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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Locations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baker_Street" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baker_Street"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Baker Street </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baker_Street-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Production and trials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_and_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_and_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_and_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Training and operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_and_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Agents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Communications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Communications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BBC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BBC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 BBC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BBC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Other methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Equipment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Equipment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Weapons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sabotage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sabotage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Sabotage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sabotage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submarines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Submarines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-RAF_Tempsford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RAF_Tempsford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 RAF Tempsford </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RAF_Tempsford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-161_Squadron_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#161_Squadron_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 161 Squadron operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-161_Squadron_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-138_Squadron_and_other_Special_Duties_units_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#138_Squadron_and_other_Special_Duties_units_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 138 Squadron and other Special Duties units operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-138_Squadron_and_other_Special_Duties_units_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locating_and_homing_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locating_and_homing_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Locating and homing equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locating_and_homing_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 The Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Yugoslavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechoslovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 Czechoslovakia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12 Norway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.13 Denmark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.14 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abyssinia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abyssinia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.15 Abyssinia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abyssinia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16 West Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.17 Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Dissolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_commentaries_on_SOE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_commentaries_on_SOE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Wartime commentaries on SOE </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_commentaries_on_SOE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_analysis_and_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_analysis_and_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Later analysis and commentaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_analysis_and_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Special Operations Executive</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B0_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="منظمة تنفيذ العمليات الخاصة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منظمة تنفيذ العمليات الخاصة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Εκτελεστικό Ειδικών Επιχειρήσεων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκτελεστικό Ειδικών Επιχειρήσεων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Operaciones_Especiales" title="Dirección de Operaciones Especiales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dirección de Operaciones Especiales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87" title="سازمان اجرایی عملیات ویژه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان اجرایی عملیات ویژه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מנהלת המבצעים המיוחדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנהלת המבצעים המיוחדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%B6nleges_M%C5%B1veletek_Parancsnoks%C3%A1ga" title="Különleges Műveletek Parancsnoksága – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Különleges Műveletek Parancsnoksága" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E9%83%A8" title="特殊作戦執行部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="特殊作戦執行部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Управление специальных операций Великобритании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Управление специальных операций Великобритании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprava_za_posebne_operacije" title="Uprava za posebne operacije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uprava za posebne operacije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Управа за специјалне операције – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Управа за специјалне операције" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprava_za_specijalne_operacije" title="Uprava za specijalne operacije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uprava za specijalne operacije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Special Operations Executive" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9" title="ฝ่ายบริหารปฏิบัติการพิเศษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฝ่ายบริหารปฏิบัติการพิเศษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Управління спеціальних операцій (Велика Британія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Управління спеціальних операцій (Велика Британія)" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British World War II espionage and sabotage organisation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the secret British World War II organization. For for the film, see <a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Ungentlemanly_Warfare" title="The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare">The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Special Operations Executive</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">22 July 1940 – 15 January 1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular warfare</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raiding</a> operations)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Special_reconnaissance" title="Special reconnaissance">Special reconnaissance</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">Approximately 13,000 employees</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">"The <a href="/wiki/Baker_Street_Irregulars" title="Baker Street Irregulars">Baker Street Irregulars</a>" "Churchill's Secret Army" "Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare"</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Nelson_(British_politician)" title="Frank Nelson (British politician)">Frank Nelson</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jocelyn_Hambro" title="Charles Jocelyn Hambro">Charles Jocelyn Hambro</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Gubbins" title="Colin Gubbins">Colin Gubbins</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a British organisation formed in 1940 to conduct <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> and to aid local <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance movements</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. SOE personnel operated in all territories occupied or attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, except where demarcation lines were agreed upon with Britain's principal <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. SOE made use of neutral territory on occasion, or made plans and preparations in case neutral countries were attacked by the Axis. The organisation directly employed or controlled more than 13,000 people, of whom 3,200 were women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200062-2">[2]</a> Both men and women served as agents in Axis-occupied countries. The organisation was dissolved in 1946. A memorial to those who served in SOE was unveiled in 1996 on the wall of the west cloister of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Mother</a>, and in 2009 on the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Embankment" title="Albert Embankment">Albert Embankment</a> in London, depicting <a href="/wiki/Violette_Szabo" title="Violette Szabo">Violette Szabo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Violette_Szabo_&_SOE-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Valen%C3%A7ay_SOE_Memorial" title="Valençay SOE Memorial">Valençay SOE Memorial</a> honours 91 male and 13 female SOE agents who lost their lives while working in France. The <a href="/wiki/Tempsford_Memorial" title="Tempsford Memorial">Tempsford Memorial</a> was unveiled in 2013 by the <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles III of the United Kingdom">Prince of Wales</a> in Church End, Tempsford, <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a>, close to the site of the former <a href="/wiki/RAF_Tempsford" title="RAF Tempsford">RAF Tempsford</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The organisation was formed from the merger of three existing secret departments, which had been formed shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War. Immediately after Germany annexed Austria (the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>) in March 1938, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> created a propaganda organisation known as <a href="/wiki/Department_EH" title="Department EH">Department EH</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Electra_House" title="Electra House">Electra House</a>, its headquarters), run by Canadian newspaper <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnate</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Stuart" title="Campbell Stuart">Campbell Stuart</a>. Later that month, the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (SIS, also known as MI6) formed a section known as Section D (the "D" apparently standing for "Destruction")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201925-4">[4]</a> under Major Lawrence Grand, to investigate the use of sabotage, propaganda, and other irregular means to weaken an enemy. In the autumn of the same year, the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> expanded an existing research department known as GS (R) and appointed Major J. C. Holland as its head to conduct research into <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley201033–34-5">[5]</a> GS (R) was renamed MI(R) in early 1939. These three departments worked with few resources until the outbreak of war. There was much overlap between their activities. Section D and EH duplicated much of each other's work. On the other hand, the heads of Section D and MI(R) knew each other and shared information.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200012-6">[6]</a> They agreed to a rough division of their activities; MI(R) researched irregular operations that could be undertaken by regular uniformed troops, while Section D dealt with truly undercover work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000293-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin2015Chapters_2–4-8">[8]</a> During the early months of the war, Section D was based first at <a href="/wiki/St_Ermin%27s_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="St Ermin's Hotel">St Ermin's Hotel</a> in Westminster and then the <a href="/wiki/Metropole_Hotel,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropole Hotel, London">Metropole Hotel</a> near <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The Section attempted unsuccessfully to sabotage deliveries of vital <a href="/wiki/Strategic_material" title="Strategic material">strategic materials</a> to Germany from neutral countries by mining the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate_(Danube)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Gate (Danube)">Iron Gate</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="River Danube">River Danube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200015–16-10">[10]</a> MI(R) meanwhile produced pamphlets and technical handbooks for guerrilla leaders. MI(R) was also involved in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Company">Independent Companies</a>, autonomous units intended to carry out sabotage and guerrilla operations behind enemy lines in the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Campaign">Norwegian Campaign</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Units" title="Auxiliary Units">Auxiliary Units</a>, stay-behind commando units based on the <a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)" title="Home Guard (United Kingdom)">Home Guard</a> which would act in the event of an <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> invasion of Britain, as seemed possible in the early years of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot199917-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation">edit</a>]</div> On 13 June 1940, at the instigation of newly appointed Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hankey,_1st_Baron_Hankey" title="Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey">Lord Hankey</a> (who held the Cabinet post of <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a>) persuaded Section D and MI(R) that their operations should be coordinated. On 1 July, a Cabinet level meeting arranged the formation of a single sabotage organisation. On 16 July, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Hugh Dalton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Economic_Warfare" title="Minister of Economic Warfare">Minister of Economic Warfare</a>, was appointed to take political responsibility for the new organisation, which was formally created on 22 July 1940. Dalton recorded in his diary that on that day the War Cabinet agreed to his new duties and that Churchill had told him, "And now go and set Europe ablaze."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Dalton used the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1917%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Army (1917–22)">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> as a model for the organisation.<a href="#cite_note-Carr-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraghty2000347-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Nelson_(British_politician)" title="Frank Nelson (British politician)">Sir Frank Nelson</a> was nominated by SIS to be director of the new organisation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley201076-16">[16]</a> and a senior <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil servant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gladwyn_Jebb" title="Gladwyn Jebb">Gladwyn Jebb</a>, transferred from the Foreign Office to it, with the title of Chief Executive Officer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200022-17">[17]</a> Campbell Stuart left the organisation, and the flamboyant Major Grand was returned to the regular army. At his own request, Major Holland also left to take up a regular appointment in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a>. (Both Grand and Holland eventually attained the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">major-general</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200022-17">[17]</a> However, Holland's former deputy at MI(R), Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Colin_Gubbins" title="Colin Gubbins">Colin Gubbins</a>, returned from command of the Auxiliary Units to be Director of Operations of SOE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley201076-16">[16]</a> One department of MI(R), MI R(C), which was involved in the development of weapons for irregular warfare, was not formally integrated into SOE but became an independent body codenamed <a href="/wiki/MD1" class="mw-redirect" title="MD1">MD1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett20039-18">[18]</a> Directed by Major (later Lieutenant Colonel) <a href="/wiki/Millis_Jefferis" title="Millis Jefferis">Millis Jefferis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton201680–87,_163–167-19">[19]</a> it was located at <a href="/wiki/The_Firs,_Whitchurch" title="The Firs, Whitchurch">The Firs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Whitchurch,_Buckinghamshire" title="Whitchurch, Buckinghamshire">Whitchurch, Buckinghamshire</a> and nicknamed "Churchill's Toyshop" from the Prime Minister's close interest in it and his enthusiastic support.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> The director of SOE was usually referred to by the initials "CD". Nelson, the first director to be appointed, was a former head of a trading firm in India, a <a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">back bench</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party (United Kingdom)">Conservative</a> Member of Parliament and <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">Consul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland, where he had also been engaged in undercover intelligence work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton201689-21">[21]</a> In February 1942 Dalton was removed as the political head of SOE (possibly because he was using SOE's phone tapping facility to listen to conversations of fellow <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Party (United Kingdom)">Labour</a> ministers, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeymour-Jones2013113-22">[22]</a> or possibly because he was viewed as too "communistically inclined" and a threat to SIS).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2006193–194-23">[23]</a> He became <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a> and was replaced as Minister of Economic Warfare by <a href="/wiki/Roundell_Palmer,_3rd_Earl_of_Selborne" title="Roundell Palmer, 3rd Earl of Selborne">Lord Selborne</a>. Selborne in turn retired Nelson, who had suffered ill health as a result of his hard work, and appointed Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jocelyn_Hambro" title="Charles Jocelyn Hambro">Charles Hambro</a>, head of <a href="/wiki/Hambros_Bank" title="Hambros Bank">Hambros Bank</a>, to replace him. He also transferred Jebb back to the Foreign Office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200031-24">[24]</a> Hambro had been a close friend of Churchill before the war and had won the <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. He retained several other interests, for example remaining chairman of Hambros and a director of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>. Some of his subordinates and associates expressed reservations that these interests distracted him from his duties as director.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2015264-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton2016170–171-26">[26]</a> Selborne and Hambro nevertheless cooperated closely until August 1943, when they fell out over the question of whether SOE should remain a separate body or coordinate its operations with those of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> in several theatres of war. Hambro felt that any loss of autonomy would cause a number of problems for SOE in the future. At the same time, Hambro was found to have failed to pass on vital information to Selborne. He was dismissed as director, and became head of a <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a> purchasing commission in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, which was involved in the exchange of nuclear information.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200032-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColinGubbins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ColinGubbins.jpg/170px-ColinGubbins.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/ColinGubbins.jpg/255px-ColinGubbins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/ColinGubbins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Major General <a href="/wiki/Colin_McVean_Gubbins" class="mw-redirect" title="Colin McVean Gubbins">Colin McVean Gubbins</a>, director of SOE from September 1943</figcaption></figure> As part of the subsequent closer ties between the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Imperial General Staff">Imperial General Staff</a> and SOE (although SOE had no representation on the <a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chiefs of Staff Committee</a>), Hambro's replacement as director from September 1943 was Gubbins, who had been promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">Major-general</a>. Gubbins had wide experience of <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commando</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_operation" title="Clandestine operation">clandestine operations</a> and had played a major part in MI(R)'s and SOE's early operations. He also put into practice many of the lessons he learned from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">IRA</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carr-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisation">Organisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Organisation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Headquarters">Headquarters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Headquarters">edit</a>]</div> The organisation of SOE continually evolved and changed during the war. Initially, it consisted of three broad departments: SO1 (formerly Department EH, which dealt with propaganda); SO2 (formerly Section D, operations); and SO3 (formerly MI R, research).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201924-28">[28]</a> SO3 was quickly overloaded with paperwork<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200022-17">[17]</a> and was merged into SO2. In August 1941, following quarrels between the Ministry of Economic Warfare and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Information</a> over their relative responsibilities, SO1 was removed from SOE and became an independent organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive" title="Political Warfare Executive">Political Warfare Executive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200024–25-29">[29]</a> Thereafter, a single, broad "Operations" department controlled the Sections operating into enemy and sometimes neutral territory, and the selection and training of agents. Sections, usually referred to by code letters or groups of letters, were assigned to a single country. Some enemy-occupied countries had two or more sections assigned to deal with politically disparate resistance movements. (France had no less than six). For security purposes, each section had its own headquarters and training establishments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton201691-30">[30]</a> This strict compartmentalisation was so effective that in mid-1942 five governments in exile jointly suggested that a single sabotage organisation be created, and were startled to learn that SOE had been in existence for two years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000152-31">[31]</a> Four departments and some smaller groups were controlled by the director of scientific research, Professor <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Maurice_Newitt" title="Dudley Maurice Newitt">Dudley Maurice Newitt</a>, and were concerned with the development or acquisition and production of special equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett200323–45-32">[32]</a> A few other sections were involved with finance, security, economic research and administration, although SOE had no central registry or filing system. When Gubbins was appointed director, he formalised some of the administrative practices which had grown in an ad hoc fashion and appointed an establishment officer to oversee the manpower and other requirements of the various departments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley2010141-33">[33]</a> The main controlling body of SOE was its council, consisting of around fifteen heads of departments or sections. About half of the council were from the armed forces (although some were specialists who were only commissioned after the outbreak of war), the rest were various <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">civil servants</a>, lawyers, or business or industrial experts. Most of the members of the council, and the senior officers and functionaries of SOE generally, were recruited by word of mouth among public school alumni and <a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a> graduates,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200030–35-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett20039-18">[18]</a> although this did not notably affect SOE's political complexion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200047,_148–156-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subsidiary_branches">Subsidiary branches</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subsidiary branches">edit</a>]</div> Several subsidiary SOE stations were set up to manage operations that were too distant for London to control directly. SOE's operations in the Middle East and <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> were controlled from a headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, which became notorious for poor security, infighting and conflicts with other agencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200040–41-36">[36]</a> It was eventually named, in April 1944, "Special Operations (Mediterranean)," or SO(M). Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Allied_landings_in_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied landings in North Africa">Allied landings in North Africa</a>, a station code named "Massingham" was established near <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> in late 1942, which operated into <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Southern France</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a>, personnel from Massingham established forward stations in <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> and near <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford201145–51-37">[37]</a> A subsidiary headquarters, initially known as "Force 133," was later set up in <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>, under the Cairo headquarters, to control operations in the Balkans, including <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200040–41-36">[36]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>. An SOE station, first called the "India Mission," and subsequently known as "GS I(k)," was set up in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">India</a> late in 1940. It subsequently moved to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a> so as to be closer to the headquarters of the Allied <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command" title="South East Asia Command">South East Asia Command</a> and became known as "<a href="/wiki/Force_136" title="Force 136">Force 136</a>." A "Singapore Mission" was set up at the same time as the India Mission but was unable to overcome official opposition to its attempts to form resistance movements in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese</a> overran <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a>. Force 136 took over its surviving staff and operations. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> also had a branch office, formally titled "<a href="/wiki/British_Security_Coordination" class="mw-redirect" title="British Security Coordination">British Security Coordination</a>," and headed by Canadian businessman Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson" title="William Stephenson">William Stephenson</a>. Their office, located at Room 3603, 630 <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a>, coordinated the work of SOE, SIS, and MI5 with the American <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aims">Aims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aims">edit</a>]</div> As with its leadership and organisation, the aims and objectives of SOE changed throughout the war, although they revolved around sabotaging and subverting the Axis war machines through indirect methods. SOE occasionally carried out operations with direct military objectives, such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Harling" title="Operation Harling">Operation Harling</a>, originally designed to cut one of the Axis supply lines to their troops fighting in North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2015260,_267-38">[38]</a> They also carried out some high-profile operations aimed mainly at the morale both of the Axis and occupied nations, such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anthropoid">Operation Anthropoid</a>, the assassination in Prague of <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>. In general also, SOE's objectives were to foment mutual hatred between the population of Axis-occupied countries and the occupiers, and to force the Axis to expend manpower and resources on maintaining their control of subjugated populations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2015260-39">[39]</a> Dalton's initial statement about outline of methods to be used by SOE's was "industrial and military sabotage, labor agitation and strikes, continuous propaganda, terrorist attacks against traitors and German leaders, boycotts and riots."<a href="#cite_note-Foot-40">[40]</a> Dalton's early enthusiasm for fomenting widespread strikes, civil disobedience and sabotage in Axis-occupied areas<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley201080-41">[41]</a> had to be curbed. Thereafter, there were two main aims, often mutually incompatible; sabotage of the Axis war effort, and the creation of secret armies which would rise up to assist the liberation of their countries when Allied troops arrived or were about to do so. It was recognised that acts of sabotage would bring about reprisals and increased Axis security measures which would hamper the creation of underground armies. As the tide of war turned in the Allies' favour, these underground armies became more important.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2015279-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships">Relationships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationships">edit</a>]</div> At the government level, SOE's relationships with the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> were often difficult. On several occasions, various governments in exile protested at operations taking place without their knowledge or approval, provoking Axis <a href="/wiki/Reprisal" title="Reprisal">reprisals</a> against civilian populations, or complained about SOE's support for movements opposed to the exiled governments. SOE's activities also threatened relationships with neutral countries. SOE nevertheless generally adhered to the rule, "No bangs without Foreign Office approval."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200035–36-43">[43]</a> Early attempts at bureaucratic control of Jefferis's MIR(c) by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a> were eventually foiled by Churchill's intervention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton201638,_80,_83-44">[44]</a> Thereafter, the Ministry co-operated, though at arm's length, with Dudley Newitt's various supply and development departments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett2003233,_238-45">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">Treasury</a> were accommodating from the start<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200026-46">[46]</a> and were often prepared to turn a blind eye to some of SOE's questionable activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000243-47">[47]</a> With other military headquarters and commands, SOE cooperated fairly well with <a href="/wiki/Combined_Operations_Headquarters" title="Combined Operations Headquarters">Combined Operations Headquarters</a> during the middle years of the war, usually on technical matters as SOE's equipment was readily adopted by commandos and other raiders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley201098-48">[48]</a> This support was lost when <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Louis Mountbatten</a> left Combined Operations, though by this time SOE had its own transport and had no need to rely on Combined Operations for resources. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> objected to SOE developing its own underwater vessels, and the duplication of effort this involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett2003129–158-49">[49]</a> The Royal Air Force, and in particular <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> under <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">"Bomber" Harris</a> were usually reluctant to allocate aircraft to SOE. Towards the end of the war, as Allied forces began to liberate territories occupied by the Axis and in which SOE had established resistance forces, SOE also liaised with and to some extent came under the control of the Allied theatre commands. Relationships with <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force</a> in north-west Europe (whose commander was General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>) and <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command" title="South East Asia Command">South East Asia Command</a> (whose commander was Admiral Louis Mountbatten, already well known to SOE) were generally excellent. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley2010141–145,_191–195-50">[50]</a> However, there were difficulties with the Commanders in Chief in the Mediterranean, partly because of the complaints over impropriety at SOE's Cairo headquarters during 1941<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley201090–91-51">[51]</a> and partly because both the supreme command in the Mediterranean and SOE's establishments were split in 1942 and 1943, leading to divisions of responsibility and authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley2010138–141-52">[52]</a> There was tension between SOE and SIS, which the Foreign Office controlled. <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Menzies" title="Stewart Menzies">Stewart Menzies</a>, the chief of SIS, was aggrieved to lose control of Section D.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201924-28">[28]</a> Where SIS preferred placid conditions in which it could gather intelligence and work through influential persons or authorities, SOE was intended to create unrest and turbulence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2015264–266-53">[53]</a> and often backed anti-establishment organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communists</a>, in several countries. At one stage, SIS actively hindered SOE's attempts to infiltrate agents into <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of France during World War II">enemy-occupied France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200087-54">[54]</a> Even before the United States joined the war, the head of the newly formed Office of the Coordinator of Information (COI), <a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William J. Donovan</a>, had received technical information from SOE and had arranged for some members of his organisation to undergo training at a <a href="/wiki/Camp_X" title="Camp X">camp</a> run by SOE in Oshawa in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley201095-55">[55]</a> In early 1942, Donovan's organisation became the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a>. SOE and OSS worked out respective areas of operation: OSS's exclusive sphere included China (including <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and Australia, the Atlantic islands and Finland. SOE retained India, the Middle East and East Africa, and the Balkans. While the two services both worked in Western Europe, it was expected that SOE would be the leading partner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallaceMelton20107-56">[56]</a> In the middle of the war, the relations between SOE and OSS were not often smooth. They established a joint headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> but the officers of the two organisations working there refused to share information with each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2015292-57">[57]</a> In the Balkans, and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> especially, SOE and OSS several times worked at cross-purposes, reflecting their governments' differing (and changing) attitudes to the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>. However, in 1944 SOE and OSS successfully pooled their personnel and resources to mount <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh">Operation Jedburgh</a>, providing large scale support to the French Resistance following the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett2003205-58">[58]</a> SOE had some nominal contact with the Soviet <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, but this was limited to a single liaison officer at each other's headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley201095-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Locations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baker_Street">Baker Street</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Baker Street">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_SOE_establishments" title="List of SOE establishments">List of SOE establishments</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaulieu_SOE_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Beaulieu_SOE_Memorial.jpg/220px-Beaulieu_SOE_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Beaulieu_SOE_Memorial.jpg/330px-Beaulieu_SOE_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Beaulieu_SOE_Memorial.jpg/440px-Beaulieu_SOE_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3696" /></a><figcaption>SOE memorial plaque in the cloister of <a href="/wiki/Beaulieu_Abbey" title="Beaulieu Abbey">Beaulieu Abbey</a>, Hampshire, unveiled by Major General Gubbins in April 1969</figcaption></figure> After working from temporary offices in Central London, the headquarters of SOE was moved on 31 October 1940 into <a href="/wiki/64_Baker_Street" title="64 Baker Street">64 Baker Street</a> (hence the nickname "the <a href="/wiki/Baker_Street_Irregulars" title="Baker Street Irregulars">Baker Street Irregulars</a>"). Ultimately, SOE occupied much of the western side of Baker Street. "Baker Street" became the euphemistic way of referring to SOE. The precise nature of the buildings remained concealed; it had no entry in the telephone directories, and correspondence to external bodies bore service addresses; MO1 (SP) (a War Office branch), NID(Q) (Admiralty), AI10 (Air Ministry), or other fictitious bodies or civilian companies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200022-17">[17]</a> SOE maintained a large number of training, research and development or administrative centres. It was a joke that "SOE" stood for "Stately 'omes of England", after the large number of country houses and estates it requisitioned and used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_and_trials">Production and trials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Production and trials">edit</a>]</div> The establishments connected with experimentation and production of equipment were mainly concentrated in and around <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> and were designated by roman numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett200313-59">[59]</a> The main weapons and devices research establishments were <a href="/wiki/The_Firs,_Whitchurch" title="The Firs, Whitchurch">The Firs</a>, the home of MD1, formerly MIR(C), near <a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a> in Buckinghamshire (although this was not formally part of SOE), and <a href="/wiki/Station_IX" title="Station IX">Station IX</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Frythe" title="The Frythe">The Frythe</a>, a country house (and former private hotel) outside <a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a> where, under the cover name of ISRB (Inter Services Research Bureau), SOE developed radios, weapons, explosive devices and <a href="/wiki/Booby_trap" title="Booby trap">booby traps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett200315-60">[60]</a> Section D originally had a research station at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>, which also held the <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Code and Cipher School</a>, until in November 1940 it was decided that it was unwise to conduct codebreaking and explosives experiments on the same site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner201140–42-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett200314-62">[62]</a> The establishment moved to Aston House near <a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a> in Hertfordshire and was renamed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Station_XII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Station XII (page does not exist)">Station XII</a>. It originally conducted research and development but from 1941 it became a production, storage and distribution centre for devices already developed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner201122-63">[63]</a> Station XV, at the <a href="/wiki/Thatched_Barn" title="Thatched Barn">Thatched Barn</a> near <a href="/wiki/Borehamwood" title="Borehamwood">Borehamwood</a>, was devoted to <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, which usually meant equipping agents with authentic local clothing and personal effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett200396-64">[64]</a> Various sub-stations in London were also involved in this task.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett200397-65">[65]</a> Station XV and other camouflage sections also devised methods of hiding weapons, explosives or radios in innocuous-seeming items.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett2003299-300-66">[66]</a> Agents also needed identity papers, ration cards, currency and so on. Station XIV, at <a href="/wiki/Briggens_House" title="Briggens House">Briggens House</a> near <a href="/wiki/Roydon,_Essex" title="Roydon, Essex">Roydon</a> in Essex, was originally the home of STS38, a training facility for Polish saboteurs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2017-67">[67]</a> who set up their own forgery section. As the work expanded, it became the central forgery department for SOE and the Poles eventually moved out on 1 April 1942. The technicians at Station XIV included a number of ex-convicts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett200397–98-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_and_operations">Training and operations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Training and operations">edit</a>]</div> The training establishments, and properties used by country sections, were designated by Arabic numbers and were widely distributed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett200313-59">[59]</a> The initial training centres of SOE were at country houses such as <a href="/wiki/Wanborough_Manor" title="Wanborough Manor">Wanborough Manor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>. Agents destined to serve in the field underwent <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commando</a> training at <a href="/wiki/Arisaig" title="Arisaig">Arisaig</a> in Scotland, where they were taught armed and unarmed combat skills by <a href="/wiki/William_E._Fairbairn" title="William E. Fairbairn">William E. Fairbairn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_A._Sykes" title="Eric A. Sykes">Eric A. Sykes</a>, former Inspectors in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_Police" title="Shanghai Municipal Police">Shanghai Municipal Police</a>. Those who passed this course received <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a> training by STS 51 and 51a situated near <a href="/wiki/Altrincham" title="Altrincham">Altrincham</a>, Cheshire with the assistance of No.1 Parachute Training School RAF,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKay2005-69">[69]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Ringway" title="RAF Ringway">RAF Ringway</a> (which later became <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a>). They then attended courses in security and <a href="/wiki/Tradecraft" title="Tradecraft">Tradecraft</a> at Group B schools around <a href="/wiki/Beaulieu,_Hampshire" title="Beaulieu, Hampshire">Beaulieu</a> in Hampshire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey200843-70">[70]</a> Finally, depending on their intended role, they received specialist training in skills such as <a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">demolition</a> techniques or <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphy</a> at various country houses in England. SOE's Cairo branch established a commando and parachute training school numbered STS 102 at <a href="/wiki/Ramat_David" title="Ramat David">Ramat David</a> near <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>. This school trained agents who joined SOE from among the armed forces stationed in the Middle East, and also members of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> and Greek <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Band (World War II)">Sacred Squadron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey200861–64-71">[71]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Camp_X" title="Camp X">commando training centre</a> similar to Arisaig and run by Fairbairn<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200065-72">[72]</a> was later set up at <a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a>, for Canadian members of SOE and members of the newly created American organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agents">Agents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Agents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_SOE_agents" title="List of SOE agents">List of SOE agents</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOE_F_Section_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="SOE F Section networks">SOE F Section networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Female_SOE_Agents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Female SOE Agents">List of Female SOE Agents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SOE_F_Section_Codenames_%26_Aliases" title="SOE F Section Codenames & Aliases">SOE F Section Codenames & Aliases</a></div> A variety of people from all classes and pre-war occupations served SOE in the field. The backgrounds of agents in F Section, for example, ranged from aristocrats such as Polish-born Countess <a href="/wiki/Krystyna_Skarbek" title="Krystyna Skarbek">Krystyna Skarbek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Noor_Inayat_Khan" title="Noor Inayat Khan">Noor Inayat Khan</a>, the daughter of an Indian Sufi leader, to working-class people such as <a href="/wiki/Violette_Szabo" title="Violette Szabo">Violette Szabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Trotobas" title="Michael Trotobas">Michael Trotobas</a>, with some even reputedly from the criminal underworld. Some of them were recruited by word of mouth among the acquaintances of SOE's officers, others responded to routine trawls of the armed forces for people with unusual languages or other specialised skills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200046,_60-73">[73]</a> In most cases, the primary quality required of an agent was a deep knowledge of the country in which he or she was to operate, and especially its language, if the agent was to pass as a native of the country. <a href="/wiki/Dual_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual nationality">Dual nationality</a> was often a prized attribute. This was particularly so of France. In other cases, especially in the Balkans, a lesser degree of fluency was required as the resistance groups concerned were already in open rebellion and a clandestine existence was unnecessary. A flair for diplomacy combined with a taste for rough soldiering was more necessary. Some regular army officers proved adept as envoys, and others (such as the former diplomat <a href="/wiki/Sir_Fitzroy_Maclean,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet">Fitzroy Maclean</a> or the classicist <a href="/wiki/Montague_Woodhouse,_5th_Baron_Terrington" title="Montague Woodhouse, 5th Baron Terrington">Christopher Woodhouse</a>) were commissioned only during wartime. Several of SOE's agents were from the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Parachutists_of_Mandate_Palestine" title="Jewish Parachutists of Mandate Palestine">Jewish Parachutists of Mandate Palestine</a>, some of whom were <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigrés</a> from countries in Europe. Thirty-two of them served as agents in the field, seven of whom were captured and executed.