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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Hebrew law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Hebrew_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Talmud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talmud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Talmud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talmud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objective_of_reciprocal_justice_in_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objective_of_reciprocal_justice_in_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Objective of reciprocal justice in Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objective_of_reciprocal_justice_in_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_hierarchy_and_reciprocal_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_hierarchy_and_reciprocal_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Social hierarchy and reciprocal justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_hierarchy_and_reciprocal_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Roman_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Roman_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In Roman law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Roman_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islamic_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islamic_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In Islamic law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Islamic_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-An_eye_for_an_eye_makes_the_whole_world_blind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_eye_for_an_eye_makes_the_whole_world_blind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_eye_for_an_eye_makes_the_whole_world_blind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eye for an eye</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86" title="العين بالعين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العين بالعين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Таліён – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Таліён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Таліён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Таліён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_del_tali%C3%B3" title="Llei del talió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llei del talió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_talionis" title="Lex talionis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lex talionis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_talionis" title="Jus talionis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jus talionis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auge_f%C3%BCr_Auge" title="Auge für Auge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Auge für Auge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_del_tali%C3%B3n" title="Ley del talión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley del talión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okulon_pro_okulo" title="Okulon pro okulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okulon pro okulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talioiaren_lege" title="Talioiaren lege – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Talioiaren lege" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85" title="چشم در برابر چشم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چشم در برابر چشم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_du_talion" title="Loi du talion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loi du talion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%88%EC%97%90%EB%8A%94_%EB%88%88" title="눈에는 눈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="눈에는 눈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliono" title="Taliono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Taliono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_ganti_mata" title="Mata ganti mata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mata ganti mata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_talionis" title="Lex talionis – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lex talionis" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_del_taglione" title="Legge del taglione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legge del taglione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="מידה כנגד מידה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מידה כנגד מידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Талион – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Талион" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talio" title="Talio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Talio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talionas" title="Talionas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Talionas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talio-elv" title="Talio-elv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Talio-elv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_ganti_mata" title="Mata ganti mata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mata ganti mata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oog_om_oog,_tand_om_tand" title="Oog om oog, tand om tand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oog om oog, tand om tand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF%E7%9B%AE%E3%82%92" title="目には目を – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="目には目を" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ye_for_%C3%B8ye" title="Øye for øye – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øye for øye" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawo_talionu" title="Prawo talionu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawo talionu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_de_tali%C3%A3o" title="Lei de talião – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lei de talião" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legea_talionului" title="Legea talionului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Legea talionului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Талион – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Талион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1lio" title="Tálio – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tálio" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%82_%D8%A8%DB%95_%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%82" title="حەق بە حەق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حەق بە حەق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Око за око – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Око за око" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talio-periaate" title="Talio-periaate – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Talio-periaate" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talionprincipen" title="Talionprincipen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Talionprincipen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_sa_mata" title="Mata sa mata – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mata sa mata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ตาต่อตา ฟันต่อฟัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตาต่อตา ฟันต่อฟัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ze_g%C3%B6z" title="Göze göz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Göze göz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Таліон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таліон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFt_%C4%91%E1%BB%81n_m%E1%BA%AFt,_r%C4%83ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%81n_r%C4%83ng" title="Mắt đền mắt, răng đền răng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mắt đền mắt, răng đền răng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E7%9B%AE%E9%82%84%E7%9B%AE" title="以目還目 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="以目還目" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Expression supporting proportional punishment; no more and no less</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the principle of <a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">retributive justice</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mirror_punishment" title="Mirror punishment">Mirror punishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Eye for an eye (disambiguation)">Eye for an eye (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lex_talionis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lex talionis (disambiguation)">Lex talionis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>"<b>An eye for an eye</b>" (<a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן</span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><i>ʿayīn taḥaṯ ʿayīn</i></i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a commandment found in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> 21:23–27 expressing the principle of reciprocal justice measure for measure. The earliest known use of the principle appears in the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a>, which predates the writing of the Hebrew Bible but not necessarily oral traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-white_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Lex_talionis"></span>The <b>law of exact retaliation</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">lex talionis</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981571ff_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981571ff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>reciprocal justice</b>, bears the same principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree by the injured party. In softer interpretations, it means the victim receives the [estimated] value of the injury in compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981572_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981572-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intent behind the principle was to <i>restrict</i> compensation to the value of the loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981571ff_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981571ff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_methods">Definition and methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>lex talionis</i> does not always and only refer to literal eye-for-an-eye codes of justice (see rather <a href="/wiki/Mirror_punishment" title="Mirror punishment">mirror punishment</a>) but applies to the broader class of legal systems that specifically formulate penalties for specific crimes, which are thought to be fitting in their severity. Some propose that this was at least in part intended to prevent excessive punishment at the hands of either an avenging private party or the state.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common expression of lex talionis is "an eye for an eye", but other interpretations have been given as well.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal codes following the principle of <i>lex talionis</i> have one thing in common: prescribed 'fitting' counter punishment for a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a>. The simplest example is the "eye for an eye" principle. In that case, the rule was that punishment must be exactly equal to the crime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Babylonian_law">In Babylonian law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Babylonian law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the legal <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a>, the principle of exact reciprocity is very clearly used. For example, if a person caused the death of another person, the killer would <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">be put to death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammurabi1780_BC§230_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammurabi1780_BC§230-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various ideas regarding the origins of this law exist, but a common one is that it developed as early civilizations grew and a less well-established system for retribution of wrongs, <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">feuds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">vendettas</a>, threatened the social fabric. Despite having been replaced with newer modes of legal theory, <i>lex talionis</i> systems served a critical purpose in the development of social systems—the establishment of a body whose purpose was to enact the retaliation and ensure that this was the only punishment. This body was the state in one of its earliest forms. The principle can be found in earlier Mesopotamian law codes such as the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Ur-Nammu" title="Code of Ur-Nammu">Codes of Ur-Nammu</a> of Ur and <a href="/wiki/Lipit-I%C5%A1tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipit-Ištar">Lipit-Ištar</a> of Isín.