says using class time for following up on homework gives that connection to what is learned in the class, noting, "In the initial step students complete and submit (traditional) homework assignments electronically, and then later they revisit their work through presentations of selected problems during class.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homework_in_the_bus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Homework_in_the_bus.jpg/170px-Homework_in_the_bus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Homework_in_the_bus.jpg/255px-Homework_in_the_bus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Homework_in_the_bus.jpg/340px-Homework_in_the_bus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="3735" /></a><figcaption>Tanzanian student doing her homework in a <a href="/wiki/School_bus" title="School bus">school bus</a> before getting home</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_daily_life">Health and daily life</h3></div> <p>Homework has been identified in numerous studies and articles as a dominant or significant source of stress and anxiety for students.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies on the relation between homework and health are few compared to studies on academic performance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheungLeung-Ngai1992146_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheungLeung-Ngai1992146-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallowayConnerPope2013493_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallowayConnerPope2013493-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFCheungLeung-Ngai1992">Cheung & Leung-Ngai (1992)</a> surveyed 1,983 students in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and found that homework led not only to added stress and anxiety, but also physical symptoms, such as headaches and stomachaches. Students in the survey who were ridiculed or punished by parents and peers had a higher incidence of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">depression</a> symptoms, with 2.2% of students reporting that they "always" had suicidal thoughts, and anxiety was exacerbated by punishments and criticism of students by teachers for both problems with homework as well as forgetting to hand in homework. </p><p>A 2007 study of American students by <a href="/wiki/MetLife" title="MetLife">MetLife</a> found that 89% of students felt stressed from homework, with 34% reporting that they "often" or "very often" felt stressed from homework. Stress was especially evident among high school students. Students that reported stress from homework were more likely to be deprived of sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowKimLiebman2007137_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowKimLiebman2007137-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homework can cause tension and conflict in the home as well as at school, and can reduce students' family and leisure time. In the <a href="#CITEREFCheungLeung-Ngai1992">Cheung & Leung-Ngai (1992)</a> survey, failure to complete homework and low grades where homework was a contributing factor was correlated with greater conflict; some students have reported teachers and parents frequently criticizing their work. In the MetLife study, high school students reported spending more time completing homework than performing home tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowKimLiebman2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowKimLiebman2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFKohn2006">Kohn (2006)</a> argued that homework can create family conflict and reduce students' quality of life. The authors of <a href="#CITEREFSalleeRigler2008">Sallee & Rigler (2008)</a>, both high school English teachers, reported that their homework disrupted their students' <a href="/wiki/Extracurricular_activity" title="Extracurricular activity">extracurricular activities</a> and responsibilities. However, <a href="#CITEREFKiewraKaufmanHartScoular2009">Kiewra et al. (2009)</a> found that parents were less likely to report homework as a distraction from their children's activities and responsibilities. <a href="#CITEREFGallowayConnerPope2013">Galloway, Conner & Pope (2013)</a> recommended further empirical study relating to this aspect due to the difference between student and parent observations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_use">Time use</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Institute_for_Social_Research" title="University of Michigan Institute for Social Research">University of Michigan Institute for Social Research</a> nationally representative survey of American 15- to 17-year olds, conducted in 2003, found an average of 50 minutes of homework each weekday.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2019 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> review of <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>' <a href="/wiki/American_Time_Use_Survey" title="American Time Use Survey">American Time Use Survey</a> data reported that 15-, 16-, and 17-year-olds Americans, spent on average an hour a day on homework during the school year. The change in this demographic's average daily time spent doing homework (during the school year) increased by about 16 minutes from 2003–2006 to 2014–2017. U.S. teenage girls spent more time doing homework than U.S. teenage boys.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2019 nationally representative survey of 95,505 freshmen at U.S. colleges, conducted by the <a href="/wiki/UCLA_Higher_Education_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA Higher Education Research Institute">UCLA Higher Education Research Institute</a>, asked respondents, "During your last year in high school, how much time did you spend during a typical week studying/doing homework?" 1.9% of respondents said none, 7.4% said less than one hour, 19.5% said 1–2 hours, 27.9% said 3–5 hours, 21.4% said 6–10 hours, 11.4% said 11–15 hours, 6.0% said 16–20 hours, 4.5% said over 20 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFGallowayConnerPope2013">Galloway, Conner & Pope (2013)</a> surveyed 4,317 students from ten "privileged, high-performing" high schools in the U.S., and found that students reported spending more than 3 hours on homework daily. 72% of the students reported stress from homework, and 82% reported physical symptoms. The students slept an average of 6 hours 48 minutes, lower than <a href="/wiki/Sleep#Ideal_duration" title="Sleep">recommendations</a> prescribed by various health agencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homework_in_the_United_States,_the_United_Kingdom,_and_Spain"><span id="Homework_in_the_United_States.2C_the_United_Kingdom.2C_and_Spain"></span>Homework in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homework_in_Japan,_Taisho_era_(1915_by_Elstner_Hilton).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Homework_in_Japan%2C_Taisho_era_%281915_by_Elstner_Hilton%29.jpg/220px-Homework_in_Japan%2C_Taisho_era_%281915_by_Elstner_Hilton%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Homework_in_Japan%2C_Taisho_era_%281915_by_Elstner_Hilton%29.jpg/330px-Homework_in_Japan%2C_Taisho_era_%281915_by_Elstner_Hilton%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Homework_in_Japan%2C_Taisho_era_%281915_by_Elstner_Hilton%29.jpg/440px-Homework_in_Japan%2C_Taisho_era_%281915_by_Elstner_Hilton%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1526" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>Japanese students doing homework, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1915</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yrj%C3%B6_Ollila_-_Hearing_the_Homework.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yrj%C3%B6_Ollila_-_Hearing_the_Homework.jpg/220px-Yrj%C3%B6_Ollila_-_Hearing_the_Homework.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yrj%C3%B6_Ollila_-_Hearing_the_Homework.jpg/330px-Yrj%C3%B6_Ollila_-_Hearing_the_Homework.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yrj%C3%B6_Ollila_-_Hearing_the_Homework.jpg/440px-Yrj%C3%B6_Ollila_-_Hearing_the_Homework.