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Exiled or escaped members of the armed forces of some occupied countries were obvious sources of agents. This was particularly true of Norway and the Netherlands. In other cases (such as Frenchmen owing loyalty to <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> and especially the Poles), the agents' first loyalty was to their leaders or governments in exile, and they treated SOE only as a means to an end. This could occasionally lead to mistrust and strained relations in Britain. The organisation was prepared to ignore almost any contemporary social convention in its fight against the Axis. It employed known homosexuals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000169-75">[75]</a> people with <a href="/wiki/Criminal_record" title="Criminal record">criminal records</a> (some of whom taught skills such as picking locks),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200057,_71-76">[76]</a> those with bad conduct records in the armed forces, Communists, and anti-British nationalists. Some of them might have been considered a security risk, but no known case exists of an SOE agent wholeheartedly going over to the enemy. The Frenchman, <a href="/wiki/Henri_D%C3%A9ricourt" title="Henri Déricourt">Henri Déricourt</a>, is widely regarded as a traitor, but he was exonerated by a war crimes court, and some have claimed he was acting under secret orders from SOE or MI6.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] SOE was also far ahead of contemporary attitudes in its use of women in armed combat. Although women were first considered only as couriers in the field, or as wireless operators or administrative staff in Britain, those sent into the field were trained in the use of weapons and in unarmed combat. Most were commissioned into either the <a href="/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry" title="First Aid Nursing Yeomanry">First Aid Nursing Yeomanry</a> (FANY) or the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Force" title="Women's Auxiliary Air Force">Women's Auxiliary Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200060–62-77">[77]</a> Women often assumed leadership roles in the field. <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Witherington" title="Pearl Witherington">Pearl Witherington</a> became the organiser (leader) of a highly successful resistance network in France.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Early in the war, American <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Hall" title="Virginia Hall">Virginia Hall</a> functioned as the unofficial nerve center of several SOE networks in <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Many women agents such as <a href="/wiki/Odette_Hallowes" title="Odette Hallowes">Odette Hallowes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Violette_Szabo" title="Violette Szabo">Violette Szabo</a> were decorated for bravery, posthumously in Szabo's case. Of SOE's 41 (or 39 in some estimates) female agents serving in Section F (France) sixteen did not survive with twelve killed or executed in Nazi concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications">Communications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Communications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kofferset_3MK_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kofferset_3MK_II.jpg/220px-Kofferset_3MK_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kofferset_3MK_II.jpg/330px-Kofferset_3MK_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kofferset_3MK_II.jpg/440px-Kofferset_3MK_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>B MK II receiver and transmitter (also known as the B2 radio set)</figcaption></figure> Most of the resistance networks which SOE formed or liaised with were controlled by radio directly from Britain or one of SOE's subsidiary headquarters. All resistance circuits contained at least one wireless operator, and all drops or landings were arranged by radio, except for some early exploratory missions sent "blind" into enemy-occupied territory. SOE wireless operators were also known as "The Pianists".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] At first, SOE's radio traffic went through the SIS-controlled radio station at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>. From 1 June 1942, SOE used its own transmitting and receiving stations at <a href="/wiki/Grendon_Underwood" title="Grendon Underwood">Grendon Underwood</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poundon" title="Poundon">Poundon</a> nearby, as the location and topography were suitable. Teleprinters linked the radio stations with SOE's HQ in Baker Street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot1999109–110-83">[83]</a> Operators in the Balkans worked to radio stations in Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot1999108-84">[84]</a> SOE was highly dependent upon the security of radio transmissions, involving three factors: the physical qualities and capabilities of the radio sets, the security of the transmission procedures and the provision of proper <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">ciphers</a>. SOE's first radios were supplied by SIS. They were large and clumsy, and required large amounts of power. SOE acquired a few, much more suitable, sets from the Poles in exile, but eventually designed and manufactured their own, such as the <a href="/wiki/Paraset" title="Paraset">Paraset</a>, under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel F. W. Nicholls of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals" title="Royal Corps of Signals">Royal Corps of Signals</a>, who had served with Gubbins between the wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley201029,_115-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000109–110-86">[86]</a> The A Mk III, with its batteries and accessories, weighed only 9 pounds (4.1 kg), and could fit into a small <a href="/wiki/Attache_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Attache case">attache case</a>, although the B Mk II, otherwise known as the B2, which weighed 32 pounds (15 kg), was required to work over ranges greater than about 500 miles (800 km).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot1999108–111-87">[87]</a> Operating procedures were insecure at first. Operators were forced to transmit verbose messages on fixed frequencies and at fixed times and intervals. This allowed German <a href="/wiki/Direction_finding" title="Direction finding">direction finding</a> teams time to triangulate their positions. After several operators were captured or killed, procedures were made more flexible and secure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot1999106-88">[88]</a> As with their first radio sets, SOE's first ciphers were inherited from SIS. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Marks" title="Leo Marks">Leo Marks</a>, SOE's chief <a href="/wiki/Cryptographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographer">cryptographer</a>, was responsible for the development of better codes to replace the insecure <a href="/wiki/Poem_code" title="Poem code">poem codes</a>. Eventually, SOE settled on single use ciphers, printed on silk. Unlike paper, which would be given away by rustling, silk would not be detected by a casual search if it was concealed in the lining of clothing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BBC">BBC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: BBC">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a> also played its part in communications with agents or groups in the field. During the war, it broadcast to almost all Axis-occupied countries, and was avidly listened to, even at risk of arrest. The BBC included various "personal messages" in its broadcasts, which could include lines of poetry or apparently nonsensical items. They could be used to announce the safe arrival of an agent or message in London for example, or could be instructions to carry out operations on a given date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot199999,_142–143-89">[89]</a> They were used, for example, to mobilise the resistance groups in the hours before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_methods">Other methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other methods">edit</a>]</div> In the field, agents could sometimes make use of the postal services, though these were slow, not always reliable and letters were almost certain to be opened and read by the Axis security services. In training, agents were taught to use a variety of easily available substances to make invisible ink, though most of these could be detected by a cursory examination, or to hide coded messages in apparently innocent letters. The telephone services were even more certain to be intercepted and listened to by the enemy, and could be used only with great care. The most secure method of communication in the field was by courier. In the earlier part of the war, most women sent as agents in the field were employed as couriers, on the assumption that they would be less likely to be suspected of illicit activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot1999160-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Equipment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons">Weapons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Weapons">edit</a>]</div> Although SOE used some suppressed weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/De_Lisle_carbine" title="De Lisle carbine">De Lisle carbine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Welrod" title="Welrod">Welrod</a> (specifically developed for SOE at Station IX), it took the view that weapons issued to resisters should not require extensive training in their use, or need careful maintenance. The crude and cheap <a href="/wiki/Sten" title="Sten">Sten</a> was a favourite. For issue to large forces such as the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a>, SOE used captured German or Italian weapons. These were available in large quantities after the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicilian</a> campaigns and the surrender of Italy, and the partisans could acquire ammunition for these weapons (and the Sten) from enemy sources. SOE also adhered to the principle that resistance fighters would be handicapped rather than helped by heavy equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare#Anti-tank_guns" title="Anti-tank warfare">anti-tank guns</a>. These were awkward to transport, almost impossible to conceal and required skilled and highly trained operators. Later in the war however, when resistance groups staged open rebellions against enemy occupation, some heavy weapons were dispatched, for example to the <a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Vercors" class="mw-redirect" title="Maquis du Vercors">Maquis du Vercors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200078-91">[91]</a> Weapons such as the British Army's standard <a href="/wiki/Bren_light_machine_gun" title="Bren light machine gun">Bren light machine gun</a> were also supplied in such cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200077-92">[92]</a> Most SOE agents received training on captured enemy weapons before being sent into enemy-occupied territory. Ordinary SOE agents were also armed with handguns acquired abroad, such as, from 1941, a variety of US pistols, and a large quantity of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Llama_firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Llama firearms">Llama</a> <a href="/wiki/.38_ACP" title=".38 ACP">.38 ACP</a> in 1944. Such was SOE's demand for weapons, a consignment of 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Ballester%E2%80%93Molina" title="Ballester–Molina">Ballester–Molina</a> .45 calibre weapons was purchased from Argentina, apparently with the mediation of the US.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaman200627-93">[93]</a> SOE agents were issued with the <a href="/wiki/Fairbairn%E2%80%93Sykes_fighting_knife" title="Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife">Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife</a> also issued to Commandos. For specialised operations or use in extreme circumstances, SOE issued small fighting knives which could be concealed in the heel of a hard leather shoe or behind a coat lapel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200073-94">[94]</a> Given the likely fate of agents captured by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, SOE also disguised <a href="/wiki/Suicide_pill" title="Suicide pill">suicide pills</a> as coat buttons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sabotage">Sabotage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sabotage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audience_in_demolition_class._Milton_Hall,_England,_circa_1944.,_1943_-_1944_-_NARA_-_540063.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Audience_in_demolition_class._Milton_Hall%2C_England%2C_circa_1944.%2C_1943_-_1944_-_NARA_-_540063.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Audience_in_demolition_class._Milton_Hall%2C_England%2C_circa_1944.%2C_1943_-_1944_-_NARA_-_540063.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Audience_in_demolition_class._Milton_Hall%2C_England%2C_circa_1944.%2C_1943_-_1944_-_NARA_-_540063.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Audience_in_demolition_class._Milton_Hall%2C_England%2C_circa_1944.%2C_1943_-_1944_-_NARA_-_540063.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Audience_in_demolition_class._Milton_Hall%2C_England%2C_circa_1944.%2C_1943_-_1944_-_NARA_-_540063.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Audience_in_demolition_class._Milton_Hall%2C_England%2C_circa_1944.%2C_1943_-_1944_-_NARA_-_540063.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2394" /></a><figcaption>Audience in demolition class, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Hall" title="Milton Hall">Milton Hall</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1944</figcaption></figure> SOE developed a wide range of explosive devices for sabotage, such as <a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">limpet mines</a>, shaped charges and time fuses, which were also widely used by commando units. Most of these devices were designed and produced at The Firs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton201680-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pencil_detonator" title="Pencil detonator">Time Pencil</a>, invented by Commander A.J.G. Langley, the first commandant of Station XII at Aston<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner201117-19-96">[96]</a> was used to give a saboteur time to escape after setting a charge and was far simpler to carry and use than lighted fuses or electrical detonators. It relied on crushing an internal vial of acid which then corroded a retaining wire, which sometimes made it inaccurate in cold or hot conditions. Later the L-Delay, which instead allowed a lead retaining wire to "creep" until it broke and was less affected by the temperature, was introduced. SOE pioneered the use of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_explosive" title="Plastic explosive">plastic explosive</a>. (The term "plastique" comes from plastic explosive packaged by SOE and originally destined for France but taken to the United States instead.) Plastic explosive could be shaped and cut to perform almost any demolition task. It was also inert and required a powerful detonator to cause it to explode, and was therefore safe to transport and store. It was used in everything from <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bombs</a>, to exploding rats designed to destroy coal-fired boilers.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Other, more subtle sabotage methods included <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricants</a> laced with grinding materials, intended for introduction into vehicle oil systems, <a href="/wiki/Railway_wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway wagon">railway wagon</a> <a href="/wiki/Axle_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Axle box">axle boxes</a>, etc., incendiaries disguised as innocuous objects,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200082–83-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal_torpedo" title="Coal torpedo">explosive material concealed in coal piles</a> to destroy locomotives, and land mines disguised as cow or elephant dung. On the other hand, some sabotage methods were extremely simple but effective, such as using sledgehammers to crack cast-iron mountings for machinery. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submarines">Submarines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Submarines">edit</a>]</div> Station IX developed several miniature submersible craft. The <a href="/wiki/Welman_submarine" title="Welman submarine">Welman submarine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorised_Submersible_Canoe" title="Motorised Submersible Canoe">Sleeping Beauty</a> were offensive weapons, intended to place explosive charges on or adjacent to enemy vessels at anchor. The Welman was used once or twice in action, but without success. The <a href="/wiki/Welfreighter" title="Welfreighter">Welfreighter</a> was intended to deliver stores to beaches or inlets, but it too was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett2003147–153-99">[99]</a> A sea trials unit was set up in <a href="/wiki/West_Wales" title="West Wales">West Wales</a> at <a href="/wiki/Goodwick" title="Goodwick">Goodwick</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Fishguard" title="Fishguard">Fishguard</a> (station IXa) where these craft were tested. In late 1944 craft were dispatched to Australia to the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Allied Intelligence Bureau">Allied Intelligence Bureau</a> (SRD), for tropical testing.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> SOE also revived some medieval devices, such as the <a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">caltrop</a>, which could be used to burst the tyres of vehicles or injure foot soldiers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett200353–54-101">[101]</a> and crossbows powered by multiple rubber bands to shoot incendiary bolts. There were two types, known as "Big Joe" and "Li'l Joe" respectively. They had tubular alloy skeleton stocks and were designed to be collapsible for ease of concealment.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] An important section of SOE was Operational Research, which worked mostly from Station IX but also called on the facilities of Station XII and HQ. It operated through the User Trials Section and later the Air Supply Research Section and was formally established in August 1943. The section had the responsibility both for issuing formal requirements and specifications to the relevant development and production sections, and for testing prototypes of the devices under field conditions. It ensured that operational requirements were properly assessed, trials conducted, and quality monitored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett2003159–165-102">[102]</a> Over the period from 1 November 1943 to 1 November 1944, the section tested 78 devices. Some of these were weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gun" title="Sleeve gun">Sleeve gun</a> or fuses or adhesion devices to be used in sabotage, others were utility objects such as waterproof containers for stores to be dropped by parachute, or night glasses (lightweight binoculars with plastic lenses). Of the devices tested, 47% were accepted for use with little or no modification, 31% were accepted only after considerable modification and the remaining 22% were rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett2003166–167-103">[103]</a> Before SOE's research and development procedures were formalised in 1943, a variety of more or less useful devices were developed. Some of the more imaginative devices invented by SOE included exploding pens with enough explosive power to blast a hole in the bearer's body, or guns concealed in tobacco pipes, though there is no record of any of these being used in action. Station IX developed a miniature folding <a href="/wiki/Motorbike" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorbike">motorbike</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Welbike" title="Welbike">Welbike</a>) for use by parachutists, though this was noisy and conspicuous, used scarce petrol and was of little use on rough ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett2003110-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> The continent of Europe was largely closed to normal travel. Although it was possible in some cases to cross frontiers from neutral countries such as Spain or Sweden, it was slow and there were problems over violating these countries' neutrality. SOE had to rely largely on its own air or sea transport for movement of people, arms and equipment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> SOE had mostly to rely on the RAF for its planes. It was engaged in disputes with the RAF from its early days. In January 1941, an intended ambush (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Savanna" title="Operation Savanna">Operation Savanna</a>) against the aircrew of a German "pathfinder" air group near <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a> in Brittany was thwarted when Air Vice Marshal <a href="/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford" title="Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford">Charles Portal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Air Staff</a>, objected on moral grounds to parachuting what he regarded as assassins,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley201084-105">[105]</a> although Portal's objections were later overcome and Savanna was mounted, unsuccessfully. From 1942, when Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">Arthur Harris</a> ("Bomber Harris") became the Commander-in-Chief of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a>, he consistently resisted the diversion of the most capable types of bombers to SOE purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200094-106">[106]</a> SOE's first aircraft were two <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Armstrong Whitworth Whitleys</a> belonging to 419 Flight RAF, which was formed in September 1940. In 1941, the flight was expanded to become <a href="/wiki/No._138_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 138 Squadron RAF">No. 138 Squadron RAF</a>. In February 1942, they were joined by <a href="/wiki/No._161_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 161 Squadron RAF">No. 161 Squadron RAF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200095-107">[107]</a> 161 Squadron flew agent insertions and pick-ups, while 138 Squadron delivered arms and stores by parachute. "C" flight from No. 138 Squadron later became No. 1368 Flight of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Forces_in_France_and_Great_Britain" title="Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain">Polish Air Force</a>, which joined No. 624 Squadron flying Halifaxes in the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000102-108">[108]</a> By the later stages of the war several <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> squadrons were operating <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Douglas C-47 Skytrains</a> in the Mediterranean, although by this time their operations had passed from SOE proper to the "Balkan Air Terminal Service". Three Special Duties squadrons operated in the Far East using a variety of aircraft, including the very long-range <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">Consolidated B-24 Liberator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200095–96-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RAF_Tempsford">RAF Tempsford</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: RAF Tempsford">edit</a>]</div> Nos. 161 and 138 Squadrons were based at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Tempsford" title="RAF Tempsford">RAF Tempsford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a> though No. 161 Squadron often moved forward to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Tangmere" title="RAF Tangmere">RAF Tangmere</a>, close to the coast in <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a>, to shorten their flights. The airfield at Tempsford became the RAF's most secret base.