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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Systematic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columnar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columnar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Columnar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columnar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>By formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tectonic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tectonic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Tectonic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tectonic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydraulic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydraulic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Hydraulic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydraulic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exfoliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exfoliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Exfoliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exfoliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unloading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unloading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Unloading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unloading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fractography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fractography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shear_fractures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shear_fractures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shear fractures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shear_fractures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%82_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6)" title="شق (علم طبقات الأرض) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شق (علم طبقات الأرض)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaclasa" title="Diaclasa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diaclasa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A0clasi" title="Diàclasi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diàclasi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaklasa" title="Diaklasa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Diaklasa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluft_(Geologie)" title="Kluft (Geologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kluft (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5he_(geoloogia)" title="Lõhe (geoloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõhe (geoloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaclasa" title="Diaclasa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diaclasa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaklazo" title="Diaklazo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diaklazo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaklasa" title="Diaklasa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diaklasa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87_(%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="درزه (زمین‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درزه (زمین‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaclase" title="Diaclase – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diaclase" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%A6%AC" title="절리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="절리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukotina_(geologija)" title="Pukotina (geologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pukotina (geologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaclasi" title="Diaclasi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diaclasi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaklaas" title="Diaklaas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Diaklaas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E7%90%86" title="節理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="節理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaklas" title="Diaklas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Diaklas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cios_(geologia)" title="Cios (geologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cios (geologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaclase" title="Diaclase – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diaclase" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaclaz%C4%83" title="Diaclază – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Diaclază" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_(geology)" title="Joint (geology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Joint (geology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пукотина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пукотина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukotina" title="Pukotina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pukotina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81_(%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2)" title="แนวแตก (ธรณีวิทยา) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แนวแตก (ธรณีวิทยา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Окремість гірських порід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Окремість гірських порід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E7%90%86" title="節理 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="節理" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q862746#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PICT1709.JPG/220px-PICT1709.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PICT1709.JPG/330px-PICT1709.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PICT1709.JPG/440px-PICT1709.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Horizontal joints in the sedimentary rocks of the foreground and a more varied set of joints in the granitic rocks in the background. Image from the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Uplands" title="Kazakh Uplands">Kazakh Uplands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Balkhash_District" title="Balkhash District">Balkhash District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joints_Caithness.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Joints_Caithness.JPG/220px-Joints_Caithness.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Joints_Caithness.JPG/330px-Joints_Caithness.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Joints_Caithness.JPG/440px-Joints_Caithness.