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principle is found in <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Law">Babylonian Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammurabi1780_BC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammurabi1780_BC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If it is surmised that in societies not bound by the rule of law, if a person was hurt, then the injured person (or their relative) would take <a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">vengeful</a> retribution on the person who caused the injury. The retribution might be worse than the crime, perhaps even death. Babylonian law put a limit on such actions, restricting the retribution to be no worse than the crime, as long as victim and offender occupied the same status in society. As with <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> or <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">lèse-majesté</a> (crimes against a god or a monarch), crimes against one's social betters were punished more severely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_ancient_Greek_law">In ancient Greek law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In ancient Greek law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a>, teacher of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>: "The grand periodicities of nature are conceived of enacting cycles of retaliatory retribution." <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> rejected this law.<sup id="cite_ref-cul_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cul-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Hebrew_law">In Hebrew law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Hebrew law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The law of the Hebrews rejected this law; the Hebrew Bible allows for <i>kofer</i> (a monetary payment) to take the place of a bodily punishment for any crime except murder.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not specified whether the victim, accused, or judge had the authority to choose <i>kofer</i> in place of bodily punishment. </p><p>The idiomatic biblical phrase <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עין תחת עין</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ayin tachat ayin</i></span> in Exodus and Leviticus literally means 'one eye under/(in place of) one eye' while a slightly different phrase (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עַיִן בְּעַיִן שֵׁן בְּשֵׁן</span></span>, literally 'eye for an eye; tooth for a tooth' ...) is used in another passage (Deuteronomy) in the context of possible reciprocal court sentences for failed false witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-lev24_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lev24-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ex21_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ex21-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deut19_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deut19-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "only one eye for one eye" was to <em>restrict</em> compensation to the value of the loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981571ff_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981571ff-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English translation of a passage in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> states, <i>"And a man who injures his countryman – as he has done, so it shall be done to him [namely,] fracture under/for fracture, eye under/for eye, tooth under/for tooth. Just as another person has received injury from him, so it will be given to him."</i> (Lev. 24:19–21).<sup id="cite_ref-lev24_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lev24-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For an example of <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תחת</span></span> being used in its regular sense of 'under', see Lev. 22:27 "A bull, sheep or goat, when it is born shall remain under its mother, and from the eighth day..." </p><p>An English translation of Exodus 21:22-24 states: <i>"If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman's husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine. And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot."</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isaac Kalimi said that the lex talionis was "humanized" by the Rabbis who interpreted "an eye for an eye" to mean reasonable pecuniary compensation. As in the case of the Babylonian <i>lex talionis</i>, ethical Judaism and humane Jewish jurisprudence replaces the <i><a href="/wiki/Peshat" title="Peshat">peshat</a></i> (literal meaning) of the written Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pasachoff and Littman point to the reinterpretation of the lex talionis as an example of the ability of Pharisaic Judaism to "adapt to changing social and intellectual ideas."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Talmud">Talmud</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Talmud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interprets the verses referring to "an eye for an eye" and similar expressions as mandating monetary compensation in <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> cases and argues against the interpretations by Sadducees that the Bible verses refer to physical retaliation in kind, using the argument that such an interpretation would be inapplicable to blind or eyeless offenders. Since the Torah requires that penalties be universally applicable, the phrase cannot be interpreted in this manner. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The Oral Law explains, based upon the biblical verses, that the Bible mandates a sophisticated five-part monetary form of compensation, consisting of payment for "Damages, Pain, Medical Expenses, Incapacitation, and Mental Anguish" — which underlies many modern legal codes. Some rabbinic literature explains, moreover, that the expression, "An eye for an eye, etc." suggests that the perpetrator deserves to lose his own eye, but that biblical law treats him leniently. − Paraphrased from the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Congregations" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Orthodox Congregations">Union of Orthodox Congregations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OU_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OU-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, the Torah also discusses a form of direct reciprocal justice, where the phrase <i>ayin tachat ayin</i> makes another appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, the Torah discusses false witnesses who conspire to testify against another person. The Torah requires the court to "do to him as he had conspired to do to his brother".