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> (Tempsford had been rejected for Bomber Command's purposes by Harris in March 1942, as it frequently became waterlogged.) <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeymour-Jones20135-111">[111]</a> RAF Tempsford was designed to look like an ordinary working farm. SOE used Tangmere Cottage, opposite the main entrance to the base. SOE agents were lodged in a local hotel before being ferried to farm buildings, the "Gibraltar Farm" within the airfield's perimeter track. After final briefings and checks at the farm, the agents were issued firearms in the barn, and then boarded a waiting aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-Coxon-112">[112]</a> The squadrons' first task was to take agents to France who could select suitable fields for their aircraft. Most of these agents were French expatriates, some of whom had been pilots in the French <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée de l'Air">Armée de l'Air</a>. Once the agent was in place and had selected a number of potential fields, 161 Squadron delivered SOE agents, wireless equipment and operators and weapons, and flew French political leaders, resistance leaders or their family members, and downed allied airmen to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Between them, the two squadrons transported 101 agents to, and recovered 128 agents, diplomats and airmen from occupied France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunston1995-114">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="161_Squadron_operations">161 Squadron operations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 161 Squadron operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westland_Lysander-B-MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Westland_Lysander-B-MA.jpg/220px-Westland_Lysander-B-MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Westland_Lysander-B-MA.jpg/330px-Westland_Lysander-B-MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Westland_Lysander-B-MA.jpg/440px-Westland_Lysander-B-MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>Westland Lysander Mk III (SD), the type used for special missions into occupied France during World War II</figcaption></figure> The principal aircraft of 161 Squadron was the <a href="/wiki/Westland_Lysander" title="Westland Lysander">Westland Lysander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> It handled very well at low speed and could land from touch down to turn around in only 150 yards (140 m).<a href="#cite_note-Correll-116">[116]</a> It had a range of 700 miles (1,100 km) and could carry one to three passengers in the rear cockpit and stores in a pannier underneath the fuselage. It was flown by a single pilot, who also had to navigate, so missions had to be flown on clear nights with a full or near full moon. Bad weather often thwarted missions, German night fighters were also a hazard, and pilots could never know when landing whether they would be greeted by the resistance or the Gestapo.<a href="#cite_note-Orchard-117">[117]</a> The procedure once a Lysander reached its destination in France was described by Squadron Leader <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Verity" title="Hugh Verity">Hugh Verity</a>. Once the aircraft reached the airfield the agent on the ground would signal the aircraft by flashing a prearranged code letter in <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse</a>. The aircraft would respond by blinking back the appropriate code response letter. The agent and his men would then mark the field by lighting the three landing lights, which were flashlights attached to poles. The "A" lamp was at the base of the landing ground. 150 metres beyond it and into the wind was the "B" light, and 50 metres to the right of "B" was the "C" light. The three lights formed an inverted "L", with the "B" and "C" lights upwind from "A". With the code passed the pilot would land the aircraft. He then would taxi back to the "A" lamp, where the passengers would clamber down the fixed ladder to the ground, often while the pilot was making a slow U-turn. Before leaving the last passenger would hand off the luggage and then take aboard the outgoing luggage before climbing down the ladder as well. Then the outgoing passengers would climb aboard and the aircraft would take off. The whole exchange might take as little as 3 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerity197817–18-118">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson" title="Lockheed Hudson">Lockheed Hudson</a> had a range 200 miles (320 km) or greater, and could carry more passengers (ten or more), but required landing strips more than double the length of those needed for the Lysander - 350 yards (320 m) vs. 150 yards (140 m)).<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> It carried a navigator, to ease the load on the pilot, and could also be fitted with navigational equipment, such as the "Rebecca" homing transceiver of the <a href="/wiki/Rebecca/Eureka_transponding_radar" title="Rebecca/Eureka transponding radar">Rebecca/Eureka transponding radar</a> system. The Hudson's use with 161 Squadron was developed by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Charles_Pickard" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Charles Pickard">Charles Pickard</a> and Hugh Verity. Pickard determined that the Hudson's stall speed was actually some 20 miles per hour (32 km/h) slower than its manual stated. Before it was first used on 13 January 1943, 161 Squadron had to send two Lysander aircraft, in what they termed "a double", if larger parties needed to be picked up.<a href="#cite_note-Coxon-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="138_Squadron_and_other_Special_Duties_units_operations">138 Squadron and other Special Duties units operations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 138 Squadron and other Special Duties units operations">edit</a>]</div> No. 138 Squadron's primary mission was the delivery of equipment, and occasionally agents, by parachute. It flew a variety of bomber-type aircraft, often modified with extra fuel tanks and flame-suppressing exhaust shrouds: the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley until November 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Handley Page Halifax</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Short Stirling</a>. The Stirling could carry a very large load (18 containers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett200396-64">[64]</a>) but the aircraft with the longest range was the Halifax, which when based in Italy could reach drop zones as far away as eastern Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200095,_101–103-120">[120]</a> Stores were usually parachuted in cylindrical containers. The "C" type was 69 inches (180 cm) long, and when fully loaded could weigh up to 224 pounds (102 kg). The "H" type was the same size overall but could be broken down into five smaller sections. This made it easier to carry and conceal but it could not be loaded with longer loads such as rifles. Some inert stores such as boots and blankets were "free-dropped" i.e. simply thrown out of the aircraft bundled together without a parachute, often to the hazard of any receiving committee on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200095–96-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Locating_and_homing_equipment">Locating and homing equipment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Locating and homing equipment">edit</a>]</div> Some devices used by SOE were designed specifically to guide aircraft to landing strips and dropping zones. Such sites could be marked by an agent on the ground with bonfires or bicycle lamps, but this required good visibility, as the pilot or navigator of a plane had not only to spot the ground signals, but also to navigate by visible landmarks to correct dead reckoning. Many landings or drops were thwarted by bad weather. To overcome these problems, SOE and Allied airborne forces used the Rebecca/Eureka transponding radar, which enabled a Hudson or larger aircraft to home in on a point on the ground even in thick weather. It was however difficult for agents or resistance fighters to carry or conceal the ground-based "Eureka" transponder equipment. SOE also developed the <a href="/wiki/S-Phone" title="S-Phone">S-Phone</a>, which allowed a pilot or radio operator aboard an aircraft to communicate by voice with the "reception committee". Sound quality was good enough for voices to be recognisable, so that a mission could be aborted in case of any doubts of an agent's identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000103–104-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sea">edit</a>]</div> SOE also experienced difficulties with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, who were usually unwilling to allow SOE to use its submarines or <a href="/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat" title="Motor torpedo boat">motor torpedo boats</a> to deliver agents or equipment. Submarines were regarded as too valuable to risk within range of enemy coastal defences. They could also carry only small numbers of agents, in great discomfort, and could disembark stores only in small dinghies or <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a>, which made it difficult to land large quantities of equipment. SOE nevertheless used them in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> where the distances made it impracticable to use any smaller craft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200092–93-122">[122]</a> The vessels used by SOE during the early part of the war were clandestine craft such as <a href="/wiki/Fishing_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing boat">fishing boats</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%AFque" title="Caïque">caiques</a>. They could pass muster as innocent local craft and carry large quantities of stores. They also had the advantage of being largely outside Admiralty control. However, SOE's first small craft organisation, which was set up in the <a href="/wiki/Helford_River" title="Helford River">Helford</a> estuary in Cornwall, suffered from obstruction from SIS, which had a similar private navy nearby. Eventually, in spring 1943, the Admiralty created a Deputy Director of Operations (Irregular), to superintend all such private navies. This officer turned out to be the former commander of SIS's craft in the Helford estuary, but his successor in charge of SIS's Helford base cooperated much better with SOE's flotilla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200086–87-123">[123]</a> While SIS and SOE (and <a href="/wiki/MI9" title="MI9">MI9</a>) landed and embarked several dozen agents, refugees and Allied aircrew, it was impossible to transport large quantities of arms and equipment inland from beaches in heavily patrolled coastal areas, until France was almost liberated. SOE also had use of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Fidelity_(D57)" title="HMS Fidelity (D57)">HMS Fidelity</a>, a disguised armed merchant ship operated by an independent group of displaced Frenchmen, led by Lt. Cdr <a href="/wiki/Jack_Langlais" title="Jack Langlais">Jack Langlais</a>. Together with Belgian agent <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gu%C3%A9risse" title="Albert Guérisse">Albert Guérisse</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Pat_O%27Leary_Line" title="Pat O'Leary Line">Pat O'Leary escape route</a>, Fidelity undertook several clandestine missions in the western Mediterranean in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200417–19-124">[124]</a> After the German occupation of Norway, many Norwegian merchant seamen and fishermen made their way to Britain. SOE recruited several to maintain communications to Norway, using fishing boats from a base in the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Islands">Shetland Islands</a>. The service became so reliable that it became known as the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland Bus">Shetland Bus</a>. One of its boats and crews launched a daring but unsuccessful attack ("<a href="/wiki/Operation_Title" title="Operation Title">Operation Title</a>") against the <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz" title="German battleship Tirpitz">German battleship Tirpitz</a>. A similar organisation ran missions to occupied Denmark (and neutral Sweden) from the east coast of Britain. The "Shetland Bus" was unable to operate only during the very long hours of daylight in the Arctic summer, because of the risk that the slow fishing boats would be attacked by patrolling German aircraft. Late in the war, the unit acquired three fast <a href="/wiki/Submarine_chaser" title="Submarine chaser">Submarine chasers</a> for such missions. About the same time, SOE also acquired MTBs and <a href="/wiki/Motor_Gun_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Gun Boat">Motor Gun Boats</a> for the Helford flotilla. SOE also used <a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">feluccas</a> to maintain communications between <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, and southern France and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%AFque" title="Caïque">caïques</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200090–91-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Operations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Special_Operations_Executive_operations" title="List of Special Operations Executive operations">List of Special Operations Executive operations</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOE_F_Section_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="SOE F Section timeline">SOE F Section timeline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_SOE%27s_Prosper_Network" title="Timeline of SOE's Prosper Network">Timeline of SOE's Prosper Network</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maquis_Haute_Savoie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Maquis_Haute_Savoie.jpg/220px-Maquis_Haute_Savoie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Maquis_Haute_Savoie.jpg/330px-Maquis_Haute_Savoie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Maquis_Haute_Savoie.jpg/440px-Maquis_Haute_Savoie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Maquisards (Resistance fighters) in the Hautes-Alpes département in August 1944. SOE agents are second from right, possibly <a href="/wiki/Christine_Granville" class="mw-redirect" title="Christine Granville">Christine Granville</a>, third John Roper, fourth, Robert Purvis.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></figcaption></figure> In France, most agents were directed by two London-based country sections. F Section was under SOE control, while RF Section was linked to <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">Government in exile</a>. Most native French agents served in RF. Two smaller sections also existed: EU/P Section, which dealt with the Polish community in France, and the DF Section which was responsible for establishing escape routes. During the latter part of 1942 another section known as AMF was established in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, to operate into <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Southern France</a>. On 5 May 1941 <a href="/wiki/Georges_B%C3%A9gu%C3%A9" title="Georges Bégué">Georges Bégué</a> (1911–1993), a radio operator, became the first SOE agent parachuted into German-occupied France. The American, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Hall" title="Virginia Hall">Virginia Hall</a>, who arrived by boat in August 1941, was the first woman to serve for a lengthy period in France. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Borrel" title="Andrée Borrel">Andrée Borrel</a> (1919–1944) and <a href="/wiki/Lise_de_Baissac" title="Lise de Baissac">Lise de Baissac</a> (1905–2004) became the first women parachuted into France on 24 September 1942. A typical team of a network consisted of an organiser (leader), a radio operator, and a courier. Agents performed a variety of functions including arms and sabotage instructors, couriers, liaison officers and radio operators. Between Bégué's first drop in May 1941 and August 1944, more than 400 F Section agents were sent into occupied France. One hundred and four F section agents lost their lives, mostly by being captured and executed by the Germans. RF sent about the same number of agents; AMF sent 600 (although not all of these belonged to SOE). EU/P and DF sent a few dozen agents each.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000214-127">[127]</a> Some networks were compromised, with the loss of many agents. In particular agents continued to be sent to the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Prosper_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Prosper Network">"Prosper"</a> network headed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Suttill" title="Francis Suttill">Francis Suttill</a> for months after it was controlled by the Germans and most of its agents had been captured.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The head of F Section, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Buckmaster" title="Maurice Buckmaster">Maurice Buckmaster</a> was blamed by many as he failed to see signs that the network was compromised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot200044-129">[129]</a> To support the Allied invasion of France on <a href="/wiki/D_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D Day">D Day</a> in June 1944, SOE and OSS supplemented their agents by air-dropping three-man parties of uniformed military personnel into France as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh">Operation Jedburgh</a>. They were to work with the French Resistance to co-ordinate widespread overt (as opposed to clandestine) acts of resistance. 100 men were eventually dropped, with 6,000 tons of military stores (4,000 tons had been dropped during the years before D-Day).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000222–223-130">[130]</a> At the same time, all the various sections operating in France (except EU/P) were nominally placed under a London-based HQ titled <a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">État-major des Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur (EMFFI)</a>. It took many weeks for a full assessment of the contributions of SOE and the Jedburgh teams to the Allied landings in Normandy, but when it came it vindicated Gubbins' belief that carefully planned sabotage could cripple a modern army. General Eisenhower's staff at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force said that the Jedburghs had "succeeded in imposing more or less serious delays on all the divisions moved to Normandy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton2016293-131">[131]</a> This had prevented Hitler from striking back in the crucial opening hours of Operation Overlord. The most "outstanding example was the delay to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Panzer_Division_Das_Reich" title="2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich">2nd SS Panzer Division</a>", Eisenhower's staff said, and added a very personal endorsement, agreeing that the work carried out under Gubbins' leadership played a "very considerable part in our complete and final victory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton2016293-131">[131]</a> Many agents were captured, killed in action, executed, or died in German concentration camps. More than one-third of 41 female agents of Section F did not survive the war; the death toll for more than 400 male agents was one-fourth and the toll of thousands of French people helping SOE agents and networks was about one-fifth.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Of 119 SOE agents captured by the Germans and deported to concentration camps in Germany, only 23 men and three women survived.<a href="#cite_note-Pattinson-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_Members_of_the_Special_Operations_Executive,_1942-1944,_view_1_-_Audley_End_House_-_Essex,_England_-_DSC09486.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Polish_Members_of_the_Special_Operations_Executive%2C_1942-1944%2C_view_1_-_Audley_End_House_-_Essex%2C_England_-_DSC09486.jpg/220px-Polish_Members_of_the_Special_Operations_Executive%2C_1942-1944%2C_view_1_-_Audley_End_House_-_Essex%2C_England_-_DSC09486.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Polish_Members_of_the_Special_Operations_Executive%2C_1942-1944%2C_view_1_-_Audley_End_House_-_Essex%2C_England_-_DSC09486.jpg/330px-Polish_Members_of_the_Special_Operations_Executive%2C_1942-1944%2C_view_1_-_Audley_End_House_-_Essex%2C_England_-_DSC09486.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Polish_Members_of_the_Special_Operations_Executive%2C_1942-1944%2C_view_1_-_Audley_End_House_-_Essex%2C_England_-_DSC09486.jpg/440px-Polish_Members_of_the_Special_Operations_Executive%2C_1942-1944%2C_view_1_-_Audley_End_House_-_Essex%2C_England_-_DSC09486.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to Polish Members of the Special Operations Executive, 1942–1944, at <a href="/wiki/Audley_End_House" title="Audley End House">Audley End House</a></figcaption></figure> SOE did not need to instigate Polish resistance, because unlike the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a> the Poles overwhelmingly refused to <a href="/wiki/Collaborate" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborate">collaborate</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a>. Early in the war the Poles established the <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a>, led by a clandestine resistance government known as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Secret_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Secret State">Polish Secret State</a>. Nevertheless, many members of SOE were Polish and the Polish resistance cooperated with them extensively.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] SOE assisted the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish government in exile</a> with training facilities and logistical support for its 605 special forces operatives known as the <a href="/wiki/Cichociemni" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichociemni">Cichociemni</a>, or "The Dark and Silent". Members of the unit, which was based in <a href="/wiki/Audley_End_House" title="Audley End House">Audley End House</a>, Essex, were rigorously trained before being parachuted into <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a>. Because of the distance involved in air travel to Poland, customised aircraft with extra fuel capacity were used in Polish operations such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wildhorn_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Wildhorn III">Operation Wildhorn III</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sue_Ryder" title="Sue Ryder">Sue Ryder</a>, a war-time member of the <a href="/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry" title="First Aid Nursing Yeomanry">First Aid Nursing Yeomanry</a>, who worked with the Poles in Britain, later chose the title <a href="/wiki/Baroness_Ryder_of_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroness Ryder of Warsaw">Baroness Ryder of Warsaw</a> in honour of these operations.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> member <a href="/wiki/Krystyna_Skarbek" title="Krystyna Skarbek">Krystyna Skarbek</a> (nom de guerre Christine Granville) ran several operations in Poland, and Hungary (with <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Kowerski" title="Andrzej Kowerski">Andrzej Kowerski</a>), from 1939-1941, in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> 1941-1944, and France with SOE F (for French) Section in 1944. Having served in the Polish resistance <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> since 1939, <a href="/wiki/El%C5%BCbieta_Zawacka" title="Elżbieta Zawacka">Elżbieta Zawacka</a> reached Britain in May 1943, and became the only female member of the Polish elite Special Forces, the <a href="/wiki/Cichociemni" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichociemni">Cichociemni</a> or 'Silent Unseen', therefore also the only woman in SOE P (for Polish) Section. Zawacka, like <a href="/wiki/Jan_Nowak-Jezioranski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Nowak-Jezioranski">Jan Nowak-Jezioranski</a> reached Britain through <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> on an established courier route out of <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Europe">occupied Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Kalenkiewicz" title="Maciej Kalenkiewicz">Maciej Kalenkiewicz</a> was parachuted into <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a>, only to be killed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a>. A Polish agent was integral to SOE's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Foxley" title="Operation Foxley">Operation Foxley</a>, the plan to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>. Thanks to co-operation between SOE and the <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a>, the Poles were able to deliver the first Allied intelligence on the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> to London in June 1942.