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6395" data-file-height="5867" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hearing_the_Homework" title="Hearing the Homework">Hearing the Homework</a>; Yrjö Ollila </figcaption></figure><p>Homework has been in practice across cultures and societies for over a century. For decades the practice and acceptance of homework as an important part of schooling have also been in question by the arguments that run in the field of education both in its favor or against bouncing back and forth throughout. It was in the late 1900s, that a lot of researchers started writing books and publishing articles presenting their arguments and urging for reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the extensive scope of the history and practices of homework in various countries, including a comprehensive analysis within this article is not feasible. Therefore, it tried to providing insights into the context of homework in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <p>Historically, homework was frowned upon in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American culture</a>. With few students able to pursue <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, and with many children and teenagers needing to dedicate significant amounts of time to chores and <a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">farm work</a>, homework was disliked not only by parents, but also by some schools. The students' inability to keep up with the homework, which was largely memorizing an assigned text at home, contributed to students <a href="/wiki/Dropping_out" title="Dropping out">dropping out</a> of school at a relatively early age. Attending school was not legally required, and if the student could not spend afternoons and evenings working on homework, then the student could quit school.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Complaints from parents were common at all levels of society.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a> convinced the school board in Boston to prohibit teachers from assigning math homework under normal circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, journalist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bok" title="Edward Bok">Edward Bok</a> railed against schools assigning homework to students until age 15.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He encouraged parents to send notes to their children's teachers to demand the end of all homework assignments, and thousands of parents did so.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others looked at the new <a href="/wiki/Child_labor_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child labor laws in the United States">child labor laws in the United States</a> and noted that school time plus homework exceeded the number of hours that a child would be permitted to work for pay.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign resulted in the US Congress receiving testimony to the effect that experts thought children should never have any homework, and that <a href="/wiki/Teenagers" class="mw-redirect" title="Teenagers">teenagers</a> should be limited to a maximum of two hours of homework per day.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1901, the <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> legislature passed an act that effectively abolished homework for anyone under the age of 15.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While homework was generally out of favor in the first half of the 20th century, some people supported homework reform, such as by making the assignments more relevant to the students' non-school lives, rather than prohibiting it.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, with increasing pressure on the United States to stay ahead in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, homework made a resurgence, and children were encouraged to keep up with their <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Russian</a> counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that time on, social attitudes have oscillated approximately on a 15-year cycle: homework was encouraged in the 1950s to mid-1960s; it was rejected from the mid-1960s until 1980; it was encouraged again from 1980 and the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_at_Risk" title="A Nation at Risk">A Nation at Risk</a></i> until the mid-1990s, when the Cold War ended.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, <a href="/wiki/American_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="American schools">American schools</a> were overwhelmingly in favor of issuing some homework to students of all grade levels.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homework was less favored after the end of the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate has since persisted, with numerous books and articles being published on the advantages and disadvantages of homework concerning student learning.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <p>British students get more homework than many other countries in Europe. The weekly average for the subject is 5 hours. The main distinction for UK homework is the social gap, with middle-class teenagers getting a disproportionate amount of homework compared to Asia and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3></div> <p>In 2012, a report by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> showed that Spanish children spend 6.4 hours a week on homework. This prompted the CEAPA, representing 12,000 Spanish parent associations, to call for a homework strike.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2></div> <p>Some educators argue that homework is beneficial to students, as it enhances learning, develops the skills taught in class, and lets educators verify that students comprehend their lessons.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents also argue that homework makes it more likely that students will develop and maintain proper study habits that they can use throughout their educational career.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:This_is_a_stupid_way_to_write_a_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/This_is_a_stupid_way_to_write_a_paper.jpg/220px-This_is_a_stupid_way_to_write_a_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/This_is_a_stupid_way_to_write_a_paper.jpg/330px-This_is_a_stupid_way_to_write_a_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/This_is_a_stupid_way_to_write_a_paper.jpg/440px-This_is_a_stupid_way_to_write_a_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Homework can take up a large portion of a student's free time and lead to stress, despair, anger, and sleep disorders among children, as well as arguments among families.</figcaption></figure> <p>Homework and its effects, justifications, motivations and alleged benefits have been the subject of sharp criticism among many education experts and researchers. </p><p>Criticism of repetitive tasks, rote learning, and memorization created concerns about students' overall health and well-being. This belief gained momentum, particularly in primary schools, leading to calls for the abolition of homework.<sup id="cite_ref-:08_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parents also joined the movement, asserting that their children were being deprived of play, relaxation, and quality time due to the burden of excessive homework. They also believed the quality of time with their children has been seriously affected by the too much work given as homework.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a study by the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden University of Technology">Dresden University of Technology</a>, homework—described in the study as "an educational ritual"—has little to no influence on academic performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When assigning homework, each student is usually given the same exercises, regardless of how well the student is performing. This leaves some students under-challenged and others overwhelmed by their homework.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For others, the degree of difficulty of homework may be appropriate, but students are unable to decide for themselves whether they need to deepen their knowledge in a particular subject or whether to use the time in other subjects with which they experience more difficulty, despite the fact that homework is often seen as a way of encouraging <a href="/wiki/Self-regulation_theory" title="Self-regulation theory">self-regulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homework is sometimes used to outsource school material not completed in class to the home, leaving children with homework that is not designed to be done on their own and parents feeling helpless and frustrated.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, students often have to use the internet or other resources for help, which provides <a href="/wiki/Homework_gap" title="Homework gap">disadvantages for students without internet access</a>. Thus, such homework fails to promote <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equality of opportunity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homework without professional feedback from the teacher has little effect on the learning success of students.