<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse_||Dt|19:19|JPS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse_||Dt|19:19|JPS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assuming the fulfillment of certain technical criteria (such as the sentencing of the accused whose punishment was not yet executed), wherever it is possible to punish the conspirators with exactly the same punishment through which they had planned to harm their fellow, the court carries out this direct reciprocal justice (including when the punishment constitutes the death penalty). Otherwise, the offenders receive lashes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since there is no form of punishment in the Torah that calls for the maiming of an offender (punitary amputation) there is no case where a conspiratorial false witness could possibly be punished by the court injuring to his eye, tooth, hand, or foot. There is one case where the Torah states "…and you shall cut off her hand…"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sages of the Talmud understood the literal meaning of this verse as referring to a case where the woman is attacking a man in potentially lethal manner. This verse teaches that, although one must intervene to save the victim, one may not kill a lethal attacker if it is possible to neutralize that attacker through non-lethal injury.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, there is no verse that even appears to mandate injury to the eye, tooth, or foot. </p><p>Numbers 35:9–30 discusses the only form of remotely reciprocal justice not carried out directly by the court, where, under very limited circumstances, someone found guilty of negligent manslaughter may be killed by a relative of the deceased who takes on the role of "redeemer of blood". In such cases, the court requires the guilty party to flee to a designated city of refuge. While the guilty party is there, the "redeemer of blood" may not kill him. If, however, the guilty party illegally forgoes his exile, the "redeemer of blood", as an accessory of the court, may kill the guilty party. </p><p>According to traditional Jewish Law, application of these laws requires the presence and maintenance of the biblically designated cities of refuge, as well as a conviction in an eligible court of 23 judges as delineated by the Torah and Talmud. The latter condition is also applicable for any capital punishment. These circumstances have not existed for approximately 2,000 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Objective_of_reciprocal_justice_in_Judaism">Objective of reciprocal justice in Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Objective of reciprocal justice in Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Talmud discusses the concept of justice as measure-for-measure retribution (<i>middah k'neged middah</i>) in the context of divinely implemented justice. Regarding reciprocal justice by court, however, the Torah states that punishments serve to remove dangerous elements from society ("…and you shall eliminate the evil from your midst"<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse_||Dt|19:19|JPS_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse_||Dt|19:19|JPS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and to deter potential criminals from violating the law ("And the rest shall hear and be daunted, and they shall no longer commit anything like this evil deed in your midst"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Additionally, reciprocal justice in tort cases serves to compensate the victim (see above). </p><p>The ideal of vengeance for the sake of assuaging the distress of the victim plays no role in the Torah's conception of court justice, as victims are cautioned against even hating or bearing a grudge against those who have harmed them. The Torah makes no distinction between whether or not the potential object of hatred or a grudge has been brought to justice, and all people are taught to love their fellow Israelites.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_hierarchy_and_reciprocal_justice">Social hierarchy and reciprocal justice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social hierarchy and reciprocal justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Exodus 21, as in the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a>, the concept of reciprocal justice seemingly applies to social equals; the statement of reciprocal justice "life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is followed by an example of a different law: if a slave-owner blinds the eye or knocks out the tooth of a slave, the slave is freed but the owner pays no other consequence. On the other hand, the slave would probably be put to death for the injury of the eye of the slave-owner.<sup id="cite_ref-Coogan_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coogan-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However the reciprocal justice applies across social boundaries: the "eye for eye" principle is directly followed by the proclamation "You are to have one law for the alien and the citizen."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shows a much more meaningful principle for social justice, in that the marginalized in society were given the same rights under the social structure. In this context, the reciprocal justice in an ideal functioning setting, according to Michael Coogan,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> "to prevent people from taking the law into their own hands and exacting disproportionate vengeance for offenses committed against them."<sup id="cite_ref-Coogan_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coogan-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Roman_law">In Roman law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Roman law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical texts advocating the retributive view include <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/De_Legibus" title="De Legibus">De Legibus</a></i>, written in the 1st century BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> moved toward monetary compensation as a substitute for vengeance. In cases of assault, fixed penalties were set for various injuries, although <i>talio</i> was still permitted if one person broke another's limb.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Islamic_law">In Islamic law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Islamic law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas">Qisas</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Q5:45" class="mw-redirect" title="Q5:45">Q5:45</a>) mentions the "eye for an eye" concept as being ordained for the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Israel">Children of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle of Lex talionis in Islam is Qiṣāṣ (Arabic: قصاص) as mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000002F-QINU`"'</style><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Qur'an</i>, 2:178</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qur%27an&rft.pages=2%3A178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></a>: "O you who have believed, prescribed for you is legal retribution (<i>Qisas</i>) for those murdered – the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female. But whoever overlooks from his brother anything, then there should be a suitable follow-up and payment to him with good conduct. This is an alleviation from your Lord and a mercy. But whoever transgresses after that will have a painful punishment." Muslim countries that use Islamic <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i> law, such as <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> or Saudi Arabia, apply the "eye for an eye" rule literally.