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<li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_to_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_to_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>20th to 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_to_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vocal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Part_song" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Part song</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elaborate_choral_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elaborate_choral_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Elaborate choral settings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elaborate_choral_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monodic_with_instrumental_accompaniment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monodic_with_instrumental_accompaniment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Monodic with instrumental accompaniment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monodic_with_instrumental_accompaniment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Instrumental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Organ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchestra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchestra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Orchestra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchestra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chorale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koraal_(musiek)" title="Koraal (musiek) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koraal (musiek)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Харал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Харал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хорал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хорал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral" title="Coral – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koral_(musik)" title="Koral (musik) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Koral (musik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choral" title="Choral – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Choral" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koraal" title="Koraal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koraal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_(m%C3%BAsica)" title="Coral (música) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coral (música)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4oralo" title="Ĥoralo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥoralo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choral" title="Choral – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Choral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%9E%84" title="코랄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코랄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Խորալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խորալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koral" title="Koral – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koral" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corale" title="Corale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="כוראל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוראל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хорал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хорал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хорал – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хорал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A1l_(zene)" title="Korál (zene) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Korál (zene)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koraal_(muziek)" title="Koraal (muziek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koraal (muziek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="コラール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コラール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koral" title="Koral – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koral" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koral" title="Koral – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koral" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoral" title="Xoral – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xoral" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_(compozi%C8%9Bie_muzical%C4%83)" title="Coral (compoziție muzicală) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coral (compoziție muzicală)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хорал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хорал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chorale" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koraali" title="Koraali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koraali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koral" title="Koral – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koral" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хорал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хорал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%97%E8%B5%9E%E6%AD%8C" title="众赞歌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="众赞歌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q724473#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German Protestant church hymn</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about hymn-related or hymn-like musical settings. For the group of singers, see <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg/330px-Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg/500px-Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg/960px-Bach_Matth%C3%A4uspassion_O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Bach's four-part chorale setting of "<a href="/wiki/O_Haupt_voll_Blut_und_Wunden" class="mw-redirect" title="O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden">O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden</a>" as it appears in <a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>chorale</b> is the name of several related <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">musical forms</a> originating in the <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_chorale" title="Lutheran chorale">Lutheran chorale</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune" title="Hymn tune">Hymn tune</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a> (e.g. the melody of "<a href="/wiki/Wachet_auf,_ruft_uns_die_Stimme" title="Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme">Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme</a>"), or a tune in a similar format (e.g. one of the themes in the Finale of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Saint-Saëns)">Saint-Saëns's Third Symphony</a>)</li> <li>Such tune with a <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> accompaniment (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chorale_monody" title="Chorale monody">chorale monody</a>, chorales included in <i><a href="/wiki/Schemellis_Gesangbuch" title="Schemellis Gesangbuch">Schemellis Gesangbuch</a></i>)</li> <li>Such a tune presented in a <a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophonic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homorhythm" title="Homorhythm">homorhythmic</a> harmonisation, usually <a href="/wiki/Four-part_harmony" title="Four-part harmony">four-part harmony</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/List_of_chorales_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chorales of Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach's four-part chorales</a>, or the chorale included in the second movement of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Mahler)">Mahler's Fifth Symphony</a>)</li> <li>A more complex setting of a hymn(-like) tune (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chorale_fantasia" title="Chorale fantasia">chorale fantasia</a> form in <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCbler_Chorales" title="Schübler