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even if it is generally not wanted by homework distributors (unless homework is given as a punishment), completing homework may take up a large part of the student's free time. It is often the case that children try to finish their homework until late at night, which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">sleep disorders</a> and unhealthy <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children may feel overwhelmed when they have too much homework, which can negatively affect children's natural <a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">curiosity</a> and thirst for knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study by the <a href="/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education" title="UCL Institute of Education">UCL Institute of Education</a>, which concerned the impact of homework in different countries, discovered that the pressure associated with homework causes arguments among family members.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also showed that homework can lead to <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence" title="Depression in childhood and adolescence">depression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">emotional exhaustion</a> among children.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A collaboration effort between schools, teachers, and parents plays a crucial role in creating a positive homework environment. Experts recommend that schools and educators actively involve parents in their children's homework by seeking their direct and indirect input and establishing open lines of communication that invite parental engagement. This can create a supportive and conducive homework atmosphere for their students.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_trends_and_practices">Current trends and practices</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Student%27s_homework_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Student%27s_homework_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/186px-Student%27s_homework_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Student%27s_homework_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/279px-Student%27s_homework_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Student%27s_homework_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/372px-Student%27s_homework_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>How can we make homework more meaningful? It is a question that always need a careful conversation among all stakeholders.</figcaption></figure> <p>There has been extensive consideration and discussion on how to redefine the purpose of homework to make it more meaningful for students. However, breaking away from old beliefs and practices that simply assumed completing homework tasks would enhance student motivation, academic achievement, and behavior control required significant effort and time. It was seen as a <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shift</a> to rethink homework practice and ensure it catered to the needs of diverse learners.<sup id="cite_ref-CV_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift called for teachers to adopt a more comprehensive approach to developing homework and assignments and incorporate them into their teaching. Despite the challenges teachers may encounter, the current belief is that the primary objective of homework is to facilitate student learning while they work on it. Homework should encourage students to actively engage in their learning, articulate their thought processes, and develop or suggest strategies when they encounter difficulties in problem-solving.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current conversations on the topic suggest the quality of homework matters more than the amount of time spent on it.<sup id="cite_ref-CV_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fostering a positive attitude and maintaining a healthy balance in all grade levels needs continuous effort from all stakeholders to bring the desired ultimate change in student learning.<sup id="cite_ref-CV_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:08-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:08_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVatterott2018" class="citation book cs1">Vatterott, Cathy (2018). <i>RETHINKING HOMEWORK</i> (2nd ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: ASCD (published September 2018). pp. 1–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416626565" title="Special:BookSources/9781416626565"><bdi>9781416626565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RETHINKING+HOMEWORK&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=1-33&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ASCD&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781416626565&rft.aulast=Vatterott&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamdassZimmerman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ramdass, Darshanand; Zimmerman, Barry J. (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1932202X1102200202">"Developing Self-Regulation Skills: The Important Role of Homework"</a>. <i>Journal of Advanced Academics</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 194–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1932202X1102200202">10.1177/1932202X1102200202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-202X">1932-202X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Advanced+Academics&rft.atitle=Developing+Self-Regulation+Skills%3A+The+Important+Role+of+Homework&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=194-218&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1932202X1102200202&rft.issn=1932-202X&rft.aulast=Ramdass&rft.aufirst=Darshanand&rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+Barry+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1932202X1102200202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Synthesis of research on homework. H Cooper - <i>Educational Leadership</i>, 1989 - addison.pausd.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedlmen" class="citation web cs1">Needlmen, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homework-desk.com/robert-needlman-book/">"Homework: The Rules of the Game"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318134313/http://www.homework-desk.com/robert-needlman-book/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homework%3A+The+Rules+of+the+Game&rft.aulast=Needlmen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homework-desk.com%2Frobert-needlman-book%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpsteinVoorhis2001" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, Joyce L.; Voorhis, Frances L. Van (2001-09-01). "More Than Minutes: Teachers' Roles in Designing Homework". <i>Educational Psychologist</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 181–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2FS15326985EP3603_4">10.1207/S15326985EP3603_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0046-1520">0046-1520</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144975563">144975563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Psychologist&rft.atitle=More+Than+Minutes%3A+Teachers%27+Roles+in+Designing+Homework&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=181-193&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144975563%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0046-1520&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2FS15326985EP3603_4&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Joyce+L.&rft.au=Voorhis%2C+Frances+L.+Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrautweinKöller2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrautweinKöller2003_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrautweinKöller2003">Trautwein & Köller (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall20061-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall20061_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall20061_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooperRobinsonPatall2006">Cooper, Robinson & Patall (2006)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200642–51-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200642–51_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200642–51_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200642–51_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooperRobinsonPatall2006">Cooper, Robinson & Patall (2006)</a>, pp. 42–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazelon2006" class="citation news cs1">Bazelon, Emily (2006-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/life/family/2006/09/forget_homework.html">"Forget Homework"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082405/http://www.slate.com/articles/life/family/2006/09/forget_homework.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Forget+Homework&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft.issn=1091-2339&rft.aulast=Bazelon&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Flife%2Ffamily%2F2006%2F09%2Fforget_homework.