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> In the Torah We prescribed for them a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, an equal wound for a wound: if anyone forgoes this out of charity, it will serve as atonement for his bad deeds. Those who do not judge according to what God has revealed are doing grave wrong.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Al-Ma'ida <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Qurʾān</i>, 5:45</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pages=5%3A45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 2017, an Iranian woman wounded in an <a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">acid attack</a> was given the opportunity to have her attacker blinded with acid per sharia law.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a> is applied to murderers in some jurisdictions.</li> <li>The paramilitary group <a href="/wiki/Nakam" title="Nakam">Nakam</a> sought to kill six million Germans as revenge for the six million Jews killed during the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="An_eye_for_an_eye_makes_the_whole_world_blind">An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phrase "an eye for an eye makes the (whole) world blind" and other similar phrases has been conveyed by, but not limited to <a href="/wiki/George_Perry_Graham" title="George Perry Graham">George Perry Graham</a> (1914) on capital punishment debate argument,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fischer" title="Louis Fischer">Louis Fischer</a> (1951) describing philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1958) in the context of racial violence.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Live_by_the_sword,_die_by_the_sword" title="Live by the sword, die by the sword">Live by the sword, die by the sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_damages" class="mw-redirect" title="Compensatory damages">Compensatory damages</a> - the modern interpretation of <i>lex talionis</i> in Anglo-American law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punitive_damages" title="Punitive damages">Punitive damages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tort_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Tort law">tort law</a>) - the converse of <i>lex talionis</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retorsion" title="Retorsion">Retorsion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <a href="/wiki/Exodus_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus 21">Exodus 21</a>: <i>22</i> If men strive, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow: he shall be surely punished, according as the woman's husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine. <i>23</i> And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, <i>24</i> <b>Eye for eye, tooth for tooth,</b> hand for hand, foot for foot, <i>25</i> Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe. <br /> See also: <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leviticus_24" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus 24">Leviticus 24</a>: <i>19</i> And if a man cause a blemish in his neighbour; as he hath done, so shall it be done to him; <i>20</i> Breach for breach, <b>eye for eye, tooth for tooth:</b> as he hath caused a blemish in a man, so shall it be done to him again.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy_19" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy 19">Deuteronomy 19</a>:21: And thine eye shall not pity; but life shall go for life, <b>eye for eye, tooth for tooth,</b> hand for hand, foot for foot.</li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-white-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-white_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2014" class="citation book cs1">White, Mark D. (2014). "Lex Talionis". <i>Encyclopedia of Law and Economics</i>. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-7883-6_18-1">10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_18-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-7883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-7883-6"><bdi>978-1-4614-7883-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lex+Talionis&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Law+and+Economics&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-7883-6_18-1&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-7883-6&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981571ff-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981571ff_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981571ff_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981571ff_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaut1981">Plaut 1981</a>, pp. 571ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981572-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaut1981572_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaut1981">Plaut 1981</a>, p. 572.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightLevine2011" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Douglas A; Levine, Amy-Jill (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061121753"><i>The Meaning of the Bible</i></a>. New York: Harper Collins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061121753/page/124">124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-112175-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-112175-3"><bdi>978-0-06-112175-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Bible&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-06-112175-3&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A&rft.au=Levine%2C+Amy-Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780061121753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeese_IIILarkin,_Jr.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Meese III, Edwin; Larkin, Jr., Paul J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7436&context=jclc">"Reconsidering the Mistake of Law Defense"</a>. <i>Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology</i>. <b>102</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Criminal+Law+and+Criminology&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+the+Mistake+of+Law+Defense&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Meese+III&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Larkin%2C+Jr.