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Orthogonal joint sets on a <a href="/wiki/Bedding_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedding (geology)">bedding</a> plane in <a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">flagstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joints_City_of_Rocks_NR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Joints_City_of_Rocks_NR.jpg/220px-Joints_City_of_Rocks_NR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Joints_City_of_Rocks_NR.jpg/330px-Joints_City_of_Rocks_NR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Joints_City_of_Rocks_NR.jpg/440px-Joints_City_of_Rocks_NR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5414" data-file-height="2987" /></a><figcaption>Joints in the Almo Pluton, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Rocks_National_Reserve" title="City of Rocks National Reserve">City of Rocks National Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abiskorock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abiskorock.JPG/220px-Abiskorock.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abiskorock.JPG/330px-Abiskorock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abiskorock.JPG/440px-Abiskorock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A rock in <a href="/wiki/Abisko" title="Abisko">Abisko</a> fractured along existing joints possibly by mechanical <a href="/wiki/Frost_weathering" title="Frost weathering">frost weathering</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boyabat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Boyabat.jpg/220px-Boyabat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Boyabat.jpg/330px-Boyabat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Boyabat.jpg/440px-Boyabat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Columnar jointed basalt in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columnar_jointing,_Marte_Vallis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Columnar_jointing%2C_Marte_Vallis.jpg/220px-Columnar_jointing%2C_Marte_Vallis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Columnar_jointing%2C_Marte_Vallis.jpg/330px-Columnar_jointing%2C_Marte_Vallis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Columnar_jointing%2C_Marte_Vallis.jpg/440px-Columnar_jointing%2C_Marte_Vallis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Columnar jointing in basalt, <a href="/wiki/Marte_Vallis" title="Marte Vallis">Marte Vallis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recent_joint_intersection.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Recent_joint_intersection.JPG/220px-Recent_joint_intersection.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Recent_joint_intersection.JPG/330px-Recent_joint_intersection.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Recent_joint_intersection.JPG/440px-Recent_joint_intersection.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Recent tectonic joint intersects older exfoliation joints in granite gneiss, Lizard Rock, <a href="/wiki/Para_Wirra_Conservation_Park" title="Para Wirra Conservation Park">Parra Wirra</a>, South Australia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joint_spacing_varying_with_bed_thickness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Joint_spacing_varying_with_bed_thickness.jpg/220px-Joint_spacing_varying_with_bed_thickness.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Joint_spacing_varying_with_bed_thickness.jpg/330px-Joint_spacing_varying_with_bed_thickness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Joint_spacing_varying_with_bed_thickness.jpg/440px-Joint_spacing_varying_with_bed_thickness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3112" data-file-height="2235" /></a><figcaption>Joint spacing in mechanically stronger <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> beds shows increase with bed thickness, <a href="/wiki/Lilstock" title="Lilstock">Lilstock</a> Bay, Somerset</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jointed_diorite_outcrop,_Dalupirip,_Itogon,_Benguet_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jointed_diorite_outcrop%2C_Dalupirip%2C_Itogon%2C_Benguet_01.jpg/220px-Jointed_diorite_outcrop%2C_Dalupirip%2C_Itogon%2C_Benguet_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jointed_diorite_outcrop%2C_Dalupirip%2C_Itogon%2C_Benguet_01.jpg/330px-Jointed_diorite_outcrop%2C_Dalupirip%2C_Itogon%2C_Benguet_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jointed_diorite_outcrop%2C_Dalupirip%2C_Itogon%2C_Benguet_01.jpg/440px-Jointed_diorite_outcrop%2C_Dalupirip%2C_Itogon%2C_Benguet_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="2604" /></a><figcaption>Roadside weathered diorite outcrop along the Baguio-Bua-Itogon Road in the Philippines showing joints.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>joint</b> is a break (<a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">fracture</a>) of natural origin in a layer or body of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> that lacks visible or measurable movement parallel to the surface (plane) of the fracture ("Mode 1" Fracture). Although joints can occur singly, they most frequently appear as joint sets and systems. A <i>joint set</i> is a family of parallel, evenly spaced joints that can be identified through mapping and analysis of their orientations, spacing, and physical properties. A <i>joint system</i> consists of two or more intersecting joint sets.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandl2005a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandl2005a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goudie204a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goudie204a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distinction between joints and <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a> hinges on the terms <i>visible</i> or <i>measurable,</i> a difference that depends on the scale of observation. Faults differ from joints in that they exhibit visible or measurable lateral movement between the opposite surfaces of the fracture ("Mode 2" and "Mode 3" Fractures). Thus a joint may be created by either strict movement of a rock layer or body perpendicular to the fracture or by varying degrees of lateral displacement parallel to the surface (plane) of the fracture that remains "invisible" at the scale of observation.