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallis2006" class="citation news cs1">Wallis, Claudia (August 29, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110053414/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1376208%2C00.html">"The Myth About Homework"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1376208,00.html">the original</a> on November 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Myth+About+Homework&rft.date=2006-08-29&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1376208%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlan2016" class="citation news cs1">Coughlan, Sean (2016-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/education-37494563">"Is homework worth the hassle?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422032836/http://www.bbc.com/news/education-37494563">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Is+homework+worth+the+hassle%3F&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft.aulast=Coughlan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Feducation-37494563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnion2019" class="citation web cs1">Onion, Rebecca (2019-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2019/10/parents-complaining-about-homework-history.html">"The Long History of Parents Complaining About Their Kids' Homework"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004194112/https://slate.com/human-interest/2019/10/parents-complaining-about-homework-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Long+History+of+Parents+Complaining+About+Their+Kids%27+Homework&rft.date=2019-10-04&rft.aulast=Onion&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fhuman-interest%2F2019%2F10%2Fparents-complaining-about-homework-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200647-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperRobinsonPatall200647_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooperRobinsonPatall2006">Cooper, Robinson & Patall (2006)</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuYuan2003-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXuYuan2003_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXuYuan2003_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXuYuan2003">Xu & Yuan (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chenowith, Karin. "Homework vs. Busywork: Tales from Home and a Request for More." <i>The Washington Post</i>, Feb 13 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferzli, Miriam, Michael Carter, and Eric Wiebe. "Transforming Lab Reports from Busy Work to Meaningful Learning Opportunities." LabWrite. <i>Journal of College Science Teaching</i>, November/ December, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, Brian Robert and Andrea Babon. "Active Learning Through Online Quizzes: Better Learning and Less (busy) Work." <i>Journal of Geography in Higher Education</i>, 41,1. 2017. 24–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwald, Sarah J. and Judy A. Holdener. "The Creation and Implementation of Effective Homework Assignments (Part 1): Creation." <i>PRIMUS, 29</i>(1): 1–8, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwald, Sarah J. and Judy A. Holdener. "The Creation and Implementation of Effective Homework Assignments (Part 2): Implementation." <i>PRIMUS, 29</i>(2): 103–110, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauwensHourcade1992">Bauwens & Hourcade (1992)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFConnerPopeGalloway2009">Conner, Pope & Galloway (2009)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFHardy2003">Hardy (2003)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKouzmaKennedy2002">Kouzma & Kennedy (2002)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFWestWood1970">West & Wood (1970)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFYstgaard1997">Ystgaard (1997)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheungLeung-Ngai1992146-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheungLeung-Ngai1992146_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheungLeung-Ngai1992">Cheung & Leung-Ngai (1992)</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallowayConnerPope2013493-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallowayConnerPope2013493_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallowayConnerPope2013">Galloway, Conner & Pope (2013)</a>, p. 493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowKimLiebman2007137-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowKimLiebman2007137_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkowKimLiebman2007">Markow, Kim & Liebman (2007)</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkowKimLiebman2007-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkowKimLiebman2007_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkowKimLiebman2007">Markow, Kim & Liebman (2007)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Thomas Juster, Hiromi Ono and Frank P. Stafford, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ns.umich.edu/Releases/2004/Nov04/teen_time_report.pdf">Changing Times of American Youth: 1981-2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516084636/http://ns.umich.edu/Releases/2004/Nov04/teen_time_report.pdf">Archived</a> 2022-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, University of Michigan Institute for Social Research (Ann Arbor, Michigan: November 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gretchen Livingston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/02/20/the-way-u-s-teens-spend-their-time-is-changing-but-differences-between-boys-and-girls-persist/">The way U.S. teens spend their time is changing, but differences between boys and girls persist</a>, Pew Research Center (February 20, 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellen Bara Stolzenberg et al., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heri.ucla.edu/monographs/TheAmericanFreshman2019.pdf">The American Freshman: National Norms Fall 2019</a></i>, Higher Education Research Institute, Graduate School of Education & Information Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/HISTORY-OF-HOMEWORK-3053660.php">"History of Homework"</a>. <i>The San Francisco Chronicle</i>. 1999-12-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323150604/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/HISTORY-OF-HOMEWORK-3053660.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=History+of+Homework&rft.date=1999-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FHISTORY-OF-HOMEWORK-3053660.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlan2014" class="citation news cs1">Coughlan, Sean (11 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-30417132">"UK families' 'long homework hours'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171128005856/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-30417132">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK+families%27+%27long+homework+hours%27&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft.aulast=Coughlan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation-30417132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2016" class="citation news cs1">Marsh, Sarah (2 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/nov/02/parents-in-the-uk-and-abroad-do-your-children-get-set-too-much-homework">"Parents in the UK and abroad: do your children get set too much homework?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023649/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/nov/02/parents-in-the-uk-and-abroad-do-your-children-get-set-too-much-homework">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Parents+in+the+UK+and+abroad%3A+do+your+children+get+set+too+much+homework%3F&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2016%2Fnov%2F02%2Fparents-in-the-uk-and-abroad-do-your-children-get-set-too-much-homework&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grohnke, Kennedy, and Jake Merritt. "Do Kids Need Homework?" <i>Scholastic: News/ Weekly Reader Edition 5/6</i>, vol. 85, no. 3, 2016, pp. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiri" class="citation journal cs1">Jiri, Zuzanek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcnj.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_61775452&context=PC&vid=01COLLNJ_INST:TCNJ&lang=en&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI_and_Ebsco&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=MyInst_and_CI_and_Ebsco&query=any,contains,The%20case%20against%20homework,%202006&offset=0">"Students' study time and their homework problem"</a>. <i>Social Indicators Research</i>. <b>93</b> (1): 111–115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Indicators+Research&rft.atitle=Students%27+study+time+and+their+homework+problem&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111-115&rft.aulast=Jiri&rft.aufirst=Zuzanek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftcnj.primo.exlibrisgroup.com%2Fdiscovery%2Ffulldisplay%3Fdocid%3Dcdi_proquest_miscellaneous_61775452%26context%3DPC%26vid%3D01COLLNJ_INST%3ATCNJ%26lang%3Den%26search_scope%3DMyInst_and_CI_and_Ebsco%26adaptor%3DPrimo%2520Central%26tab%3DMyInst_and_CI_and_Ebsco%26query%3Dany%2Ccontains%2CThe%2520case%2520against%2520homework%2C%25202006%26offset%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaro" class="citation news cs1">Taro, Greenfield Karl. "My Daughter's Homework is Killing Me". <i>The Atlantic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=My+Daughter%27s+Homework+is+Killing+Me.