Chorales">Schübler Chorales</a></i>, or a combination of compositional techniques in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">César Franck</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Chorales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three Chorales (page does not exist)">Three Chorales</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_chorals" class="extiw" title="fr:Trois chorals">fr</a>]</span></i>)</li></ul> <p>The chorale originated when <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> translated sacred songs into the vernacular language (German), contrary to the established practice of church music near the end of the first quarter of the 16th century. The first hymnals according to Luther's new method were published in 1524. Luther and his followers not only wrote <a href="/wiki/Metre_(hymn)" title="Metre (hymn)">metrical hymn lyrics</a>, but also composed <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">metrical musical settings</a> for these texts. This music was partially based on established melodies of church hymns and known secular songs. In the 17th century the repertoire was enriched with more <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organ</a> settings of the chorale tunes. By the end of the century a four-part setting for <a href="/wiki/SATB" title="SATB">SATB</a> voices had become the standard for the choral settings, while the congregational singing of chorales was tending towards <a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a> with an instrumental accompaniment. The prolific creation of new Lutheran chorale tunes ended around that time. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> genre, originally consisting only of <a href="/wiki/Recitatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Recitatives">recitatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">arias</a>, was introduced into Lutheran church services in the early 18th century. The format was soon expanded with choral movements in the form of four-part chorales. Composers such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel" title="Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel">Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel</a> often placed these chorales as the concluding movement of their church compositions. The chorale finale was emulated in more secular genres such as <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> 19th-century symphonies. Other composers of that era, such as Franck, expanded the repertoire of the organ chorale, also emulating what late <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> composers such as Bach had produced more than a century before. Entirely new chorale compositions became rare after the Romantic era, but by that time the four-part harmonization technique, as exemplified in four-part chorales, had become part of the canon of Western music. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_chorale" title="Lutheran chorale">Lutheran chorale</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, the word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Choral</i></span> may as well refer to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> congregational singing as to other forms of vocal (church) music, including <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPraßl2001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraßl2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English word which derived from this German term, that is <i>chorale</i>, however almost exclusively refers to the musical forms that originated in the German <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParryMartineau1900_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParryMartineau1900-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The bulk of Lutheran hymn texts and chorale melodies was created before the end of the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParryMartineau1900_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParryMartineau1900-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Erster_Theil_etlicher_Chor%C3%A4le" title="Erster Theil etlicher Choräle">Erster Theil etlicher Choräle</a></i>, a set of organ chorales, was published in the last decade of the 17th century. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>'s earliest extant compositions, works for organ which he possibly wrote before his fifteenth birthday, include the chorales <a href="/w/index.php?title=BWV_700&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BWV 700 (page does not exist)">BWV 700</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BWV_724&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BWV 724 (page does not exist)">724</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neumeister_Chorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Neumeister Chorales">1091, 1094, 1097, 1112, 1113 and 1119</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 18th century <a href="/wiki/Erdmann_Neumeister" title="Erdmann Neumeister">Erdmann Neumeister</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> format, originally consisting exclusively of <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">arias</a>, in Lutheran liturgical music. Within a few years, the format was combined with other pre-existing liturgical formats such as the <a href="/wiki/Chorale_concerto" title="Chorale concerto">chorale concerto</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Church_cantata" title="Church cantata">church cantatas</a> that consisted of free poetry, for instance used in recitatives and arias, <a href="/wiki/Dictum_(music)" title="Dictum (music)">dicta</a> and/or hymn-based movements: the <i><a href="/wiki/Sonntags-_und_Fest-Andachten" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonntags- und Fest-Andachten">Sonntags- und Fest-Andachten</a></i> cantata libretto cycle, published in <a href="/wiki/Meiningen" title="Meiningen">Meiningen</a> in 1704, contained such extended cantata texts. The <a href="/wiki/Chorale_cantata" title="Chorale cantata">chorale cantata</a>, called <i>per omnes versus</i> (through all verses) when its libretto was an entire unmodified Lutheran hymn, was also a format modernised from earlier types. <a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Dieterich Buxtehude</a> composed six <i>per omnes versus</i> chorale settings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZager2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGeT9AAAAQBAJpgPA38_38ff.]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZager2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGeT9AAAAQBAJpgPA38_38ff.]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BWV_4" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 4">BWV 4</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_early_cantatas" title="Bach's early cantatas">early Bach-cantata</a> composed in 1707, is in this same format. Later, for <a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_second_cantata_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach's second cantata cycle">his 1720s second cantata cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bach%27s_chorale_cantata_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach's chorale cantata format">Bach developed a chorale cantata format</a> where the inner movements paraphrased (rather than quoted) text of the inner verses of the hymn on which the cantata was based. </p><p>Each of the Meiningen cantata librettos contained a single chorale-based movement, on which it ended. Composers of the first half of the 18th century, such as Bach, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel" title="Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel">Stölzel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a>, often closed a cantata with a four-part chorale setting, whether or not the libretto of the cantata already contained verses of a Lutheran hymn. Bach set several of the Meiningen librettos in 1726, and Stölzel expanded the librettos of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Schmolck" title="Benjamin Schmolck">Benjamin Schmolck</a>'s <i>Saitenspiel</i> cycle with a closing chorale for each half cantata, when <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel#Church_cantatas" title="Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel">he set that cycle in the early 1720s</a>. Two of such closing chorales by Telemann inadvertently ended up in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis" title="Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis">Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis</a></i> (BWV): the fifth movements of the cantatas <a href="/wiki/BWV_218" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 218">BWV 218</a> and <a href="/wiki/BWV_219" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 219">219</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Telemann-Werke-Verzeichnis" title="Telemann-Werke-Verzeichnis">catalogue of Telemann's vocal works</a> adopted as Nos. 1:634/5 and 1:1328/5 respectively. These closing chorales almost always conformed to these formal characteristics: </p> <ul><li>text consisting of one, or more exceptionally two, stanzas of a Lutheran hymn</li> <li>chorale tune sung by the highest voice</li> <li>homophonic text setting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-part_harmony" title="Four-part harmony">four-part harmony</a>, for <a href="/wiki/SATB" title="SATB">SATB</a> vocalists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colla_parte" class="mw-redirect" title="Colla parte">colla parte</a> instrumentation, including <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">continuo</a></li></ul> <p>Around 400 of such settings by Bach are known, with the colla parte instrumentation surviving for more than half of them. They do not only appear as closing movements of church cantatas: they can appear in other places in cantatas, even, exceptionally, opening a cantata (<a href="/wiki/BWV_80b" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 80b">BWV 80b</a>). Bach's <a href="/wiki/Jesu,_meine_Freude,_BWV_227" title="Jesu, meine Freude, BWV 227"><i>Jesu, meine Freude</i> motet</a> contains several such chorales. Larger-scale compositions, such as <a href="/wiki/Passion_(music)" title="Passion (music)">Passions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a>, often contain multiple four-part chorale settings which in part define the composition's structure: for instance in Bach's <i><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion" title="St John Passion">St John</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew</a></i> Passions they often close units (scenes) before a next part of the narrative follows, and in the <i><a href="/wiki/Wer_ist_der,_so_von_Edom_k%C3%B6mmt" title="Wer ist der, so von Edom kömmt">Wer ist der, so von Edom kömmt</a></i> Passion <a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">pasticcio</a> the narrative is carried by interspersed four-part chorale settings of nearly all stanzas of the "<a href="/wiki/Christus,_der_uns_selig_macht" title="Christus, der uns selig macht">Christus, der uns selig macht</a>" hymn. </p><p>Vocal church music of this period also contained other types of chorale settings, the general format of which is indicated as <a href="/wiki/Chorale_fantasia" title="Chorale fantasia">chorale fantasia</a>: one voice, not necessarily the voice with the highest pitch, carries the chorale tune, with the other voices rather <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">contrapuntal</a> than homorhythmic, often with other melodies than the chorale tune, and instrumental interludes between the singing. For instance, the four cantatas with which Bach opened his second cantata cycle each start with a choral movement in chorale fantasia format, where the chorale tune is respectively sung by the soprano (<a href="/wiki/BWV_20" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 20">BWV 20</a>, 11 June 1724), alto (<a href="/wiki/BWV_2" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 2">BWV 2</a>, 18 June 1724), tenor (<a href="/wiki/BWV_7" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 7">BWV 7</a>, 24 June 1724) and bass (<a href="/wiki/BWV_135" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 135">BWV 135</a>, 25 June 1724) voices. Chorale fantasia settings are not necessarily choral movements: for instance, the fifth movement of the cantata <a href="/wiki/BWV_10" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 10">BWV 10</a> is a duet for alto and tenor voices in that format. Quarter of a century after Bach had composed that duet, he published it in an arrangement for organ, as fourth of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCbler_Chorales" title="Schübler Chorales">Schübler Chorales</a></i>, showing that the chorale fantasia format adapts itself very well to purely instrumental genres such as the <a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">chorale prelude</a> for organ. Around 200 of Bach's chorale preludes are extant, many of them in the chorale fantasia format (others are fugues, or homorhythmic settings). </p><p>In the first half of the 18th century, chorales also appear in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hausmusik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausmusik">Hausmusik</a></i></span> (music performance in family circle), e.g. <a href="/wiki/BWV_299" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 299">BWV 299</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Notebook_for_Anna_Magdalena_Bach" title="Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach">Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach</a></i>, and/or are used for didactical purposes, e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=BWV_691&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BWV 691 (page does not exist)">BWV 691</a> in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Klavierb%C3%BCchlein_f%C3%BCr_Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach</a></i></span>. Most of <a href="/wiki/List_of_chorales_of_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chorales of Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach's four-part chorales</a>, around 370 of them, were published for the first time between 1765 and 1787: these were the only works by the composer published between <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Fugue" title="The Art of Fugue">The Art of Fugue</a></i> (1751) and the 50th anniversary of the composer's death in 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 18th century <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a> could include a chorale movement: for instance the third movement of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Martin_Kraus" title="Joseph Martin Kraus">Joseph Martin Kraus</a>'s 1792 <i>Symphonie funèbre</i> is a chorale on (the Swedish version of) "<a href="/wiki/Nun_lasst_uns_den_Leib_begraben" title="Nun lasst uns den Leib begraben">Nun lasst uns den Leib begraben</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWill2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWp_z2jsDZkQCpgPA219_219]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWill2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWp_z2jsDZkQCpgPA219_219]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> chose a chorale-like ending for <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)">his Sixth Symphony</a> (1808).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chorale analogies are even stronger in the choral finale of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">his Ninth Symphony</a> (1824).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgCuXB45P-_ICpgPA674_674]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgCuXB45P-_ICpgPA674_674]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, champion of the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Bach_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach Revival">Bach Revival</a>, included a chorale ("<a href="/wiki/Ein_feste_Burg_ist_unser_Gott" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott">Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott</a>") in the finale of his <i><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation Symphony">Reformation Symphony</a></i> (1830).