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandl2005a_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandl2005a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goudie204a_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goudie204a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joints are among the most universal geologic structures, found in almost every exposure of rock. They vary greatly in appearance, dimensions, and arrangement, and occur in quite different <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> environments. Often, the specific origin of the stresses that created certain joints and associated joint sets can be quite ambiguous, unclear, and sometimes controversial. The most prominent joints occur in the most well-consolidated, lithified, and highly competent rocks, such as <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. Joints may be open fractures or filled by various materials. Joints infilled by precipitated <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">veins</a> and joints filled by solidified <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dikes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandl2005a_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandl2005a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joints arise from <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a> <a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">fracture</a> of a rock or layer due to <a href="/wiki/Tensile_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile stress">tensile stress</a>. This stress may be imposed from outside; for example, by the stretching of layers, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">pore fluid pressure</a>, or shrinkage caused by the cooling or desiccation of a rock body or layer whose outside boundaries remained fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandl2005a_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandl2005a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When tensional stresses stretch a body or layer of rock such that its <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> is exceeded, it breaks. When this happens the rock fractures in a plane parallel to the maximum principal stress and perpendicular to the minimum principal stress (the direction in which the rock is being stretched). This leads to the development of a single <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sub-parallel" class="extiw" title="wikt:sub-parallel">sub-parallel</a> joint set. Continued deformation may lead to development of one or more additional joint sets. The presence of the first set strongly affects the stress orientation in the rock layer, often causing subsequent sets to form at a high angle, often 90°, to the first set.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandl2005a_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandl2005a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joints are classified by their geometry or by the processes that formed them.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandl2005a_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandl2005a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderPluijmOthers2004a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_geometry">By geometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By geometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The geometry of joints refers to the orientation of joints as either plotted on <a href="/wiki/Stereonet" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereonet">stereonets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pie_chart" title="Pie chart">rose-diagrams</a> or observed in rock exposures. In terms of geometry, three major types of joints, nonsystematic joints, systematic joints, and <a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">columnar jointing</a> are recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderPluijmOthers2004a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nonsystematic">Nonsystematic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nonsystematic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Nonsystematic joints</i> are joints that are so irregular in form, spacing, and orientation that they cannot be readily grouped into distinctive, through-going joint sets.<sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderPluijmOthers2004a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systematic">Systematic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Systematic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Systematic joints</i> are planar, parallel, joints that can be traced for some distance, and occur at regularly, evenly spaced distances on the order of centimeters, meters, tens of meters, or even hundreds of meters. As a result, they occur as families of joints that form recognizable joint sets. Typically, exposures or outcrops within a given area or region of study contains two or more sets of systematic joints, each with its own distinctive properties such as orientation and spacing, that intersect to form well-defined joint systems.<sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderPluijmOthers2004a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based upon the angle at which joint sets of systematic joints intersect to form a joint system, systematic joints can be subdivided into conjugate and orthogonal joint sets. The angles at which joint sets within a joint system commonly intersect are called <i>dihedral angles</i> by structural geologists. When the dihedral angles are nearly 90° within a joint system, the joint sets are known as <i>orthogonal joint sets</i>. When the dihedral angles are from 30 to 60° within a joint system, the joint sets are known as <i>conjugate joint sets</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderPluijmOthers2004a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within regions that have experienced tectonic deformation, systematic joints are typically associated with either layered or <a href="/wiki/Bed_(geology)" title="Bed (geology)">bedded</a> strata that have been <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folded</a> into <a href="/wiki/Anticline" title="Anticline">anticlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syncline" title="Syncline">synclines</a>. Such joints can be classified according to their orientation in respect to the axial planes of the folds as they often commonly form in a predictable pattern with respect to the hinge trends of folded strata. Based upon their orientation to the axial planes and axes of folds, the types of systematic joints are: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Longitudinal joints</i> – Joints which are roughly parallel to fold axes and often fan around the fold.</li> <li><i>Cross-joints</i> – Joints which are approximately perpendicular to fold axes.</li> <li><i>Diagonal joints</i> – Joints which typically occur as conjugate joint sets that trend oblique to the fold axes.</li> <li><i>Strike joints</i> – Joints which trend parallel to the strike of the axial plane of a fold.</li> <li><i>Cross-strike joints</i> – Joints which cut across the axial plane of a fold.<sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderPluijmOthers2004a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Columnar">Columnar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Columnar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">Columnar jointing</a></div> <p><i>Columnar jointing</i> is a distinctive type of joints that join together at triple junctions either at or about 120° angles. These joints split a rock body into long, prisms or columns. Typically, such columns are hexagonal, although 3-, 4-, 5- and 7-sided columns are relatively common. The diameter of these prismatic columns ranges from a few centimeters to several metres. They are often oriented perpendicular to either the upper surface and base of lava flows and the contact of the tabular igneous bodies with the surrounding rock. This type of jointing is typical of thick lava flows and shallow dikes and sills.