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La ville se situe dans le sud de l'Allemagne, \u00e0 une soixantaine de kilom\u00e8tres au nord du massif des Alpes, \u00e0 environ 500\u00a0m\u00e8tres d'altitude. Elle est travers\u00e9e par l'Isar, affluent secondaire du Danube.. Elle a connu une premi\u00e8re vague de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque m\u00e9di\u00e9vale comme centre religieux secondaire (son nom provient de Monch , \u00ab\u00a0moine\u00a0\u00bb) avant d'\u00eatre \u00e9lev\u00e9e par Henri Le Lion au rang de march\u00e9 et de centre mon\u00e9taire \u00e0 partir de 1158. 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mb-1">Article modifi茅 le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT180365_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT180365_0"></i><p> Munich (M眉nchen en allemand) est la troisi猫me ville d'Allemagne par sa population, estim茅e 脿 1,47聽million d'habitants en 2017, ainsi que la capitale du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme allemand das Land ( die L盲nder au pluriel) d茅signe un 脡tat dans son ensemble mais 茅galement, dans le cas des f茅d茅rations et conf茅d茅rations, les parties constitutives de cet 脡tat. L'actuelle R茅publique f茅d茅rale autrichienne est ainsi divis茅e en neuf Bundesl盲nder (脡tats f茅d茅r茅s)聽: Basse-Autriche, Burgenland, Carinthie, Haute-Autriche, Salzbourg, Styrie, Tyrol, Vienn..." title="Article : LAND" href="/encyclopedie/land/">Land</a> de Bavi猫re. </p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT000503" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="M茅dia : Allemagne : carte administrative" href="/media/allemagne-carte-administrative-at000503/"><img id="AT000503" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/a/csm_at000503_136fe1af49.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Allemagne : carte administrative - cr茅dits : Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de l'Allemagne." data-copyright="Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" width="1472" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Allemagne : carte administrative </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclop忙dia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH998770" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Munich" href="/media/munich-ph998770/"><img id="PH998770" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/6/csm_ph998770_da627c8e0b.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Munich - cr茅dits : Images Etc Ltd/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" data-description="Marienplatz et l'h么tel de ville, 脿 Munich, capitale du Land de Bavi猫re, Allemagne." data-copyright="Images Etc Ltd/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" width="855" height="1024" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Munich </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Images Etc Ltd/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div></div><p>La ville se situe dans le sud de l'Allemagne, 脿 une soixantaine de kilom猫tres au nord du massif des Alpes, 脿 environ 500聽m猫tres d'altitude. Elle est travers茅e par l'Isar, affluent secondaire du Danube. </p><p> Elle a connu une premi猫re vague de d茅veloppement 脿 l'茅poque m茅di茅vale comme centre religieux secondaire (son nom provient de <em>Monch</em>, 芦聽moine聽禄) avant d'锚tre 茅lev茅e par <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de HENRI LE LION (1129-1195) duc de Saxe (1142-1180) et de Bavi猫re (1155-1180). Fils de Henri le Superbe, duc de Bavi猫re, l'un des hommes les plus riches et les plus puissants de l'Empire germanique, et de l'unique fille de l'empereur Lothaire聽III, qui avait 茅t茅 duc de Saxe. Quand son p猫re, manquant de peu son 茅lection au tr么ne d'Allemagne, se r茅volta et entra卯na sa famille av..." title="Article : HENRI LE LION (1129-1195) duc de Saxe (1142-1180) et de Bavi猫re (1155-1180)" href="/encyclopedie/henri-le-lion/">Henri Le Lion</a> au rang de march茅 et de centre mon茅taire 脿 partir de 1158. L鈥檌mportance de Munich n鈥檃茅t茅 que progressive m锚me si elle s鈥檃ffirme peu 脿 peu au rythme de l鈥檌nfluence de la maison des Wittelsbach, qui r猫gne sur la Bavi猫re du <span class="pc">xiii</span><sup>e</sup> au <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup>聽si猫cle. 脌 la fin de l'茅poque moderne et apr猫s l'茅poque napol茅onienne, son d茅veloppement va se poursuivre au rythme de l'affirmation de la Bavi猫re comme puissance r茅gionale jusqu'脿 l'unification allemande de 1870. Munich s'茅tait alors par茅e des atours d'une v茅ritable capitale avec de nombreux palais, th茅芒tres et 茅glises de style <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'origine du mot 芦聽baroque聽禄, appel茅脿 une si grande fortune, doit 锚tre raisonnablement reconnue dans le mot portugais barroco , qui d茅signe la perle irr茅guli猫re, voisin du castillan berrucco , qui 茅tait lui-m锚me entr茅 dans la langue technique de la joaillerie au xvi e si猫cle. Les dictionnaires fran莽ais (Fureti猫re, 1690聽; Acad茅mie fran莽aise, 1718) l'ont accueilli avec ce sen..." title="Article : BAROQUE" href="/encyclopedie/baroque/">baroque</a>, qui s'茅tendent du centre m茅di茅val en direction du nord. Nombre de ces b芒timents sont toujours les si猫ges d'administrations publiques du Land de Bavi猫re. L'influence de Munich, en tant que capitale de la Bavi猫re, reste tr猫s importante jusqu'脿 la Premi猫re Guerre mondiale, bien que, par ailleurs, la ville soit rest茅e en marge de la r茅volution industrielle. Cela se lit dans les phases de son extension, peu marqu茅e par ses quartiers industriels de taille modeste. La croissance de la ville tient davantage 脿 une position de plate-forme dominante dans le commerce de produits agricoles.