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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Election of Pope Pius IX, 1846</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_Pope_Pius_IX,_1846-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Return to Italy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_Italy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Return to Italy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Italian_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Italian_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>First Italian War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Italian_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America_and_the_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America_and_the_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>North America and the Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America_and_the_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tyneside" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tyneside"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tyneside</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tyneside-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Italian_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Second Italian War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Italian_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_of_1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_of_1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Campaign of 1860</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_of_1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition_against_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition_against_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Expedition against Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expedition_against_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_struggle_with_Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_struggle_with_Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Final struggle with Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_struggle_with_Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franco-Prussian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franco-Prussian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Franco-Prussian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franco-Prussian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_with_the_First_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_with_the_First_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Involvement with the First International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_with_the_First_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>On the Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Giuseppe Garibaldi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8D_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Джузэппэ Гарибальди – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Джузэппэ Гарибальди" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="جوزيبي غاريبالدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوزيبي غاريبالدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BCzeppe_Qaribaldi" title="Cüzeppe Qaribaldi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cüzeppe Qaribaldi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF" title="জুসেপ্পে গারিবালদি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জুসেপ্পে গারিবালদি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%8D_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Джузэпэ Гарыбальдзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джузэпэ Гарыбальдзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%8D_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Джузэпэ Гарыбальдзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джузэпэ Гарыбальдзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Джузепе Гарибалди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джузепе Гарибалди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Джузеппе Гарибальди – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Джузеппе Гарибальди" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AD%CF%80%CE%B5_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Τζουζέπε Γκαριμπάλντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζουζέπε Γκαριμπάλντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%BE%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جوزپه گاریبالدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوزپه گاریبالدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%A1%9E%E4%BD%A9%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%A2%E7%AC%AC" title="朱塞佩·加里波第 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="朱塞佩·加里波第" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%87_%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80" title="જુઝૅપ્પે ગેરિબાલ્ડી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જુઝૅપ્પે ગેરિબાલ્ડી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%B8%ED%8E%98_%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%EB%B0%9C%EB%94%94" title="주세페 가리발디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주세페 가리발디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%A5_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Ջուզեպպե Գարիբալդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջուզեպպե Գարիբալդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF" title="जुज़ॅप्पे गारिबाल्दि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जुज़ॅप्पे गारिबाल्दि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5" title="Гарибальди, Джузеппе – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гарибальди, Джузеппе" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99" title="ג'וזפה גריבלדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וזפה גריבלדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜೂಸೆಪ್ಪೆ ಗಾರಿಬಾಲ್ಡಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೂಸೆಪ್ಪೆ ಗಾರಿಬಾಲ್ಡಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯუზეპე გარიბალდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯუზეპე გარიბალდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Джузеппе Гарибальди – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джузеппе Гарибальди" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Жузеппе Гарибальди – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жузеппе Гарибальди" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_Garibaldi" title="Iosephus Garibaldi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEuzepe_Garibaldi" title="Džuzepe Garibaldi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džuzepe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioxeppe_Gaibado" title="Gioxeppe Gaibado – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Gioxeppe Gaibado" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Џузепе Гарибалди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џузепе Гарибалди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF" title="ജ്യൂസെപ്പെ ഗാരിബാൾഡി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജ്യൂസെപ്പെ ഗാരിബാൾഡി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="ज्युझेप्पे गारिबाल्दी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्युझेप्पे गारिबाल्दी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯუზეპე გარიბალდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯუზეპე გარიბალდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%89_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%89" title="جوزيبى جاريبالدى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوزيبى جاريبالدى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%BE%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جوزپه گاریبالدی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جوزپه گاریبالدی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%87%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1_%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE" title="ဂျူးဇက်ပေ ဂါရီဘာဒီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျူးဇက်ပေ ဂါရီဘာဒီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="गेरीबाल्डी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गेरीबाल्डी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BC%E3%83%83%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="ジュゼッペ・ガリバルディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジュゼッペ・ガリバルディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppe_Galibbarde" title="Peppe Galibbarde – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Peppe Galibbarde" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A8p_Garibaldi" title="Josèp Garibaldi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Josèp Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80" title="ਜੂਜ਼ੈੱਪੇ ਗਾਰੀਬਾਲਦੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੂਜ਼ੈੱਪੇ ਗਾਰੀਬਾਲਦੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88%DB%8C" title="گیریبالڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گیریبالڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5" title="Гарибальди, Джузеппе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гарибальди, Джузеппе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhuzepe_Garibaldi" title="Xhuzepe Garibaldi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhuzepe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppi_Garibbaldi" title="Giuseppi Garibbaldi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giuseppi Garibbaldi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8E%D9%BE%DB%8E_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جوزێپێ گاریبالدی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جوزێپێ گاریبالدی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%82%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ђузепе Гарибалди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ђузепе Гарибалди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="கரிபால்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரிபால்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Джузеппе Гарибальди – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Джузеппе Гарибальди" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF" title="గిసేప్పి గారిబాల్డి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గిసేప్పి గారిబాల్డి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ҷузеппе Гарибалди – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷузеппе Гарибалди" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Giuseppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuzeppe_Garibaldi" title="Žuzeppe Garibaldi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Žuzeppe Garibaldi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Джузеппе Гарібальді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джузеппе Гарібальді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%BE_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="جوسیپ گاریبالدی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوسیپ گاریبالدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Garibaldi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Garibaldi (disambiguation)">Garibaldi (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi (disambiguation)">Giuseppe Garibaldi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Giuseppe Garibaldi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/220px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/330px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg/440px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="2509" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Garibaldi in 1861</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Kingdom_of_Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 February 1861 – 2 June 1882</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> (1861–65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Andria" title="Andria">Andria</a> (1865–67)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ozieri" title="Ozieri">Ozieri</a> (1867–70)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (1870–82)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictator of Sicily</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 May 1860 – 4 November 1860</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph-Marie Garibaldi</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1807-07-04</span>)</span>4 July 1807<br /><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, First French Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 June 1882<span style="display:none">(1882-06-02)</span> (aged 74)<br /><a href="/wiki/Caprera" title="Caprera">Caprera</a>, Kingdom of Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Italian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Italy (historical)">Young Italy</a> (1831–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy,_1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action Party (Italy, 1848)">Action Party</a> (1848–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Left" title="Historical Left">Historical Left</a> (1867–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Far_Left" title="Historical Far Left">Extreme Left</a> (1877–1882)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anita_Garibaldi" title="Anita Garibaldi">Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="26 March 1842">1842</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="4 August 1849">1849</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Giuseppina Raimondi</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="24 January 1860">1860</span>; <abbr title="separated">sep.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="24 January 1860">1860</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Francesca Armosino</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1880)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">8, including <a href="/wiki/Menotti_Garibaldi" title="Menotti Garibaldi">Menotti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ricciotti_Garibaldi" title="Ricciotti Garibaldi">Ricciotti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Appletons%27_Garibaldi_Giuseppe_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Appletons%27_Garibaldi_Giuseppe_signature.png/250px-Appletons%27_Garibaldi_Giuseppe_signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Appletons%27_Garibaldi_Giuseppe_signature.png/330px-Appletons%27_Garibaldi_Giuseppe_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="77" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">List of allegiances</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Riograndense_Republic" title="Riograndense Republic">Riograndense Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Juliana_Republic" title="Juliana Republic">Juliana Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Party_(Uruguay)" title="Colorado Party (Uruguay)">Colorado Party</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Party" title="Unitarian Party">Unitarian Party</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a><hr /> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Army" title="Royal Sardinian Army">Royal Sardinian Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Service years</th><td class="infobox-data">1835–1871</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">General</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunters_of_the_Alps" title="Hunters of the Alps">Hunters of the Alps</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Legion" title="International Legion">International Legion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Vosges" title="Army of the Vosges">Army of the Vosges</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War" title="Uruguayan Civil War">Uruguayan Civil War</a> </span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">    </span><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Montevideo" title="Great Siege of Montevideo">Great Siege of Montevideo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">    </span><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata#Uruguay_river" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Uruguay River pillage</a><hr /></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian Unification Wars</a></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">    </span><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">1st War of Independence</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">        </span><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_(1849)" title="Battle of Novara (1849)">Battle of Novara</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">        </span><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)#French_siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Siege of Rome</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">    </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">2nd War of Independence</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">        </span><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varese" title="Battle of Varese">Battle of Varese</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">    </span><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">        </span><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calatafimi" title="Battle of Calatafimi">Battle of Calatafimi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">        </span><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milazzo_(1860)" title="Battle of Milazzo (1860)">Battle of Milazzo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">        </span><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Volturnus_(1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Volturnus (1860)">Battle of Volturnus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">    </span><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspromonte" title="Battle of Aspromonte">Battle of Aspromonte</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">    </span><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">3rd War of Independence</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">        </span><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bezzecca" title="Battle of Bezzecca">Battle of Bezzecca</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">        </span><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trentino_(1866)" title="Invasion of Trentino (1866)">Invasion of Trentino</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">    </span><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mentana" title="Battle of Mentana">Battle of Mentana</a><hr /></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap">    </span><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dijon_(1870)" title="Battle of Dijon (1870)">Battles of Dijon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(54–51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1531)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1656)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1698)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1755)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1787–1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1794)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1963)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" 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href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GARR</span>-ib-<span style="font-size:90%">AHL</span>-dee</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[dʒuˈzɛppe<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡariˈbaldi]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2c\/It-Giuseppe_Garibaldi.oga\/It-Giuseppe_Garibaldi.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Giuseppe Garibaldi.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/It-Giuseppe_Garibaldi.oga/It-Giuseppe_Garibaldi.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:It-Giuseppe_Garibaldi.oga" title="File:It-Giuseppe Garibaldi.