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first oratorio, <i><a href="/wiki/St._Paul_(oratorio)" title="St. Paul (oratorio)">Paulus</a></i>, which premièred in 1836, featured chorales such as "<a href="/wiki/Allein_Gott_in_der_H%C3%B6h_sei_Ehr" title="Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr">Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Wachet_auf,_ruft_uns_die_Stimme" title="Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme">Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme</a>". His <i><a href="/wiki/Lobgesang" title="Lobgesang">Lobgesang</a></i> Symphony-Cantata (1840) contained a movement based on the Lutheran chorale "<a href="/wiki/Nun_danket_alle_Gott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nun danket alle Gott">Nun danket alle Gott</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lutheran hymns also appear in <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Felix_Mendelssohn#Chorale_cantatas" title="List of compositions by Felix Mendelssohn">the composer's chorale cantatas</a>, some of his organ compositions, and the sketches of his unfinished <a href="/wiki/Christus_(Mendelssohn)" title="Christus (Mendelssohn)"><i>Christus</i> oratorio</a>. </p><p>In the first half of the 19th century, chorale-like symphony finales were also composed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Louis Spohr</a> ("<a href="/w/index.php?title=Begrabt_den_Leib_in_seiner_Gruft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Begrabt den Leib in seiner Gruft (page does not exist)">Begrabt den Leib in seiner Gruft</a>" concludes his 1832 Fourth Symphony, named <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Weihe_der_T%C3%B6ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Weihe der Töne (page does not exist)">Die Weihe der Töne</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Niels_Gade" title="Niels Gade">Niels Gade</a> (Second Symphony, 1843) and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Nicolai" title="Otto Nicolai">Otto Nicolai</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Concert_overture" class="mw-redirect" title="Concert overture">concert overtures</a> on "<a href="/wiki/Vom_Himmel_hoch,_da_komm_ich_her" title="Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her">Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her</a>" (<i>Christmas Overture</i>, 1833) and on ""Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott"" (<i>Ecclesiastical Festival Overture</i>, 1844).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchletterer1886_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchletterer1886-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a> set "Ad nos, ad salutarem undam" to a chorale melody of his own invention in his 1849 opera <i><a href="/wiki/Le_proph%C3%A8te" title="Le prophète">Le prophète</a></i>. The chorale tune was the basis for <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>'s organ composition <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_and_Fugue_on_the_chorale_%22Ad_nos,_ad_salutarem_undam%22" title="Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale "Ad nos, ad salutarem undam"">Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale "Ad nos, ad salutarem undam"</a> (1850). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Joachim Raff</a> included Luther's "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" in his Overture <a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">Op.</a> 127 (1854, revised 1865) and had his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Raff)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Raff)">Fifth Symphony (<i>Lenore</i>, Op. 177, 1872)</a> end on a chorale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeichtling2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeichtling2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Finale of <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Saint-Saëns)">1855 First Symphony</a> contains a homorhythmic chorale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the themes in the Finale of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Saint-Saëns)">1886 Third Symphony</a>, that is the theme that was adopted in the 1978 "<a href="/wiki/If_I_Had_Words" title="If I Had Words">If I Had Words</a>" song, is a chorale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinscher2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVOLOCwAAQBAJpgPA107_107]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinscher2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVOLOCwAAQBAJpgPA107_107]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Bruckner)">1873 Third Symphony</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Bruckner)">1876 Fifth Symphony</a> both end on a chorale played by <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instruments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruckner also used the chorale as a compositional device in <a href="/wiki/Two_Aequali_(Bruckner)" title="Two Aequali (Bruckner)">Two Aequali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarten199644–45_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarten199644–45-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, he included chorales in <a href="/wiki/Masses_(Bruckner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masses (Bruckner)">masses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motets_(Bruckner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motets (Bruckner)">motets</a> (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Dir,_Herr,_dir_will_ich_mich_ergeben" title="Dir, Herr, dir will ich mich ergeben">Dir, Herr, dir will ich mich ergeben</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/In_jener_letzten_der_N%C3%A4chte" title="In jener letzten der Nächte">In jener letzten der Nächte</a></i>), and in part 7 of his <a href="/wiki/Festive_Cantata_(Bruckner)" title="Festive Cantata (Bruckner)">festive cantata <i>Preiset den Herrn</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Zwol2012701–703_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Zwol2012701–703-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <a href="/wiki/Psalm_22_(Bruckner)" title="Psalm 22 (Bruckner)">setting of Psalm 22</a> and in the Finale of his Fifth Symphony he used a chorale in contrast to and combination with a <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the themes in the Finale of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Brahms)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Brahms)">First Symphony (1876)</a> is a chorale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1881 <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Sergei Taneyev</a> described chorale harmonisations, such as those ending Bach's cantatas, rather as a necessary evil: inartistic, but unavoidable, even in Russian church music.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1880s <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a> was adopting chorales in his instrumental compositions, often adapted from or inspired by models by Johann Sebastian Bach: for example <a href="/wiki/Busoni-Verzeichnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Busoni-Verzeichnis">BV</a> 186 (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1881</span>), an introduction and fugue on "Herzliebster Jesu, was hast du verbrochen", No. 3 of Bach's <i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i>. In 1897 he transcribed Liszt's Fantasy and Fugue on the chorale "Ad nos, ad salutarem undam" for piano. <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">César Franck</a> emulated the chorale in compositions for piano (<i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9lude,_Choral_et_Fugue_(Franck)" title="Prélude, Choral et Fugue (Franck)">Prélude, Choral et Fugue</a></i>, 1884) and for organ (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trois_chorals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trois chorals (page does not exist)">Trois chorals</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_chorals" class="extiw" title="fr:Trois chorals">fr</a>]</span></i>, 1890). <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zahn" title="Johannes Zahn">Johannes Zahn</a> published an index and classification of all known <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> hymn tunes in six volumes from 1889 to 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZahn1889–1893_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahn1889–1893-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A chorale-like theme appears throughout the last movement of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Mahler)">Third Symphony (1896)</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/e/r/ernd150b48cpc63hdivew47veh29prm/ernd150b.