&rft.aulast=Taro&rft.aufirst=Greenfield+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/wissenschaft/article1621102/Hausaufgaben-bringen-ueberhaupt-nichts.html">"Studie: Hausaufgaben bringen überhaupt nichts"</a>. <i>DIE WELT</i>. 2008-02-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427020922/http://www.welt.de/wissenschaft/article1621102/Hausaufgaben-bringen-ueberhaupt-nichts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DIE+WELT&rft.atitle=Studie%3A+Hausaufgaben+bringen+%C3%BCberhaupt+nichts&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fwissenschaft%2Farticle1621102%2FHausaufgaben-bringen-ueberhaupt-nichts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/is-homework-too-like-hard-work-1.193595?mode=amp&mode=">"Is homework too like hard work?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124145429/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/is-homework-too-like-hard-work-1.193595?mode=">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Is+homework+too+like+hard+work%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fis-homework-too-like-hard-work-1.193595%3Fmode%3Damp%26mode%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254120465">"Developing Self-Regulation Skills: The Important Role of Homework"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413060735/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254120465_Developing_Self-Regulation_Skills_The_Important_Role_of_Homework">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Developing+Self-Regulation+Skills%3A+The+Important+Role+of+Homework&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F254120465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews2007" class="citation news cs1">Mathews, Jay (2007-02-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/technology/2007/02/20/homework-critics-vs-me/0c2b242f-5d1c-4f99-9a4d-f2cb68b09e54/">"Homework Critics vs. Me"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124145357/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/technology/2007/02/20/homework-critics-vs-me/0c2b242f-5d1c-4f99-9a4d-f2cb68b09e54/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Homework+Critics+vs.+Me&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2F2007%2F02%2F20%2Fhomework-critics-vs-me%2F0c2b242f-5d1c-4f99-9a4d-f2cb68b09e54%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/88aq9a/homework-is-bad-research-confirms">"Homework Is Bad, Research Confirms"</a>. <i>www.vice.com</i>. 20 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212032513/https://www.vice.com/en/article/88aq9a/homework-is-bad-research-confirms">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vice.com&rft.atitle=Homework+Is+Bad%2C+Research+Confirms&rft.date=2020-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F88aq9a%2Fhomework-is-bad-research-confirms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWELT2016" class="citation news cs1">WELT (2016-08-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/newsticker/dpa_nt/infoline_nt/brennpunkte_nt/article157885905/Hausaufgaben-gefaehrden-Chancengleichheit.html">"Schulleiter warnen: Hausaufgaben gefährden Chancengleichheit"</a>. <i>DIE WELT</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024021744/https://www.welt.de/newsticker/dpa_nt/infoline_nt/brennpunkte_nt/article157885905/Hausaufgaben-gefaehrden-Chancengleichheit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DIE+WELT&rft.atitle=Schulleiter+warnen%3A+Hausaufgaben+gef%C3%A4hrden+Chancengleichheit&rft.date=2016-08-28&rft.au=WELT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fnewsticker%2Fdpa_nt%2Finfoline_nt%2Fbrennpunkte_nt%2Farticle157885905%2FHausaufgaben-gefaehrden-Chancengleichheit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resilienteducator.com/classroom-resources/the-homework-debate-the-case-against-homework/">"The Case Against Homework: Why It Doesn't Help Students Learn | Resilient Educator"</a>. <i>ResilientEducator.com</i>. 2013-11-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114124606/https://resilienteducator.com/classroom-resources/the-homework-debate-the-case-against-homework/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResilientEducator.com&rft.atitle=The+Case+Against+Homework%3A+Why+It+Doesn%27t+Help+Students+Learn+%7C+Resilient+Educator&rft.date=2013-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresilienteducator.com%2Fclassroom-resources%2Fthe-homework-debate-the-case-against-homework%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinsker2019" class="citation web cs1">Pinsker, Joe (2019-03-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/homework-research-how-much/585889/">"The Cult of Homework"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213063938/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/homework-research-how-much/585889/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+Homework&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft.aulast=Pinsker&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Feducation%2Farchive%2F2019%2F03%2Fhomework-research-how-much%2F585889%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/homework-causes-family-arguments.130170">"Homework causes family arguments"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Malta" title="Times of Malta">Times of Malta</a></i>. 2004-02-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503191724/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/homework-causes-family-arguments.130170">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Homework+causes+family+arguments&rft.date=2004-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2Fhomework-causes-family-arguments.130170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeltyWakabayashi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kelty, Noel E.; Wakabayashi, Tomoko (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244020973024">"Family Engagement in Schools: Parent, Educator, and Community Perspectives"</a>. <i>SAGE Open</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 215824402097302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244020973024">10.1177/2158244020973024</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=Family+Engagement+in+Schools%3A+Parent%2C+Educator%2C+and+Community+Perspectives&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=215824402097302&rft.date=2020-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2158244020973024&rft.aulast=Kelty&rft.aufirst=Noel+E.&rft.au=Wakabayashi%2C+Tomoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2158244020973024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CV-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CV_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CV_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CV_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatterott2018" class="citation book cs1">Vatterott, Cathy (2018). <i>Rethinking Homework</i> (2nd ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: <a href="/wiki/ASCD" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCD">ASCD</a> (published September 2018). pp. 1–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416626565" title="Special:BookSources/9781416626565"><bdi>9781416626565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Homework&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=1-33&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ASCD&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781416626565&rft.aulast=Vatterott&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiemanArbaugh2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wieman, Rob; Arbaugh, Fran (2014-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.nctm.org/view/journals/mtms/20/3/article-p160.xml">"Making Homework More Meaningful"</a>. <i>Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 160–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5951%2Fmathteacmiddscho.20.3.0160">10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.20.3.0160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2328-5486">2328-5486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+Teaching+in+the+Middle+School&rft.atitle=Making+Homework+More+Meaningful&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=160-165&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5951%2Fmathteacmiddscho.20.3.0160&rft.issn=2328-5486&rft.aulast=Wieman&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Arbaugh%2C+Fran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.nctm.org%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fmtms%2F20%2F3%2Farticle-p160.