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PA081727" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Stade olympique de Munich, F.聽Otto" href="/media/stade-olympique-de-munich-f-otto-pa081727/"><img id="PA081727" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/4/csm_pa081727_a04c9e1fff.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Stade olympique de Munich, F.聽Otto - cr茅dits : Bildarchiv Monheim/ AKG-images" data-description="Le Stade olympique de Munich, construit pour les Jeux de 1972, est remarquable pour sa toiture, 艙uvre de Frei Otto, sp茅cialiste des structures tendues." data-copyright="Bildarchiv Monheim/ AKG-images" width="1024" height="759" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Stade olympique de Munich, F.聽Otto </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bildarchiv Monheim/ AKG-images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Consid茅r茅e comme un des berceaux du national-socialisme,聽elle est le th茅芒tre du 芦聽putsch de la Brasserie聽禄 men茅 par Hitler en novembre 1923. Bien qu鈥檈lle ne se soit trouv茅e sur aucun front militaire pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la ville n'en est pas moins d茅truite 脿 50聽p.聽100 par les bombardements alli茅s entre 1941 et 1945. La Rose blanche, le mouvement 茅tudiant de r茅sistance antinazie le plus c茅l猫bre y est d茅mantel茅 en f茅vrier 1943 au prix de l鈥檈x茅cution de Hans et Sophie Scholl. Apr猫s 1945, Munich conna卯t une phase de reconstruction rapide puis de d茅veloppement 茅conomique constant jusqu鈥檃ux ann茅es聽1970. Munich peut ainsi 锚tre consid茅r茅e comme une des villes incarnant le mieux le miracle 茅conomique allemand des ann茅es聽1950 et 1960. La premi猫re 茅tape de cette croissance est insuffl茅e par l'arriv茅e de tr猫s grandes entreprises, qui ont quitt茅 <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Avec 3,52聽millions d鈥檋abitants en 2015 et une superficie de 891,82聽kilom猫tres carr茅s, Berlin est, de loin, la plus grande ville de l鈥楢llemagne. Elle surprend souvent par la faible densit茅 du tissu urbain, la d茅multiplication des centres et l鈥檃bsence de banlieue . Elle 茅tonne aussi par l鈥櫭﹖endue de ses parcs (12聽p.聽100) et for锚ts (18聽p.聽100), et l鈥檌mpression d鈥檕mnipr茅se..." title="Article : BERLIN" href="/encyclopedie/berlin/">Berlin</a> dans l'imm茅diate apr猫s-guerre, parmi elles, Siemens (mat茅riel 茅lectrique) et Allianz (assurance), alors tous deux fleurons nationaux dans leurs domaines. En parall猫le, plusieurs groupes industriels d'origine bavaroise voient leur activit茅 cro卯tre rapidement dans le domaine de la d茅fense, de l'a茅ronautique et de l'automobile (le si猫ge de la firme BMW se trouve 脿 Munich). Ces relocalisations contribuent 脿 faire de la ville un v茅ritable centre industriel et acc茅l猫rent la croissance de sa population, notamment par l'immigration de travailleurs venus de Turquie, d'Italie et de Yougoslavie. Les jeux Olympiques d'茅t茅 de 1972 sont l'occasion de r茅aliser de massifs plans d'am茅nagement urbain sous l'impulsion financi猫re des autorit茅s municipales et r茅gionales. La ville se dote alors, outre les installations sportives de haute qualit茅 et l鈥橭lympiapark, d'un syst猫me de m茅tro assez dense. L'a茅roport de Munich, inaugur茅 en 1992, est le deuxi猫me d'Allemagne par sa fr茅quentation apr猫s celui de Francfort et accueille un des grands hubs et une plate-forme logistique majeure de la compagnie allemande Lufthansa.<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li 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btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : MUNICH" href="/carte-mentale/munich/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> 脡largissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT180365_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : G茅ographie" href="/classification/geographie/"> G茅ographie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : G茅ographie par pays" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/"> G茅ographie par pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : G茅ographie de l'Europe" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/geographie-de-l-europe/"> G茅ographie de l'Europe </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Allemagne, g茅ographie"> <a title="Classification : Allemagne, g茅ographie" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/geographie-de-l-europe/allemagne-geographie/"> Allemagne, g茅ographie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par r茅gions et pays" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/"> Histoire par r茅gions et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Europe occidentale" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-occidentale/"> Histoire de l'Europe occidentale </a> </li> <li 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class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="AT000503" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="M茅dia : Allemagne : carte administrative" href="/media/allemagne-carte-administrative-at000503/"> <img id="AT000503" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/a/csm_at000503_136fe1af49.