<sup id="cite_ref-McPhieOthers1993a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPhieOthers1993a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columnar jointing is also known as either <i>columnar structure</i>, <i>prismatic joints</i>, or <i>prismatic jointing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NeuendorfOthers2005a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NeuendorfOthers2005a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rare cases of columnar jointing have also been reported from sedimentary strata.<sup id="cite_ref-Young1993a_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young1993a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_formation">By formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joints can be classified according to their origin, under the labels of tectonics, hydraulics, exfoliation, unloading (release), and cooling. Different authors have proposed contradictory hypotheses for the same joint sets and types. And, joints in the same outcrop may form at different times under varied circumstances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tectonic">Tectonic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tectonic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tectonic joints</i> are joints formed when the relative displacement of the joint walls is normal to its plane as the result of brittle deformation of bedrock in response to regional or local tectonic deformation of bedrock. Such joints form when directed tectonic stress causes the tensile strength of bedrock to be exceeded as the result of the stretching of rock layers under conditions of elevated pore fluid pressure and directed tectonic stress. Tectonic joints often reflect local tectonic stresses associated with local folding and faulting. Tectonic joints occur as both nonsystematic and systematic joints, including orthogonal and conjugate joint sets.<sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderPluijmOthers2004a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers1996a_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers1996a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydraulic">Hydraulic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hydraulic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hydraulic joints</i> are formed when pore fluid pressure becomes elevated as a result of vertical gravitational loading. In simple terms, the accumulation of either sediments, volcanic, or other material causes an increase in the pore pressure of groundwater and other fluids in the underlying rock when they cannot move either laterally or vertically in response to this pressure. This also causes an increase in pore pressure in preexisting cracks that increases the tensile stress on them perpendicular to the minimum principal stress (the direction in which the rock is being stretched). If the tensile stress exceeds the magnitude of the least principal compressive stress the rock will fail in a brittle manner and these cracks propagate in a process called <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a>. Hydraulic joints occur as both nonsystematic and systematic joints, including orthogonal and conjugate joint sets. In some cases, joint sets can be a tectonic - hydraulic hybrid.<sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderPluijmOthers2004a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers1996a_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers1996a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exfoliation">Exfoliation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Exfoliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Exfoliation joints</i> are sets of flat-lying, curved, and large joints that are restricted to massively exposed rock faces in a deeply eroded landscape. <a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Exfoliation joints">Exfoliation jointing</a> consists of fan-shaped fractures varying from a few meters to tens of meters in size that lie sub-parallel to the topography. The vertical, gravitational load of the mass of a mountain-size bedrock mass drives longitudinal splitting and causes outward buckling toward the free air. In addition, paleostress sealed in the granite before the granite was exhumed by erosion and released by exhumation and canyon cutting is also a driving force for the actual spalling.<sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TwidaleOthers2005a_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TwidaleOthers2005a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unloading">Unloading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unloading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Unloading joints</i> or <i>release joints</i> arise near the surface when bedded sedimentary rocks are brought closer to the surface during uplift and erosion; when they cool, they contract and become relaxed elastically. A stress builds up which eventually exceeds the tensile strength of the bedrock and results in jointing. In the case of unloading joints, compressive stress is released either along preexisting structural elements (such as cleavage) or perpendicular to the former direction of tectonic compression.<sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderPluijmOthers2004a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers1996a_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers1996a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooling">Cooling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Cooling joints</i> are columnar joints that result from the cooling of either lava from the exposed surface of a lava lake or flood basalt flow or the sides of a tabular igneous, typically basaltic, intrusion. They exhibit a pattern of joints that join together at triple junctions either at or about 120° angles. They split a rock body into long, prisms or columns that are typically hexagonal, although 3-, 4-, 5- and 7-sided columns are relatively common. They form as a result of a cooling front that moves from some surface, either the exposed surface of a lava lake or flood basalt flow or the sides of a tabular igneous intrusion into either lava of the lake or lava flow or magma of a dike or sill.<sup id="cite_ref-GoehringOthers2008a_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoehringOthers2008a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goehring2013a_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goehring2013a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fractography">Fractography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fractography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plumose_fracture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Plumose_fracture.jpg/210px-Plumose_fracture.