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edutopia.org/article/whats-right-amount-homework/">"What's the Right Amount of Homework?"</a>. <i>Edutopia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edutopia&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Right+Amount+of+Homework%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edutopia.org%2Farticle%2Fwhats-right-amount-homework%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works">Works</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effectiveness_of_homework">Effectiveness of homework</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperRobinsonPatall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Harris; Robinson, Jorgianne C.; Patall, Erika A. (2006). "Does Homework Improve Academic Achievement? A Synthesis of Research, 1987-2003". <i>Review of Educational Research</i>. <b>76</b> (1): 1–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3102%2F00346543076001001">10.3102/00346543076001001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146452256">146452256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Educational+Research&rft.atitle=Does+Homework+Improve+Academic+Achievement%3F+A+Synthesis+of+Research%2C+1987-2003&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-62&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3102%2F00346543076001001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146452256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Harris&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Jorgianne+C.&rft.au=Patall%2C+Erika+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1988" class="citation cs2">Epstein, Joyce L. (1988), "Homework practices, achievements, and behaviors of elementary school students", <i>Center for Research on Elementary and Middle Schools</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Research+on+Elementary+and+Middle+Schools&rft.atitle=Homework+practices%2C+achievements%2C+and+behaviors+of+elementary+school+students&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Joyce+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrautweinKöller2003" class="citation journal cs1">Trautwein, Ulrich; Köller, Olaf (2003). "The Relationship Between Homework and Achievement—Still Much of a Mystery". <i>Educational Psychology Review</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 115–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1023460414243">10.1023/A:1023460414243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142739222">142739222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Psychology+Review&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+Between+Homework+and+Achievement%E2%80%94Still+Much+of+a+Mystery&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-145&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1023460414243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142739222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trautwein&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=K%C3%B6ller%2C+Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVazsonyiPickering2003" class="citation journal cs1">Vazsonyi, Alexander T.; Pickering, Lloyd E. (2003). "The Importance of Family and School Domains in Adolescent Deviance: African American and Caucasian Youth". <i>Journal of Youth and Adolescence</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 115–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021857801554">10.1023/A:1021857801554</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142600541">142600541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Youth+and+Adolescence&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Family+and+School+Domains+in+Adolescent+Deviance%3A+African+American+and+Caucasian+Youth&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1021857801554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142600541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vazsonyi&rft.aufirst=Alexander+T.&rft.au=Pickering%2C+Lloyd+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Homework_and_non-academic_effects">Homework and non-academic effects</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauwensHourcade1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bauwens, Jeanne; Hourcade, Jack J. (1992). "School-Based Sources of Stress Among Elementary and Secondary At-Risk Students". <i>The School Counselor</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 97–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+School+Counselor&rft.atitle=School-Based+Sources+of+Stress+Among+Elementary+and+Secondary+At-Risk+Students&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-102&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bauwens&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft.au=Hourcade%2C+Jack+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBempechat2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bempechat, Janine (2004). "The Motivational Benefits of Homework: A Social-Cognitive Perspective". <i>Theory in Practice</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 189–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftip.2004.0029">10.1353/tip.2004.0029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+in+Practice&rft.atitle=The+Motivational+Benefits+of+Homework%3A+A+Social-Cognitive+Perspective&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189-196&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftip.2004.0029&rft.aulast=Bempechat&rft.aufirst=Janine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheungLeung-Ngai1992" class="citation journal cs1">Cheung, S. K.; Leung-Ngai, J. M. Y. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/34f94e97249049e038e55b7f9e2e97b5.pdf">"Impact of homework stress on children's physical and psychological well-being"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 146–150. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813090154/http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/34f94e97249049e038e55b7f9e2e97b5.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Hong+Kong+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Impact+of+homework+stress+on+children%27s+physical+and+psychological+well-being&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=146-150&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=S.+K.&rft.au=Leung-Ngai%2C+J.+M.+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhkjo.lib.hku.hk%2Farchive%2Ffiles%2F34f94e97249049e038e55b7f9e2e97b5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnerPopeGalloway2009" class="citation journal cs1">Conner, Jerusha; Pope, Denise; Galloway, Mollie (2009). "Success with Less Stress". <i>Health and Learning</i>. <b>67</b> (4): 54–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+and+Learning&rft.atitle=Success+with+Less+Stress&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=54-58&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=Jerusha&rft.au=Pope%2C+Denise&rft.au=Galloway%2C+Mollie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallowayConnerPope2013" class="citation journal cs1">Galloway, Mollie; Conner, Jerusha; Pope, Denise (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00220973.2012.745469">"Nonacademic Effects of Homework in Privileged, High-Performing High Schools"</a>. <i>The Journal of Experimental Education</i>. <b>81</b> (4): 490–510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00220973.2012.745469">10.1080/00220973.2012.745469</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Education&rft.atitle=Nonacademic+Effects+of+Homework+in+Privileged%2C+High-Performing+High+Schools&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=490-510&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00220973.2012.745469&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=Mollie&rft.au=Conner%2C+Jerusha&rft.au=Pope%2C+Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00220973.2012.745469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hardy, Lawrence (2003). "Overburdened, Overwhelmed". <i>American School Board Journal</i>. <b>190</b>: 18–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+School+Board+Journal&rft.atitle=Overburdened%2C+Overwhelmed&rft.volume=190&rft.pages=18-23&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiewraKaufmanHartScoular2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kiewra, Kenneth A; Kaufman, Douglas F.; Hart, Katie; Scoular, Jacqui; Brown, Marissa; Keller, Gwendolyn; Tyler, Becci (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316132838/http://opus.ipfw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=spe">"What Parents, Researchers, and the Popular Press Have to Say About Homework"</a>. <i>Scholarlypartnershipsedu</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 93–109. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opus.ipfw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=spe">the original</a> on 2018-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholarlypartnershipsedu&rft.atitle=What+Parents%2C+Researchers%2C+and+the+Popular+Press+Have+to+Say+About+Homework&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-109&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kiewra&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+A&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Douglas+F.&rft.au=Hart%2C+Katie&rft.au=Scoular%2C+Jacqui&rft.au=Brown%2C+Marissa&rft.au=Keller%2C+Gwendolyn&rft.au=Tyler%2C+Becci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopus.ipfw.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1012%26context%3Dspe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKouzmaKennedy2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kouzma, Nadya M.; Kennedy, Gerard A. (2002). "Homework, stress, and mood disturbance in senior high school students". <i>Psychological Reports</i>. <b>91</b> (1): 193–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.2002.91.1.193">10.2466/pr0.2002.91.1.193</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12353781">12353781</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19342704">19342704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Reports&rft.atitle=Homework%2C+stress%2C+and+mood+disturbance+in+senior+high+school+students&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=193-198&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19342704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12353781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2466%2Fpr0.2002.91.1.193&rft.aulast=Kouzma&rft.aufirst=Nadya+M.&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Gerard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeoneRichards1989" class="citation journal cs1">Leone, Carla M.; Richards, H. (1989). "Classwork and homework in early adolescence: The ecology of achievement". <i>Journal of Youth and Adolescence</i>. <b>18</b> (6): 531–548. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02139072">10.1007/BF02139072</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24272124">24272124</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:508824">508824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Youth+and+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Classwork+and+homework+in+early+adolescence%3A+The+ecology+of+achievement&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=531-548&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A508824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24272124&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02139072&rft.aulast=Leone&rft.aufirst=Carla+M.&rft.au=Richards%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkowKimLiebman2007" class="citation cs2">Markow, Dana; Kim, Amie; Liebman, Margot (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220073447/https://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/contributions/foundation/american-teacher/metlife-survey-american-teacher-2007-homework-experience.pdf"><i>The MetLife Survey of the American Teacher: The homework experience</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Metropolitan Life Insurance Foundation, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/contributions/foundation/american-teacher/metlife-survey-american-teacher-2007-homework-experience.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MetLife+Survey+of+the+American+Teacher%3A+The+homework+experience&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Life+Insurance+Foundation&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Markow&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft.au=Kim%2C+Amie&rft.au=Liebman%2C+Margot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metlife.com%2Fassets%2Fcao%2Fcontributions%2Ffoundation%2Famerican-teacher%2Fmetlife-survey-american-teacher-2007-homework-experience.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalleeRigler2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sallee, Buffy; Rigler, Neil (2008). "Doing Our Homework on Homework: How Does Homework Help?". <i>The English Journal</i>. <b>98</b> (2): 46–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.58680%2Fej20086828">10.58680/ej20086828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Journal&rft.atitle=Doing+Our+Homework+on+Homework%3A+How+Does+Homework+Help%3F&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=46-51&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.58680%2Fej20086828&rft.aulast=Sallee&rft.aufirst=Buffy&rft.au=Rigler%2C+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestWood1970" class="citation journal cs1">West, Charles K.; Wood, Edward S. (1970). "Academic Pressures on Public School Students". <i>Educational Leadership</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 585–589.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Leadership&rft.atitle=Academic+Pressures+on+Public+School+Students&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=585-589&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft.au=Wood%2C+Edward+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuYuan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Jianzhong; Yuan, Ruiping (2003). "Doing homework: Listening to students', parents', and teachers' voices in one urban middle school community". <i>School Community Journal</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 25–44. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.471.2773">10.1.1.471.2773</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=School+Community+Journal&rft.atitle=Doing+homework%3A+Listening+to+students%27%2C+parents%27%2C+and+teachers%27+voices+in+one+urban+middle+school+community&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=25-44&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.471.2773%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Jianzhong&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Ruiping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYstgaard1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ystgaard, M. (1997). "Life stress, social support and psychological distress in late adolescence". <i>Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology</i>. <b>32</b> (5): 277–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00789040">10.1007/BF00789040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9257518">9257518</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22716723">22716723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Psychiatry+and+Psychiatric+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Life+stress%2C+social+support+and+psychological+distress+in+late+adolescence&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=277-283&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22716723%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9257518&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00789040&rft.aulast=Ystgaard&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2007" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Harris (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleoverhomewo0000coop"><i>The Battle Over Homework: Common Ground for Administrators, Teachers, and Parents</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/Corwin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Corwin Press">Corwin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412937139" title="Special:BookSources/9781412937139"><bdi>9781412937139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+Over+Homework%3A+Common+Ground+for+Administrators%2C+Teachers%2C+and+Parents&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Corwin+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781412937139&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleoverhomewo0000coop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Holt_(educator)" title="John Holt (educator)">Holt, John</a> (1983). <a href="/wiki/How_Children_Learn" title="How Children Learn"><i>How Children Learn</i></a>. Reading, MA: Da Capo Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Children+Learn&rft.place=Reading%2C+MA&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfie_Kohn" title="Alfie Kohn">Kohn, Alfie</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homeworkmythwhyo00kohn"><i>The Homework Myth</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-1085-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-1085-8"><bdi>978-0-7382-1085-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Homework+Myth&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-1085-8&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Alfie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomeworkmythwhyo00kohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomework" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alfiekohn.org/homework-improve-learning/">Chapter 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161321/http://www.alfiekohn.org/homework-improve-learning/">Archived</a> 2016-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> is free to read.