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Allemagne : carte administrative - cr茅dits : Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de l'Allemagne." data-copyright="Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" width="1472" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Allemagne : carte administrative </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclop忙dia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH998770" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Munich" href="/media/munich-ph998770/"> <img id="PH998770" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/6/csm_ph998770_da627c8e0b.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Munich - cr茅dits : Images Etc Ltd/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" data-description="Marienplatz et l'h么tel de ville, 脿 Munich, capitale du Land de Bavi猫re, Allemagne." data-copyright="Images Etc Ltd/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" width="855" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Munich </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Images Etc Ltd/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PA081727" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="M茅dia : Stade olympique de Munich, F.聽Otto" href="/media/stade-olympique-de-munich-f-otto-pa081727/"> <img id="PA081727" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/4/csm_pa081727_a04c9e1fff.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Stade olympique de Munich, F.聽Otto - cr茅dits : Bildarchiv Monheim/ AKG-images" data-description="Le Stade olympique de Munich, construit pour les Jeux de 1972, est remarquable pour sa toiture, 艙uvre de Frei Otto, sp茅cialiste des structures tendues." data-copyright="Bildarchiv Monheim/ AKG-images" width="1024" height="759" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Stade olympique de Munich, F.聽Otto </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bildarchiv Monheim/ AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT180365_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres r茅f茅rences</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/allemagne-geographie-geographie-economique-et-regionale/#c1498"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE </span><span class="rm">(Géographie) - Géographie économique et régionale</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Guillaume LACQUEMENT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">12 047 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 m茅dias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ALLEMAGNE (G&eacute;ographie) - G&eacute;ographie &eacute;conomique et r&eacute;gionale" href="/encyclopedie/allemagne-geographie-geographie-economique-et-regionale/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Allemagne : carte administrative - cr茅dits : Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/a/csm_at000503_bb164b3a34.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ... des Sud猫tes et de Sil茅sie. La situation g茅ographique des grandes villes sur l'un des axes majeurs de l'Europe centrale accentue la m茅tropolisation聽: Munich, agglom茅ration dense et monocentrique, Stuttgart et Francfort, au sein d'un r茅seau polynucl茅aire, ont profit茅 du repli des branches traditionnelles... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/les-asam/"> <span class="rg">ASAM </span><span class="pc">LES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Pierre VAISSE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">770 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 m茅dia </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ASAM LES" href="/encyclopedie/les-asam/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="脡glise Saint-Jean-N茅pomuc猫ne, C.聽D. et E.聽Q.聽Asam - cr茅dits : Bildarchiv Monheim/ AKG-images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/c/csm_pa081984_de0d418a77.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Famille d'artistes allemands. Cosmas Damian (1686-1739) fut fresquiste et Egid Quirin (1692-1750) sculpteur et stucateur聽; les fr猫res Asam eurent, en outre, tous les deux une activit茅 d'architectes (on peut les comparer avec les fr猫res Johann-Baptist et Dominikus Zimmermann). Leur p猫re,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/autriche/#c1498"> <span class="rg">AUTRICHE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Roger BAUER</span> , <span rel="author">Jean B脡RENGER</span> , <span rel="author">Annie DELOBEZ</span> , <span rel="author"> Encyclop忙dia Universalis</span> , <span rel="author">Christophe GAUCHON</span> , <span rel="author">F茅lix KREISSLER</span> et <span rel="author">Paul PASTEUR</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">34 129 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">21 m茅dias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AUTRICHE" href="/encyclopedie/autriche/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Autriche : carte physique - cr茅dits : Encyclop忙dia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/f/csm_at001404_faa8e8fe63.