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Plumose_fracture.jpg/315px-Plumose_fracture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Plumose_fracture.jpg/420px-Plumose_fracture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>Plumose structure on a fracture surface in sandstone, Arizona</figcaption></figure> <p>Joint propagation can be studied through the techniques of <a href="/wiki/Fractography" title="Fractography">fractography</a> in which characteristic marks such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hackle_(geology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hackle (geology) (page does not exist)">hackles</a> and plumose structures are used to determine propagation directions and, in some cases, the principal stress orientations.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts1985a_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1985a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BahatOthers2005a_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BahatOthers2005a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shear_fractures">Shear fractures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shear fractures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some fractures that look like joints are actually shear fractures, which in effect are microfaults. They do not form as the result of the perpendicular opening of a fracture due to tensile stress, but through the shearing of fractures that causes lateral movement of the faces. Shear fractures can be confused with joints because the lateral offset of the fracture faces is not visible in the outcrop or in a specimen. Because of the absence of diagnostic ornamentation or the lack of any discernible movement or offset, they can be indistinguishable from joints. Such fractures occur in planar parallel sets at an angle of 60 degrees and can be of the same size and scale as joints. As a result, some "conjugate joint sets" might actually be shear fractures. Shear fractures are distinguished from joints by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Slickenside" title="Slickenside">slickensides</a>, the products of shearing movement parallel to the fracture surface. The slickensides are fine-scale, delicate ridge-in-groove lineations on the surface of fracture surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joints are important not only in understanding the local and regional <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a> but also in developing natural resources, in the safe design of structures, and in environmental protection. Joints have a profound control on weathering and erosion of bedrock. As a result, they exert a strong control on how topography and morphology of landscapes develop. Understanding the local and regional distribution, physical character, and origin of joints is a significant part of understanding the geology and geomorphology of an area. Joints often impart a well-develop fracture-induced permeability to bedrock. As a result, joints strongly influence, even control, the natural circulation (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">hydrogeology</a>) of fluids, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollutants</a> within <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">reservoirs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">hydrothermal circulation</a> at depth, within bedrock.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, joints are important to the economic and safe development of petroleum, hydrothermal, and groundwater resources and the subject of intensive research relative to these resources. Regional and local joint systems exert a strong control on how ore-forming hydrothermal fluids (consisting largely of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</a></span>, CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>, and NaCl — which formed most of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ore_genesis" title="Ore genesis">ore deposits</a>) circulated within its crust. As a result, understanding their genesis, structure, chronology, and distribution is an important part of finding and profitably developing ore deposits. Finally, joints often form <a href="/wiki/Discontinuity_(Geotechnical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discontinuity (Geotechnical engineering)">discontinuities</a> that may have a large influence on the mechanical behavior (strength, deformation, etc.) of soil and rock masses in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">foundation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Slope_stability_analysis" title="Slope stability analysis">slope</a> construction. As a result, joints are an important part of <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">geotechnical engineering</a> in practice and research.<sup id="cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderPluijmOthers2004a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BahatOthers2005a_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BahatOthers2005a-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fan_structure" title="Basalt fan structure">Basalt fan structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exfoliating_granite" title="Exfoliating granite">Exfoliating granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellated_pavement" title="Tessellated pavement">Tessellated pavement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mandl2005a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mandl2005a_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandl2005a_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandl2005a_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandl2005a_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandl2005a_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mandl2005a_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mandl, G. (2005) <i>Rock Joints: The Mechanical Genesis.</i> Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. 221 pp. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-24553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-24553-7">978-3-540-24553-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavisOthers2012a-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers2012a_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, G.H., S.J. Reynolds, and C. Kluth (2012) <i>Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions (3rd ed.)</i>: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New york, New York. 864 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471152316" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471152316">978-0471152316</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goudie204a-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goudie204a_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goudie204a_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goudie, A.S. (2004) <i>Encyclopedia of Geomorphology volume 2 J–Z.