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> and republican. He contributed to <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> (Risorgimento) and the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">creation of the Kingdom of Italy</a>. He is considered to be one of Italy's "<a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">fathers of the fatherland</a>", along with <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi is also known as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garibaldi was a follower of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian nationalist">Italian nationalist</a> Mazzini and embraced the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> nationalism of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a supporter of Italian unification under a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republican</a> government. However, breaking with Mazzini, he pragmatically allied himself with the monarchist Cavour and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> in the struggle for independence, subordinating his republican ideals to his nationalist ones until Italy was unified. After participating in an uprising in Piedmont, he was sentenced to death, but escaped and sailed to South America, where he spent 14 years in exile, during which he took part in several wars and learned the art of guerrilla warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1835 he joined the rebels known as the Ragamuffins (<i lang="pt"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/farrapos#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:farrapos">farrapos</a></i>), in the <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a> in Brazil, and took up their cause of establishing the <a href="/wiki/Riograndense_Republic" title="Riograndense Republic">Riograndense Republic</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Juliana_Republic" title="Juliana Republic">Catarinense Republic</a>. Garibaldi also became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War" title="Uruguayan Civil War">Uruguayan Civil War</a>, raising an Italian force known as <a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a>, and is still celebrated as an important contributor to Uruguay's reconstitution. </p><p>In 1848, Garibaldi returned to Italy and commanded and fought in military campaigns that eventually led to Italian unification. The provisional government of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> made him a general and the <a href="/wiki/Defence_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence minister">Minister of War</a> promoted him to General of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a> in 1849. When the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">war of independence</a> broke out in April 1859, he led his <a href="/wiki/Hunters_of_the_Alps" title="Hunters of the Alps">Hunters of the Alps</a> in the capture of major cities in Lombardy, including <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varese" title="Battle of Varese">Varese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fermo" title="Battle of San Fermo">Como</a>, and reached the frontier of South Tyrol; the war ended with the acquisition of Lombardy. The following year, 1860, he led the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a> on behalf of, and with the consent of, Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia. The expedition was a success and concluded with the annexation of Sicily, Southern Italy, Marche and Umbria to the Kingdom of Sardinia before the creation of a unified Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861. His last military campaign took place during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> as commander of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Vosges" title="Army of the Vosges">Army of the Vosges</a>. </p><p>Garibaldi became an international figurehead for national independence and republican ideals, and is considered by twentieth-century historiography and popular culture as Italy's greatest <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">national hero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was showered with admiration and praise by many contemporary intellectuals and political figures, including <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mack_Smith,_pp._69–70_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack_Smith,_pp._69–70-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Brown_(admiral)" title="William Brown (admiral)">William Brown</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-le-citazioni.it_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-le-citazioni.it-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_de_Sanctis" title="Francesco de Sanctis">Francesco de Sanctis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malwida_von_Meysenbug" title="Malwida von Meysenbug">Malwida von Meysenbug</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi also inspired later figures like <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Di_Mino_2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Di_Mino_2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> called him "the only wholly admirable figure in modern history".<sup id="cite_ref-Parks_2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parks_2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volunteers who followed Garibaldi during his campaigns were known as the <i>Garibaldini</i> or <a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a>, after the color of the shirts that they wore in lieu of a uniform. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_house_in_which_Garibaldi_born_in_Nice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_house_in_which_Garibaldi_born_in_Nice.jpg/220px-The_house_in_which_Garibaldi_born_in_Nice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_house_in_which_Garibaldi_born_in_Nice.jpg/330px-The_house_in_which_Garibaldi_born_in_Nice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_house_in_which_Garibaldi_born_in_Nice.jpg/440px-The_house_in_which_Garibaldi_born_in_Nice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>House in which Garibaldi was born</figcaption></figure> <p>Garibaldi was born and christened Joseph-Marie Garibaldi<sup id="cite_ref-sc3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 4 July 1807 in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, which had been conquered by the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French Republic</a> in 1792, to the <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Ligurian</a> family of Domenico Garibaldi from <a href="/wiki/Chiavari" title="Chiavari">Chiavari</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Maria Rosa Nicoletta Raimondi from <a href="/wiki/Loano" title="Loano">Loano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1814, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> returned Nice to <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia">Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia</a>. (Nice would be returned to France in 1860 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Treaty of Turin</a>, over the objections of Garibaldi.) </p><p>Garibaldi's family's involvement in coastal trade drew him to a life at sea. </p><p>He lived in the <a href="/wiki/Pera_(Beyo%C4%9Flu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pera (Beyoğlu)">Pera</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> from 1828 to 1832. He became an instructor and taught Italian, French, and mathematics in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi had close ties with the vast <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinian</a> exile network in the Ottoman Empire, befriending people such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Timoteo_Calosso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Timoteo Calosso (page does not exist)">Giovanni Timoteo Calosso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1833, he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Taganrog" title="Taganrog">Taganrog</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, aboard the <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> <i>Clorinda</i> with a shipment of oranges. During ten days in port, he met Giovanni Battista Cuneo from <a href="/wiki/Oneglia" title="Oneglia">Oneglia</a>, a politically active immigrant and member of the secret <a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>. Mazzini was a passionate proponent of Italian unification as a liberal republic via political and social reform. </p><p>In November 1833, Garibaldi met Mazzini in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, starting a long relationship that later became troubled. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a> revolutionary association, and in February 1834 participated in a failed Mazzinian insurrection in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_America">South America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_and_his_men_carrying_boats_from_Los_Patos_lagoon_to_Tramandahy_lake_during_the_Rio_Grande_do_Sul_War..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Garibaldi_and_his_men_carrying_boats_from_Los_Patos_lagoon_to_Tramandahy_lake_during_the_Rio_Grande_do_Sul_War..jpg/220px-Garibaldi_and_his_men_carrying_boats_from_Los_Patos_lagoon_to_Tramandahy_lake_during_the_Rio_Grande_do_Sul_War..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Garibaldi_and_his_men_carrying_boats_from_Los_Patos_lagoon_to_Tramandahy_lake_during_the_Rio_Grande_do_Sul_War..jpg/330px-Garibaldi_and_his_men_carrying_boats_from_Los_Patos_lagoon_to_Tramandahy_lake_during_the_Rio_Grande_do_Sul_War..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Garibaldi_and_his_men_carrying_boats_from_Los_Patos_lagoon_to_Tramandahy_lake_during_the_Rio_Grande_do_Sul_War..jpg/440px-Garibaldi_and_his_men_carrying_boats_from_Los_Patos_lagoon_to_Tramandahy_lake_during_the_Rio_Grande_do_Sul_War..jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi and his men carrying boats from <a href="/wiki/Lagoa_dos_Patos" title="Lagoa dos Patos">Lagoa dos Patos</a> to Tramandahy lake during the war in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Garibaldi first sailed to the <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Beylik of Tunis</a> before eventually finding his way to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>. Once there, he took up the cause of the <a href="/wiki/Riograndense_Republic" title="Riograndense Republic">Riograndense Republic</a> in its attempt to separate from Brazil, joining the rebels known as the Ragamuffins in the <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a> of 1835. </p><p>During this war, he met <a href="/wiki/Ana_Maria_de_Jesus_Ribeiro_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro da Silva">Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro da Silva</a>, commonly known as Anita. When the rebels proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Juliana_Republic" title="Juliana Republic">Catarinense Republic</a> in the Brazilian province of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a> in 1839, she joined him aboard his ship, <i>Rio Pardo</i>, and fought alongside him at the battles of Imbituba and Laguna. </p><p>In 1841, Garibaldi and Anita moved to <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, Uruguay, where Garibaldi worked as a trader and schoolmaster. The couple married in <a href="/wiki/Parroquia_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs,_Montevideo" title="Parroquia San Francisco de Asís, Montevideo">Church of St. Francis of Assisi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Vieja,_Montevideo" title="Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo">Ciudad Vieja</a> neighborhood, the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had four children; <a href="/wiki/Menotti_Garibaldi" title="Menotti Garibaldi">Domenico Menotti</a> (1840–1903), Rosa (1843–1845), Teresa Teresita (1845–1903), and <a href="/wiki/Ricciotti_Garibaldi" title="Ricciotti Garibaldi">Ricciotti</a> (1847–1924).<sup id="cite_ref-Kleis_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleis-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A skilled horsewoman, Anita is said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2019)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have taught Giuseppe about the <a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">gaucho</a> culture of Argentina, southern Brazil and Uruguay. Around this time he adopted his distinctive style of clothing—wearing the red shirt, <a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">poncho</a>, and hat commonly worn by gauchos. </p><p>In 1842, Garibaldi took command of the <a href="/wiki/National_Navy_of_Uruguay" title="National Navy of Uruguay">Uruguayan fleet</a> and raised an Italian Legion of soldiers—known as <a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a>—for the <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War" title="Uruguayan Civil War">Uruguayan Civil War</a>. This recruitment was possible as Montevideo had a large Italian population at the time: 4,205 out of a total population of 30,000 according to an 1843 census.<sup id="cite_ref-Etche17_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etche17-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Sant%27Antonio,_Uruguay_in_which_Garibaldi_participated,_in_1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/The_Battle_of_Sant%27Antonio%2C_Uruguay_in_which_Garibaldi_participated%2C_in_1846.jpg/250px-The_Battle_of_Sant%27Antonio%2C_Uruguay_in_which_Garibaldi_participated%2C_in_1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/The_Battle_of_Sant%27Antonio%2C_Uruguay_in_which_Garibaldi_participated%2C_in_1846.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_Sant%27Antonio%2C_Uruguay_in_which_Garibaldi_participated%2C_in_1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/The_Battle_of_Sant%27Antonio%2C_Uruguay_in_which_Garibaldi_participated%2C_in_1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi during the battle of Sant'Antonio, 1846</figcaption></figure> <p>Garibaldi aligned his forces with the Uruguayan <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Party_(Uruguay)" title="Colorado Party (Uruguay)">Colorados</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Fructuoso_Rivera" title="Fructuoso Rivera">Fructuoso Rivera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Joaquín Suárez">Joaquín Suárez</a>, who were aligned with the Argentine <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Party" title="Unitarian Party">Unitarian Party</a>. This faction received some support from the French and British in their struggle against the forces of former Uruguayan president <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Oribe" title="Manuel Oribe">Manuel Oribe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)" title="National Party (Uruguay)">Blancos</a>, which was also aligned with Argentine <a href="/wiki/Federales_(Argentina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federales (Argentina)">Federales</a> under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires</a> caudillo <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a>. The Italian Legion adopted a black flag that represented Italy in mourning, with a volcano at the centre that symbolized the dormant power in their homeland. Though contemporary sources do not mention the Redshirts, popular history asserts that the legion first wore them in Uruguay, getting them from a factory in Montevideo that had intended to export them to the slaughterhouses of Argentina. These shirts became the symbol of Garibaldi and his followers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1842 and 1848, Garibaldi <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Civil_War#The_Great_Siege" title="Uruguayan Civil War">defended Montevideo</a> against forces led by Oribe. In 1845, he managed to occupy <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Garc%C3%ADa_Island" title="Martín García Island">Martín García Island</a>, and led the infamous sacks of Martín García island and <a href="/wiki/Gualeguaych%C3%BA,_Entre_R%C3%ADos" title="Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos">Gualeguaychú</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata</a>. Garibaldi escaped with his life after being defeated in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Brava_combat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costa Brava combat (page does not exist)">Costa Brava combat</a>, delivered on 15 and 16 August 1842, thanks to the mercy of Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Brown_(admiral)" title="William Brown (admiral)">William Brown</a>. The Argentines, wanting to pursue him to finish him off, were stopped by Brown who exclaimed "let him escape, that gringo is a brave man."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, a grandson of Garibaldi would be named William, in honour of Admiral Brown. Adopting amphibious<sup id="cite_ref-Etche17_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etche17-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> guerrilla tactics, Garibaldi later achieved two victories during 1846, in the Battle of Cerro and the Battle of San Antonio del Santo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Induction_to_Freemasonry">Induction to Freemasonry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Induction to Freemasonry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garibaldi joined <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> during his exile, taking advantage of the asylum the lodges offered to political refugees from European countries. At the age of 37, during 1844, Garibaldi was initiated in the Asilo de la Virtud Lodge of Montevideo. This was an irregular lodge under a Brazilian Freemasonry not recognized by the main international masonic obediences, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France" title="Grand Orient de France">Grand Orient de France</a>. </p><p>While Garibaldi had little use for Masonic rituals, he was an active Freemason and regarded Freemasonry as a network that united progressive men as brothers both within nations and as a global community. Garibaldi was eventually elected as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Italy" title="Grand Orient of Italy">Grand Orient of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garibaldi_–_the_mason_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garibaldi_–_the_mason-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freemasonry.bcy.ca_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freemasonry.bcy.ca-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garibaldi regularized his position later in 1844, joining the lodge Les Amis de la Patrie of <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a> under the Grand Orient of France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_Pope_Pius_IX,_1846"><span id="Election_of_Pope_Pius_IX.2C_1846"></span>Election of Pope Pius IX, 1846</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Election of Pope Pius IX, 1846"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fate of his homeland continued to concern Garibaldi. The election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in 1846 caused a sensation among Italian patriots, both at home and in exile. Pius's initial reforms seemed to identify him as the liberal pope called for by <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti" title="Vincenzo Gioberti">Vincenzo Gioberti</a>, who went on to lead the unification of Italy. When news of these reforms reached Montevideo, Garibaldi wrote to the Pope: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If these hands, used to fighting, would be acceptable to His Holiness, we most thankfully dedicate them to the service of him who deserves so well of the Church and of the fatherland. Joyful indeed shall we and our companions in whose name we speak be, if we may be allowed to shed our blood in defence of Pius IX's work of redemption.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Mazzini, from exile, also applauded the early reforms of Pius IX. In 1847, Garibaldi offered the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic nuncio">apostolic nuncio</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Bedini, the service of his Italian Legion for the liberation of the peninsula. Then news of the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Sicilian revolution of 1848</a> in January and revolutionary agitation elsewhere in Italy, encouraged Garibaldi to lead approximately 60 members of his legion home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Italy">Return to Italy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Italian_War_of_Independence">First Italian War of Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First Italian War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaetano_Gallino_-_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gaetano_Gallino_-_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg/250px-Gaetano_Gallino_-_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gaetano_Gallino_-_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg/330px-Gaetano_Gallino_-_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gaetano_Gallino_-_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg/500px-Gaetano_Gallino_-_Giuseppe_Garibaldi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Garibaldi in 1848</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_divise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Garibaldi_divise.jpg/250px-Garibaldi_divise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Garibaldi_divise.jpg/330px-Garibaldi_divise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Garibaldi_divise.jpg/500px-Garibaldi_divise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Popular print showing Garibaldi wearing uniforms of 1848, 1860 and 1859 wars</figcaption></figure> <p>Garibaldi returned to Italy amidst the turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states</a> and was one of the founders and leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy,_1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action Party (Italy, 1848)">Action Party</a>. Garibaldi offered his services to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia" title="Charles Albert of Sardinia">Charles Albert of Sardinia</a>, who displayed some liberal inclinations, but he treated Garibaldi with coolness and distrust. Rebuffed by the Piedmontese, he and his followers crossed into <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> where they offered assistance to the provisional government of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, which had rebelled against the Austrian occupation. In the course of the following unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a>, Garibaldi led his legion to two minor victories at <a href="/wiki/Luino" title="Luino">Luino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morazzone" title="Morazzone">Morazzone</a>. </p><p>After the crushing Piedmontese defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novara_(1849)" title="Battle of Novara (1849)">Battle of Novara</a> on 23 March 1849, Garibaldi moved to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to support the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a> recently proclaimed in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. However, a French force sent by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis Napoleon</a> threatened to topple it. At Mazzini's urging, Garibaldi took command of the defence of Rome. In fighting near <a href="/wiki/Velletri" title="Velletri">Velletri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achille_Cantoni" title="Achille Cantoni">Achille Cantoni</a> saved his life. After Cantoni's death, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mentana" title="Battle of Mentana">Battle of Mentana</a>, Garibaldi wrote the novel <i>Cantoni the Volunteer</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Garibaldi_assedio_di_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_assedio_di_Roma.jpg/290px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_assedio_di_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_assedio_di_Roma.jpg/435px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_assedio_di_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_assedio_di_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi during the siege of Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 April 1849, the Republican army, under Garibaldi's command, defeated a numerically far superior French army at the <a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pancrazio" title="Porta San Pancrazio">Porta San Pancrazio</a> gate of Rome. Subsequently, French reinforcements arrived, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)#French_siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Siege of Rome</a> began on 1 June. Despite the resistance of the Republican army, the French prevailed on 29 June. On 30 June the Roman Assembly met and debated three options: surrender, continue fighting in the streets, or retreat from Rome to continue resistance from the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine Mountains</a>. Garibaldi, having entered the chamber covered in blood, made a speech favouring the third option, ending with: <i>Ovunque noi saremo, sarà Roma</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("Wherever we will go, that will be Rome"). </p><p>The sides negotiated a truce on 1–2 July, Garibaldi withdrew from Rome with 4,000 troops, and ceded his ambition to rouse popular rebellion against the Austrians in central Italy. The French Army entered Rome on 3 July and reestablished the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>'s temporal power. Garibaldi and his forces, hunted by Austrian, French, Spanish, and Neapolitan troops, fled to the north, intending to reach <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Venetians were still resisting</a> the Austrian siege.