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.duke.edu//2006/03/homework.html">Duke Study</a>: Homework Helps Students Succeed in School, As Long as There Isn't Too Much</i></li> <li><i>The Case Against Homework: How Homework Is Hurting Our Children and What We Can Do About It</i> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stophomework.com">Sarah Bennett</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nancykalish.com">Nancy Kalish</a> (2006) Discusses in detail assessments of studies on homework and the authors' own research and assessment of the homework situation in the United States. Has specific recommendations and sample letters to be used in negotiating a reduced homework load for your child.</li> <li><i>Closing the Book on Homework: Enhancing Public Education and Freeing Family Time</i> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622124403/http://www.bangordailynews.com/editorialnews/viewpoints/johnbuell.aspx">John Buell</a> (2004)</li> <li><i>The Battle Over Homework: Common Ground for Administrators, Teachers, and Parents</i> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www7.nationalacademies.org/dbasse/Harris_Cooper.html">Harris Cooper</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723030308/http://www7.nationalacademies.org/dbasse/Harris_Cooper.html">Archived</a> 2012-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2007)</li> <li><i>The Homework Myth: Why Our Kids Get Too Much of a Bad Thing</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alfie_Kohn" title="Alfie Kohn">Alfie Kohn</a> (2006)</li> <li><i>The End of Homework: How Homework Disrupts families, Overburdens Children, and Limits Learning</i> by Etta Kralovec and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622124403/http://www.bangordailynews.com/editorialnews/viewpoints/johnbuell.aspx">John Buell</a> (2000)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Homework" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Homework"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Homework</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/homework" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/homework">homework</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1376208,00.html">"The Myth About Homework"</a>, Claudia Wallis, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, August 29, 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/life/explainer/2012/10/did_anybody_ever_believe_the_excuse_the_dog_ate_my_homework_.html">History of "The Dog Ate My Homework" as an excuse</a>. <i>Slate</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615075608/http://www.nea.org/parents/images/homeworksolutionsguide.pdf">Bridging the Great Homework Divide: A Solutions Guide for Parents of Middle School Students</a> - from the National Education Association.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ed.gov/parents/academic/involve/homework/homeworktips.pdf">Homework tips for parents</a> - U.S. Department of Education.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/parents/">BBC's (U.K.) parents' school guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ed.gov/pubs/HelpingStudents/index.html">Helping Your Students With Homework: A Guide For Teachers</a> - U.S. Department of Education.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070226083311/http://www.peakparent.org/pdf/fact_sheets/homework.pdf">Homework Practices that Support Students with Disabilities</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753877#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4128125-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Homework"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85061742">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Devoirs à la maison"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122033219">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Devoirs à la maison"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122033219">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572389">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565423505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homework&oldid=1250995260">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homework&oldid=1250995260</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_reform" title="Category:Education reform">Education reform</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Learning_methods" title="Category:Learning methods">Learning methods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:School_terminology" title="Category:School terminology">School terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Standards-based_education" title="Category:Standards-based education">Standards-based education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Home" title="Category:Home">Home</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 October 2024, at 19:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homework&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7n487","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.986","walltime":"1.151","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4885,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":105904,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2439,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":168437,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1010.276 1 -total"," 32.13% 324.578 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.43% 135.650 21 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.20% 133.406 1 Template:Authority_control"," 12.10% 122.264 5 Template:Cite_book"," 9.87% 99.687 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.83% 89.244 13 Template:Sfnp"," 8.12% 82.074 11 Template:Cite_news"," 6.17% 62.299 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.99% 60.539 2 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.665","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7386228,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBauwensHourcade1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBazelon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBempechat2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheungLeung-Ngai1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnerPopeGalloway2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooperRobinsonPatall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoughlan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoughlan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpsteinVoorhis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallowayConnerPope2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolt1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeltyWakabayashi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiewraKaufmanHartScoular2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKouzmaKennedy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeoneRichards1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkowKimLiebman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathews2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedlmen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnion2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinsker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamdassZimmerman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalleeRigler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaro\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrautweinKöller2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVatterott2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVazsonyiPickering2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWELT2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestWood1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiemanArbaugh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuYuan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYstgaard1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"=\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 11,\n [\"Math\"] = 2,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6klwk","timestamp":"20241124151211","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Homework","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homework","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q753877","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q753877","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-25T02:09:38Z","dateModified":"2024-10-13T19:30:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/15\/Homework_-_vector_maths.jpg","headline":"form of school work assigned to be completed out of class"}</script> </body> </html>