</i> Routledge New York, New York. 578 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415327381" title="Special:BookSources/9780415327381">9780415327381</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanderPluijmOthers2004a-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderPluijmOthers2004a_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Pluijm, B.A. , and S. Marshak (2004) <i>Earth structure : an introduction to structural geology and tectonics, 2nd ed.</i> W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, New York. 672 pp. 10110 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393924671" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393924671">978-0393924671</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McPhieOthers1993a-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McPhieOthers1993a_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPhie, J., M. Doyle, and R. Allen (1993) <i>Volcanic Textures: A guide to the interpretation of textures in volcanic rocks.</i> Centre for Ore Deposit and Exploration Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania. 196 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859015226" title="Special:BookSources/9780859015226">9780859015226</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NeuendorfOthers2005a-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NeuendorfOthers2005a_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl Jr., and J.A. Jackson, eds. (2005) <i>Glossary of Geology</i> (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-922152-76-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-922152-76-4">0-922152-76-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young1993a-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Young1993a_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, G.M. (2008) <i>Origin of Enigmatic Structures: Field and Geochemical Investigation of Columnar Joints in Sandstones, Island of Bute, Scotland.</i> Journal of Geology. 116(5):527-536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavisOthers1996a-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers1996a_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers1996a_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavisOthers1996a_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, G.H., and S.J. Reynolds (1996) <i>Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions (2nd ed.).</i> New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 776 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471152316" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471152316">978-0471152316</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TwidaleOthers2005a-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TwidaleOthers2005a_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rowland_Twidale" title="Charles Rowland Twidale">Twidale, C.R.</a>, and E.M. Campbell (2005) <i>Australian Landforms: Understanding a Low, Flat, Arid and Old Landscape.</i> Rosenberg Publishing Pty. Ltd. Revised edition, 2005. P. 140. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B877058%2B32%2B7" title="Special:BookSources/1+877058+32+7">1 877058 32 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoehringOthers2008a-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GoehringOthers2008a_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goehring, L., and S.W. Morris (2008) <i>Scaling of columnar joints in basalt.</i> Journal of Geophysical Research. B113:B10203, 18 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goehring2013a-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goehring2013a_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goehring, L. (2013) <i>Evolving fracture patterns: columnar joints, mud cracks and polygonal terrain.</i> Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences. 371(20120353). 18 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts1985a-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1985a_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, J.C. (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/1/175"><i>Fracture surface markings in Liassic limestone at Lavernock Point, South Wales</i>.</a> Geological Society, London, Special Publications; v. 92; p. 175-186]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BahatOthers2005a-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BahatOthers2005a_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BahatOthers2005a_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahat, D., A. Rabinovitch, and V. Frid (2005) <i>Tensile Fracturing in Rocks: Tectonofractographic and Electromagnetic Radiation Methods.</i> Springer-Verlag Berlin. 569 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-21456-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-21456-9">3-540-21456-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerriero2012" class="citation journal cs1">Guerriero V, et al. (2012). "A permeability model for naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs". <i><a href="/wiki/Marine_and_Petroleum_Geology" title="Marine and Petroleum Geology">Marine and Petroleum Geology</a></i>. <b>40</b>: 115–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2012.11.002">10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.11.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=A+permeability+model+for+naturally+fractured+carbonate+reservoirs&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=115-134&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2012.11.002&rft.aulast=Guerriero&rft.aufirst=V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoint+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_(geology)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joint_(geology)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Joint (geology)">Joint (geology)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Aydin, A., and J. Zhong (nda) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714005847/http://rockfracture.com/html2/Non-orthogonalJointSet.html">Non-orthogonal Joint Sets</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713211202/http://rockfracture.com/html2/MultipleJointSet.html">Multiple Joint Sets</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713211128/http://rockfracture.com/html2/Index.html">Rock Fracture Knowledgebase</a>, Stanford University, Stanford, California.</li> <li>Aydin, A., and J. Zhong (ndb) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713225144/http://rockfracture.com/html2/OrthogonalJointSet.html">Orthogonal Joint Sets</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713211202/http://rockfracture.com/html2/MultipleJointSet.html">Multiple Joint Sets</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713211128/http://rockfracture.com/html2/Index.html">Rock Fracture Knowledgebase</a>, Stanford University, Stanford, California.