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an epic march, Garibaldi took temporary refuge in San Marino, with only 250 men having not abandoned him. Anita, who was carrying their fifth child, died near <a href="/wiki/Comacchio" title="Comacchio">Comacchio</a> during the retreat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America_and_the_Pacific">North America and the Pacific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: North America and the Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garibaldi eventually managed to reach <a href="/wiki/Porto_Venere" title="Porto Venere">Porto Venere</a>, near <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a>, but the Piedmontese government forced him to emigrate again. He went to <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, where he stayed with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Carpanetto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Carpanetto (page does not exist)">Francesco Carpanetto</a>, a wealthy Italian merchant. Carpanetto suggested that he and some of his associates finance the purchase of a merchant ship, which Garibaldi would command. Garibaldi agreed, feeling that his political goals were, for the moment, unreachable, and he could at least earn a living.<sup id="cite_ref-Autobio_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobio-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poncho_e_camicia_rossa_di_Garibaldi_-_Museo_del_Risorgimento_di_Milano.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Poncho_e_camicia_rossa_di_Garibaldi_-_Museo_del_Risorgimento_di_Milano.JPG/250px-Poncho_e_camicia_rossa_di_Garibaldi_-_Museo_del_Risorgimento_di_Milano.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Poncho_e_camicia_rossa_di_Garibaldi_-_Museo_del_Risorgimento_di_Milano.JPG/330px-Poncho_e_camicia_rossa_di_Garibaldi_-_Museo_del_Risorgimento_di_Milano.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Poncho_e_camicia_rossa_di_Garibaldi_-_Museo_del_Risorgimento_di_Milano.JPG/500px-Poncho_e_camicia_rossa_di_Garibaldi_-_Museo_del_Risorgimento_di_Milano.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi's poncho and red shirt at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Milan)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)">Museum of the Risorgimento</a>, Milan</figcaption></figure> <p>The ship was to be purchased in the United States. Garibaldi went to New York City, arriving on 30 July 1850. However, the funds for buying a ship were lacking. While in New York, he stayed with various Italian friends, including some exiled revolutionaries. He attended the Masonic lodges of New York in 1850, where he met several supporters of democratic internationalism, whose minds were open to socialist thought, and to giving Freemasonry a strong anti-papal stance.<sup id="cite_ref-freemasonry.bcy.ca_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freemasonry.bcy.ca-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inventor <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a> employed Garibaldi in his candle factory on <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a><sup id="cite_ref-Citycyclopedia_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citycyclopedia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the cottage where he stayed is listed on the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> and is preserved as the <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Garibaldi Memorial">Garibaldi Memorial</a>). Garibaldi was not satisfied with this, and in April 1851 he left New York with his friend Carpanetto for Central America, where Carpanetto was establishing business operations. They first went to Nicaragua, and then to other parts of the region. Garibaldi accompanied Carpanetto as a companion, not a business partner, and used the name <i>Giuseppe Pane</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Autobio_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobio-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carpanetto went on to <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru, where a shipload of his goods was due, arriving late in 1851 with Garibaldi. En route, Garibaldi called on revolutionary heroine <a href="/wiki/Manuela_S%C3%A1enz" title="Manuela Sáenz">Manuela Sáenz</a>. At Lima, Garibaldi was generally welcomed. A local Italian merchant, Pietro Denegri, gave him command of his ship <i>Carmen</i> for a trading voyage across the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>, for which he required Peruvian citizenship, which he obtained that year.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Presenza_di_Garibaldi_in_Perù_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Presenza_di_Garibaldi_in_Perù-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi took the <i>Carmen</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands" title="Chincha Islands">Chincha Islands</a> for a load of <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>. Then on 10 January 1852, he sailed from Peru for <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>, China, arriving in April.<sup id="cite_ref-Autobio_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobio-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After side trips to <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, Garibaldi brought the <i>Carmen</i> back to Peru via the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific, passing clear around the south coast of Australia. He visited <a href="/wiki/Three_Hummock_Island" title="Three Hummock Island">Three Hummock Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bass_Strait" title="Bass Strait">Bass Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Autobio_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobio-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi then took the <i>Carmen</i> on a second voyage: to the United States via <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> with copper from Chile, and also wool. Garibaldi arrived in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and went on to New York. There he received a hostile letter from Denegri and resigned his command.<sup id="cite_ref-Autobio_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobio-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Italian, Captain Figari, had just come to the U.S. to buy a ship and hired Garibaldi to take the ship to Europe. Figari and Garibaldi bought the <i>Commonwealth</i> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, and Garibaldi left New York for the last time in November 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-Citycyclopedia_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citycyclopedia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sailed the <i>Commonwealth</i> to London, and then to <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> for coal.<sup id="cite_ref-Autobio_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobio-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tyneside">Tyneside</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tyneside"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Commonwealth</i> arrived on 21 March 1854. Garibaldi, already a popular figure on <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a>, was welcomed enthusiastically by local working men—although the <i>Newcastle Courant</i> reported that he refused an invitation to dine with dignitaries in the city. He stayed in Huntingdon Place <a href="/wiki/Tynemouth" title="Tynemouth">Tynemouth</a> for a few days,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a> on Tyneside for over a month, departing at the end of April 1854. During his stay, he was presented with an inscribed sword, which his grandson <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi II">Giuseppe Garibaldi II</a> later carried as a volunteer in British service in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then sailed to <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, where his five years of exile ended on 10 May 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-Autobio_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Autobio-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Italian_War_of_Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second Italian War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_in_the_Alps_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Garibaldi_in_the_Alps_1.jpg/180px-Garibaldi_in_the_Alps_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Garibaldi_in_the_Alps_1.jpg/270px-Garibaldi_in_the_Alps_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Garibaldi_in_the_Alps_1.jpg/360px-Garibaldi_in_the_Alps_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Garibaldi in the Alps</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battaglia_Varese_1859_Matania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Battaglia_Varese_1859_Matania.jpg/160px-Battaglia_Varese_1859_Matania.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Battaglia_Varese_1859_Matania.jpg/240px-Battaglia_Varese_1859_Matania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Battaglia_Varese_1859_Matania.jpg/320px-Battaglia_Varese_1859_Matania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="939" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varese" title="Battle of Varese">Battle of Varese</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Garibaldi returned to Italy in 1854. Using an inheritance from the death of his brother, he bought half of the Italian island of <a href="/wiki/Caprera" title="Caprera">Caprera</a> (north of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>), devoting himself to agriculture. In 1859, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a> (also known as the Franco-Austrian War) broke out in the midst of internal plots at the Sardinian government. Garibaldi was appointed <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a> and formed a volunteer unit named the <a href="/wiki/Hunters_of_the_Alps" title="Hunters of the Alps">Hunters of the Alps</a> (<i>Cacciatori delle Alpi</i>). Thenceforth, Garibaldi abandoned Mazzini's republican ideal of the liberation of Italy, assuming that only the Sardinian monarchy could effectively achieve it. He and his volunteers won victories over the Austrians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varese" title="Battle of Varese">Varese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fermo" title="Battle of San Fermo">Como</a>, and other places.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garibaldi was very displeased as his home city of Nice (<i>Nizza</i> in Italian) had been surrendered to the French in return for crucial military assistance. In April 1860, as deputy for Nice in the Piedmontese parliament at <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, he vehemently attacked <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a>, for ceding the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a> (<i>Nizzardo</i>) to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> of France. In the following years, Garibaldi (with other passionate <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a>) promoted the <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Nice" title="Italian irredentism in Nice">Italian irredentism of his native city</a>, supporting the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers" title="Niçard Vespers">Niçard Vespers</a> riots in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_of_1860">Campaign of 1860</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Campaign of 1860"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_departing_on_the_Expedition_of_the_Thousand_in_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Garibaldi_departing_on_the_Expedition_of_the_Thousand_in_1860.jpg/250px-Garibaldi_departing_on_the_Expedition_of_the_Thousand_in_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Garibaldi_departing_on_the_Expedition_of_the_Thousand_in_1860.jpg/330px-Garibaldi_departing_on_the_Expedition_of_the_Thousand_in_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Garibaldi_departing_on_the_Expedition_of_the_Thousand_in_1860.jpg/500px-Garibaldi_departing_on_the_Expedition_of_the_Thousand_in_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi departing on the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a> in 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 January 1860, Garibaldi married 18-year-old Giuseppina Raimondi. Immediately after the wedding ceremony, she informed him that she was pregnant with another man's child and Garibaldi left her the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of April 1860, uprisings in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a> provided Garibaldi with an opportunity. He gathered a group of volunteers called <i>i Mille</i> (the Thousand), or the <a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a> as popularly known, in two ships named <i>Il Piemonte</i> and <i>Il Lombardo</i>, and left from <a href="/wiki/Quarto_dei_Mille" title="Quarto dei Mille">Quarto</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, on 5 May in the evening and landed at <a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Marsala</a>, on the westernmost point of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, on 11 May. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg/250px-Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg/500px-Battle_of_Calatafimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Calatafimi</figcaption></figure> <p>Swelling the ranks of his army with scattered bands of local rebels, Garibaldi led 800 volunteers to victory over an enemy force of 1,500 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calatafimi" title="Battle of Calatafimi">Battle of Calatafimi</a> on 15 May. He used the counter-intuitive tactic of an uphill bayonet charge. He saw that the hill was terraced, and the terraces would shelter his advancing men. Though small by comparison with the coming clashes at Palermo, Milazzo, and Volturno, this battle was decisive in establishing Garibaldi's power on the island. An apocryphal but realistic story had him say to his lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Nino_Bixio" title="Nino Bixio">Nino Bixio</a>, "Here we either make Italy, or we die."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 253">: 253 </span></sup> His Neapolitan adversaries now fought for him, which led to accusations of bribery being made against their leader, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Landi_(general)" title="Francesco Landi (general)">Francesco Landi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Gray,_Gustave_(1820-1884)_-_Palerme._Portrait_de_Giuseppe_Garibaldi,_juillet_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Le_Gray%2C_Gustave_%281820-1884%29_-_Palerme._Portrait_de_Giuseppe_Garibaldi%2C_juillet_1860.jpg/250px-Le_Gray%2C_Gustave_%281820-1884%29_-_Palerme._Portrait_de_Giuseppe_Garibaldi%2C_juillet_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Le_Gray%2C_Gustave_%281820-1884%29_-_Palerme._Portrait_de_Giuseppe_Garibaldi%2C_juillet_1860.jpg/330px-Le_Gray%2C_Gustave_%281820-1884%29_-_Palerme._Portrait_de_Giuseppe_Garibaldi%2C_juillet_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Le_Gray%2C_Gustave_%281820-1884%29_-_Palerme._Portrait_de_Giuseppe_Garibaldi%2C_juillet_1860.jpg/500px-Le_Gray%2C_Gustave_%281820-1884%29_-_Palerme._Portrait_de_Giuseppe_Garibaldi%2C_juillet_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3169" data-file-height="4186" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> in 1860, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Gray" title="Gustave Le Gray">Gustave Le Gray</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The next day, he declared himself <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">dictator of Sicily</a> in the name of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II of Italy</a>. He advanced to the outskirts of Palermo, the capital of the island, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Palermo" title="Siege of Palermo">launched a siege</a> on 27 May. He had the support of many inhabitants, who rose up against the garrison, but before they could take the city, reinforcements arrived and bombarded the city nearly to ruins. At this time, a British admiral intervened and facilitated a truce, by which the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Neapolitan</a> royal troops and warships surrendered the city and departed. The young <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a>—later to become a distinguished American writer—visited the city in June and described the situation, along with his meeting with Garibaldi, in a long and vivid letter to his older brother Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians Clough et al. argue that Garibaldi's Thousand were students, independent artisans, and professionals, not peasants. The support given by Sicilian peasants was not out of a sense of patriotism but from their hatred of exploitive landlords and oppressive Neapolitan officials. Garibaldi himself had no interest in social revolution and instead sided with the Sicilian landlords against the rioting peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi--Entr%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Naples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Garibaldi--Entr%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Naples.jpg/170px-Garibaldi--Entr%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Naples.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Garibaldi--Entr%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Naples.jpg/255px-Garibaldi--Entr%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Naples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Garibaldi--Entr%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Naples.jpg/340px-Garibaldi--Entr%C3%A9e_%C3%A0_Naples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>People cheering as Garibaldi rides into Naples on horseback, 7 September 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>By conquering Palermo, Garibaldi had won a signal victory. He gained worldwide renown and the adulation of Italians. Faith in his prowess was so strong that doubt, confusion, and dismay seized even the Neapolitan court. Six weeks later, he marched against Messina in the east of the island, winning a ferocious and difficult <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milazzo_(1860)" title="Battle of Milazzo (1860)">Battle of Milazzo</a>. By the end of July, only the citadel resisted.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:REALISM_MURAL_19TH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/REALISM_MURAL_19TH.jpg/220px-REALISM_MURAL_19TH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/REALISM_MURAL_19TH.jpg/330px-REALISM_MURAL_19TH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/REALISM_MURAL_19TH.jpg/440px-REALISM_MURAL_19TH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Meeting between Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II on the bridge of Teano on 26 October 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>Having conquered Sicily, he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a> and marched north.