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> of the Polish Home Army designed a joint operation with SOE to liberate <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, but the British rejected it as infeasible. Joint Anglo-Polish operations provided London with vital intelligence on the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a>, German troops movements on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet repressions of Polish citizens">Soviet repressions of Polish citizens</a>. <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> 'Special Duties Flights' were sent to Poland to assist the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw uprising">Warsaw uprising</a> against the Nazis. The rebellion was defeated with a loss of 200,000 casualties (mostly German executions of Polish civilians) after the nearby <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> refused military assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Home_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Home Army">Polish Home Army</a>. RAF Special Duties Flights were refused landing rights at Soviet-held airfields near Warsaw, even when requiring emergency landings after battle damage. These flights were also attacked by Soviet fighters, despite the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>'s officially <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrpen1984-137">[137]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> Due to the dangers and lack of friendly population few operations were conducted in Germany itself. The German and Austrian section of SOE was run by Lieutenant Colonel Ronald Thornley for most of the war, and was mainly involved with <a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black propaganda</a> and administrative sabotage in collaboration with the German section of the <a href="/wiki/Political_Warfare_Executive" title="Political Warfare Executive">Political Warfare Executive</a>. After <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>, the section was re-organised and enlarged with Major General <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Gerald Templer</a> heading the Directorate, with Thornley as his deputy. Several major operations were planned, including <a href="/wiki/Operation_Foxley" title="Operation Foxley">Operation Foxley</a>, a plan to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Periwig" title="Operation Periwig">Operation Periwig</a>, an ingenious plan to simulate the existence of a large-scale anti-Nazi resistance movement within Germany. Foxley was never carried out but Periwig went ahead despite restrictions placed on it by SIS and <a href="/wiki/SHAEF" class="mw-redirect" title="SHAEF">SHAEF</a>. Several German <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> were trained as agents, briefed to make contact with the anti-Nazi resistance and to conduct sabotage. They were then parachuted into Germany in the hope that they would either hand themselves in to the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> or be captured by them, and reveal their supposed mission. Fake coded wireless transmissions were broadcast to Germany and various pieces of agent paraphernalia such as code books and wireless receivers were allowed to fall into the hands of the German authorities. In Austria a resistance group formed around Kaplan <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Maier" title="Heinrich Maier">Heinrich Maier</a>. The Maier group was informed very early about the mass murder of Jews through its contacts with the Semperit factory near Auschwitz. SOE was in contact with this resistance group through its colleague G. E. R. Gedye in 1943, but was not convinced of the reliability of the contact and did not cooperate due to security concerns.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Netherlands">The Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: The Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg/220px-Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg/330px-Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg/440px-Mauthausen-englandspiel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3076" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a>, memorial plaques behind the Prison Block marking the spot where the ashes of the executed Englandspiel SOE agents are buried</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauthausen-englandspiel1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mauthausen-englandspiel1.jpg/220px-Mauthausen-englandspiel1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mauthausen-englandspiel1.jpg/330px-Mauthausen-englandspiel1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mauthausen-englandspiel1.jpg/440px-Mauthausen-englandspiel1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Englandspiel memorial plaques behind the Prison Block of the <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a></figcaption></figure> Section N of SOE ran operations in the Netherlands. They committed some of SOE's worst blunders in security, which allowed the Germans to capture many agents and much sabotage material, in what the Germans called the '<a href="/wiki/Englandspiel" title="Englandspiel">Englandspiel</a>'. SOE ignored the absence of security checks in radio transmissions, and other warnings that the Germans were running the supposed resistance networks. A total of 50 agents were caught by the Germans and brought to Camp Haaren in the South of the Netherlands. Five captured men managed to escape from the camp. Two of them, Pieter Dourlein and Ben Ubbink, escaped on 29 August 1943 and found their way to Switzerland. There, the Netherlands Embassy sent messages over their controlled sets to England that SOE Netherlands was compromised. SOE set up new elaborate networks, which continued to operate until the Netherlands were liberated at the end of the war. In September 1944, as allied military forces were advancing into the Netherlands, the remaining captured SOE agents were taken by the Germans from Camp Haaren to <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a> and executed. From September 1944 to April 1945, eight Jedburgh teams were also active in the Netherlands. The first team, code named "Dudley" was parachuted into the east of the Netherlands one week before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a>. The next four teams were attached to the Airborne forces that carried out Market Garden. After the failure of Market Garden, one Jedburgh team trained (former) resistance men in the liberated South of the Netherlands. In April 1945 the last two Dutch Jedburgh teams became operational. One team code named "Gambling", was a combined Jedburgh/<a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> (SAS) group that was dropped into the centre of the Netherlands to assist the Allied advance. The last team was parachuted into the Northern Netherlands as part of SAS operation "Amherst".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooiveld2016199-141">[141]</a> Despite the fact that operating in the flat and densely populated Netherlands was very difficult for the Jedburghs, the teams were quite successful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooiveld2016228-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> Section T established some effective networks in Belgium, in part orchestrated by fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hardy_Amies" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Hardy Amies">Hardy Amies</a>, who rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Amies adapted names of fashion accessories for use as code words, while managing some of the most murderous and ruthless agents in the field.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The rapid <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">liberation of the country</a> by Allied forces in September 1944 provided the resistance with little time to stage an uprising. They did assist the Allies to bypass German rearguards, and enabled the Allies to capture the vital <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">Port of Antwerp</a> intact. After Brussels was liberated, Amies outraged his superiors by setting up a <a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a> photo-shoot in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-TelgSOE-144">[144]</a> In 1946, he was knighted in Belgium for his service with SOE, being <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)" title="Order of the Crown (Belgium)">named an officer of the Order of the Crown</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> As both an enemy country, and supposedly a monolithic fascist state with no organised opposition which SOE could use, SOE made little effort in Italy before mid-1943,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>'s government collapsed and Allied forces already occupied <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerrettini2010-146">[146]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Two years earlier, in April 1941, in a mission codenamed "Yak", <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fleming_(writer)" title="Peter Fleming (writer)">Peter Fleming</a> had attempted to recruit agents from among the many thousands of Italian <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> captured in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">Western Desert Campaign</a>. He recruited none.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowdy2008-147">[147]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Attempts to search among Italian immigrants in the United States, Britain and Canada for agents to be sent to Italy had similarly poor results.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> During the first three years of war, the most important "episode" of the collaboration between SOE and Italian anti-fascism was a project of an anti-fascist uprising in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, which SOE supported at some stage but did not receive approval from the Foreign Office.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In the aftermath of the Italian collapse, SOE (in Italy renamed No. 1 Special Force) helped build a large resistance organisation in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Italian partisans harassed German forces in Italy throughout the autumn and winter of 1944, and in the <a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Spring 1945 offensive in Italy</a> they captured <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and other cities unaided by Allied forces. SOE helped the Italian Resistance send British missions to the partisan formations<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> and supply war material to the bands of patriots, a supply made without political prejudices, and which also helped the Communist formations (<a href="/wiki/Brigate_Garibaldi" title="Brigate Garibaldi">Brigate Garibaldi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Late in 1943, SOE established a base at <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>, from which they operated their networks and agents in the Balkans. This organisation had the codename "Force 133". This later became "Force 266", reserving 133 for operations run from Cairo rather than the heel of Italy. Flights from Brindisi were run to the Balkans and Poland, particularly once control had been wrested from SOE's Cairo headquarters and was exercised directly by Gubbins. SOE established a new packing station for the parachute containers close to Brindisi Air base, along the lines of those created at <a href="/wiki/Saffron_Walden" title="Saffron Walden">Saffron Walden</a>. This was ME 54, a factory employing hundreds, the American (OSS) side of which was known as "Paradise Camp".<a href="#cite_note-Violette_Szabo_&_SOE-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren1947-153">[153]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Yugoslavia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Allies" title="Yugoslavia and the Allies">Yugoslavia and the Allies</a></div> 1941, SOE helped considerably in anti-Axis propaganda and in preparing the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">Yugoslav coup d'état</a> which overthrew the pro-Axis regent, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Paul_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prince Paul of Yugoslavia">Prince Paul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> After the pro-British coup succeeded, the Axis <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a> ensued. In the aftermath of the German invasion and the Yugoslav capitulation, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> fragmented. <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> had a substantial pro-Axis movement, the <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a>. In Croatia and the remainder of Yugoslavia, two resistance movements formed: the royalist <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a>, and the Communist <a href="/wiki/Partisans_(Yugoslavia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisans (Yugoslavia)">Partisans</a> under <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>. Mihailović was the first to attempt to contact the Allies, and SOE despatched a party on 20 September 1941 under Major <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hudson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Bill Hudson (British Army officer)">"Marko" Hudson</a>. Hudson also encountered Tito's forces. Notable members of this party included actor <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Through the royalist government in exile, SOE at first supported the Chetniks. Eventually, however, due to reports that the Chetniks were less effective and even collaborating with German and Italian forces on occasion, British support was redirected to the Partisans, even before the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> in 1943. Although relations were often touchy throughout the war, it can be argued that SOE's unstinting support was a factor in Yugoslavia's maintaining a neutral stance during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. However, accounts vary dramatically between all historical works on the "Chetnik controversy". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> SOE was unable to establish links or contacts in Hungary before the regime of <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> aligned itself with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a>. Distance and lack of such contacts prevented any effort being made by SOE until the Hungarians themselves dispatched a diplomat (László Veress) in a clandestine attempt to contact the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a>. SOE facilitated his return, with some radio sets. Before the Allied governments could agree terms, Hungary was placed under German military occupation and Veress was forced to flee the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000204-156">[156]</a> Two missions subsequently dropped "blind" i.e. without prior arrangement for a reception party, failed. So too did an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Basil_Davidson" title="Basil Davidson">Basil Davidson</a> to incite a partisan movement in Hungary, after he made his way there from northeastern Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000205-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)">Greece</a> was eventually overrun by the Axis after a decisive win over the Italians and a significant defence lasting several months which also caused a major diversion of German forces, subsequently delaying the invasion of Russia. This was the first serious setback suffered by the Axis forces and resulted in Churchill saying that "from now on we will say heroes fight like Greeks!". In the aftermath, SIS and another intelligence organisation, SIME, discouraged attempts at sabotage or resistance as this might imperil relations with Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2010104-158">[158]</a> although SOE maintained contacts with resistance groups in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. In late 1942, at the army's instigation, SOE mounted its first operation, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Harling" title="Operation Harling">Operation Harling</a>, into Greece in an attempt to disrupt the railway which was being used to move materials to the <a href="/wiki/German_Panzer_Army_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German Panzer Army Africa">German Panzer Army Africa</a>. A party under Colonel (later Brigadier) <a href="/wiki/E._C._W._%22Eddie%22_Myers" class="mw-redirect" title="E. C. W. "Eddie" Myers">Eddie Myers</a>, assisted by <a href="/wiki/Montague_Woodhouse,_5th_Baron_Terrington" title="Montague Woodhouse, 5th Baron Terrington">Christopher Woodhouse</a>, was parachuted into Greece and discovered two guerrilla groups operating in the mountains: the pro-Communist <a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek People's Liberation Army">ELAS</a> and the republican <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Greek_League" class="mw-redirect" title="National Republican Greek League">EDES</a>. On 25 November 1942, Myers's party blew up one of the spans of the railway viaduct at <a href="/wiki/Gorgopotamos" title="Gorgopotamos">Gorgopotamos</a>, supported by 150 Greek partisans from these two organisations who engaged Italians guarding the viaduct. This cut the railway linking Thessaloniki with Athens and Piraeus. Relations between the resistance groups and the British soured. When the British needed once again to disrupt the railway across Greece as part of the deception operations preceding <a href="/wiki/Operation_Husky" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Husky">Operation Husky</a>, the Allied invasion of Sicily, the resistance groups refused to take part, rightly fearing <a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">German reprisals</a> against civilians. Instead, a six-man commando party from the British and New Zealand armies, led by New Zealander Lieutenant Colonel Cecil Edward Barnes, a civil engineer,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> carried out the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Asopos" title="Asopos">Asopos</a> viaduct on 21 June 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFieldGordon-CreedCreed2012-160">[160]</a> Two attempts by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Cumberlege" title="Mike Cumberlege">Mike Cumberlege</a> to make the <a href="/wiki/Corinth_Canal" title="Corinth Canal">Corinth Canal</a> unnavigable ended in failure.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> EDES received most aid from SOE, but ELAS secured many weapons when Italy collapsed and Italian military forces in Greece dissolved. ELAS and EDES fought a vicious civil war in 1943 until SOE brokered an uneasy <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Plaka" title="Plaka">Plaka</a> agreement). A lesser known, but important function of SOE in Greece was to inform the Cairo headquarters of the movement of the German military aircraft that were serviced and repaired at the two former Greek military aircraft facilities in and around Athens.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a> in the aftermath of the German withdrawal, and fought a street-by-street battle to drive ELAS from these cities and impose an interim government under <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Damaskinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Damaskinos">Archbishop Damaskinos</a>. SOE's last act was to evacuate several hundred disarmed EDES fighters to <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, preventing their massacre by ELAS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000236-162">[162]</a> Several resistance groups and Allied stay-behind parties operated in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> after the Germans occupied the island in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a>. SOE's operations involved figures such as <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor" title="Patrick Leigh Fermor">Patrick Leigh Fermor</a>, John Lewis, Harry Rudolph Fox Burr, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_Dunbabin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas James Dunbabin">Tom Dunbabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Rendel" title="Sandy Rendel">Sandy Rendel</a>, John Houseman, <a href="/wiki/Xan_Fielding" title="Xan Fielding">Xan Fielding</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._Stanley_Moss" title="W. Stanley Moss">Bill Stanley Moss</a>. Some of the most famous moments included the abduction of General <a href="/wiki/Kidnap_of_General_Kreipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidnap of General Kreipe">Heinrich Kreipe</a> led by Leigh Fermor and Moss – subsequently portrayed in the film <a href="/wiki/Ill_Met_by_Moonlight_(film)" title="Ill Met by Moonlight (film)">Ill Met by Moonlight</a>,<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Damasta_sabotage" title="Damasta sabotage">sabotage of Damasta</a> led by Moss. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania">Albania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Albania">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> had been under Italian influence since 1923, and was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a> in 1939. In 1943, a small liaison party entered Albania from northwestern Greece. SOE agents who entered Albania then or later included <a href="/wiki/Julian_Amery,_Baron_Amery_of_Lustleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Amery, Baron Amery of Lustleigh">Julian Amery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quayle" title="Anthony Quayle">Anthony Quayle</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Smiley" title="David Smiley">David Smiley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_McLean_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neil McLean (politician)">Neil "Billy" McLean</a>. They discovered another internecine war between the Communist partisans under <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>, and the republican <a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a>. As the latter had collaborated with the Italian occupiers, Hoxha gained Allied support. SOE's envoy to Albania, Brigadier Edmund "Trotsky" Davies, was captured by the Germans early in 1944. Some SOE officers warned that Hoxha's aim was primacy after the war, rather than fighting Germans. They were ignored, but Albania was never a major factor in the effort against the Germans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Czechoslovakia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44,_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44%2C_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44%2C_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44%2C_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44%2C_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44%2C_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-039-44%2C_Heydrich-Attentat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>The car in which <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> was assassinated</figcaption></figure> SOE sent many missions into the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech areas</a> of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>, and later into <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a>. The most famous mission was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anthropoid">Operation Anthropoid</a>, the assassination of <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>-<a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> in Prague. From 1942 to 1943 the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovaks</a> had their own Special Training School (STS) at <a href="/wiki/Chicheley" title="Chicheley">Chicheley Hall</a> in Buckinghamshire. In 1944, SOE sent men to support the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak National uprising">Slovak National uprising</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Norway">edit</a>]</div> In March 1941 a group performing commando raids in Norway, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Independent_Company_1" title="Norwegian Independent Company 1">Norwegian Independent Company 1</a> (NOR.I.C.1) was organised under leadership of Captain <a href="/wiki/Martin_Linge" title="Martin Linge">Martin Linge</a>. Their initial raid in 1941 was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Archery" title="Operation Archery">Operation Archery</a>, the best known raid was probably the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage" title="Norwegian heavy water sabotage">Norwegian heavy water sabotage</a>. Communication lines with London were gradually improved so that by 1945, 64 radio operators were spread throughout Norway.