</li> <li>Aydin, A., and J. Zhong (ndb) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713204932/http://rockfracture.com/html2/JointMultipleSetPattern.html">Patterns of Multiple Joint Sets</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713211202/http://rockfracture.com/html2/MultipleJointSet.html">Multiple Joint Sets</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140713211128/http://rockfracture.com/html2/Index.html">Rock Fracture Knowledgebase</a>, Stanford University, Stanford, California.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Mohr%E2%80%93Coulomb_theory" title="Mohr–Coulomb theory">Mohr–Coulomb theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohr%27s_circle" title="Mohr's circle">Mohr's circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_mechanics" title="Rock mechanics">Rock mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_(physics)" title="Deformation (physics)">Strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_partitioning" title="Strain partitioning">Strain partitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_field" title="Stress field">Stress field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_(geology)" title="Tension (geology)">Tension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunton_compass" title="Brunton compass">Brunton compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthographic_projection" title="Orthographic projection">Orthographic projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(geology)" title="Rake (geology)">Rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereographic_projection" title="Stereographic projection">Stereographic projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">Strike and dip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">Accretionary wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allochthon" title="Allochthon">Allochthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochthon_(geology)" title="Autochthon (geology)">Autochthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">Back-arc basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">Continental collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9collement" title="Décollement">Décollement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensional_tectonics" title="Extensional tectonics">Extensional tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_block" title="Fault block">Fault block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_(geology)" title="Window (geology)">Fenster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Fold and thrust belt">Fold and thrust belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_mountains" title="Fold mountains">Fold mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">Foreland basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">Graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-graben" title="Half-graben">Half-graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_(geology)" title="Horse (geology)">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_(geology)" title="Horst (geology)">Horst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_and_graben" title="Horst and graben">Horst and graben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-arc_basin" title="Intra-arc basin">Intra-arc basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(geology)" title="Inversion (geology)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klippe" title="Klippe">Klippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plate_interactions" title="List of tectonic plate interactions">List of tectonic plate interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lange" title="Mélange">Mélange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">Mountain formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nappe" title="Nappe">Nappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obduction" title="Obduction">Obduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull-apart_basin" title="Pull-apart basin">Pull-apart basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">Rift valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_(landform)" title="Saddle (landform)">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">Strike-slip tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_basin" title="Structural basin">Structural basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suture_(geology)" title="Suture (geology)">Suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syneclise" class="mw-redirect" title="Syneclise">Syneclise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">Terrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick-skinned_deformation" title="Thick-skinned deformation">Thick-skinned deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-skinned_deformation" title="Thin-skinned deformation">Thin-skinned deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_tectonics" title="Thrust tectonics">Thrust tectonics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">Fracturing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">Columnar jointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exfoliation_joint" title="Exfoliation joint">Exfoliation joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure" title="Fissure">Fissure</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">Vein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Faulting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperity_(faults)" title="Asperity (faults)">Asperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclastic_rock" title="Cataclastic rock">Cataclastic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_fault" title="Detachment fault">Detachment fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(geology)" title="Disturbance (geology)">Disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_friction" title="Fault friction">Fault friction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_mechanics" title="Fault mechanics">Fault mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_scarp" title="Fault scarp">Fault scarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_trace" title="Fault trace">Fault trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">Thrust fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_zone" title="Transfer zone">Transfer zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foliation_(geology)" title="Foliation (geology)">Foliation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lineation_(geology)" title="Lineation (geology)">lineation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(geology)" title="Cleavage (geology)">Cleavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenulation" title="Crenulation">Crenulation</a></li> <li><a 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