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi's progress was met with more celebration than resistance, and on 7 September he entered the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, by train. Despite taking Naples, however, he had not to this point defeated the Neapolitan army. Garibaldi's volunteer army of 24,000 was not able to conclusively defeat the reorganized Neapolitan army—about 25,000 men—on 30 September at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Volturno" title="Battle of the Volturno">Battle of Volturno</a>. This was the largest battle he ever fought, but its outcome was effectively decided by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Sardinian_Army" title="Royal Sardinian Army">Royal Sardinian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Garibaldi's victories started to cause disquiet to the Piedmont, and particularly the Sardinian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a>. He feared that, should the revolutionaries succeed in conquering the entire Neapolitan state, they would then invade the Papal States, which would lead to France intervening.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Piedmontese themselves had conquered most of the Pope's territories in their march south to meet Garibaldi, but they had deliberately avoided Rome, the capital of the Papal state.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi deeply disliked Cavour. To an extent, he simply mistrusted Cavour's pragmatism and <i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realpolitik</a></i>, but he also bore a personal grudge for Cavour's trading away his home city of Nice to the French the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, he supported the Sardinian monarch, Victor Emmanuel II, despite his dislike of royalty, who he admired as a champion of Italian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his famous meeting with Victor Emmanuel at <a href="/wiki/Teano" title="Teano">Teano</a> on 26 October 1860, Garibaldi greeted him as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> and shook his hand. Garibaldi rode into Naples at the king's side on 7 November, then retired to the rocky island of <a href="/wiki/Caprera" title="Caprera">Caprera</a>, refusing to accept any reward for his services.<sup id="cite_ref-Godkin,_1880_p._230_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godkin,_1880_p._230-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Garibaldi_on_Caprera....jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_on_Caprera....jpg/250px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_on_Caprera....jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_on_Caprera....jpg/330px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_on_Caprera....jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_on_Caprera....jpg/440px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi_on_Caprera....jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi on <a href="/wiki/Caprera" title="Caprera">Caprera</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (in 1861), Garibaldi was a very popular figure. The <a href="/wiki/39th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a> was named <i>Garibaldi Guard</i> after him.<sup id="cite_ref-Garibaldi_Guard_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garibaldi_Guard-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi expressed interest in aiding the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>, and he was offered a major general's commission in the U.S. Army through a letter from Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Shelton_Sanford" title="Henry Shelton Sanford">Henry Shelton Sanford</a>, the U.S. Minister at Brussels, 27 July 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack_Smith,_pp._69–70_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack_Smith,_pp._69–70-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 September 1861, Sanford met with Garibaldi and reported the result of the meeting to Seward: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He said that the only way in which he could render service, as he ardently desired to do, to the cause of the United States, was as Commander-in-chief of its forces, that he would only go as such, and with the additional contingent power—to be governed by events—of declaring the abolition of slavery—that he would be of little use without the first, and without the second it would appear like a civil war in which the world at large could have little interest or sympathy.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>But <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was not ready to free the slaves; Sanford's meeting with Garibaldi occurred a year before Lincoln issued the preliminary <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>. Sanford's mission was hopeless, and Garibaldi did not join the Union army.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A historian of the American Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Don_H._Doyle" title="Don H. Doyle">Don H. Doyle</a>, however, wrote, "Garibaldi's full-throated endorsement of the Union cause roused popular support just as news of the Emancipation Proclamation broke in Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 August 1863, after Lincoln had issued the final Emancipation Proclamation, Garibaldi wrote to Lincoln, "Posterity will call you the great emancipator, a more enviable title than any crown could be, and greater than any merely mundane treasure."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 October 1860, Garibaldi set up the <a href="/wiki/International_Legion" title="International Legion">International Legion</a> bringing together different national divisions of French, Poles, Swiss, Germans and other nationalities, with a view not just of finishing the liberation of Italy, but also of their homelands. With the motto "Free from the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the unification movement set its gaze on Rome and Venice. Mazzini was discontented with the perpetuation of monarchial government, and continued to agitate for a republic. Garibaldi, frustrated at inaction by the king, and bristling over perceived snubs, organized a new venture. This time, he intended to take on the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expedition_against_Rome">Expedition against Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Expedition against Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_(oil_on_canvas).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_%28oil_on_canvas%29.jpg/250px-The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_%28oil_on_canvas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_%28oil_on_canvas%29.jpg/330px-The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_%28oil_on_canvas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_%28oil_on_canvas%29.jpg/500px-The_Injured_Garibaldi_in_the_Aspromonte_Mountains_%28oil_on_canvas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi in the Aspromonte Mountains (oil on canvas)</figcaption></figure> <p>Garibaldi himself was intensely <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholic</a> and anti-papal. His efforts to overthrow the pope by military action mobilized anti-Catholic support. On 28 September 1862, 500 Irish labourers disrupted a pro-Garibaldi meeting in London by chanting "God and Rome", which triggered weeks of ethnic conflict between Protestants and Irish Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi's hostility to the pope's temporal domain was viewed with great distrust by Catholics around the world, and the French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> had guaranteed the independence of Rome from Italy by stationing a French garrison there. Victor Emmanuel was wary of the international repercussions of attacking Rome and the pope's seat there, and discouraged his subjects from participating in revolutionary ventures with such intentions. Nonetheless, Garibaldi believed he had the secret support of his government. Once he was excommunicated by the pope, he chose the Protestant pastor <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Gavazzi" title="Alessandro Gavazzi">Alessandro Gavazzi</a> as his army chaplain.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_2005_p._94_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_2005_p._94-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_%C3%A0_Londres_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Garibaldi_%C3%A0_Londres_1864.jpg/220px-Garibaldi_%C3%A0_Londres_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Garibaldi_%C3%A0_Londres_1864.jpg/330px-Garibaldi_%C3%A0_Londres_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Garibaldi_%C3%A0_Londres_1864.jpg/440px-Garibaldi_%C3%A0_Londres_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi is welcomed by cheering crowds in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> as he arrives in London, England.</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1862, he sailed from Genoa to Palermo to gather volunteers for the impending campaign, under the slogan <i>Roma o Morte</i> ("Rome or Death"). An enthusiastic party quickly joined him, and he turned for Messina, hoping to cross to the mainland there. He arrived with a force of around two thousand, but the garrison proved loyal to the king's instructions and barred his passage. They turned south and set sail from <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, where Garibaldi declared that he would enter Rome as a victor or perish beneath its walls. He landed at <a href="/wiki/Melito_di_Porto_Salvo" title="Melito di Porto Salvo">Melito di Porto Salvo</a> on 14 August and marched at once into the <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabrian</a> mountains. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_after_being_wounded_on_the_Aspromonte_Massif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Garibaldi_after_being_wounded_on_the_Aspromonte_Massif.jpg/160px-Garibaldi_after_being_wounded_on_the_Aspromonte_Massif.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Garibaldi_after_being_wounded_on_the_Aspromonte_Massif.jpg/240px-Garibaldi_after_being_wounded_on_the_Aspromonte_Massif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Garibaldi_after_being_wounded_on_the_Aspromonte_Massif.jpg/320px-Garibaldi_after_being_wounded_on_the_Aspromonte_Massif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi after being wounded on the Aspromonte Massif</figcaption></figure> <p>Far from supporting this endeavour, the Italian government was quite disapproving. General <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Cialdini" title="Enrico Cialdini">Enrico Cialdini</a> dispatched a division of the regular army, under Colonel Emilio Pallavicini, against the volunteer bands. On 28 August, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspromonte" title="Battle of Aspromonte">two forces met</a> in the rugged <a href="/wiki/Aspromonte" title="Aspromonte">Aspromonte</a>. One of the regulars fired a chance shot, and several volleys followed, killing a few of the volunteers. The fighting ended quickly, as Garibaldi forbade his men to return fire on fellow subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>. Many of the volunteers were taken prisoner, including Garibaldi, who had been wounded by a shot in the foot. The episode was the origin of a famous Italian <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">nursery rhyme</a>: <i>Garibaldi fu ferito</i> ("Garibaldi was wounded"). </p><p>A government steamer took him to a prison at <a href="/wiki/Varignano" title="Varignano">Varignano</a> near <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a>, where he was held in a sort of honourable imprisonment and underwent a tedious and painful operation to heal his wound. His venture had failed, but he was consoled by Europe's sympathy and continued interest. After he regained his health, the government released Garibaldi and let him return to Caprera. </p><p>En route to London in 1864 he stopped briefly in Malta, where many admirers visited him in his hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protests by opponents of his anticlericalism were suppressed by the authorities. In London, his presence was received with enthusiasm by the population.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He met the British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Viscount Palmerston</a>, as well as revolutionaries then living in exile in the city. At that time, his ambitious international project included the liberation of a range of occupied nations, such as Croatia, Greece, and Hungary. He also visited <a href="/wiki/Bedford" title="Bedford">Bedford</a> and was given a tour of the Britannia Iron Works, where he planted a tree (which was cut down in 1944 due to decay).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_struggle_with_Austria">Final struggle with Austria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Final struggle with Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_War_of_Independence_-_Garibaldi_organising_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Bezzecca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Third_War_of_Independence_-_Garibaldi_organising_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Bezzecca.jpg/250px-Third_War_of_Independence_-_Garibaldi_organising_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Bezzecca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Third_War_of_Independence_-_Garibaldi_organising_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Bezzecca.jpg/330px-Third_War_of_Independence_-_Garibaldi_organising_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Bezzecca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Third_War_of_Independence_-_Garibaldi_organising_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Bezzecca.jpg/500px-Third_War_of_Independence_-_Garibaldi_organising_troops_during_the_Battle_of_Bezzecca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bezzecca" title="Battle of Bezzecca">Battle of Bezzecca</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Garibaldi took up arms again in 1866, this time with the full support of the Italian government. The <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> had broken out, and Italy had allied with <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> in the hope of taking <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Venetia</a> from Austrian rule in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a>. Garibaldi gathered again his Hunters of the Alps, now some 40,000 strong, and <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trentino_(1866)" title="Invasion of Trentino (1866)">led them</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>. He defeated the Austrians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bezzecca" title="Battle of Bezzecca">Bezzecca</a>, and made for <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_at_Mentana,_3rd_November_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Garibaldi_at_Mentana%2C_3rd_November_1867.jpg/220px-Garibaldi_at_Mentana%2C_3rd_November_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Garibaldi_at_Mentana%2C_3rd_November_1867.jpg/330px-Garibaldi_at_Mentana%2C_3rd_November_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Garibaldi_at_Mentana%2C_3rd_November_1867.jpg/440px-Garibaldi_at_Mentana%2C_3rd_November_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi at Mentana, 3 November 1867</figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian regular forces were defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_(1866)" title="Battle of Lissa (1866)">Lissa</a> on the sea, and made little progress on land after the disaster of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Custoza_(1866)" title="Battle of Custoza (1866)">Custoza</a>. The sides signed an armistice by which Austria ceded Venetia to Italy, but this result was largely due to Prussia's successes on the northern front. Garibaldi's advance through Trentino was for nought, and he was ordered to stop his advance to Trento. Garibaldi answered with a short telegram from the main square of Bezzecca with the famous motto: <i>Obbedisco!</i> ("I obey!").<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, Garibaldi led a political party that agitated for the capture of Rome, the peninsula's ancient capital. In 1867, he again marched on the city, but the Papal army, supported by a French auxiliary force, proved a match for his badly armed volunteers. He was shot in the leg in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mentana" title="Battle of Mentana">Battle of Mentana</a>, and had to withdraw from the Papal territory. The Italian government again imprisoned him for some time, after which he returned to Caprera. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_in_Dijon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Garibaldi_in_Dijon.jpg/220px-Garibaldi_in_Dijon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Garibaldi_in_Dijon.jpg/330px-Garibaldi_in_Dijon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Garibaldi_in_Dijon.jpg/440px-Garibaldi_in_Dijon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi in <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, painted in 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>In the same year, Garibaldi sought international support for altogether eliminating the papacy. At the 1867 congress for the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Peace_and_Freedom" title="League of Peace and Freedom">League of Peace and Freedom</a> in Geneva he proposed: "The papacy, being the most harmful of all secret societies, ought to be abolished."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Franco-Prussian_War">Franco-Prussian War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Franco-Prussian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> broke out in July 1870, Italian public opinion heavily favoured the Prussians, and many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence. After the French garrison was recalled from Rome, the Italian Army <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">captured the Papal States</a> without Garibaldi's assistance. Following the wartime collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan" title="Battle of Sedan">Battle of Sedan</a>, Garibaldi, undaunted by the recent hostility shown to him by the men of Napoleon III, switched his support to the newly declared <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a> of France. On 7 September 1870, within three days of the revolution in Paris that ended the Empire, he wrote to the <i>Movimento</i> of Genoa, "Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Vosges" title="Army of the Vosges">Army of the Vosges</a>, an army of volunteers. French socialist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a> referred to Garibaldi as a "soldier of revolutionary cosmopolitanism" based on his support for liberation movements throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Scirocco_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scirocco-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war he was <a href="/wiki/1871_French_legislative_election" title="1871 French legislative election">elected</a> to the French <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(1871)" title="National Assembly (1871)">National Assembly</a>, where he briefly served as a member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes" title="Alpes-Maritimes">Alpes-Maritimes</a> before returning to Caprera.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involvement_with_the_First_International">Involvement with the First International</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Involvement with the First International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> erupted in 1871, Garibaldi joined with younger radicals such as <a href="/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti" title="Felice Cavallotti">Felice Cavallotti</a> in declaring his full support for the <a href="/wiki/Communards" title="Communards">Communards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riall_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riall-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi suggested a grand alliance between various factions of the left: "Why don't we pull together in one organized group the Freemasonry, democratic societies, workers' clubs, Rationalists, Mutual Aid, etc., which have the same tendency towards good?".