%2C+Paul+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D7436%26context%3Djclc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammurabi1780_BC§230-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammurabi1780_BC§230_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammurabi1780_BC">Hammurabi & 1780 BC</a>, §230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranrights.org/library/document/3147">"Lex Talionis: An Ancient Principle Limiting Capital Punishment in Abrahamic Faiths"</a>. <i>Abdorrahman Boroumand Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abdorrahman+Boroumand+Center&rft.atitle=Lex+Talionis%3A+An+Ancient+Principle+Limiting+Capital+Punishment+in+Abrahamic+Faiths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranrights.org%2Flibrary%2Fdocument%2F3147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammurabi1780_BC-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammurabi1780_BC_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammurabi1780_BC">Hammurabi & 1780 BC</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohns1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Hermann_Walter_Johns" title="Claude Hermann Walter Johns">Johns, Claude Hermann Walter</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Babylonian Law"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Babylonian_Law">"Babylonian Law" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–121, see page 120, second para. first sentence. <q>In the criminal law the ruling principle was the <i>lex talionis</i>. Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, limb for limb was the penalty for assault upon an amelu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babylonian+Law&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=115-121%2C+see+page+120%2C+second+para.+first+sentence&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Johns&rft.aufirst=Claude+Hermann+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cul-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cul_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlastos1986" class="citation news cs1">Vlastos, Gregory (1 April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/43435">"Socratic rejection of the Lex talionis"</a>. Cornell University Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Socratic+rejection+of+the+Lex+talionis&rft.date=1986-04-01&rft.aulast=Vlastos&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommons.cornell.edu%2Fhandle%2F1813%2F43435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exodus 21:30, Numbers 35:31,35:32, 1 Samuel 12:3; see also usage in non-legal contexts in Exodus 30:12, Amos 5:12, Proverbs 6:35,13:8,21:18; Job 33:24,36:18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lev24-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev24_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev24_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0324.htm#19">Lv 24:19–21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ex21-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ex21_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0221.htm#22">Ex 21:22–25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deut19-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deut19_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0519.htm#16">Dt 19:16–21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalimiHaas2006" class="citation book cs1">Kalimi, Isaac; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Haas_(rabbi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Haas (rabbi)">Haas, Peter J</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h6bSc6ksh0YC&pg=PA2"><i>Biblical interpretation in Judaism and Christianity</i></a>. Continuum. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567026828" title="Special:BookSources/9780567026828"><bdi>9780567026828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+interpretation+in+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780567026828&rft.aulast=Kalimi&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft.au=Haas%2C+Peter+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh6bSc6ksh0YC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasachoffLittman2005" class="citation book cs1">Pasachoff, Naomi E; Littman, Robert J (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4eaj09hscAC&pg=PA64"><i>A concise history of the Jewish people</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742543669" title="Special:BookSources/9780742543669"><bdi>9780742543669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+the+Jewish+people&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780742543669&rft.aulast=Pasachoff&rft.aufirst=Naomi+E&rft.au=Littman%2C+Robert+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4eaj09hscAC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i><a href="/wiki/Nezikin" title="Nezikin">Bava Kamma</a></i>, 83b–84a</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bava+Kamma&rft.pages=83b-84a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OU-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OU_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/torah.htm">"Torah"</a>, <i>About Judaism</i>, ou.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torah&rft.btitle=About+Judaism&rft.pub=ou.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fabout%2Fjudaism%2Ftorah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0519.htm#16">Dt 19:16–21</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleverse_||Dt|19:19|JPS-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse_||Dt|19:19|JPS_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse_||Dt|19:19|JPS_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0519.htm#19">Dt 19:19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i><a href="/wiki/Nezikin" title="Nezikin">Makot</a></i>, 1:1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makot&rft.pages=1%3A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Bab. Talmud</i>, 2a</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bab.