A Comparison of YOLO Family for Apple Detection and Counting in Orchards

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Apple Detection and Counting in Orchards</title> <meta name="description" content="A Comparison of YOLO Family for Apple Detection and Counting in Orchards"> <meta name="keywords" content="Agricultural object detection, Deep learning, machine vision, YOLO family."> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="citation_title" content="A Comparison of YOLO Family for Apple Detection and Counting in Orchards"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yuanqing Li"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Changyi Lei"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zhaopeng Xue"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Zhuo Zheng"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yanbo Long"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2021/04/01"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Computer and Systems Engineering"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="15"> <meta 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href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yuanqing%20Li">Yuanqing Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Changyi%20Lei"> Changyi Lei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zhaopeng%20Xue"> Zhaopeng Xue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zhuo%20Zheng"> Zhuo Zheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yanbo%20Long"> Yanbo Long</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In agricultural production and breeding, implementing automatic picking robot in orchard farming to reduce human labour and error is challenging. The core function of it is automatic identification based on machine vision. This paper focuses on apple detection and counting in orchards and implements several deep learning methods. Extensive datasets are used and a semi-automatic annotation method is proposed. The proposed deep learning models are in state-of-the-art YOLO family. In view of the essence of the models with various backbones, a multi-dimensional comparison in details is made in terms of counting accuracy, mAP and model memory, laying the foundation for realising automatic precision agriculture.</p> <iframe src="https://publications.waset.org/10012056.pdf" style="width:100%; height:400px;" frameborder="0"></iframe> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Agricultural%20object%20detection" title="Agricultural object detection">Agricultural object detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Deep%20learning" title=" Deep learning"> Deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=machine%20vision" title=" machine vision"> machine vision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=YOLO%20family." title=" YOLO family."> YOLO family.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012056/a-comparison-of-yolo-family-for-apple-detection-and-counting-in-orchards" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012056/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012056/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012056/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012056/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012056/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012056/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012056/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012056/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012056/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012056/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012056.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1099</span> </span> <p class="card-text"><strong>References:</strong></p> <br>[1] Parrish, E.A. and Goksel, A.K., 1977. Pictorial pattern recognition applied to fruit harvesting. Transactions of the ASAE, 20(5), pp.822-0827. <br>[2] Zhou, R., Damerow, L., Sun, Y. and Blanke, M.M., 2012. Using colour features of cv. 鈥楪ala鈥檃pple fruits in an orchard in image processing to predict yield. Precision Agriculture, 13(5), pp.568-580. <br>[3] Qian, J., Yang, X., Wu, X., Chen, M. and Wu, B., 2012. Mature apple recognition based on hybrid color space in natural scene. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 28(17), pp.137-142 <br>[4] Payne, A.B., Walsh, K.B., Subedi, P.P. and Jarvis, D., 2013. Estimation of mango crop yield using image analysis鈥搒egmentation method. Computers and electronics in agriculture, 91, pp.57-64. <br>[5] Si, Y., Liu, G. and Feng, J., 2015. Location of apples in trees using stereoscopic vision. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 112, pp.68-74. <br>[6] Li, D., Shen, M., Li, D. and Yu, X., 2017, August. Green apple recognition method based on the combination of texture and shape features. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA) (pp. 264-269). IEEE. <br>[7] Tanco, M.M., Tejera, G. and Di Martino, M., 2018. Computer Vision based System for Apple Detection in Crops. In VISIGRAPP (4: VISAPP) (pp. 239-249). <br>[8] Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., & Sun, J. (2015). Faster r-cnn: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.01497. <br>[9] Bargoti, S. and Underwood, J., 2017, May. Deep fruit detection in orchards. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) (pp. 3626-3633). IEEE. <br>[10] Chen, S.W., Shivakumar, S.S., Dcunha, S., Das, J., Okon, E., Qu, C., Taylor, C.J. and Kumar, V., 2017. Counting apples and oranges with deep learning: A data-driven approach. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 2(2), pp.781-788. <br>[11] Kitano, B.T., Mendes, C.C., Geus, A.R., Oliveira, H.C. and Souza, J.R., 2019. Corn plant counting using deep learning and UAV images. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. <br>[12] Girshick, R., Donahue, J., Darrell, T., & Malik, J. (2014). Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 580-587). <br>[13] He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. (2015). Spatial pyramid pooling in deep convolutional networks for visual recognition. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 37(9), 1904-1916. <br>[14] Girshick, R. (2015). Fast r-cnn. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision (pp. 1440-1448). <br>[15] Liu, W., Anguelov, D., Erhan, D., Szegedy, C., Reed, S., Fu, C. Y., & Berg, A. C. (2016, October). Ssd: Single shot multibox detector. In European conference on computer vision (pp. 21-37). Springer, Cham. <br>[16] Lin, T. Y., Doll谩r, P., Girshick, R., He, K., Hariharan, B., & Belongie, S. (2017). Feature pyramid networks for object detection. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 2117-2125). <br>[17] <br>[17] Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R., & Farhadi, A. (2016). You only look once: Unified, real-time object detection. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 779-788). <br>[18] Redmon, J., & Farhadi, A. (2017). YOLO9000: better, faster, stronger. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 7263-7271). <br>[19] Redmon, J., & Farhadi, A. (2018). Yolov3: An incremental improvement. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.02767. <br>[20] Bochkovskiy, A., Wang, C. Y., & Liao, H. Y. M. (2020). Yolov4: Optimal speed and accuracy of object detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.10934. <br>[21] Tian, Y., Yang, G., Wang, Z., Wang, H., Li, E. and Liang, Z., 2019. Apple detection during different growth stages in orchards using the improved YOLO-V3 model. Computers and electronics in agriculture, 157, pp.417-426. <br>[22] H盲ni, N., Roy, P., & Isler, V. (2020). MinneApple: a benchmark dataset for apple detection and segmentation. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 5(2), 852-858. <br>[23] Sandler, M., Howard, A., Zhu, M., Zhmoginov, A., & Chen, L. C. (2018). Mobilenetv2: Inverted residuals and linear bottlenecks. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (pp. 4510-4520). <br>[24] Loshchilov, I. and Hutter, F., 2016. Sgdr: Stochastic gradient descent with warm restarts. arXiv preprint arXiv:1608.03983. <br>[25] Zheng, Z., Wang, P., Liu, W., Li, J., Ye, R., & Ren, D. (2020, April). 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A Comparison of YOLO Family for Apple Detection and Counting in Orchards