<sup id="cite_ref-Riall_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riall-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began organizing a Congress of Unity, which was supported by many of the radical, free-thinking, and socialist groups throughout Italy such as <i><a href="/wiki/La_Plebe_(newspaper)" title="La Plebe (newspaper)">La Plebe</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riall_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riall-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congress was held in the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Argentina" title="Teatro Argentina">Teatro Argentina</a> despite being banned by the government, and endorsed a set of radical policies including universal suffrage, progressive taxation, compulsory lay education, administrative reform, and abolition of the death penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-Riall_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riall-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpg/220px-Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpg/330px-Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpg/440px-Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi at Caprera</figcaption></figure> <p>Garibaldi had long claimed an interest in vague ethical socialism such as that advanced by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Saint-Simon">Henri Saint-Simon</a> and saw the struggle for liberty as an international affair, one which "does not make any distinction between the African and the American, the European and the Asian, and therefore proclaims the fraternity of all men whatever nation they belong to".<sup id="cite_ref-Scirocco_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scirocco-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He interpreted the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> as an extension of the humanitarian ideals for which he had always fought. Although he did not agree with their calls for the abolition of property, Garibaldi defended the Communards and the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a> against the attacks of their enemies: "Is it not the product of the abnormal state in which society finds itself in the world? [...] Shouldn't a society (I mean a human society) in which the majority struggle for subsistence and the minority want to take the larger part of the product of the former through deceptions and violence but without hard work, arouse discontent and thoughts of revenge amongst those who suffer?".<sup id="cite_ref-Scirocco_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scirocco-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garibaldi wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Celso_Ceretti" title="Celso Ceretti">Celso Ceretti</a> in which he declared: "The International is the sun of the future [<i>sole dell'avvenire</i>]!".<sup id="cite_ref-Scirocco_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scirocco-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Musto_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musto-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter was printed in dozens of workers' news sheets and papers, and was instrumental in persuading many fence-sitters to join the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Musto_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musto-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Garibaldi's death, many of his disciples embraced the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a> ideas of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Italy still lacked an industrial proletariat, "Garibaldi's socialism represented most accurately craft trade-unionism and a general focus on economic egalitarianism".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His socialism was a "socialism wherein the struggle against every injustice, and a love for freedom, predominated. Garibaldi was not an unpractical man, but an active witness of that kind of generosity in feelings and firm wish for justice".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first volume of Carl Landauer's <i>European Socialism</i>, Garibaldi is mentioned alongside Mazzini as outstanding "Italian revolutionaries".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Denis Mack Smith</a>, "the difference is not so large when we find what Garibaldi meant by the term. Socialism for him was nothing very revolutionary, and perhaps he flaunted the word partly because he delighted to feel that it would shock the Mazzinians."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In describing the move to the left of Garibaldi and the Mazzinians, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Riall" title="Lucy Riall">Lucy Riall</a> writes that this "emphasis by younger radicals on the 'social question' was paralleled by an increase in what was called 'internationalist' or socialist activity (mostly Bakuninist anarchism) throughout northern and southern Italy, which was given a big boost by the Paris Commune". The rise of this socialism "represented a genuine challenge to Mazzini and the Mazzinian emphasis on politics and culture; and Mazzinis' death early in 1872 only served to underline the prevailing sense that his political era was over. Garibaldi now broke definitively with Mazzini, and this time he moved to the left of him. He came out entirely in favour of the Paris Commune and internationalism, and his stance brought him much closer to the younger radicals, especially <a href="/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti" title="Felice Cavallotti">Felice Cavallotti</a>, and gave him a new lease on political life. From his support was born an initiative to relaunch a broad party of the radical left."<sup id="cite_ref-Riall_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riall-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being elected again to the Italian parliament, first as part of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Left" title="Historical Left">Historical Left</a> and then of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Far_Left" title="Historical Far Left">Historical Far Left</a>, Garibaldi spent much of his late years on <a href="/wiki/Caprera" title="Caprera">Caprera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleis_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleis-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he still managed to serve the Italian parliament with extreme distinction and supported an ambitious project of land reclamation in the marshy areas of southern <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>. In 1879, Garibaldi founded the League of Democracy, along with Cavallotti, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Mario" title="Alberto Mario">Alberto Mario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Bertani" title="Agostino Bertani">Agostino Bertani</a>, which reiterated his support for universal suffrage, abolition of ecclesiastical property, the legal and political <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Emancipation of women">emancipation of women</a> and a plan of public works to improve the Roman countryside that was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-Riall_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riall-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_the_Ottoman_Empire">On the Ottoman Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: On the Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 6 October 1875 letter from Caprera, "To my brothers of the <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> and to the oppressed of Eastern Europe", Garibaldi wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turk</a> must go away to <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Broussa</a>. He descended like a wolf, passing the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>, devastating, murdering, and violating those populations who gave us the <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgi</a>, who were, perhaps, the first civilisers of Europe. He must no longer tread upon that part of the world kept by him in misery. At Broussa, with his vices, depredations, and cruelties, he will find enough people of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> to torment and plunge into desolation. Rise, then, heroic sons of Montenegro, Herzegovina, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a>, Servia, <a href="/wiki/Tarabya" title="Tarabya">Therapia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, Greece, <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>, Albania, Bulgaria, and Roumania! All of you have a most splendid history. Among you were born <a href="/wiki/Leonidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonidas">Leonidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scanderbeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanderbeg">Scanderbeg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a>. And today even, among your robust populations, you may still find a Spartacus and a Leonidas. Do not trust to diplomacy. That old woman without a heart certainly deceives you. But with you are all the men of heart throughout the world. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">England</a> herself, till today favourable to the Turks, has manifested to you by means of the obolus and sympathy of one of her great men that she ought to prefer the alliance and gratitude of a confederation of free peoples to the decrepit confederation of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">The Empire of the Crescent</a>. Then to Broussa with the Turk! Only thus can you make yourself independent and free. On this side of the Bosphorus the fierce Ottoman will always be under the stimulant of eternal war, and you will never obtain the sacred rights of man.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Funeral_of_Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpeg/250px-Funeral_of_Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Funeral_of_Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpeg/330px-Funeral_of_Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Funeral_of_Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpeg/500px-Funeral_of_Garibaldi_at_Caprera.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Funeral of Garibaldi</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Maddalena,_compendio_garibaldino_di_Caprera_(34).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/La_Maddalena%2C_compendio_garibaldino_di_Caprera_%2834%29.jpg/200px-La_Maddalena%2C_compendio_garibaldino_di_Caprera_%2834%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/La_Maddalena%2C_compendio_garibaldino_di_Caprera_%2834%29.jpg/300px-La_Maddalena%2C_compendio_garibaldino_di_Caprera_%2834%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/La_Maddalena%2C_compendio_garibaldino_di_Caprera_%2834%29.jpg/400px-La_Maddalena%2C_compendio_garibaldino_di_Caprera_%2834%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tomb of Garibaldi at Caprera</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Ill and confined to bed by <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, Garibaldi made trips to <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and Sicily. In 1880, he married Francesca Armosino, with whom he previously had three children. Before the wedding, he stated he was not a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and was willing to become a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_2021_p._41_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_2021_p._41-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scirocco_Cameron_2007_p._391_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scirocco_Cameron_2007_p._391-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though raised a Catholic he abjured Christianity towards the end of his life and became a deist and a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>. On his deathbed, Garibaldi asked for his bed to be moved to where he could view the sea. On his death on 2 June 1882 at the age of almost 75, his wishes for a simple funeral and cremation were not respected. He was buried on his farm on the island of <a href="/wiki/Caprera" title="Caprera">Caprera</a> alongside his last wife and some of his children.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, Garibaldi's descendants announced that, with permission from authorities, they would have Garibaldi's remains exhumed to confirm through DNA analysis that the remains in the tomb are indeed Garibaldi's. Some anticipated that there would be a debate about whether to preserve the remains or to grant his final wish for a simple cremation.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, personnel changes at the Ministry of Culture sidelined the exhumation plans. The new authorities were "less than enthusiastic" about the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milano_-_largo_Cairoli_-_monumento_a_Garibaldi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Milano_-_largo_Cairoli_-_monumento_a_Garibaldi.jpg/330px-Milano_-_largo_Cairoli_-_monumento_a_Garibaldi.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Milano_-_largo_Cairoli_-_monumento_a_Garibaldi.jpg/500px-Milano_-_largo_Cairoli_-_monumento_a_Garibaldi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Milano_-_largo_Cairoli_-_monumento_a_Garibaldi.jpg/960px-Milano_-_largo_Cairoli_-_monumento_a_Garibaldi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>Garibaldi's statue in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> before <a href="/wiki/Castello_Sforzesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Castello Sforzesco">Castello Sforzesco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Garibaldi's popularity, skill at rousing the common people, and his military exploits are all credited with making the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a> possible. He was also a global exemplar of mid-19th century revolutionary liberalism and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. After the liberation of southern Italy from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Neapolitan monarchy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>, Garibaldi chose to sacrifice his <a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">liberal republican</a> principles for the sake of unification.<sup id="cite_ref-Godkin,_1880_p._230_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godkin,_1880_p._230-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garibaldi's acclaim stretched across Europe, with his name revered in Britain and France. His was the tale of an Italian vagabond trekking the South American plains from battle to battle with his pregnant wife in tow and then returning home and for the love of his homeland forsaking his ambition of making Italy a republic. His exploits became legendary, and when he toured Britain in his older days he was received as a hero.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garibaldi subscribed to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> common among Latin liberals and did much to circumscribe the temporal power of the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a>. His personal religious convictions are unclear to historians. In 1882, he wrote that "Man created God, not God created Man", yet he is quoted as saying in his autobiography: "I am a Christian and I speak to Christians—I am a good Christian and speak to good Christians. I love and venerate the religion of Christ because Christ came into the world to deliver humanity from slavery for which God has not created it. But the Pope, who wishes all men to be slaves—who demands of the powerful of the earth fetters and chains for Italians—the Pope king does not know Christ. He lies to his religion. Among the Indians, two geniuses are recognized and adored: that of good and that of evil. Well, the Genius of Evil for Italy is the Pope king. Let no one misunderstand my words—let no one confound Popery with Christianity—the Religion of Liberty with the avaricious and sanguinary Politics of Slavery. [...] You have the duty to educate the people—educate the people—educate them to be Christians—educate them to be Italians. [...] Viva l'Italia! Viva Christianity!".<sup id="cite_ref-Sinistra_costituzionale,_correnti_democratiche_e_società_italiana_dal_1870_al_1892:_atti_del_XXVII_Convegno_storico_toscano_(Livorno,_23–25_settembre_1984)_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinistra_costituzionale,_correnti_democratiche_e_società_italiana_dal_1870_al_1892:_atti_del_XXVII_Convegno_storico_toscano_(Livorno,_23–25_settembre_1984)-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin:auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garabaldi,_set_of_2_from_Italy_and_San_Marino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Garabaldi%2C_set_of_2_from_Italy_and_San_Marino.jpg/500px-Garabaldi%2C_set_of_2_from_Italy_and_San_Marino.jpg" decoding="async" width="460" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Garabaldi%2C_set_of_2_from_Italy_and_San_Marino.jpg/960px-Garabaldi%2C_set_of_2_from_Italy_and_San_Marino.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Italy stamp of 1910, part of a set & San Marino stamp of 1932, issued on the 50th anniversary of Garibaldi's death</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Garibaldi,_4c_%26_8c,_1960_issues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Giuseppe_Garibaldi%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C_1960_issues.jpg/330px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C_1960_issues.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Giuseppe_Garibaldi%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C_1960_issues.jpg/500px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C_1960_issues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Giuseppe_Garibaldi%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C_1960_issues.jpg/960px-Giuseppe_Garibaldi%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C_1960_issues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>In 1960 the U.S. Government issued two <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemorative stamps">commemorative stamps</a> in honor of Garibaldi; part of the <a href="/wiki/Champion_of_Liberty_commemorative_stamps" title="Champion of Liberty commemorative stamps">Champion of Liberty series</a> </figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Garibaldi was a popular hero in Britain. In his review of Lucy Riall's Garibaldi biography for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Parks" title="Tim Parks">Tim Parks</a> cites the English historian <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> as saying that "Garibaldi is the only wholly admirable figure in modern history".<sup id="cite_ref-Parks_2007_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parks_2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British historian <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Denis Mack Smith</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At the height of glory, Giuseppe Garibaldi was perhaps the most famous person in Italy. His name was much more famous than that of <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a>, and many more people would have heard of him than <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a>. Abroad, Garibaldi symbolized the <i>Risorgimento</i> Italy of those dramatic years and the intrepid audacity that contributed so much to the formation of the Italian nation. [...] A professional liberator, he fought for the oppressed people wherever he found them. Despite having the temperament of the fighter and the man of action, he managed to be an idealist distinctly distinct from his colder-minded contemporaries. Everything he did, he did it with passionate conviction and unlimited enthusiasm; a career full of color and unexpected shows us one of the most romantic products of the time. Moreover, he was a lovable and charming person, of transparent honesty, who was obeyed without hesitation and for whom he died happy.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>About <a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a>'s work on Garibaldi, <a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" title="David Cannadine">David Cannadine</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Trevelyan's great work was his Garibaldi trilogy (1907–11), which established his reputation as the outstanding literary historian of his generation. It depicted Garibaldi as a <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlylean</a> hero—poet, patriot, and man of action—whose inspired leadership created the Italian nation. For Trevelyan, Garibaldi was the champion of freedom, progress, and tolerance, who vanquished the despotism, reaction, and obscurantism of the Austrian empire and the Neapolitan monarchy. The books were also notable for their vivid evocation of landscape (Trevelyan had himself followed the course of Garibaldi's marches), for their innovative use of documentary and oral sources, and for their spirited accounts of battles and military campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg/170px-Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg/255px-Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg/340px-Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Giuseppe_Garibaldi_(New_York_City)" title="Statue of Giuseppe Garibaldi (New York City)">Statue of Garibaldi</a> in Washington Square Park, New York City</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with Giuseppe Mazzini and other Europeans, Garibaldi supported the creation of a European federation. Many Europeans expected that the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> would make Germany a European and world leader that would champion humanitarian policies. This idea is apparent in the following letter Garibaldi sent to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Blind" title="Karl Blind">Karl Blind</a> on 10 April 1865: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The progress of humanity seems to have come to a halt, and you with your superior intelligence will know why. The reason is that the world lacks a nation which possesses true leadership. Such leadership, of course, is required not to dominate other peoples, but to lead them along the path of duty, to lead them toward the brotherhood of nations where all the barriers erected by egoism will be destroyed. We need the kind of leadership which, in the true tradition of medieval <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>, would devote itself to redressing wrongs, supporting the weak, sacrificing momentary gains and material advantage for the much finer and more satisfying achievement of relieving the suffering of our fellow men. We need a nation courageous enough to give us a lead in this direction. It would rally to its cause all those who are suffering wrong or who aspire to a better life, and all those who are now enduring foreign oppression. This role of world leadership, left vacant as things are today, might well be occupied by the German nation. You Germans, with your grave and philosophic character, might well be the ones who could win the confidence of others and guarantee the future stability of the international community. Let us hope, then, that you can use your energy to overcome your moth-eaten <a href="/wiki/Thirty_tyrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty tyrants">thirty tyrants</a> of the various German states. Let us hope that in the centre of Europe you can then make a unified nation out of your fifty million. All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Through the years, Garibaldi was showered with admiration and praises by many intellectuals and political figures. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Sanctis" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco De Sanctis">Francesco De Sanctis</a> stated that "Garibaldi must win by force: he is not a man; he is a symbol, a form; he is the Italian soul. Between the beats of his heart, everyone hears the beats of his own."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Brown_(admiral)" title="William Brown (admiral)">William Brown</a> called him "the most generous of the pirates I have ever encountered".<sup id="cite_ref-le-citazioni.it_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-le-citazioni.it-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Argentine revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> stated: "The only hero the world has ever needed is called Giuseppe Garibaldi."<sup id="cite_ref-Di_Mino_2011_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Di_Mino_2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about Garibaldi's second and third marriages.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Talk:Giuseppe Garibaldi">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Giuseppe Garibaldi</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Anita_Garibaldi" title="Anita Garibaldi">Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro da Silva</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Menotti_Garibaldi" title="Menotti Garibaldi">Domenico Menotti Garibaldi</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Rosa "Rosita" Garibaldi</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Teresa "Teresita" Garibaldi</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ricciotti_Garibaldi" title="Ricciotti Garibaldi">Ricciotti Garibaldi</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Harriet Constance Hopcraft</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi II">Peppino Garibaldi</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Legion_(French_Foreign_Legion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garibaldi Legion (French Foreign Legion)">Costante Garibaldi</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Anita Italia Garibaldi</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ezio Garibaldi</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Garibaldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Garibaldi (page does not exist)">Bruno Garibaldi</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ricciotti Garibaldi Jr.</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Menotti Garibaldi Jr.</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Sante Garibaldi</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Giuseppe_Garibaldi" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Non-fiction</dt></dl> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thelifeofgenlgar00gariuoft"><i>Life</i></a>. New York: Barnes. 1859. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/670372674">670372674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes&rft.date=1859&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F670372674&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthelifeofgenlgar00gariuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiography01gariuoft"><i>Autobiography</i></a>. London: Smith & Innes. 1889. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1069556440">1069556440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith+%26+Innes&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1069556440&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiography01gariuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>My Life</i>, translated by Stephen Parkin, foreword by Tim Parks. London: Hesperus Press Limited. 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84391-093-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84391-093-4">1-84391-093-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi Vol. I, II, III, </i>translated by Alica Werner<i><span></span></i>. New York: Howard Fertig. 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography+of+Giuseppe+Garibaldi+Vol.+I%2C+II%2C+III%2C+translated+by+Alica+Werner&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Howard+Fertig&rft.date=1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Fiction</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cantoniilvolont00collgoog"><i>Cantoni il volontario</i></a>. Milan: E. Politti. 1870. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36348294">36348294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cantoni+il+volontario&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=E.+Politti&rft.date=1870&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36348294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcantoniilvolont00collgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruleofmonkorrome01gariuoft"><i>The rule of the monk</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Cassell,_Petter_and_Galpin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassell, Petter and Galpin">Cassell, Petter and Galpin</a>. 1870. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/780147202">780147202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rule+of+the+monk&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell%2C+Petter+and+Galpin&rft.date=1870&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F780147202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fruleofmonkorrome01gariuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imille00gari"><i>I mille</i></a> (in Italian). Turin: Camilla e Bertolero. 1874. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1083429428">1083429428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+mille&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=Camilla+e+Bertolero&rft.date=1874&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1083429428&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimille00gari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capanno_Garibaldi" title="Capanno Garibaldi">Capanno Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his native <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian language</a>, he is known as <span title="Ligurian-language text"><i lang="lij">Gioxeppe Gaibado</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Ligurian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lij-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">[dʒuˈʒɛpːe<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡajˈbaːdu]</a></span>). In his particular <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard dialect</a> of Ligurian, he was known as <span title="Ligurian-language text"><i lang="lij">Jousé</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lij-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">[dʒuˈze]</a></span>) or <span title="Ligurian-language text"><i lang="lij">Josep</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lij-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">[dʒuˈzep]</a></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronounced in French as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒozɛf<span class="wrap"> </span>maʁi<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡaʁibaldi]</a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bouchard, Norma (2005). <i>Risorgimento in Modern Italian Culture: Revisiting the Nineteenth-Century Past in History, Narrative, and Cinema</i>. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0838640548" title="Special:BookSources/978-0838640548">978-0838640548</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapere.it/sapere/pillole-di-sapere/italia-150/unita-d-italia-giuseppe-garibaldi-eroe-dei-due-mondi.html">"Unità d'Italia: Giuseppe Garibaldi, l'eroe dei due mondi"</a>. <i>Enciclopedia De Agostini</i>. 7 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span> – via Sapere.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unit%C3%A0+d%27Italia%3A+Giuseppe+Garibaldi%2C+l%27eroe+dei+due+mondi&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+De+Agostini&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sapere.it%2Fsapere%2Fpillole-di-sapere%2Fitalia-150%2Funita-d-italia-giuseppe-garibaldi-eroe-dei-due-mondi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiall2007" class="citation book cs1">Riall, Lucy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbWcc8Byok0C&pg=PA1"><i>Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300144239" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300144239"><bdi>978-0300144239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi%3A+Invention+of+a+Hero&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0300144239&rft.aulast=Riall&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxbWcc8Byok0C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, Jaspar (2001). <i>Phoenix: Garibaldi</i> (illustrated, reprint ed.). London: Phoenix Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842121528" title="Special:BookSources/9781842121528">9781842121528</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAA.VV.1999" class="citation book cs1">AA.VV. (1999). <i>La fabrique des héros</i>. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7351-0819-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-7351-0819-8"><bdi>2-7351-0819-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fabrique+des+h%C3%A9ros&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Maison+des+Sciences+de+l%27Homme&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2-7351-0819-8&rft.au=AA.VV.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.150anni.it/webi/index.php?s=20&wid=22#sott151">"La scuola per i 150 anni dell'Unità I protagonisti: Garibaldi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027121014/http://www.150anni.it/webi/index.php?s=20&wid=22#sott151">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+scuola+per+i+150+anni+dell%27Unit%C3%A0+I+protagonisti%3A+Garibaldi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.150anni.it%2Fwebi%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D20%26wid%3D22%23sott151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack_Smith,_pp._69–70-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mack_Smith,_pp._69–70_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mack_Smith,_pp._69–70_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, ed., Denis (1969). <i>Garibaldi</i> (Great Lives Observed). Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs. pp. 69–70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0133467918" title="Special:BookSources/978-0133467918">978-0133467918</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-le-citazioni.it-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-le-citazioni.it_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-le-citazioni.it_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://le-citazioni.it/autori/william-brown-ammiraglio/">"Frasi di William Brown (ammiraglio)"</a>. <i>LeCitazioni</i>. Retrieved 2 September 2020. "È il più generoso dei pirati che abbia mai incontrato."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchlicke2011" class="citation book cs1">Schlicke, Paul (2011). <i>The Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens: Anniversary Edition</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199640188" title="Special:BookSources/9780199640188"><bdi>9780199640188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Charles+Dickens%3A+Anniversary+Edition&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199640188&rft.aulast=Schlicke&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRossi2010" class="citation book cs1">Rossi, Lauro (2010). <i>Giuseppe Garibaldi due secoli di interpretazioni</i>. Rome: Gangemi Editore. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8849292640" title="Special:BookSources/978-8849292640"><bdi>978-8849292640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giuseppe+Garibaldi+due+secoli+di+interpretazioni&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Gangemi+Editore&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8849292640&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Lauro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Di_Mino_2011-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Di_Mino_2011_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Di_Mino_2011_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Di Mino, Massimiliano; Di Mino, Pier Paolo (2011). <i>Il libretto rosso di Garibaldi</i>. Rome: Castelvecchi Editore. p. 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8895903439" title="Special:BookSources/978-8895903439">978-8895903439</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parks_2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parks_2007_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parks_2007_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParks2007" class="citation news cs1">Parks, Tim (2 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2007/07/09/070709crbo_books_parks">"The Insurgent: Garibaldi and his enemies"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Insurgent%3A+Garibaldi+and+his+enemies&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farts%2Fcritics%2Fbooks%2F2007%2F07%2F09%2F070709crbo_books_parks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sc3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc3_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScirocco2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scirocco, Alfonso (2011). <i>Garibaldi, battaglie, amori, ideali di un cittadino del mondo</i> (in Italian). Bari: Laterza. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-8408-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-420-8408-2"><bdi>978-88-420-8408-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi%2C+battaglie%2C+amori%2C+ideali+di+un+cittadino+del+mondo&rft.place=Bari&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-88-420-8408-2&rft.aulast=Scirocco&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baptismal record: "Die 11 d.i (giugno 1766) Dominicus Antonina Filius Angeli Garibaldi q. Dom.ci et Margaritae Filiae q. Antonij Pucchj Coniugum natus die 9 huius et hodie baptizatus fuit a me Curato Levantibus Io. Bapta Pucchio q. Antonij, et Maria uxore Agostini Dassi. (Chiavari, Archive of the Parish Church of S. Giovanni Battista, Baptismal Record, vol. n. 10 (dal 1757 al 1774), p. 174).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(often wrongly reported as Raimondi, but Status Animarum and Death Records all report the same name "Raimondo") Baptismal record from the Parish Church of S. Giovanni Battista in Loano: "1776, die vigesima octava Januarij. Ego Sebastianus Rocca praepositus hujus parrochialis Ecclesiae S[anct]i Joannis Baptistae praesentis loci Lodani, baptizavi infantem natam ex Josepho Raimimdi q. Bartholomei, de Cogoleto, incola Lodani, et [Maria] Magdalena Conti conjugibus, cui impositum est nomen Rosa Maria Nicolecta: patrini fuerunt D. Nicolaus Borro q. Benedicti de Petra et Angela Conti Joannis Baptistae de Alessio, incola Lodani." "Il trafugamento di Giuseppe Garibaldi dalla pineta di Ravenna a Modigliana ed in Liguria, 1849, di Giovanni Mini, Vicenza 1907 – Stab. Tip. L. Fabris.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://14b.iksv.org/venues/casa_garibaldi.asp">"Casa Garibaldi, Istanbul"</a>. 14th Istanbul Biennial<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casa+Garibaldi%2C+Istanbul&rft.pub=14th+Istanbul+Biennial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F14b.iksv.org%2Fvenues%2Fcasa_garibaldi.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTütüneken2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tütüneken, Gülfem M. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3148384">"19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Devleti'nde İstihdam Edilen İtalyanlar"</a> [19th Century Italians Employed in the Ottoman Empire]. <i>Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi</i> (in Turkish). <b>3</b>. <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karadeniz_Technical_University" title="Karadeniz Technical University">Karadeniz Technical University</a>: 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Karadeniz+Teknik+%C3%9Cniversitesi+Edebiyat+Fak%C3%BCltesi+Dergisi&rft.atitle=19.+Y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l+Osmanl%C4%B1+Devleti%27nde+%C4%B0stihdam+Edilen+%C4%B0talyanlar&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=T%C3%BCt%C3%BCneken&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClfem+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F3148384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArregui" class="citation web cs1">Arregui, Miguel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/un-aventurero-italiano-en-la-guerra-grande-2017726500">"Un aventurero italiano en la Guerra Grande"</a>. <i>El Observador</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Observador&rft.atitle=Un+aventurero+italiano+en+la+Guerra+Grande&rft.aulast=Arregui&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elobservador.com.uy%2Fnota%2Fun-aventurero-italiano-en-la-guerra-grande-2017726500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleis-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kleis_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleis_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleis2012" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kleis, S. M. (2012). "Der Löwe von Caprera". <i><a href="/wiki/Damals" title="Damals">Damals</a></i> (in German). No. 6. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Damals&rft.atitle=Der+L%C3%B6we+von+Caprera&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kleis&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etche17-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Etche17_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etche17_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEtchechury_Barrera2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Etchechury Barrera, Mario (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs.uc.cl/index.php/rhis/article/view/7534/7060">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Defensores de la humanidad y la civilización". Las legiones extranjeras de Montevideo, entre el mito cosmopolita y la eclosión de las 'nacionalidades' (1838–1851)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_(history_of_the_Americas_journal)" title="Historia (history of the Americas journal)">Historia</a></i> (in Spanish). <b>50</b> (II): <span class="nowrap">491–</span>524.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia&rft.atitle=%22Defensores+de+la+humanidad+y+la+civilizaci%C3%B3n%22.+Las+legiones+extranjeras+de+Montevideo%2C+entre+el+mito+cosmopolita+y+la+eclosi%C3%B3n+de+las+%27nacionalidades%27+%281838%E2%80%931851%29&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E524&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Etchechury+Barrera&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fojs.uc.cl%2Findex.php%2Frhis%2Farticle%2Fview%2F7534%2F7060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBourne2020" class="citation book cs1">Bourne, Richard (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-MJEAAAQBAJ"><i>Garibaldi in South America: An Exploration</i></a>. Oxford: C. Hurst and Company (Publishers) Limited. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-313-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-313-5"><bdi>978-1-78738-313-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi+in+South+America%3A+An+Exploration&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+and+Company+%28Publishers%29+Limited&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78738-313-5&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-MJEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historiahoy.com.ar/dejenlo-que-se-escape-n2522/">"Déjenlo que se escape"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9jenlo+que+se+escape&rft.pub=Historia+Hoy&rft.date=2020-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoriahoy.com.ar%2Fdejenlo-que-se-escape-n2522%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garibaldi_–_the_mason-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garibaldi_–_the_mason_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/garibaldi_g/garibaldi.html">Garibaldi – the mason</a> Translated from Giuseppe Garibaldi Massone by the Grand Orient of Italy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freemasonry.bcy.ca-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freemasonry.bcy.ca_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freemasonry.bcy.ca_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/garibaldi_g/garibaldi.html">"Garibaldi – freemason"</a>. <i>freemasonry.bcy.