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...principales villes de ces r茅gions (respectivement les 3<sup>e</sup> et 4<sup>e</sup> du pays), mais, pour le Tyrol et pour l'ouest du Land de Salzbourg, la grande ville est Munich, bien plus proche que Vienne (130聽km contre 300聽km depuis Salzbourg). Le poids 茅conomique et d茅mographique de la capitale bavaroise est en effet... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/baroque/#c1498"> <span class="rg">BAROQUE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">脡crit par <span rel="author">Claude-Gilbert DUBOIS</span> , <span rel="author">Pierre-Paul LACAS</span> et <span rel="author">Victor-Lucien TAPI脡</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">20 834 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">23 m茅dias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : BAROQUE" href="/encyclopedie/baroque/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Basilique Saint-Pierre, Rome - cr茅dits : Ken Welsh, Bridgeman Images " width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/c/csm_ph992840_55225d3659.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> 脌<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Munich (M眉nchen en allemand) est la troisi猫me ville d'Allemagne par sa population, estim茅e 脿 1,47聽million d'habitants en 2017, ainsi que la capitale du Land de Bavi猫re.. La ville se situe dans le sud de l'Allemagne, 脿 une soixantaine de kilom猫tres au nord du massif des Alpes, 脿 environ 500聽m猫tres d'altitude. Elle est travers茅e par l'Isar, affluent secondaire du Danube.. Elle a conn..." title="Article : MUNICH" href="/encyclopedie/munich/">Munich</a>, toutes les 茅tapes du style avaient 茅t茅 repr茅sent茅es depuis le mani茅risme (le noble baroque des th茅atins de Munich, par J.聽Barello et Zuccali, 脿 partir de 1663). La cour adopta, au <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> si猫cle, les influences fran莽aises contemporaines (pavillon d'Amalienburg, par Cuvilli茅s), tandis... </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste compl猫te des r茅f茅rences" rel="related" href="/index/munich/"> Afficher les 13 r茅f茅rences <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT180365_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BAVI脠RE, g茅ographie" href="/index/baviere-geographie/"> <span class="rg">BAVIÈRE, </span><em class="it">géographie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALLEMAGNE R脡PUBLIQUE F脡D脡RALE D' (RFA), histoire, de 1945 脿 1989" href="/index/republique-federale-d-allemagne-histoire-de-1945-a-1989/"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE </span><span class="pc">RÉPUBLIQUE FÉDÉRALE D' </span><span class="rm">(RFA), </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1945 à 1989</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AM脡NAGEMENT DE L'ESPACE URBAIN" href="/index/amenagement-de-l-espace-urbain/"> <span class="rg">AMÉNAGEMENT DE L'ESPACE URBAIN</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALLEMAGNE, 茅conomie" href="/index/allemagne-economie/"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE, </span><em class="it">économie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALLEMAGNE, g茅ographie" href="/index/allemagne-geographie/"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE, </span><em class="it">géographie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALLEMAGNE, histoire, du Moyen 脗ge 脿 1806" href="/index/allemagne-histoire-du-moyen-age-a-1806/"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE, </span><em class="it">histoire, du Moyen Âge à 1806</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALLEMAGNE, histoire, de 1806 脿 1945" href="/index/allemagne-histoire-de-1806-a-1945/"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1806 à 1945</em> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous 脿 Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous 脿 Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous 脿 notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous 脿 Universalis pour 1 euro">Acc茅dez 脿 l'int茅gralit茅 d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicit茅</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclop忙dia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclop忙dia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions l茅gales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions l茅gales et politique de confidentialit茅</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Cr茅dits images Accueil" rel="nofollow" href="/credits-illustrations/">Cr茅dits images</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions g茅n茅rales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclop忙dia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire </a> de l'Encyclop忙dia Universalis </p> <p class="mb-3">漏 2025 Encyclop忙dia Universalis France. 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