+Talmud&rft.pages=2a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span>, based on critical <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0525.htm#1">Dt 25:1–3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0525.htm#11">Dt 25:11–12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifrei">Sifrei</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaimonides" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <i>Yad</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yad&rft.au=Maimonides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillel" class="citation cs2">Hillel, "Rotze'ach u'Sh'mirat Nefesh", <i>Nezikin</i>, 1:7</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rotze%27ach+u%27Sh%27mirat+Nefesh&rft.btitle=Nezikin&rft.pages=1%3A7&rft.au=Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0519.htm#20">Dt 19:20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0319.htm#17">Lv 19:17–18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0221.htm#23">Ex 21:23–25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coogan-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coogan_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Coogan" title="Michael Coogan">Coogan, Michael D</a> (2009). <i>A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533272-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533272-8"><bdi>978-0-19-533272-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament%3A+The+Hebrew+Bible+in+Its+Context&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533272-8&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2024:19–22&version=nrsv">Lv 24:19–22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/507759/Roman-law/41328/Delict-and-contract#ref469137">"Roman law: Delict and contract"</a>. Britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Roman+law%3A+Delict+and+contract&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F507759%2FRoman-law%2F41328%2FDelict-and-contract%23ref469137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Qur'an</i>, V: 45</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qur%27an&rft.pages=V%3A+45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7754756.stm"><i>Court orders Iranian man blinded</i></a>, BBC, 28 November 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Court+orders+Iranian+man+blinded&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2008-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7754756.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/14/acid-blinding-postponed-iran-outcry">"Acid blinding sentence postponed by Iran after international outcry"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, UK, 14 May 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Acid+blinding+sentence+postponed+by+Iran+after+international+outcry&rft.date=2011-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fmay%2F14%2Facid-blinding-postponed-iran-outcry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2017" class="citation news cs1">Moss, Candida (12 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/justice-is-blind-why-an-eye-for-an-eye-never-dies-in-iran">"Justice Is Blind: Why 'An Eye for an Eye' Never Dies In Iran"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Justice+Is+Blind%3A+Why+%27An+Eye+for+an+Eye%27+Never+Dies+In+Iran&rft.date=2017-02-12&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Candida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fjustice-is-blind-why-an-eye-for-an-eye-never-dies-in-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-an-eye-for-an-eye-jews-who-sought-to-kill-germans-in-revenge-for-the-holocaust-1.8094962">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'An eye for an eye': The Jews who sought to poison six million Germans to avenge the Holocaust"</a>. <i>Haaretz.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz.com&rft.atitle=%27An+eye+for+an+eye%27%3A+The+Jews+who+sought+to+poison+six+million+Germans+to+avenge+the+Holocaust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium.MAGAZINE-an-eye-for-an-eye-jews-who-sought-to-kill-germans-in-revenge-for-the-holocaust-1.8094962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parl.canadiana.ca/view/oop.debates_HOC1203_01/508">Official Report of the Debates of the House of Commons of the Dominion of Canada, Third Session-Twelfth Parliament</a> (Report). Vol. CXIII. <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Parliament" title="Library of Parliament">Library of Parliament</a>. 5 February 1914. p. 496<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>If in the present age we were to go back to the old time of 'an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth,' there would be very few hon. gentlemen [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>:Honourable Gentlemen] in this House who would not, metaphorically speaking, be blind and toothless.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Official+Report+of+the+Debates+of+the+House+of+Commons+of+the+Dominion+of+Canada%2C+Third+Session-Twelfth+Parliament&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=Library+of+Parliament&rft.date=1914-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparl.canadiana.ca%2Fview%2Foop.debates_HOC1203_01%2F508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fischer" title="Louis Fischer">Fischer, Louis</a> (January 1951). "Chapter XI – Gandhi Goes to Jail". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/lifeofmahatmagan00loui/lifeofmahatmagan00loui.pdf"><i>The Life of Mahatma Gandhi</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Lowe & Brydone. p. 93. <q><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a> is the exact opposite of the policy of an-eye-for-an-eye-for-an-eye-for-an-eye which ends in making everybody blind.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XI+%26ndash%3B+Gandhi+Goes+to+Jail&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.place=London&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Lowe+%26+Brydone&rft.date=1951-01&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Flifeofmahatmagan00loui%2Flifeofmahatmagan00loui.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing_Jr.1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King Jr., Martin Luther</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stridetowardfree0000king/mode/2up"><i>Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story</i></a>. New York, <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston</a>, and London: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper & Row</a>. <q>The old law of an eye for an eye leaves everybody blind.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stride+Toward+Freedom%3A+The+Montgomery+Story&rft.place=New+York%2C+Evanston%2C+and+London&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=King+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Martin+Luther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstridetowardfree0000king%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammurabi1780_BC" class="citation cs2">Hammurabi, <i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of 1780 BC</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+of+1780+BC&rft.au=Hammurabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaut1981" class="citation cs2">Plaut (1981), <i>The Torah: A Modern Commentary</i>, New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Torah%3A+A+Modern+Commentary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Union+of+American+Hebrew+Congregations&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Plaut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEye+for+an+eye" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Exodus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Exodus_navbox" title="Template:Book