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freemasonry.bcy.ca&rft.atitle=Garibaldi+%E2%80%93+freemason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Fbiography%2Fgaribaldi_g%2Fgaribaldi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Werner, <i>Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi</i>, Vol. III, Howard Fertig, New York (1971) p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert, G. C (1965). <i>Garibaldi and his enemies</i>. London: Longmans. p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euromanticism.org/garibaldis-cabin/">"Garibaldi's Cabin"</a>. European Romanticisms in Association. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Autobio-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Autobio_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobio_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobio_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobio_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobio_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobio_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Autobio_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaribaldi1889" class="citation book cs1">Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographygi02garigoog"><i>Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi</i></a>. Walter Smith and Innes. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographygi02garigoog/page/n66">54</a>–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography+of+Giuseppe+Garibaldi&rft.pages=54-69&rft.pub=Walter+Smith+and+Innes&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Garibaldi&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographygi02garigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Citycyclopedia-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Citycyclopedia_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citycyclopedia_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1995" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Kenneth T. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300055368"><i>The Encyclopedia of New York City</i></a></span>. The New York Historical Society and Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300055368/page/451">451</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300055368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300055368"><bdi>978-0300055368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+New+York+City&rft.pages=451&rft.pub=The+New+York+Historical+Society+and+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0300055368&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780300055368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Presenza_di_Garibaldi_in_Perù-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-La_Presenza_di_Garibaldi_in_Perù_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerrero_Costa2011" class="citation book cs1">Ferrero Costa, Augusto (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306235118/https://repositorio.ulima.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.12724/16557/a101054-163223.PDF"><i>La presenza di Garibaldi in Perù</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Universidad de Lima, Università degli Studi Roma Tre & Ministeri per i Beni e le Attività Culturali. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.ulima.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.12724/16557/a101054-163223.PDF">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972452536" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972452536"><bdi>978-9972452536</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.ulima.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/20.500.12724/16557/a101054-163223.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+presenza+di+Garibaldi+in+Per%C3%B9&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Lima%2C+Universit%C3%A0+degli+Studi+Roma+Tre+%26+Ministeri+per+i+Beni+e+le+Attivit%C3%A0+Culturali&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9972452536&rft.aulast=Ferrero+Costa&rft.aufirst=Augusto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ulima.edu.pe%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12724%2F16557%2Fa101054-163223.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/plaques/8453">"Giuseppe Garibaldi blue plaque"</a>. Open Plaques. Retrieved 14 September 2020. "Sailor / soldier Giuseppe Garibaldi 19th century Italian patriot stayed in this house in 1854 while visiting Tynemouth to brief local political and industrial leaders on his plans for a unified Italy. He was hailed throughout Europe as a true idealist and honest politician. He was born in Nice on 4th Feb 1807 and died aged 75 in Caprerra on 2nd June 1882."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell, David. <i>Ships, Strikes and Keelmen: Glimpses of North-Eastern Social History</i>, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901237-26-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-901237-26-5">1-901237-26-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarwil2010" class="citation book cs1">Marwil, Jonathan (2010). <i>Visiting Modern War in Risorgimento Italy</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-23011-755-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-23011-755-6"><bdi>978-0-23011-755-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visiting+Modern+War+in+Risorgimento+Italy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-23011-755-6&rft.aulast=Marwil&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCourrière2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Courrière, Henri (2007). "Les troubles de février 1871 à Nice. Entre particularisme, séparatisme et République" [The troubles of February 1871 in Nice. Between particularism, separatism and Republic]. <i>Cahiers de la Méditerranée</i> (in French) (74): <span class="nowrap">179–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcdlm.2693">10.4000/cdlm.2693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Les+troubles+de+f%C3%A9vrier+1871+%C3%A0+Nice.+Entre+particularisme%2C+s%C3%A9paratisme+et+R%C3%A9publique&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcdlm.2693&rft.aulast=Courri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert, Christopher, <i>Garibaldi and His Enemies</i>. New York: Penguin Books, 1987, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScirocco2007" class="citation book cs1">Scirocco, Alfonso (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0M-LKFEoUFEC"><i>Garibaldi: Citizen of the World</i></a>. Princeton University’s Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11540-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11540-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11540-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi%3A+Citizen+of+the+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University%E2%80%99s+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11540-5&rft.aulast=Scirocco&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0M-LKFEoUFEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFentress2018" class="citation book cs1">Fentress, James (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IC5zDwAAQBAJ"><i>Rebels and Mafiosi: Death in a Sicilian Landscape</i></a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-50172-151-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-50172-151-9"><bdi>978-1-50172-151-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels+and+Mafiosi%3A+Death+in+a+Sicilian+Landscape&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-50172-151-9&rft.aulast=Fentress&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIC5zDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.C. Levenson et al., <i>The Letters of Henry Adams, vol. 1: 1858–1868</i> (1982) pp. 162–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shepard_B._Clough" title="Shepard B. Clough">Shepard B. Clough</a> et al., <i>A History of the Western World</i> (1964), p. 948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schneid, 2012 pp. 63–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 1939, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schneid, 2012 pp. 67–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, 2023 p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, 2023 p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 1939, pp. 20, 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Godkin 1880, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godkin,_1880_p._230-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Godkin,_1880_p._230_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godkin,_1880_p._230_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Godkin, 1880 p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garibaldi_Guard-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garibaldi_Guard_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarhome.com/italian.htm">Civil War Home</a> – The Civil War Society's "Encyclopedia of the Civil War" – Italian-Americans in the Civil War.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, 1956 p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61e83d709f319913599d9eff/t/62709e32fa5f667208d32f6d/1651547705610/2022+%2351+LF+Spring+Bulletin-Web.pdf">The Union Makes an Offer to Garibaldi</a>, <i>The Lincoln Forum Bulletin</i>, Issue 51, Spring 2022, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don H. Doyle, <i>The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War</i> (New York: Basic Books, 2015), 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, 1956 p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idnc.library.illinois.edu/?a=d&d=SJO18590730.2.25">"Sangamo Journal / Illinois State Journal 30 July 1859 – Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections"</a>. <i>idnc.library.illinois.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=idnc.library.illinois.edu&rft.atitle=Sangamo+Journal+%2F+Illinois+State+Journal+30+July+1859+%E2%80%93+Illinois+Digital+Newspaper+Collections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidnc.library.illinois.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSJO18590730.2.25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonald_M._MacRaild2010" class="citation book cs1">Donald M. MacRaild (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jygdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA178"><i>The Irish Diaspora in Britain, 1750–1939</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">178–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137268037" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137268037"><bdi>978-1137268037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Diaspora+in+Britain%2C+1750%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1137268037&rft.au=Donald+M.+MacRaild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjygdBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton_2005_p._94-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_2005_p._94_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamilton, J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6DA9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94"><i>Thomas Cook</i></a> (in Lithuanian). History Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9508-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9508-8"><bdi>978-0-7524-9508-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cook&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-9508-8&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6DA9AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaurenza,_Vincenzo2003" class="citation news cs1">Laurenza, Vincenzo (2003). "Victorian Sensation". Anthem Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84331-150-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84331-150-X"><bdi>1-84331-150-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Victorian+Sensation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84331-150-X&rft.au=Laurenza%2C+Vincenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiamond,_Michael1932" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Michael (1932). <i>Garibaldi a Malta</i>. B. Cellini. pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi+a+Malta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=B.+Cellini&rft.date=1932&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525033243/http://www.galaxy.bedfordshire.gov.uk/webingres/bedfordshire/vlib/0.digitised_resources/bedford_digitisation_garibaldi.htm">"Visit of Garibaldi to the Britannia Iron Works, 1864"</a>. Bedford Borough Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galaxy.bedfordshire.gov.uk/webingres/bedfordshire/vlib/0.digitised_resources/bedford_digitisation_garibaldi.htm">the original</a> on 25 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visit+of+Garibaldi+to+the+Britannia+Iron+Works%2C+1864&rft.pub=Bedford+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galaxy.bedfordshire.gov.uk%2Fwebingres%2Fbedfordshire%2Fvlib%2F0.digitised_resources%2Fbedford_digitisation_garibaldi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, Denis, <i>Garibaldi: A Great Life in Brief</i>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe Guerzoni, <i>Garibaldi: con documenti editi e inediti</i>, Florence, 1882, Vol. 11, 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, 1974 p. 602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scirocco-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scirocco_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scirocco_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scirocco_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scirocco_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScirocco2007" class="citation book cs1">Scirocco, Alfonso (2007). <i>Garibaldi: Citizen of the World</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assembl%C3%A9e+Nationale&rft.atitle=Joseph+Garibaldi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Fsycomore%2Ffiche%2F%28num_dept%29%2F13930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert,_AdolpheCougny,_Gaston1891" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Robert, Adolphe; Cougny, Gaston (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75998n"><i>Dictionnaire des parlementaires français</i></a> [<i>Dictionary of French parliamentarians</i>] (in French). Paris: Bourloton. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+parlementaires+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Bourloton&rft.date=1891&rft.au=Robert%2C+Adolphe&rft.au=Cougny%2C+Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k75998n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riall-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riall_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riall_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riall_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riall_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riall_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riall_67-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiall2007" class="citation book cs1">Riall, Lucy (2007). <i>Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero</i>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">355–</span>357.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi%3A+Invention+of+a+Hero&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E357&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Riall&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabaccia2001" class="citation book cs1">Gabaccia, Donna R. (2001). <i>Italian Workers of the World: Labor Migration and the Formation of Multiethnic States</i>. University of Illinois Press. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Workers+of+the+World%3A+Labor+Migration+and+the+Formation+of+Multiethnic+States&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Gabaccia&rft.aufirst=Donna+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musto-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Musto_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musto_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMusto2014" class="citation book cs1">Musto, Marcello (2014). <i>Workers Unite!: The International 150 Years Later</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Workers+Unite%21%3A+The+International+150+Years+Later&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Musto&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRavindranathan1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ravindranathan, T. R. (1981). "The Paris Commune and the First International in Italy: Republicanism versus Socialism, 1871–1872". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>3</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">482–</span>516. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1981.9640259">10.1080/07075332.1981.9640259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Paris+Commune+and+the+First+International+in+Italy%3A+Republicanism+versus+Socialism%2C+1871%E2%80%931872&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E482-%3C%2Fspan%3E516&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1981.9640259&rft.aulast=Ravindranathan&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bufalino, Nicholas Greg (1991). <i>Giuseppe Garibaldi and Liberal Italy: History, Politics, and Nostalgia, 1861–1915</i>. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Italy, Documents and Notes</i> (1983). Servizi delle informazioni e della proprietà letteraria, artistica e scientifica. p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landauer, Carl (1960). <i>European Socialism</i>. <b>I</b>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, Denis (1956). <i>Garibaldi: A Great Life in Brief</i>. New York: Knopf. p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garibaldi, Giuseppe (22 December 1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/77177843">"Garibaldi and the Herzegovians"</a>. <i>The Border Watch</i>. Mount Gambier: National Library of Australia. Retrieved 2 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garibaldi, Giuseppe (25 December 1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/207785785">"Garibaldi and the Turkish Rebellion"</a>. <i>The Protestant Standard</i>. Sydney: National Library of Australia. Retrieved 2 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garibaldi, Giuseppe (27 December 1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=WH18751227.2.11">"Garibaldi and the Herzegovina"</a>. <i>The Wanganui Herald</i>. National Library of New Zealand. <b>VIII</b>. (2664): 2. Retrieved 2 September 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garibaldi, Giuseppe (4 March 1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/3144855">"Garibaldi and the Herzegovinians"</a>. <i>Northern Territory Times and Gazette</i>. Darwin: National Library of Australia. Retrieved 2 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore_2021_p._41-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore_2021_p._41_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore2021" class="citation book cs1">Moore, D. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zYg4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41"><i>Revolutionary Domesticity in the Italian Risorgimento: Transnational Victorian Feminism, 1850–1890</i></a>. Italian and Italian American Studies. Springer International Publishing. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-75545-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-75545-4"><bdi>978-3-030-75545-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Domesticity+in+the+Italian+Risorgimento%3A+Transnational+Victorian+Feminism%2C+1850%E2%80%931890&rft.series=Italian+and+Italian+American+Studies&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-030-75545-4&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzYg4EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scirocco_Cameron_2007_p._391-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scirocco_Cameron_2007_p._391_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScirocco2007" class="citation book cs1">Scirocco, Alfonso (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0M-LKFEoUFEC&pg=PA391"><i>Garibaldi: Citizen of the World</i></a>. Translated by Cameron, Allan. Princeton University Press. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11540-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11540-5"><bdi>978-0-691-11540-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi%3A+Citizen+of+the+World&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11540-5&rft.aulast=Scirocco&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0M-LKFEoUFEC%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ridley, p. 633.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19006337">"Giuseppe Garibaldi's body to be exhumed in Italy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 26 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Giuseppe+Garibaldi%27s+body+to+be+exhumed+in+Italy&rft.date=2012-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-19006337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Johnston2013" class="citation news cs1">Alan Johnston (14 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20987487">"Garibaldi: Is his body still in its tomb?