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/e/r/ernd150b48cpc63hdivew47veh29prm/ernd150b.png" width="415" height="81" alt=" \relative c' { \clef treble \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \key d \major \partial 4*1 a4\pp( | d2 cis4 b) | a( b cis d) | e2( fis4 e) | e2( d4) } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/e/r/ernd150b48cpc63hdivew47veh29prm/ernd150b.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/e/r/ernd150b48cpc63hdivew47veh29prm/ernd150b.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_to_21st_century">20th to 21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th to 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fantasia_Contrappuntistica_Plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fantasia_Contrappuntistica_Plan.jpg/300px-Fantasia_Contrappuntistica_Plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fantasia_Contrappuntistica_Plan.jpg/450px-Fantasia_Contrappuntistica_Plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fantasia_Contrappuntistica_Plan.jpg/600px-Fantasia_Contrappuntistica_Plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1410" /></a><figcaption>Busoni's pictorial representation of the architecture of his <i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_contrappuntistica" title="Fantasia contrappuntistica">Fantasia contrappuntistica</a></i> composition: chorales appear symmetrically in Nos. 1 and 11</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satie_sports_preface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Satie_sports_preface.jpg/330px-Satie_sports_preface.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Satie_sports_preface.jpg/500px-Satie_sports_preface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Satie_sports_preface.jpg/960px-Satie_sports_preface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>"Préface" (preface) and "Choral inappétissant" (unsavoury chorale), first page of Satie's <a href="/wiki/Autograph_(manuscript)" title="Autograph (manuscript)">autograph</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_et_divertissements" title="Sports et divertissements">Sports et divertissements</a></i> (dated 15 May 1914)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Mahler)">his Fifth Symphony</a>, the first version of which was composed 1901–1902, Gustav Mahler included a chorale near the end of Part I (2nd movement).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoman1981_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoman1981-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chorale melody reappears in a transformed version in the last movement of the symphony (Part III, 5th movement).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoman1981_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoman1981-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after Mahler had completed the symphony, <a href="/wiki/Alma_Mahler" title="Alma Mahler">his wife Alma</a> reproached him to have included a dreary church-like chorale in the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros19813_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros19813-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahler replied that Bruckner had included chorales in his symphonies, to which she replied "<i>Der</i> darf, du nicht!" (<i>He</i> [Bruckner] can do that, you shouldn't).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros19813_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros19813-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her memoir, she continues that she then tried to convince her husband that his strength lay elsewhere than in the adoption of churchy chorales in his music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros19813_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros19813-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Busoni continued to compose Bach-inspired chorales in the 20th century, for instance including chorale subsections in his <i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_contrappuntistica" title="Fantasia contrappuntistica">Fantasia contrappuntistica</a></i> (1910s). <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_et_divertissements" title="Sports et divertissements">Sports et divertissements</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a> in 1914, opens with "Choral inappétissant" (unsavoury chorale), in which the composer put, according to his preface, everything he knew about tedium, and which he dedicated to all who disliked him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatie1914_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatie1914-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with much of Satie's music, it was written down without metre. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> included chorales in some of his compositions: among others, a "Little Chorale" and a "Great Chorale" in his <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Histoire_du_soldat" title="L'Histoire du soldat">L'Histoire du soldat</a></i> (1918) and a chorale concluding his <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonies_of_Wind_Instruments" title="Symphonies of Wind Instruments">Symphonies of Wind Instruments</a></i> (1920, rev. 1947).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmythTraut2011_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmythTraut2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomfai1972_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomfai1972-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry1993–1994_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1993–1994-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus1997_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "By the leeks of Babylon" is a chorale in <i>The Seasonings</i>, an oratorio which appeared on <i><a href="/wiki/An_Hysteric_Return:_P.D.Q._Bach_at_Carnegie_Hall" title="An Hysteric Return: P.D.Q. Bach at Carnegie Hall">An Hysteric Return</a></i>, a 1966 <a href="/wiki/P._D._Q._Bach" title="P. D. Q. Bach">P. D. Q. Bach</a> album.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chorales appear in <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>'s music, for instance in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Un_vitrail_et_des_oiseaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Un vitrail et des oiseaux (page does not exist)">Un vitrail et des oiseaux</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_vitrail_et_des_oiseaux" class="extiw" title="fr:Un vitrail et des oiseaux">fr</a>]</span></i> (1986–1988) and <i>La ville d'en haut</i> (1989), two late <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_compositions_for_piano_by_Olivier_Messiaen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of compositions for piano by Olivier Messiaen (page does not exist)">works for piano and orchestra</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_%C5%93uvres_d%27Olivier_Messiaen#Piano" class="extiw" title="fr:Liste des œuvres d'Olivier Messiaen">fr</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheong2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheong2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDingle1995_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDingle1995-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDingle2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK2ebDUfcZwQCpgPR12_xii]_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDingle2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK2ebDUfcZwQCpgPR12_xii]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stand-alone