of Exodus navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Exodus_navbox" title="Template talk:Book of Exodus navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this 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title="Mishpatim">21–24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumah_(parashah)" title="Terumah (parashah)">25–27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetzaveh" title="Tetzaveh">27–30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Tissa" title="Ki Tissa">30–34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayakhel" title="Vayakhel">35–38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekudei" title="Pekudei">38–40</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezalel" title="Bezalel">Bezalel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer#The_son_of_Moses" title="Eliezer">Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elim_(place)" title="Elim (place)">Elim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershom" title="Gershom">Gershom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithamar" title="Ithamar">Ithamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marah_(Bible)" title="Marah (Bible)">Marah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadab_and_Abihu" title="Nadab and Abihu">Nadab and Abihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oholiab" title="Oholiab">Oholiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Pharaoh's daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiphrah_and_Puah" title="Shiphrah and Puah">Shiphrah and Puah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Zipporah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod" title="Aaron's rod">Aaron's rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah_pole" title="Asherah pole">Asherah pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_laver" title="Bronze laver">Bronze laver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">Burning bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">Golden calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_offering" title="Incense offering">Incense offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_fire_and_cloud" title="Pillars of fire and cloud">Pillars of fire and cloud</a></li> <li>Priestly clothing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_breastplate" title="Priestly breastplate">breastplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_golden_head_plate" title="Priestly golden head plate">golden head plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_robe_(Judaism)" title="Priestly robe (Judaism)">robe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_sash" title="Priestly sash">sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_tunic" title="Priestly tunic">tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_turban" title="Priestly turban">turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_undergarments" title="Priestly undergarments">undergarments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showbread" title="Showbread">Showbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Egypt" title="Biblical Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massah_and_Meribah" title="Massah and Meribah">Massah and Meribah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Exodus" title="Stations of the Exodus">Stations of the Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi-HaHiroth" title="Pi-HaHiroth">Pi-HaHiroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi-Ramesses" title="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Refidim" title="Battle of Refidim">Battle of Refidim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shur_(Bible)" title="Shur (Bible)">Shur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_of_Sin" title="Wilderness of Sin">Wilderness of Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_Suph" title="Yam Suph">Yam Suph (Reed Sea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Torah readings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shemot_(parashah)" title="Shemot (parashah)">Shemot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27eira" title="Va'eira">Va'eira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(parashah)" title="Bo (parashah)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshalach" title="Beshalach">Beshalach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitro" title="Yitro">Yitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishpatim" title="Mishpatim">Mishpatim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumah_(parashah)" title="Terumah (parashah)">Terumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetzaveh" title="Tetzaveh">Tetzaveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Tissa" title="Ki Tissa">Ki Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayakhel" title="Vayakhel">Vayakhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekudei" title="Pekudei">Pekudei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textual analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus" title="Sources and parallels of the Exodus">Sources and parallels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Exodus" title="Textual variants in the Book of Exodus">Textual variations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Code" title="Covenant Code">Covenant Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael">Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Shimon_ben_Yochai" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai">Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Sea" title="Song of the Sea">Song of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_narrative_in_Antebellum_America" title="Exodus narrative in Antebellum America">In Antebellum America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Papyrus" title="Nash Papyrus">Nash Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_18" title="Papyrus 18">Papyrus 18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baal-zephon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eye for an eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remember_the_sabbath_day,_to_keep_it_holy" title="Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy">Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/With_a_strong_hand_and_an_outstretched_arm" title="With a strong hand and an outstretched arm">With a strong hand and an outstretched arm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">Plagues of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah_at_the_inn" title="Zipporah at the inn">Zipporah at the inn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div 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