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Garibaldi%3A+Is+his+body+still+in+its+tomb%3F&rft.date=2013-01-14&rft.au=Alan+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-20987487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiall2007" class="citation book cs1">Riall, Lucy (2007). <i>Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi%3A+Invention+of+a+Hero&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Riall&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinistra_costituzionale,_correnti_democratiche_e_società_italiana_dal_1870_al_1892:_atti_del_XXVII_Convegno_storico_toscano_(Livorno,_23–25_settembre_1984)-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinistra_costituzionale,_correnti_democratiche_e_società_italiana_dal_1870_al_1892:_atti_del_XXVII_Convegno_storico_toscano_(Livorno,_23–25_settembre_1984)_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpadolini1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spadolini, Giovanni (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3ofAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sinistra costituzionale, correnti democratiche e società italiana dal 1870 al 1892: atti del XXVII Convegno storico toscano (Livorno, 23–25 settembre 1984)</i></a> [<i>Constitutional left, democratic currents and Italian society from 1870 to 1892: proceedings of the XXVII Tuscan historical conference (Livorno, 23–25 September 1984)</i>] (in Italian). Florence: Leo S. Olschki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-82223-609-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-82223-609-8"><bdi>978-8-82223-609-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinistra+costituzionale%2C+correnti+democratiche+e+societ%C3%A0+italiana+dal+1870+al+1892%3A+atti+del+XXVII+Convegno+storico+toscano+%28Livorno%2C+23%E2%80%9325+settembre+1984%29&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=Leo+S.+Olschki&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-8-82223-609-8&rft.aulast=Spadolini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3ofAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2018/mar/22/excerpts-giuseppe-garibaldi-pope/">"Giuseppe Garibaldi speaks against the Pope | San Diego Reader"</a>. <i>www.sandiegoreader.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sandiegoreader.com&rft.atitle=Giuseppe+Garibaldi+speaks+against+the+Pope+%7C+San+Diego+Reader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegoreader.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fmar%2F22%2Fexcerpts-giuseppe-garibaldi-pope%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, Denis (1993). <i>Garibaldi. Una grande vita in breve</i>. Le scie. Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8804368991" title="Special:BookSources/978-8804368991">978-8804368991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gentile, Gianni; Ronga, Luigi; Salassa, Aldo (1997). <i>Nuove prospettive storiche</i>. <b>II</b>. Brescia: Editrice La Scuola. "All'apice della gloria, Giuseppe Garibaldi era forse il personaggio più celebre d'Italia. Il suo nome era molto più famoso di quello di Cavour e di Mazzini, e molta più gente avrebbe udito parlare di lui che non di Verdi o di Manzoni. All'estero, Garibaldi simboleggiava l'Italia risorgimentale di quei drammatici anni e l'intrepida audacia che tanto contribuì alla formazione della nazione italiana."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cannadine, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36554">"Trevelyan, George Macaulay (1876–1962)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (online January 2011 ed.). Retrieved 5 November 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack Smith, ed., Denis (1969). <i>Garibaldi</i> (Great Lives Observed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, p. 76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0133467918" title="Special:BookSources/978-0133467918">978-0133467918</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Santis, Francesco; Ferrarelli, Giuseppe, ed. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scrittipolitici00sancgoog/scrittipolitici00sancgoog_djvu.txt"><i>Scritti politici di Francesco de Sanctis</i></a>. Naples: Antonio Morano e Figlio Editori – via the Internet Archive.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1893" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Anonymous (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eminentpersonsbi03timeiala/page/12">"General Garibaldi (Obituary Notice, Friday, June 3, 1882)"</a>. <i>Eminent Persons; Biographies reprinted from The Times</i>. Vol. III (1882–1886). London and New York: Macmillan and Co & The Times Office. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>41<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2019</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Garibaldi+%28Obituary+Notice%2C+Friday%2C+June+3%2C+1882%29&rft.btitle=Eminent+Persons%3B+Biographies+reprinted+from+The+Times&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co+%26+The+Times+Office&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feminentpersonsbi03timeiala%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaribaldi1861" class="citation book cs1">Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1861). <a href="/wiki/Dumas,_Alexandre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumas, Alexandre">Dumas, Alexandre</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garibaldianauto00garigoog/page/n9"><i>Garibaldi: an autobiography</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Robson_(writer)" title="William Robson (writer)">Robson, William</a>. Routledge, Warne, and Routledge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2019</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi%3A+an+autobiography&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Warne%2C+and+Routledge&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Garibaldi&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaribaldianauto00garigoog%2Fpage%2Fn9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Braun, Martin. "'Great Expectations': Cavour and Garibaldi: 1859–1959." <i>History Today</i> (Oct. 1959) 9#10 pp. 687–692, historiography</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGodkin1880" class="citation book cs1">Godkin, Georgina Sarah (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofvictoremma00godk"><i>Life of Victor Emmanuel II, First King of Italy</i></a>. London: Macmillan and co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/265781">265781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Victor+Emmanuel+II%2C+First+King+of+Italy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+co&rft.date=1880&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F265781&rft.aulast=Godkin&rft.aufirst=Georgina+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofvictoremma00godk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044100873298&view=1up&seq=15">Gay, H. Nelson, "Lincoln's Offer of a Command to Garibaldi: Light on a Disputed Point of History", <i>The Century Magazine</i> LXXV (Nov. 1907): 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a>. <i>Garibaldi and His Enemies: The Clash of Arms and Personalities in the Making of Italy</i> (1965), a standard biography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHughes-Hallett2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Hughes-Hallett" title="Lucy Hughes-Hallett">Hughes-Hallett, Lucy</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heroes00hugh"><i>Heroes: A History of Hero Worship</i></a></span>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-4399-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-4399-9"><bdi>1-4000-4399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroes%3A+A+History+of+Hero+Worship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4000-4399-9&rft.aulast=Hughes-Hallett&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheroes00hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 332–416.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garibaldi00mack">Mack Smith, Denis, ed. <i>Garibaldi</i> (Great Lives Observed), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.</a> (primary and secondary sources)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Mack Smith, Denis</a>. "Giuseppe Garibaldi: 1807–1882". <i>History Today</i> (March 1956) 5 #3 pp. 188–196.</li> <li>Mack Smith, Denis. <i>Garibaldi: A Great Life in Brief</i> (1956) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garibaldigreatli00mack_1">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMack_Smith1985" class="citation book cs1">Mack Smith, Denis (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NaxmTwps_S8C"><i>Cavour and Garibaldi 1860: A Study in Political Conflict</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52131-637-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52131-637-8"><bdi>978-0-52131-637-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cavour+and+Garibaldi+1860%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Conflict&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-52131-637-8&rft.aulast=Mack+Smith&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNaxmTwps_S8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40188072">Marraro, Howard R. "Lincoln's Offer of a Command to Garibaldi: Further Light on a Disputed Point of History." <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i> 36 #3 (Sept. 1943): 237–270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Parks" title="Tim Parks">Parks, Tim</a>. <i>The Hero's Way: Walking With Garibaldi From Rome to Ravenna</i> (W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2021), travelogue in which Parks and his partner retrace Garibaldi and the Garibaldini's 1849 march.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Riall" title="Lucy Riall">Riall, Lucy</a>. <i>The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society, and National Unification</i> (Routledge, 1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/103783059/the-italian-risorgimento-state-society-and-national">online</a></li> <li>Riall, Lucy. <i>Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero</i> (Yale University Press, 2007).</li> <li>Riall, Lucy. "Hero, saint or revolutionary? Nineteenth-century politics and the cult of Garibaldi." <i>Modern Italy</i> 3.02 (1998): 191–204.</li> <li>Riall, Lucy. "Travel, migration, exile: Garibaldi's global fame." <i>Modern Italy</i> 19.1 (2014): 41–52.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Ridley" title="Jasper Ridley">Ridley, Jasper</a>. <i>Garibaldi</i> (1974), a standard biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garibaldi00ridl">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRidley2024" class="citation book cs1">Ridley, Nicholas (2024). <i>Carlo Di Rudio and the Age of Revolution</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00382-377-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00382-377-3"><bdi>978-1-00382-377-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carlo+Di+Rudio+and+the+Age+of+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-00382-377-3&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchneid2012" class="citation book cs1">Schneid, Frederick (2012). <i>The Second War of Italian Unification 1859-61</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-787-2"><bdi>978-1-84908-787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+War+of+Italian+Unification+1859-61&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-787-2&rft.aulast=Schneid&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">Trevelyan, George Macaulay</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.513563"><i>Garibaldi and the Thousand: May 1860</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi+and+the+Thousand%3A+May+1860&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George+Macaulay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.513563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">Trevelyan, George Macaulay</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garibaldimakingo00trevuoft/page/n6"><i>Garibaldi and the Making of Italy</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi+and+the+Making+of+Italy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George+Macaulay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaribaldimakingo00trevuoft%2Fpage%2Fn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">Trevelyan, George Macaulay</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GaribaldisDefence"><i>Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic: 1848–9</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi%27s+Defence+of+the+Roman+Republic%3A+1848%E2%80%939&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George+Macaulay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGaribaldisDefence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGiuseppe+Garibaldi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Garibaldi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="commons:Category:Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL153600A">Works by Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q539#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" 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href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/005862">Newspaper clippings about Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risorgimento" title="Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risorgimento" title="Template talk:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risorgimento"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unification_of_Italy_(Risorgimento)241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy (<i>Risorgimento</i>)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Pre-unitary states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_(Baldassare_Verazzi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five Days of Milan"><img alt="Five Days of Milan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/250px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg/330px-Episodio_delle_cinque_giornate_%28Baldassare_Verazzi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2583" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Italian unification">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimini_Proclamation" title="Rimini Proclamation">Rimini Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">Carbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_during_the_1820s" title="Revolutions during the 1820s">Revolutions during the 1820s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">Revolutions of 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Italy (historical)">Young Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Guelphism" title="Neo-Guelphism">Neo-Guelphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco" title="Republic of San Marco">Republic of San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilatero" title="Quadrilatero">Quadrilatero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Days_of_Milan" title="Five Days of Milan">Five Days of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mestre" title="Battle of Mestre">Sortie on Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848" title="Sicilian revolution of 1848">Sicilian revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Brescia" title="Ten Days of Brescia">Ten Days of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfiore_martyrs" title="Belfiore martyrs">Belfiore martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War#Piedmontese_involvement" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of Garibaldi">Dictatorship of Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861">Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italian entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Impresa di Fiume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy" title="Cockade of Italy">Cockade of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_d%27Azeglio" title="Massimo d'Azeglio">Massimo d'Azeglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostino_Bertani" title="Agostino Bertani">Agostino Bertani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Ceretti" title="Celso Ceretti">Celso Ceretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Confalonieri" title="Federico Confalonieri">Federico Confalonieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Manin" title="Daniele Manin">Daniele Manin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Ricasoli" title="Bettino Ricasoli">Bettino Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Saffi" title="Aurelio Saffi">Aurelio Saffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Santorre_di_Rossi_de_Pomarolo,_Count_of_Santarosa" title="Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa">Annibale Santore di Santarosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Settimo" title="Ruggero Settimo">Ruggero Settimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature and philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrivabene" title="Giovanni Arrivabene">Giovanni Arrivabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Balbo" title="Cesare Balbo">Cesare Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Carlo Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti" title="Felice Cavallotti">Felice Cavallotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Cuoco" title="Vincenzo Cuoco">Vincenzo Cuoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ferrari_(philosopher)" title="Giuseppe Ferrari (philosopher)">Giuseppe Ferrari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Ugo Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti" title="Vincenzo Gioberti">Vincenzo Gioberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Domenico_Guerrazzi" title="Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi">Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lomonaco" title="Francesco Lomonaco">Francesco Lomonaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Nievo" title="Ippolito Nievo">Ippolito Nievo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pisacane" title="Carlo Pisacane">Carlo Pisacane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Domenico_Romagnosi" title="Gian Domenico Romagnosi">Gian Domenico Romagnosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Salfi" title="Francesco Saverio Salfi">Francesco Saverio Salfi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Radetzky_von_Radetz" title="Joseph Radetzky von Radetz">Joseph Radetzky von Radetz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento,_Bologna" title="Museum of the Risorgimento, Bologna">Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Milan)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Risorgimento_(Turin)" title="Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)">Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flag_Museum" title="Tricolour Flag Museum">Tricolour Flag Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day" title="National Unity and Armed Forces Day">National Unity and Armed Forces Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altare_della_Patria" class="mw-redirect" title="Altare della Patria">Altare della Patria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italian irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_of_Risorgimento" title="Revisionism of Risorgimento">Revisionism of Risorgimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Rome">Third Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q539#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4346" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q539#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4346" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q539#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118689592">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021124">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11904146d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11904146d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620709">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Garibaldi, Giuseppe <1807-1882>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV001869">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35113312">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700591&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1150475">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/925208">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068678282">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/12037708">Norway</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90178402">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000139301&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000005470&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000110999">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=65138">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000034785">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsvhqx1l32vr9">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810660155905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/70786">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261547505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511988606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09727507?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/13930">Sycomore</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/830421">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="GARIBALDI, Giuseppe"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giuseppe-garibaldi_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span 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