orchestral chorales were adapted from works by Johann Sebastian Bach: for instance <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> orchestrated, among other similar pieces, the sacred song <a href="/wiki/BWV_478" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 478">BWV 478</a> and the fourth movement of the cantata <a href="/wiki/BWV_4" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 4">BWV 4</a> as chorales <i>Komm, süsser Tod</i> (recorded 1933) and <i>Jesus Christus, Gottes Sohn</i> (recorded 1937) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recordings of all of Bach's chorales—vocal as well as instrumental—appeared in the three complete works box sets that were issued around the 250th anniversary of the composer's death in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chorale melodies are often in <a href="/wiki/Bar_form" title="Bar form">Bar form</a>, that is, consisting of a repeated first phrase, called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stollen</i></span>, and a concluding second phrase. The harmonisation of such a chorale melody may repeat the same harmonisation for both passes of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stollen</i></span>, or may present a variant harmonisation on the second pass of the first phrase of the melody. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocal">Vocal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vocal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Part_song">Part song</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Part song"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hymnals: </p> <ul><li>Melody in tenor part, three- to five-part settings, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn</a></i> (Walter 1524)</li> <li>Four- to six-part settings, with thorough bass accompaniment, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Neu_Leipziger_Gesangbuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Neu Leipziger Gesangbuch">Neu Leipziger Gesangbuch</a></i> (Vopelius 1682)</li></ul> <p>Collections, e.g. <a href="/wiki/List_of_chorale_harmonisations_by_Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="List of chorale harmonisations by Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach's four-part chorale editions</a> </p><p><i>Colla parte</i> accompaniment, e.g. closing chorales of Bach-cantatas </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elaborate_choral_settings">Elaborate choral settings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Elaborate choral settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chorale_fantasia" title="Chorale fantasia">Chorale fantasia</a>, e.g. opening movement of <i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> (in English rather called Chorus than Chorale) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monodic_with_instrumental_accompaniment">Monodic with instrumental accompaniment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monodic with instrumental accompaniment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voice and continuo, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Schemellis_Gesangbuch" title="Schemellis Gesangbuch">Schemellis Gesangbuch</a></i> (1736) – rather called <i>Lied</i> in German </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumental">Instrumental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Instrumental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In instrumental chorale settings, as well emulations of four-part homophony, as chorale fantasia type of approaches exist. </p><p>Originally <i>Choralbearbeitung</i>, i.e. setting of a pre-existing chorale melody </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organ">Organ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chorale preludes, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Erster_Theil_etlicher_Chor%C3%A4le" title="Erster Theil etlicher Choräle">Erster Theil etlicher Choräle</a></i> (Pachelbel), <i><a href="/wiki/Clavier-%C3%9Cbung_III" title="Clavier-Übung III">Clavier-Übung III</a></i> (Bach) </p><p>Not based on pre-existing hymn tunes, e.g. César Franck's <i>Trois chorals</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orchestra">Orchestra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Orchestra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In symphonies, e.g. Mendelssohn, Bruckner, Saint-Saëns, Mahler </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chorales for solo piano are included in, for instance, Franck's <i>Prélude, Choral et Fugue</i> (1884), Satie's <i>Sports et divertissements</i> (1914, published <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1923</span>), and Busoni's <i>Fantasia contrappuntistica</i> (multiple versions, early 1910s). That last composition also exists in the composer's arrangement for two pianos (early 1920s). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraßl2001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPraßl2001_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPraßl2001">Praßl 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParryMartineau1900-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParryMartineau1900_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParryMartineau1900_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParryMartineau1900">Parry & Martineau 1900</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Works <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000820?lang=en">00820</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00000847?lang=en">00847</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001277?lang=en">01277</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001280?lang=en">01280</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001283?lang=en">01283</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001298?lang=en">01298</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001299?lang=en">01299</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bachdigital.de/receive/BachDigitalWork_work_00001305?lang=en">01305</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bach_Digital" title="Bach Digital">Bach Digital</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZager2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGeT9AAAAQBAJpgPA38_38ff.]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZager2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGeT9AAAAQBAJpgPA38_38ff.]_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZager2006">Zager 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GeT9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">38ff.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Chorale_Harmonisations,_BWV_1-438_(Bach,_Johann_Sebastian)" class="extiw" title="scores:Chorale Harmonisations, BWV 1-438 (Bach, Johann Sebastian)">Chorale Harmonisations, BWV 1-438, by Johann Sebastian Bach</a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWill2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWp_z2jsDZkQCpgPA219_219]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWill2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWp_z2jsDZkQCpgPA219_219]_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWill2002">Will 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp_z2jsDZkQC&pg=PA219">219</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTQv3AQAAQBAJpgPA341_341]_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorton2013">Horton 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQv3AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA341">341</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgCuXB45P-_ICpgPA674_674]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgCuXB45P-_ICpgPA674_674]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2002">Brown 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gCuXB45P-_IC&pg=PA674">674</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchletterer1886-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchletterer1886_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchletterer1886">Schletterer 1886</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeichtling2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeichtling2009_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeichtling2009">Leichtling 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinscher2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVOLOCwAAQBAJpgPA107_107]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinscher2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVOLOCwAAQBAJpgPA107_107]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinscher2016">Finscher 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOLOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">107</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarten199644–45-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarten199644–45_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarten1996">Harten 1996</a>, p. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Zwol2012701–703-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Zwol2012701–703_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Zwol2012">van Zwol 2012</a>, pp. 701–703.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carragan, William. n.d. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abruckner.com/Data/articles/articlesEnglish/carragantimed/symphonyno5/B5_timing_analysis.pdf">Bruckner's Symphony No. 5: Timing Analysis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024210002/https://www.abruckner.com/Data/articles/articlesEnglish/carragantimed/symphonyno5/B5_timing_analysis.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jopi Harri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecmr.fi/Scanned_Books_etc/AnnalesB340Harri.pdf"><i>St. Petersburg Court Chant and the Tradition of Eastern Slavic Church Singing</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220202804/http://ecmr.fi/Scanned_Books_etc/AnnalesB340Harri.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-02-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Finland: University of Turku (2011), p. 23–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahn1889–1893-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZahn1889–1893_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZahn1889–1893">Zahn 1889–1893</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoman1981-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoman1981_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoman1981_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoman1981">Roman 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloros19813-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros19813_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros19813_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloros19813_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloros1981">Floros 1981</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESatie1914-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatie1914_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSatie1914">Satie 1914</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmythTraut2011-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmythTraut2011_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmythTraut2011">Smyth & Traut 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomfai1972-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomfai1972_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSomfai1972">Somfai 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry1993–1994-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry1993–1994_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerry1993–1994">Perry 1993–1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraus1997-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraus1997_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStraus1997">Straus 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/Professor-Peter-Schickele-An-Hysteric-Return-PDQ-Bach-At-Carnegie-Hall/release/13750267">Professor Peter Schickele* – An Hysteric Return P.D.Q. Bach At Carnegie Hall</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322084131/https://www.discogs.com/Professor-Peter-Schickele-An-Hysteric-Return-PDQ-Bach-At-Carnegie-Hall/release/13750267">Archived</a> 2020-03-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 28 November 2019<span style="font-size: 90%; color: #555"></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheong2010-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheong2010_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheong2010">Cheong 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDingle1995-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDingle1995_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDingle1995">Dingle 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDingle2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK2ebDUfcZwQCpgPR12_xii]-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDingle2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK2ebDUfcZwQCpgPR12_xii]_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDingle2013">Dingle 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2ebDUfcZwQC&pg=PR12">xii</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stokowski.org/Stokowski_Philadelphia_Electrical_Discography.htm">Leopold Stokowski – Philadelphia Orchestra: Chronological Discography of Electrical Recordings 1925–1940</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301020513/http://www.stokowski.org/Stokowski_Philadelphia_Electrical_Discography.htm">Archived</a> 2017-03-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, stokowski.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2001/Dec01/BrilliantBach.htm">"Bach Edition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110120315/http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2001/Dec01/BrilliantBach.htm">Archived</a> 2016-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, musicweb-international.com, 1 December 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Teldec" title="Teldec">Teldec</a>'s 1999 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Bach-2000-Johann-Sebastian/dp/B00001IV8B">Bach 2000 Box set, Limited Edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012031531/https://www.amazon.com/Bach-2000-Johann-Sebastian/dp/B00001IV8B">Archived</a> 2016-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, amazon.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haenssler-classic.de/en/series-and-editions/johann-sebastian-bach-edition/the-complete-works/the-complete-cd-edition.html">Bach-Edition: The Complete Works (172 CDs & CDR)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4nssler_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hänssler Classic">Hänssler Classic</a> website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929224617/http://www.haenssler-classic.de/en/series-and-editions/johann-sebastian-bach-edition/the-complete-works/the-complete-cd-edition.html">Archived</a> 29 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown2002" class="citation book cs1">Brown, A. Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gCuXB45P-_IC"><i>The First Golden Age of the Viennese Symphony: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253334879" title="Special:BookSources/9780253334879"><bdi>9780253334879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Golden+Age+of+the+Viennese+Symphony%3A+Haydn%2C+Mozart%2C+Beethoven%2C+and+Schubert&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780253334879&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=A.