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Denmark">edit</a>]</div> The Danish resistance assisted SOE in its activities in neutral Sweden. For example, SOE was able to obtain several shiploads of vital <a href="/wiki/Ball-bearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball-bearing">ball-bearings</a> which had been interned in Swedish ports. The <a href="/wiki/Danish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish people">Danes</a> also pioneered several secure communications methods; for example, a <a href="/wiki/Burst_transmission" title="Burst transmission">burst transmitter/receiver</a> which transcribed <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> onto or from a paper tape faster than a human operator could handle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett2003220,_221-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after the establishment of the SOE, the "Romania section of SOE" was formed with the mission of sabotaging oil shipments from Romania to Germany and attempting to form a resistance movement mainly by keeping close contact with the pro-British political actors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeletant201676-166">[166]</a> An SOE network in Romania was set up by engineer Valeriu "Rică" Georgescu (code-named "Jockey") in February 1941. The role of this network was to gather military and economic intelligence and to maintain contact between <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a> and the British Government. Until its discovery and fall in August 1941, the network proved an invaluable asset by supplying the British with information gathered from the German High Command in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German plans to invade the USSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Georgescu-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeletant201684-168">[168]</a> Although arrested by the Romanian authorities, Georgescu maintained his contacts with the SOE.<a href="#cite_note-Georgescu-167">[167]</a> To better establish connections with Maniu and the opposition, a first SOE mission, code-named "Ranji", was sent to Romania in June 1943. The mission, led by Captain Thomas Russell, was dropped into Yugoslavia and made its way to Romania where it continued to operate until Russell was killed in September of the same year. The mission did succeed in delivering a radio set and a radioman to Maniu's supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeletant2016102–105-169">[169]</a> In December 1943, another SOE delegation under the code name <a href="/wiki/Operation_Autonomous" title="Operation Autonomous">Operation Autonomous</a> was parachuted into Romania. The delegation, including <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gardyne_de_Chastelain" title="Alfred Gardyne de Chastelain">Colonel Gardyne de Chastelain</a>, Captain Silviu Mețianu and <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Porter" title="Ivor Porter">Ivor Porter</a>, was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Jandarmeria_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Jandarmeria Română">Romanian Gendarmerie</a> and held until the night of <a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">King Michael's Coup</a> on 23 August 1944.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The task of Autonomous was to attempt again to establish direct contact with Maniu and establish the details of an eventual coup against Antonescu, and in case of capture to inform Antonescu of the British government's attitude towards Romania and to advise him in sending emissaries to discuss the Allied armistice terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeletant2016107–108-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abyssinia">Abyssinia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Abyssinia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Abyssinia</a> was the scene of some of SOE's earliest and most successful efforts. SOE organised a force of Ethiopian irregulars under <a href="/wiki/Orde_Charles_Wingate" class="mw-redirect" title="Orde Charles Wingate">Orde Charles Wingate</a> in support of the exiled Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>. This force (named <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Force" title="Gideon Force">Gideon Force</a> by Wingate) caused heavy casualties to the Italian occupation forces, and contributed to the successful British campaign there. Wingate was to use his experience to create the <a href="/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits">Chindits</a> in Burma. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: West Africa">edit</a>]</div> The neutral Spanish island of <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Fernando Po</a> was the scene of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Postmaster" title="Operation Postmaster">Operation Postmaster</a>, one of SOE's most successful exploits. The large Italian merchant vessel <a href="/wiki/Duchessa_d%27Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchessa d'Aosta">Duchessa d'Aosta</a> and the German tug Likomba had taken refuge in the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Santa Isabel</a>. On 14 January 1942, while the ships' officers were attending a party ashore thrown by an SOE agent, commandos and SOE personnel led by <a href="/wiki/Gus_March-Phillipps" title="Gus March-Phillipps">Gus March-Phillipps</a> boarded the two vessels, cut the anchor cables and towed them out to sea, where they later rendezvoused with Royal Navy ships. Several neutral authorities and observers were impressed by the British display of ruthlessness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton2016128–145-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Force_136" title="Force 136">Force 136</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_in_the_Far_East_gallery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/War_in_the_Far_East_gallery.JPG/220px-War_in_the_Far_East_gallery.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/War_in_the_Far_East_gallery.JPG/330px-War_in_the_Far_East_gallery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/War_in_the_Far_East_gallery.JPG/440px-War_in_the_Far_East_gallery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>War in the Far East exhibit in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a> London. Among the collection are a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Good_Luck_Flag" title="Good Luck Flag">Good Luck Flag</a>, operational map (numbered 11), photographs of Force 136 personnel and guerillas in Burma (15), a <a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">katana</a> that was surrendered to a SOE officer in Gwangar, <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> in September 1945 (7), and rubber soles designed by SOE to be worn under agents' boots to disguise footprints when landing on beaches (bottom left).</figcaption></figure> As early as 1940, SOE was preparing plans for operations in Southeast Asia. As in Europe, after initial Allied military disasters, SOE built up indigenous resistance organisations and guerrilla armies in enemy (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Japanese</a>) occupied territory. SOE also launched "Operation Remorse" (1944–45), which was ultimately aimed at protecting the economic and political status of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Force 136 engaged in covert trading of goods and currencies in China. Its agents proved remarkably successful, raising £77m through their activities, which were used to provide assistance for Allied prisoners of war and, more controversially, to buy influence locally to facilitate a smooth return to pre-war conditions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissolution">Dissolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Dissolution">edit</a>]</div> In late 1944, as it became clear that the war would soon be over, Lord Selborne advocated keeping SOE or a similar body in being, and that it would report to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berg2008b-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a>, insisted that his ministry, already responsible for the SIS, should control SOE or its successors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley2010221–223-174">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)">Joint Intelligence Committee</a>, which had a broad co-ordinating role over Britain's intelligence services and operations, took the view that SOE was a more effective organisation than the SIS but that it was unwise to split the responsibility for espionage and more direct action between separate ministries, or to perform special operations outside the ultimate control of the Chiefs of Staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2015537-175">[175]</a> The debate continued for several months until on 22 May 1945, Selborne wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In view of the Russian menace, the situation in Italy, Central Europe and the Balkans and the smouldering volcanoes in the Middle East, I think it would be madness to allow SOE to be stifled at this juncture. In handing it over to the Foreign Office, I cannot help feeling that to ask <a href="/wiki/Orme_Sargent" title="Orme Sargent">Sir Orme Sergent</a> [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] [shortly to become <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs" title="Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs">Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a>] to supervise SOE is like inviting an abbess to supervise a brothel! But SOE is no base instrument, it is a highly specialized weapon which will be required by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">HMG</a> whenever we are threatened and whenever it is necessary to contact the common people of foreign lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley2010232-176">[176]</a></blockquote> Churchill took no immediate decision, and after he lost the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> on 5 July 1945, the matter was dealt with by the Labour Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>. Selborne told Attlee that SOE still possessed a worldwide network of clandestine radio networks and sympathisers. Attlee replied that he had no wish to own a British <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>, and closed Selborne's network down at 48 hours' notice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000245-177">[177]</a> SOE was dissolved officially on 15 January 1946. Some of its senior staff moved easily into financial services in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, although some of them had not lost their undercover mentality and did little for the City's name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000246-178">[178]</a> Most of SOE's other personnel reverted to their peacetime occupations or regular service in the armed forces, but 280 of them were taken into the "Special Operations Branch" of MI6. Some of these had served as agents in the field, but MI6 was most interested in SOE's training and research staff.<a href="#cite_note-Berg2008a-179">[179]</a> Sir Stewart Menzies, the head of MI6 (who was generally known simply as "C") soon decided that a separate Special Operations branch was unsound, and merged it into the general body of MI6.<a href="#cite_note-Berg2008a-179">[179]</a> Gubbins, the last director, was not given further employment by the Army, but he later founded the <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Club" title="Special Forces Club">Special Forces Club</a> for former members of SOE and similar organisations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000246-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley2010238–240-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wartime_commentaries_on_SOE">Wartime commentaries on SOE</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Wartime commentaries on SOE">edit</a>]</div> Although the wartime British government considered the activities of SOE to be lawful, the German invaders, as in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">War of 1870</a>, argued that those engaging in resistance (local resistance fighters and the agents of foreign governments who supported them) were "bandits" and "terrorists", maintaining that all <a href="/wiki/Francs-tireurs" title="Francs-tireurs">Francs-tireurs</a> (and said agents) were engaging in an illegal form of warfare, and, as such, had no legal rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowdy200726-181">[181]</a> A view expressed by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sauckel" title="Fritz Sauckel">Fritz Sauckel</a>, the General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment, making him the man in charge of bringing workers to the factories in Germany for forced labour, who demanded the flight of young French men to the countryside be stopped and called the <a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">maquis</a> "terrorists", "bandits" and "criminals" for their opposition to lawful authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000264–5-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_analysis_and_commentaries">Later analysis and commentaries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Later analysis and commentaries">edit</a>]</div> The mode of warfare encouraged and promoted by SOE is considered by several modern commentators to have established the modern model that many alleged terrorist organisations emulate.<a href="#cite_note-Carr-13">[13]</a> Two opposed views were quoted by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Geraghty" title="Tony Geraghty">Tony Geraghty</a> in The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence. <a href="/wiki/M._R._D._Foot" title="M. R. D. Foot">M. R. D. Foot</a>, who wrote several official histories of SOE wrote, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Irish [thanks to the example set by Collins and followed by SOE] can thus claim that their resistance provide the originating impulse for resistance to tyrannies worse than any they had to endure themselves. And the Irish resistance as Collins led it, showed the rest of the world a way to fight wars the only sane way they can be fought in the age of the Nuclear bomb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraghty2000347-14">[14]</a></blockquote> The British military historian <a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">John Keegan</a> wrote, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We must recognise that our response to the scourge of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> is compromised by what we did through SOE. The justification ... That we had no other means of striking back at the enemy ... is exactly the argument used by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Baader-Meinhoff gang</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">IRA</a> and every other half-articulate <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist organisation</a> on Earth. Futile to argue that we were a democracy and Hitler a tyrant. Means besmirch ends. SOE besmirched Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraghty2000346-183">[183]</a> </blockquote> Keegan also questioned the effectiveness of SOE. He wrote, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">SOE was inefficient as an organization, unnecessarily dangerous to work for, ineffective in its pursuit of its aims, and counter-productive in the results achieved.<a href="#cite_note-Binney-184">[184]</a></blockquote> Another, later view, on the moral contribution of SOE, was expressed by the writer <a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Max Hastings</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Yet the moral contribution of secret war, which would have been impossible without the sponsorship of SOE and OSS, was beyond price. It made possible the resurrection of self-respect in occupied societies which would otherwise have been forced to look back on the successive chapters of their experience of the conflict through a dark prism; military humiliation, followed by enforced collaboration with the enemy, followed by belated deliverance at the hands of foreign armies. As it was, and entirely thanks to Resistance, all European nations could cherish their cadres of heroes and martyrs, enabling the mass of their citizens who did nothing, or who served the enemy, to be painted over in the grand canvas cherished in the perception of their descendants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2015557-185">[185]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Since the end of the war, SOE has appeared in many films, comics, books, and television. In the <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Carter_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)" title="Peggy Carter (Marvel Cinematic Universe)">Peggy Carter</a> was recommended to SOE by her brother Michael, where she starts her career as a field agent. British science-fiction author <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a>' book series <a href="/wiki/The_Laundry_Files" title="The Laundry Files">The Laundry Files</a> takes place within the Q-division of SOE (known as the eponymous Laundry) which has remained in operation since WWII, due to their mission to save the world from occult threats. Portraying a heavily fictionalized version of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Postmaster" title="Operation Postmaster">Operation Postmaster</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Guy_Ritchie" title="Guy Ritchie">Guy Ritchie</a>-directed film called <a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Ungentlemanly_Warfare" title="The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare">The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavill" title="Henry Cavill">Henry Cavill</a> as Gus March-Phillipps and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Ritchson" title="Alan Ritchson">Alan Ritchson</a> as Anders Lassen, was released on 19 April 2024. SOE appears first in <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_United_Offensive" title="Call of Duty: United Offensive">Call of Duty: United Offensive</a> after the protagonist is shot down over The Netherlands, joining SOE after blowing up a train. SOE appears again in <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_WWII" title="Call of Duty: WWII">Call of Duty: WWII</a> when the protagonist teams up with the British to destroy a Nazi train, then again to liberate Paris. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_Central_de_Renseignements_et_d%27Action" title="Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action">Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill%27s_Secret_Agents:_The_New_Recruits" title="Churchill's Secret Agents: The New Recruits">Churchill's Secret Agents: The New Recruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cichociemni" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichociemni">Cichociemni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Charaszkiewicz" title="Edmund Charaszkiewicz">Edmund Charaszkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_and_evasion_lines_(World_War_II)" title="Escape and evasion lines (World War II)">Escape and evasion lines (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Parachutists_of_Mandate_Palestine" title="Jewish Parachutists of Mandate Palestine">Jewish Parachutists of Mandate Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dolphin" title="John Dolphin">John Dolphin</a> CBE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Braddock" title="Operation Braddock">Operation Braddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Allied_Airborne_Reconnaissance_Force" title="Special Allied Airborne Reconnaissance Force">Special Allied Airborne Reconnaissance Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_SOE%27s_Prosper_Network" title="Timeline of SOE's Prosper Network">Timeline of SOE's Prosper Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_Special_Unit" title="Z Special Unit">Z Special Unit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/SOE">"Special Operations Executive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Army_Museum" title="National Army Museum">National Army Museum</a>. 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Retrieved 18 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Christopher+Lee+talks+Special+Forces+and+receives+an+incredible+gift&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DyUSHMUVu-Xk%26ab_channel%3DEyesOnCinema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000204-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot2000204_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoot2000">Foot 2000</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000205-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot2000205_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoot2000">Foot 2000</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2010104-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2010104_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBall2010">Ball 2010</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online-cenotaph/record/C36205#images">"Auckland War Memorial Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auckland+War+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aucklandmuseum.com%2Fwar-memorial%2Fonline-cenotaph%2Frecord%2FC36205%23images&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFieldGordon-CreedCreed2012-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFieldGordon-CreedCreed2012_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFieldGordon-CreedCreed2012">Field, Gordon-Creed & Creed 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chiswickcalendar.co.uk/mike-cumberledge-soe-book-by-robin-knight/">"Mike Cumberledge SOE - Book by Robin Knight"</a>. The Chiswick Calendar. Retrieved 3 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chiswick+Calendar&rft.atitle=Mike+Cumberledge+SOE+-+Book+by+Robin+Knight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchiswickcalendar.co.uk%2Fmike-cumberledge-soe-book-by-robin-knight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000236-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot2000236_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoot2000">Foot 2000</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/visits/iwm-london">"Secret War Exhibition, Imperial War Museum, London"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secret+War+Exhibition%2C+Imperial+War+Museum%2C+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fvisits%2Fiwm-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Ian Herrington, Special Operations in Norway: SOE and Resistance in World War II (Bloomsbury Academic, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54122">online review</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett2003220,_221-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyceEverett2003220,_221_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyceEverett2003">Boyce & Everett 2003</a>, pp. 220, 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeletant201676-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeletant201676_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeletant2016">Deletant 2016</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgescu-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georgescu_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgescu_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandru_Popescu" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alexandru Popescu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia.ro/sectiune/general/reteaua-rica-georgescu-574366.html">"Rețeaua Rică Georgescu"</a>. Historia (in Romanian). Retrieved 30 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historia&rft.atitle=Re%C8%9Beaua+Ric%C4%83+Georgescu&rft.au=Alexandru+Popescu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoria.ro%2Fsectiune%2Fgeneral%2Freteaua-rica-georgescu-574366.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeletant201684-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeletant201684_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeletant2016">Deletant 2016</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeletant2016102–105-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeletant2016102–105_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeletant2016">Deletant 2016</a>, pp. 102–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925040251/http://codenames.info/operation/autonomous/">"Autonomous | Operations & Codenames of WWII"</a>. codenames.info. 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Retrieved 8 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=codenames.info&rft.atitle=Autonomous+%7C+Operations+%26+Codenames+of+WWII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcodenames.info%2Foperation%2Fautonomous%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeletant2016107–108-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeletant2016107–108_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeletant2016">Deletant 2016</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilton2016128–145-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilton2016128–145_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilton2016">Milton 2016</a>, pp. 128–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-Berg2008b-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Berg2008b_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2008" class="citation web cs1">Berg, Sanchia (28 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7585000/7585543.stm">"Churchill's top secret agency"</a>. BBC Radio 4 – Today. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+top+secret+agency&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+4+%E2%80%93+Today&rft.date=2008-08-28&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Sanchia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Ftoday%2Fhi%2Ftoday%2Fnewsid_7585000%2F7585543.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley2010221–223-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley2010221–223_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkinsonAstley2010">Wilkinson & Astley 2010</a>, pp. 221–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2015537-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings2015537_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHastings2015">Hastings 2015</a>, p. 537. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley2010232-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley2010232_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkinsonAstley2010">Wilkinson & Astley 2010</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000245-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot2000245_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoot2000">Foot 2000</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoot2000246-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot2000246_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoot2000246_178-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoot2000">Foot 2000</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-Berg2008a-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berg2008a_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berg2008a_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2008" class="citation web cs1">Berg, Sanchia (13 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7780000/7780476.stm">"Churchill's secret army lived on"</a>. BBC Radio 4 – Today. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+secret+army+lived+on&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+4+%E2%80%93+Today&rft.date=2008-12-13&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Sanchia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Ftoday%2Fhi%2Ftoday%2Fnewsid_7780000%2F7780476.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley2010238–240-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinsonAstley2010238–240_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilkinsonAstley2010">Wilkinson & Astley 2010</a>, pp. 238–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowdy200726-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowdy200726_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrowdy2007">Crowdy 2007</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOusby2000264–5-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOusby2000264–5_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOusby2000">Ousby 2000</a>, pp. 264–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraghty2000346-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraghty2000346_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeraghty2000">Geraghty 2000</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-Binney-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Binney_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinney2002" class="citation book cs1">Binney, Marcus (2002). The Women who Lived for Danger (Perennnial Edition 2004 ed.). New York: William Morrow. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060540885" title="Special:BookSources/0060540885"><bdi>0060540885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women+who+Lived+for+Danger&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=328&rft.edition=Perennnial+Edition+2004&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0060540885&rft.aulast=Binney&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2015557-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings2015557_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHastings2015">Hastings 2015</a>, p. 557. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> Official publications / academic histories <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan2007" class="citation book cs1">Allan, Stuart (2007). Commando Country. <a href="/wiki/National_Museums_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museums of Scotland">National Museums of Scotland</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905267-14-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905267-14-9"><bdi>978-1-905267-14-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commando+Country&rft.pub=National+Museums+of+Scotland&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-905267-14-9&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2014" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Roderick (2014). Target Italy: The Secret War against Mussolini, 1940–1943. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571299188" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571299188"><bdi>978-0571299188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Target+Italy%3A+The+Secret+War+against+Mussolini%2C+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0571299188&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerrettini2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berrettini, Mireno (2010). La Gran Bretagna e l'Antifascismo italiano. Diplomazia clandestina, Intelligence, Operazioni Speciali (1940–1943) (in Italian). Italy: Le Lettere. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8860873729" title="Special:BookSources/978-8860873729"><bdi>978-8860873729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Gran+Bretagna+e+l%27Antifascismo+italiano.+Diplomazia+clandestina%2C+Intelligence%2C+Operazioni+Speciali+%281940%E2%80%931943%29&rft.place=Italy&rft.pub=Le+Lettere&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-8860873729&rft.aulast=Berrettini&rft.aufirst=Mireno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyceEverett2003" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Frederic; Everett, Douglas (2003). SOE: The Scientific Secrets. Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4005-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-4005-0"><bdi>0-7509-4005-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOE%3A+The+Scientific+Secrets&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7509-4005-0&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft.au=Everett%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowdy2008" class="citation book cs1">Crowdy, Terry (2008). SOE Agent: Churchill's secret warriors. Warrior 133. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846032769" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846032769"><bdi>978-1846032769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOE+Agent%3A+Churchill%27s+secret+warriors&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Warrior+133&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1846032769&rft.aulast=Crowdy&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruikshank1983" class="citation book cs1">Cruikshank, Charles (1983). SOE in the Far East. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-215873-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-215873-2"><bdi>0-19-215873-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOE+in+the+Far+East&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-19-215873-2&rft.aulast=Cruikshank&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruikshank1986" class="citation book cs1">Cruikshank, Charles (1986). SOE in Scandinavia. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-215883-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-215883-X"><bdi>0-19-215883-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOE+in+Scandinavia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-19-215883-X&rft.aulast=Cruikshank&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoot1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._R._D._Foot" title="M. R. D. Foot">Foot, M. R. D.</a> (1999). The Special Operations Executive 1940–1946. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6585-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6585-4"><bdi>0-7126-6585-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Special+Operations+Executive+1940%E2%80%931946&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7126-6585-4&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=M.+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoot2000" class="citation book cs1">Foot, M. R. D. (2000). SOE in France. Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5528-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5528-7"><bdi>0-7146-5528-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOE+in+France&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7146-5528-7&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=M.+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Herrington, Ian. Special Operations in Norway: SOE and Resistance in World War II (Bloomsbury Academic, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54122">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooiveld2016" class="citation book cs1">Hooiveld, Jelle (2016). Dutch courage: Special Forces in the Netherlands 1944–45. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-5741-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-5741-7"><bdi>978-1-4456-5741-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+courage%3A+Special+Forces+in+the+Netherlands+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-5741-7&rft.aulast=Hooiveld&rft.aufirst=Jelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988">online book review]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKay2005" class="citation book cs1">MacKay, Francis (2005). Overture to Overlord – The Preparations of D-Day: North West Europe (Special Operations World War Two). Barnsley: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850528923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850528923"><bdi>978-0850528923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overture+to+Overlord+%E2%80%93+The+Preparations+of+D-Day%3A+North+West+Europe+%28Special+Operations+World+War+Two%29&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0850528923&rft.aulast=MacKay&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie2000" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, William (2000). The Secret History of SOE: Special Operations Executive 1940–1945. BPR Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9536151-8-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9536151-8-9"><bdi>0-9536151-8-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+History+of+SOE%3A+Special+Operations+Executive+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=BPR+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9536151-8-9&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrpen1984" class="citation book cs1">Orpen, Neil D. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/airlifttowarsawr0000orpe">Airlift to Warsaw: The Rising of 1944</a>. Norman, OK (US): University of Oklahoma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806119137" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806119137"><bdi>978-0806119137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airlift+to+Warsaw%3A+The+Rising+of+1944&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK+%28US%29&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0806119137&rft.aulast=Orpen&rft.aufirst=Neil+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fairlifttowarsawr0000orpe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigden2001" class="citation book cs1">Rigden, Denis (2001). SOE Syllabus: Lessons in Ungentlemanly Warfare World War II. Secret History Files, National Archives. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903365-18-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-903365-18-X"><bdi>1-903365-18-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOE+Syllabus%3A+Lessons+in+Ungentlemanly+Warfare+World+War+II&rft.pub=Secret+History+Files%2C+National+Archives&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-903365-18-X&rft.aulast=Rigden&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford2011" class="citation book cs1">Stafford, David (2011). Mission Accomplished: SOE and Italy 1943–45. The Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84792-065-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84792-065-2"><bdi>978-1-84792-065-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+Accomplished%3A+SOE+and+Italy+1943%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84792-065-2&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford2000" class="citation book cs1">Stafford, David (2000). Secret Agent: the true story of the Special Operations Executive. BBC Worldwide Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-53734-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-563-53734-5"><bdi>0-563-53734-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Agent%3A+the+true+story+of+the+Special+Operations+Executive&rft.pub=BBC+Worldwide+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-563-53734-5&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinacher2002" class="citation journal cs1">Steinacher, Gerald (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519043708/http://www.eforum-zeitgeschichte.at/">"Passive Grumbling, rather than Resisting: the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in Austria 1940–1945"</a>. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. XV: 211–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08850600252869038">10.1080/08850600252869038</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154464522">154464522</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eforum-zeitgeschichte.at/">the original</a> on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Intelligence+and+CounterIntelligence&rft.atitle=Passive+Grumbling%2C+rather+than+Resisting%3A+the+Special+Operations+Executive+%28SOE%29+in+Austria+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=XV&rft.pages=211-221&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08850600252869038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154464522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Steinacher&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eforum-zeitgeschichte.at%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2017" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Des (2017). Briggens – SOE's Forgery and Polish Agent Training Station.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Briggens+%E2%80%93+SOE%27s+Forgery+and+Polish+Agent+Training+Station.&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2011" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Des (2011). SOE's Secret Weapons Centre: Station 12. Stroud: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752459448" title="Special:BookSources/978-0752459448"><bdi>978-0752459448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOE%27s+Secret+Weapons+Centre%3A+Station+12&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0752459448&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2006" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, Ian (2006). Station 43: Audley End House and SOE's Polish Section. Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-4255-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-4255-X"><bdi>0-7509-4255-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Station+43%3A+Audley+End+House+and+SOE%27s+Polish+Section&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7509-4255-X&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2008" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Jonathan (2008). Poland Alone: Britain, SOE and the Collapse of the Polish Resistance, 1944. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-474-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86227-474-7"><bdi>978-1-86227-474-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+Alone%3A+Britain%2C+SOE+and+the+Collapse+of+the+Polish+Resistance%2C+1944&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86227-474-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallaceMelton2010" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Robert; Melton, H. Keith (2010). Spycraft: inside the CIA's top secret Spy Lab. London: Bantam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0553820072" title="Special:BookSources/978-0553820072"><bdi>978-0553820072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spycraft%3A+inside+the+CIA%27s+top+secret+Spy+Lab&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0553820072&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Melton%2C+H.+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1947" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Harris G. (1947). Special Operations: AAF Aid To European Resistance Movements, 1943–1945 (U.S. Air Force Historical Study No. 121). US Army Air Force.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+Operations%3A+AAF+Aid+To+European+Resistance+Movements%2C+1943%E2%80%931945+%28U.S.+Air+Force+Historical+Study+No.+121%29&rft.pub=US+Army+Air+Force&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Harris+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonAstley2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wilkinson_(diplomat)" title="Peter Wilkinson (diplomat)">Wilkinson, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joan_Bright_Astley" title="Joan Bright Astley">Astley, Joan Bright</a> (2010). Gubbins and SOE. Barnsle y: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-421-6"><bdi>978-1-84884-421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gubbins+and+SOE&rft.place=Barnsle+y&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-421-6&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Astley%2C+Joan+Bright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> First-hand accounts by those who served with SOE <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2008" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Roderick (2008). Forgotten Voices of the Secret War. Ebury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-191851-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-191851-4"><bdi>978-0-09-191851-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Voices+of+the+Secret+War&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-09-191851-4&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaden-Powell2004" class="citation book cs1">Baden-Powell, Dorothy (2004). They Also Serve: an SOE Agent in the WRNS. Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7090-7715-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7090-7715-2"><bdi>978-0-7090-7715-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Also+Serve%3A+an+SOE+Agent+in+the+WRNS&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7090-7715-2&rft.aulast=Baden-Powell&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Spencer_Chapman" title="Freddie Spencer Chapman">Chapman, Freddie Spencer</a> (1949). The Jungle is Neutral. Chatto and Windus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jungle+is+Neutral&rft.pub=Chatto+and+Windus&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Freddie+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Churchill" title="Peter Churchill">Churchill, Peter</a> (1952). Of Their Own Choice. Hodder and Stoughton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Their+Own+Choice&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Churchill" title="Peter Churchill">Churchill, Peter</a> (1953). Duel of Wits. Hodder and Stoughton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duel+of+Wits&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Churchill" title="Peter Churchill">Churchill, Peter</a> (1954). The Spirit in the Cage. Hodder and Stoughton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+in+the+Cage&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornioley2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Witherington" title="Pearl Witherington">Cornioley, Pearl Witherington</a> (2015). Code Name Pauline: Memoirs of a World War II Special Agent. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1613731581" title="Special:BookSources/978-1613731581"><bdi>978-1613731581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+Name+Pauline%3A+Memoirs+of+a+World+War+II+Special+Agent&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1613731581&rft.aulast=Cornioley&rft.aufirst=Pearl+Witherington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Davidson" title="Basil Davidson">Davidson, Basil</a> (1980). Special Operations Europe: Scenes from the Anti-Nazi War. Victor Gollancz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-02820-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-575-02820-3"><bdi>0-575-02820-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+Operations+Europe%3A+Scenes+from+the+Anti-Nazi+War&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-575-02820-3&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Davidson" title="Basil Davidson">Davidson, Basil</a> (1946). Partisan Picture. Bedford Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partisan+Picture&rft.pub=Bedford+Books&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor" title="Patrick Leigh Fermor">Sir Patrick Leigh Fermor</a>. The 11th Day. Archangel Films, 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarth1980" class="citation book cs1">Howarth, Patrick (1980). Undercover. Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0573-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-0573-3"><bdi>0-7100-0573-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Undercover&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7100-0573-3&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Armine_Howarth" class="mw-redirect" title="David Armine Howarth">Howarth, David Armine</a> (1950). The Shetland Bus. Thomas Nelson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shetland+Bus&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=David+Armine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hue, André; Southby-Tailyour, Ewen (2005). The Next Moon: the remarkable true story of a British agent behind the lines in wartime France. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-101580-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-101580-2"><bdi>0-14-101580-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Next+Moon%3A+the+remarkable+true+story+of+a+British+agent+behind+the+lines+in+wartime+France&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-14-101580-2&rft.aulast=Hue&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Southby-Tailyour%2C+Ewen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Fitzroy_Maclean,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet">MacLean, Fitzroy</a> (1991). Eastern Approaches. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-013271-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-013271-6"><bdi>0-14-013271-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Approaches&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-14-013271-6&rft.aulast=MacLean&rft.aufirst=Fitzroy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Marks" title="Leo Marks">Marks, Leo</a> (1998). Between Silk and Cyanide: A Codemaker's Story 1941–1945. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255944-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-255944-7"><bdi>0-00-255944-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Silk+and+Cyanide%3A+A+Codemaker%27s+Story+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-00-255944-7&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Stanley_Moss" title="W. Stanley Moss">Moss, William Stanley</a> (1950). Ill Met by Moonlight. Harrap.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ill+Met+by+Moonlight&rft.pub=Harrap&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=William+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusby2000" class="citation book cs1">Ousby, Ian (2000). The Ordeal of France, 1940–1944. New York: Cooper Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815410430" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815410430"><bdi>978-0815410430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ordeal+of+France%2C+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0815410430&rft.aulast=Ousby&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Richards" title="Brooks Richards">Richards, Brooks</a> (2004). Secret Flotillas; Vol II: Clandestine Sea Operations in the Western Mediterranean, North Africa and the Adriatic, 1940-1944. Whitehall History Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Flotillas%3B+Vol+II%3A+Clandestine+Sea+Operations+in+the+Western+Mediterranean%2C+North+Africa+and+the+Adriatic%2C+1940-1944&rft.pub=Whitehall+History+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Brooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noreen_Riols" title="Noreen Riols">Riols, Noreen</a> (2013). The Secret Ministry of Ag. & Fish: my life in Churchill's secret army. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230770904" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230770904"><bdi>978-0230770904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Ministry+of+Ag.