+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgCuXB45P-_IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCheong2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cheong, Wai-Ling (October 2010). "Plainchants as Coloured Time in Messiaen's <i>Couleurs de la Cité Céleste</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(journal)" title="Tempo (journal)">Tempo</a></i>. <b>64</b> (254): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040298210000392">10.1017/S0040298210000392</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147597518">147597518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Plainchants+as+Coloured+Time+in+Messiaen%27s+Couleurs+de+la+Cit%C3%A9+C%C3%A9leste&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=254&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0040298210000392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147597518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cheong&rft.aufirst=Wai-Ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDingle1995" class="citation journal cs1">Dingle, Christopher (April 1995). 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"Stravinsky's Sketches for the Great Chorale". <i><a href="/wiki/Int%C3%A9gral_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intégral (journal)">Intégral</a></i>. <b>25</b>: <span class="nowrap">89–</span>120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int%C3%A9gral&rft.atitle=Stravinsky%27s+Sketches+for+the+Great+Chorale&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Traut%2C+Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSomfai1972" class="citation journal cs1">Somfai, László (1972). "<i>Symphonies of Wind Instruments</i> (1920): Observations on Stravinsky's Organic Construction". <i>Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>. <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">355–</span>383.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Musicologica+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=Symphonies+of+Wind+Instruments+%281920%29%3A+Observations+on+Stravinsky%27s+Organic+Construction&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E383&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Somfai&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStraus1997" class="citation journal cs1">Straus, Joseph N. (Summer 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_pubs/414">"Babbitt and Stravinsky under the Serial 'Regime'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_of_New_Music" title="Perspectives of New Music">Perspectives of New Music</a></i>. <b>35</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F833640">10.2307/833640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/833640">833640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+of+New+Music&rft.atitle=Babbitt+and+Stravinsky+under+the+Serial+%27Regime%27&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F833640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F833640%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Joseph+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademicworks.cuny.edu%2Fgc_pubs%2F414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWill2002" class="citation book cs1">Will, Richard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp_z2jsDZkQC"><i>The Characteristic Symphony in the Age of Haydn and Beethoven</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139433754" title="Special:BookSources/9781139433754"><bdi>9781139433754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Characteristic+Symphony+in+the+Age+of+Haydn+and+Beethoven&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781139433754&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWp_z2jsDZkQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZager2006" class="citation book cs1">Zager, Daniel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GeT9AAAAQBAJ"><i>Music and Theology: Essays in Honor of Robin A. Leaver</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461701514" title="Special:BookSources/9781461701514"><bdi>9781461701514</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Theology%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Robin+A.+Leaver&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781461701514&rft.aulast=Zager&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGeT9AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZahn1889–1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zahn" title="Johannes Zahn">Zahn, Johannes</a> (1889–1893). <i><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Die_Melodien_der_deutschen_evangelischen_Kirchenlieder_(Zahn,_Johannes)" class="extiw" title="scores:Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder (Zahn, Johannes)">Die Melodien der deutschen evangelischen Kirchenlieder</a></i>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">I–</span>VI. Gütersloh: <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Melodien+der+deutschen+evangelischen+Kirchenlieder&rft.place=G%C3%BCtersloh&rft.pub=Bertelsmann&rft.date=1889%2F1893&rft.aulast=Zahn&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFvan_Zwol2012">van Zwol, Cornelis. 2012. <i>Anton Bruckner 1824–1896: Leven en werken</i>. Bussum: THOTH. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6868-590-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6868-590-9">978-90-6868-590-9</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Anderson" title="Julian Anderson">Anderson, Julian</a> (July 2002). "Harmonic Practices in Oliver Knussen's Music since 1988: Part I". <i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(journal)" title="Tempo (journal)">Tempo</a></i>. New Series (221): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040298200015618">10.1017/S0040298200015618</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145399155">145399155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Harmonic+Practices+in+Oliver+Knussen%27s+Music+since+1988%3A+Part+I&rft.issue=221&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0040298200015618&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145399155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Frisch, Walter (Fall 2001 – Spring 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8FR0784/download">"Reger's Bach and Historicist Modernism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/19th-Century_Music" title="19th-Century Music">19th-Century Music</a></i>. <b>25</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">296–</span>312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fncm.2001.25.2-3.296">10.1525/ncm.2001.25.2-3.296</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190709449">190709449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19th-Century+Music&rft.atitle=Reger%27s+Bach+and+Historicist+Modernism&rft.chron=fall+2001+%E2%80%93+spring+2002&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=2001%2F2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fncm.2001.25.2-3.296&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190709449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Frisch&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademiccommons.columbia.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.7916%2FD8FR0784%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Rupprecht, Philip (April 2005). "Above and Beyond the Bass: Harmony and Texture in George Benjamin's <i>Viola, Viola</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(journal)" title="Tempo (journal)">Tempo</a></i>. <b>59</b> (232): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040298205000136">10.1017/S0040298205000136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145777103">145777103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Above+and+Beyond+the+Bass%3A+Harmony+and+Texture+in+George+Benjamin%27s+Viola%2C+Viola&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=232&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0040298205000136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145777103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rupprecht&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChorale" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorale&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://djtascha.de/schemellis-gesangbuch/">Schemellis Gesangbuch BWV 439–507</a>, djtascha.de: the 69 sacred songs of <i>Schemellis Gesangbuch</i> converted to four-part chorales.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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