+%26+Fish%3A+my+life+in+Churchill%27s+secret+army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0230770904&rft.aulast=Riols&rft.aufirst=Noreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Rootham" title="Jasper Rootham">Rootham, Jasper</a> (1946). Miss-Fire. Chatto & Windus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miss-Fire&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Rootham&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Smiley" title="David Smiley">Smiley, David</a> (1984). Albanian Assignment. Sphere Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7221-7933-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7221-7933-2"><bdi>0-7221-7933-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+Assignment&rft.pub=Sphere+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7221-7933-2&rft.aulast=Smiley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bickham_Sweet-Escott" title="Bickham Sweet-Escott">Sweet-Escott, Bickham</a> (1965). Baker Street Irregular. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baker+Street+Irregular&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Sweet-Escott&rft.aufirst=Bickham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerity1978" class="citation book cs1">Verity, Hugh (1978). We Landed by Moonlight. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Landed+by+Moonlight&rft.place=Shepperton%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Ian+Allan+Limited&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Verity&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wake" title="Nancy Wake">Wake, Nancy</a> (1986). The White Mouse: the autobiography of the woman the Gestapo called The White Mouse. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-40099-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-40099-9"><bdi>978-0-333-40099-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Mouse%3A+the+autobiography+of+the+woman+the+Gestapo+called+The+White+Mouse&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-333-40099-9&rft.aulast=Wake&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Walters" title="Anne-Marie Walters">Walters, Anne-Marie</a> (2009). Moondrop to Gascony. Wiltshire: Moho Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9557208-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9557208-1-9"><bdi>978-0-9557208-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moondrop+to+Gascony&rft.place=Wiltshire&rft.pub=Moho+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9557208-1-9&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Peter; Foot, M. R. D (2002). Foreign Fields: The Story of an SOE Operative. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860647796" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860647796"><bdi>978-1860647796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Fields%3A+The+Story+of+an+SOE+Operative&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1860647796&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Foot%2C+M.+R.+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Biographies / popular books by outsiders <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkin2015" class="citation book cs1">Atkin, Malcolm (2015). Fighting Nazi Occupation: British Resistance 1939–1945. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47383-377-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47383-377-7"><bdi>978-1-47383-377-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Nazi+Occupation%3A+British+Resistance+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-47383-377-7&rft.aulast=Atkin&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2010" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Simon (2010). The Bitter Sea: The Brutal World War II Fight for the Mediterranean. New York: Harper Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007203055" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007203055"><bdi>978-0007203055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bitter+Sea%3A+The+Brutal+World+War+II+Fight+for+the+Mediterranean&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0007203055&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988">: Gives tangential account of SOE's operations in the Mediterranean and its quarrels with other intelligence agencies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Binney" title="Marcus Binney">Binney, Marcus</a> (2003). The Women Who Lived For Danger. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-054087-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-054087-7"><bdi>0-06-054087-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women+Who+Lived+For+Danger&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-06-054087-7&rft.aulast=Binney&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Christie, Maurice A. (2004). Mission Scapula SOE in the Far East. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9547010-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9547010-0-3"><bdi>0-9547010-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+Scapula+SOE+in+the+Far+East&rft.place=London&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9547010-0-3&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Maurice+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowdy2007" class="citation cs2">Crowdy, Terry (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchillhitlert00patr_0">French Resistance Fighter France's Secret Army</a>, London: Osprey, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-40515-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-40515-9"><bdi>978-0-307-40515-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Resistance+Fighter+France%27s+Secret+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-40515-9&rft.aulast=Crowdy&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchillhitlert00patr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dear, Ian (1996). Sabotage and Subversion. Arms and Armour. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35202-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35202-0"><bdi>0-304-35202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabotage+and+Subversion&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-304-35202-0&rft.aulast=Dear&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeletant2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Deletant" title="Dennis Deletant">Deletant, Dennis</a> (2016). British Clandestine Activities in Romania during the Second World War. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349555093" title="Special:BookSources/9781349555093"><bdi>9781349555093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Clandestine+Activities+in+Romania+during+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781349555093&rft.aulast=Deletant&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Escott, Beryl (1991). A Quiet Courage: the story of SOE's women agents in France. Patrick Stevens Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-289-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-289-5"><bdi>978-1-85260-289-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Quiet+Courage%3A+the+story+of+SOE%27s+women+agents+in+France&rft.pub=Patrick+Stevens+Ltd&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85260-289-5&rft.aulast=Escott&rft.aufirst=Beryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Franks" title="Norman Franks">Franks, Normal</a> (1976). Double Mission: Fighter Pilot and SOE Agent, Manfred Czernin. London (UK): William Kimber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7183-0254-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7183-0254-0"><bdi>0-7183-0254-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Double+Mission%3A+Fighter+Pilot+and+SOE+Agent%2C+Manfred+Czernin&rft.place=London+%28UK%29&rft.pub=William+Kimber&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-7183-0254-0&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Normal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Overton_Fuller" title="Jean Overton Fuller">Fuller, Jean Overton</a> (1973). The Starr Affair. Maidstone: George Mann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7041-0004-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7041-0004-6"><bdi>978-0-7041-0004-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Starr+Affair&rft.place=Maidstone&rft.pub=George+Mann&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7041-0004-6&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Jean+Overton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988">: Tells the story of <a href="/wiki/John_Renshaw_Starr" title="John Renshaw Starr">John Renshaw Starr</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldGordon-CreedCreed2012" class="citation book cs1">Field, Roger; Gordon-Creed, Geoffrey; Creed, N. (2012). Rogue Male: Sabotage and Seduction behind German Lines with Geoffrey Gordon-Creed, DSO, MC. London: Coronet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444706352" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444706352"><bdi>978-1444706352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+Male%3A+Sabotage+and+Seduction+behind+German+Lines+with+Geoffrey+Gordon-Creed%2C+DSO%2C+MC&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Coronet&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1444706352&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Gordon-Creed%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Creed%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunston1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunston" title="Bill Gunston">Gunston, Bill</a> (1995). Classic World War II Aircraft Cutaways. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-526-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-526-5"><bdi>978-1-85532-526-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+World+War+II+Aircraft+Cutaways&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-526-5&rft.aulast=Gunston&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Helm" title="Sarah Helm">Helm, Sarah</a> (2005). A Life in Secrets: the story of <a href="/wiki/Vera_Atkins" title="Vera Atkins">Vera Atkins</a> and the lost agents of SOE. London: Little, Brown and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-72497-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-72497-1"><bdi>0-316-72497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+in+Secrets%3A+the+story+of+Vera+Atkins+and+the+lost+agents+of+SOE&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-316-72497-1&rft.aulast=Helm&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Lynn-Philip (2002). Inside Camp X (3rd ed.). Port Perry, Ont.: Blake Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0968706251" title="Special:BookSources/978-0968706251"><bdi>978-0968706251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Camp+X&rft.place=Port+Perry%2C+Ont.&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Blake+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0968706251&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Lynn-Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jones, Liane (1990). Mission Improbable: salute to the Royal Air Force women of Special Operations Executive in wartime France. Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-01663-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-01663-3"><bdi>978-0-593-01663-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+Improbable%3A+salute+to+the+Royal+Air+Force+women+of+Special+Operations+Executive+in+wartime+France&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-593-01663-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Liane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Le Chene, Evelyn (1974). Watch for Me by Moonlight. London: Corgi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watch+for+Me+by+Moonlight&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Corgi&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Le+Chene&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Bruce (2000). The White Rabbit. Cassell Military Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35697-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35697-2"><bdi>0-304-35697-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Rabbit&rft.pub=Cassell+Military+Paperbacks&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-304-35697-2&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">McNab, Duncan (2011). Mission 101. Pan Macmillan (Australia).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+101&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan+%28Australia%29&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"> Reissued by The History Press, 2012.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Mears_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Mears (author)">Mears, Ray</a> (2003). The Real Heroes of Telemark: The True Story of the Secret Mission to Stop Hitler's Atomic Bomb. Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-83015-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-83015-8"><bdi>0-340-83015-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Heroes+of+Telemark%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Secret+Mission+to+Stop+Hitler%27s+Atomic+Bomb&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-340-83015-8&rft.aulast=Mears&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>In association with a three part BBC TV series, Ray Mears followed the route taken in 1943 along with some present day members of the Royal Marines and the Norwegian Army.</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giles_Milton" title="Giles Milton">Milton, Giles</a> (2016). The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-444-79895-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-444-79895-1"><bdi>978-1-444-79895-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ministry+of+Ungentlemanly+Warfare&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-444-79895-1&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R.J._Minney" class="mw-redirect" title="R.J. Minney">Minney, R. J.</a> (1956). Carve Her Name with Pride. London: Newnes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carve+Her+Name+with+Pride&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Minney&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>Tells the story of <a href="/wiki/Violette_Szabo" title="Violette Szabo">Violette Szabo</a> (a film of the same name was based on the book).</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulley2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clare_Mulley" title="Clare Mulley">Mulley, Clare</a> (2011). The Spy Who Loved: The Secrets and Lives of Christine Granville, Britain's first female special agent of World War Two. London: Pan Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-75951-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-75951-0"><bdi>978-0-230-75951-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spy+Who+Loved%3A+The+Secrets+and+Lives+of+Christine+Granville%2C+Britain%27s+first+female+special+agent+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-75951-0&rft.aulast=Mulley&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulley2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clare_Mulley" title="Clare Mulley">Mulley, Clare</a> (2024). Agent Zo, The Untold Story of Fearless WW2 Resistance Fighter Elżbieta Zawacka. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3996-0106-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3996-0106-1"><bdi>978-1-3996-0106-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agent+Zo%2C+The+Untold+Story+of+Fearless+WW2+Resistance+Fighter+El%C5%BCbieta+Zawacka&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-3996-0106-1&rft.aulast=Mulley&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Mike. S.O.E. CD1 – The Life and Times of Sir Frank Nelson (1st ed.). Palmridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.O.E.+CD1+%E2%80%93+The+Life+and+Times+of+Sir+Frank+Nelson&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palmridge&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Perrin, Nigel (2008). Spirit of Resistance: The Life of SOE Agent Harry Peulevé DSO MC. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-855-3"><bdi>978-1-84415-855-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+of+Resistance%3A+The+Life+of+SOE+Agent+Harry+Peulev%C3%A9+DSO+MC&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-855-3&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Saward" title="Joe Saward">Saward, Joe</a> (2006). The Grand Prix Saboteurs. Morienval Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9554868-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9554868-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9554868-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Prix+Saboteurs&rft.pub=Morienval+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9554868-0-7&rft.aulast=Saward&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Orchard, Adrian (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldframlinghamian.com/images/articles/GROUPCAPTAINPERCYPICKARDDSODFCG26-32.">"Group Captain Percy Charles 'Pick' Pickard DSO**, DFC 1915–1944"</a> (pdf). www oldframlinghamian com. The Society of old Framlinghamians.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www+oldframlinghamian+com&rft.atitle=Group+Captain+Percy+Charles+%27Pick%27+Pickard+DSO%2A%2A%2C+DFC+1915%E2%80%931944&rft.date=2006-02&rft.aulast=Orchard&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldframlinghamian.com%2Fimages%2Farticles%2FGROUPCAPTAINPERCYPICKARDDSODFCG26-32.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Seaman, Mark (1997). Bravest of the Brave: true story of Wing Commander Tommy Yeo-Thomas – SOE Secret Agent Codename, the White Rabbit. Michael O'Mara Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85479-650-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85479-650-9"><bdi>978-1-85479-650-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bravest+of+the+Brave%3A+true+story+of+Wing+Commander+Tommy+Yeo-Thomas+%E2%80%93+SOE+Secret+Agent+Codename%2C+the+White+Rabbit&rft.pub=Michael+O%27Mara+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85479-650-9&rft.aulast=Seaman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaman2006" class="citation book cs1">Seaman, Mark (2006). Special Operations Executive: a new instrument of war. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-38455-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-38455-9"><bdi>0-415-38455-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+Operations+Executive%3A+a+new+instrument+of+war&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-38455-9&rft.aulast=Seaman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour-Jones2013" class="citation book cs1">Seymour-Jones, Carole (2013). She landed by Moonlight. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-444-72460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-444-72460-8"><bdi>978-1-444-72460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=She+landed+by+Moonlight&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-444-72460-8&rft.aulast=Seymour-Jones&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William (2019). WWII Codebreakers and Spies. London: Andre Deutsch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-233-00602-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-233-00602-4"><bdi>978-0-233-00602-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WWII+Codebreakers+and+Spies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-233-00602-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2006" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, William (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spymistresslifeo00will">Spymistress: the Life of Vera Atkins, the Greatest Female Secret Agent of World War II</a>. Arcade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-763-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-763-3"><bdi>978-1-55970-763-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spymistress%3A+the+Life+of+Vera+Atkins%2C+the+Greatest+Female+Secret+Agent+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Arcade&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-763-3&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspymistresslifeo00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Thompson, E. P (1947). Taylor, J. R. P (2024). There is A Spirit in Europe: A Memoir of Frank Thompson. Imprint Lulu. E. P. Thompson's first book in memory of his SOE brother executed by fascists: Bulgaria 1944. Re-released Brittunculi Records & Books: ISBN 9781304479525.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTickell1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerrard_Tickell" title="Jerrard Tickell">Tickell, Jerrard</a> (1949). Odette: The Story of a British Agent. London: Chapman & Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odette%3A+The+Story+of+a+British+Agent&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Tickell&rft.aufirst=Jerrard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Commentaries <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeraghty2000" class="citation book cs1">Geraghty, Tony (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irishwarhiddenco00mrto">The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict between the IRA and British Intelligence</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801864568" title="Special:BookSources/9780801864568"><bdi>9780801864568</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation. <q>Tony Geraghty</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+War%3A+The+Hidden+Conflict+between+the+IRA+and+British+Intelligence&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780801864568&rft.aulast=Geraghty&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firishwarhiddenco00mrto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings, Max</a> (2015). The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerillas 1939–45. London: William Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750374-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-750374-2"><bdi>978-0-00-750374-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+War%3A+Spies%2C+Codes+and+Guerillas+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Collins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-00-750374-2&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2016" class="citation book cs1">Horn, Bernd (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602015323/https://www.dundurn.com/books/Most-Ungentlemanly-Way-War">A Most Ungentlemanly Way of War</a>. Toronto: Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781459732797" title="Special:BookSources/9781459732797"><bdi>9781459732797</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dundurn.com/books/most-ungentlemanly-way-war">the original</a> on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Most+Ungentlemanly+Way+of+War&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781459732797&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dundurn.com%2Fbooks%2Fmost-ungentlemanly-way-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecial+Operations+Executive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909224937/http://www.wargen.org/wiki/index.php/Major_GTR_Thompson">"Notes on S.O.E., 1941 to 1943"</a>, written by a member of the Belgian Section, Major G.T.R. Thompson, in 1963</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130114024836/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/nostalgia/pacifist-led-army-Nazis/article-956305-detail/article.html">Interview with secret agent Francis Cammaerts in the Leicester Mercury</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nigelperrin.com/soeagents.htm">Profiles of Special Operations Executive Agents in France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121121093457/http://www.nigelperrin.com/soeagents.htm">Archived</a> 21 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Nigel Perrin's site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clutch.open.ac.uk/schools/emerson00/soe_gubbins_marks.html">Colin Gubbins, Leo Marks and SOE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dudleynewitt.weebly.com/">Dudley Maurice Newitt. Director of Scientific Research. SOE.</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Operations_Executive&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Special_Operations_Executive" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.violette-szabo-museum.co.uk/">The Violette Szabo Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1050510206588">The Special Operations Executive</a> - 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-gj95p","wgBackendResponseTime":206,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.092","walltime":"2.317","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20269,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":291389,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":30763,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":418092,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2010.281 1 -total"," 22.45% 451.249 147 Template:Sfn"," 21.52% 432.528 87 Template:Cite_book"," 19.91% 400.257 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.98% 200.544 26 Template:Cite_web"," 8.26% 166.042 16 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