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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Binary star in the constellation Andromeda</div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em"> <caption style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold">XZ Andromedae </caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="text-align: center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XZAndLightCurve.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/XZAndLightCurve.png/250px-XZAndLightCurve.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/XZAndLightCurve.png/375px-XZAndLightCurve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/XZAndLightCurve.png/500px-XZAndLightCurve.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="975" /></a></span><br />The <a href="/wiki/Photometric_system#Photometric_letters" title="Photometric system">visual band</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_curve" title="Light curve">light curve</a> of XZ Andromedae is shown. The main plot shows the light curve over a full cycle, and the inset plot shows the primary minimum on an expanded scale. Adapted from Yang (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center; background-color: #FFFFC0;" colspan="2">Observation data<br /><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> J2000      <a href="/wiki/Equinox_(celestial_coordinates)" title="Equinox (celestial coordinates)">Equinox</a> J2000 </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(constellation)" title="Andromeda (constellation)">Andromeda</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">Right ascension</a></span> </th> <td><span class="nowrap">01<sup>h</sup> 56<sup>m</sup> 51.52427<sup>s</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-Gaia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">Declination</a> </th> <td>+42° 06′ 02.1813″<sup id="cite_ref-Gaia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a> (V)</span> </th> <td>9.91 – 12.45 variable <sup id="cite_ref-GCVS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCVS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Characteristics </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Spectral type</a> </th> <td>A4IV-V + G5IV<sup id="cite_ref-Demircan1995_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demircan1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a> (B) </th> <td>10.16<sup id="cite_ref-TYCHO_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TYCHO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a> (V) </th> <td>9.93<sup id="cite_ref-TYCHO_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TYCHO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a> (G) </th> <td>9.9856<sup id="cite_ref-Gaia_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a> (J) </th> <td>9.373<sup id="cite_ref-2MASS_Cat_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2MASS_Cat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a> (H) </th> <td>9.210<sup id="cite_ref-2MASS_Cat_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2MASS_Cat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a> (K) </th> <td>9.188<sup id="cite_ref-2MASS_Cat_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2MASS_Cat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left">B−V <a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">color index</a> </th> <td>0.2125<sup id="cite_ref-TYCHO_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TYCHO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable type</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Algol_variable" title="Algol variable">EA</a> </td></tr> <tr><th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a> (μ)</b></td><td> <abbr title="Right Ascension">RA:</abbr> <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000434500000000000♠"></span>4.345<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.110</span> <sup id="cite_ref-Gaia_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Milliarcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliarcsecond">mas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">yr</a> <br /> <abbr title="Declination">Dec.:</abbr> <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="2998881860000000000♠"></span>−11.814<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.116</span><sup id="cite_ref-Gaia_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Milliarcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliarcsecond">mas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">yr</a> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a> (π)</b></td><td>1.8406 ± 0.0788 <a href="/wiki/Milliarcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliarcsecond">mas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gaia_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance (astronomy)">Distance</a></b></td><td>1,770 ± 80 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a> <br />(540 ± 20 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">pc</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"></th></tr> <tr><th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">Orbit</a><sup id="cite_ref-Demircan1995_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demircan1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a> (P)</b></td><td>1.357 days</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(orbit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eccentricity (orbit)">Eccentricity</a> (e)</b></td><td>0</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">Inclination</a> (i)</b></td><td>89°</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Periastron" class="mw-redirect" title="Periastron">Periastron</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">epoch</a> (T)</b></span></td><td>HJD <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006244931353084000♠"></span>2<span style="margin-left:.25em;">449</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">313</span>.530<span style="margin-left:.25em;">84</span><span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">81</span></span></td></tr> <tr><th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Details<sup id="cite_ref-Demircan1995_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demircan1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Primary</th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></b></td><td>3.2 <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass"><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a></b></td><td>2.4 <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius"><var>R</var><sub>☉</sub></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Temperature</a></b></td><td>9,500 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Secondary</th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></b></td><td>1.3 <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass"><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">Radius</a></b></td><td>2.6 <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius"><var>R</var><sub>☉</sub></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:baseline;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Temperature</a></b></td><td>5,500 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></td></tr> <tr><th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Star_catalogue" title="Star catalogue">Other designations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><div style="width: 250px;"> <a href="/wiki/2MASS" title="2MASS">2MASS</a> J01565151+4206021, <a href="/wiki/Durchmusterung" title="Durchmusterung">BD</a>+41 376, <a href="/wiki/Tycho-2_Catalogue" title="Tycho-2 Catalogue">TYC</a> 2824-1360-1 </div></td></tr> <tr><th style="background-color: #FFFFC0; text-align: center;" colspan="2">Database references</th></tr><tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td><b><a href="/wiki/SIMBAD" title="SIMBAD">SIMBAD</a></b></td><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=XZ+And">data</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XZAndLightCurve.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/XZAndLightCurve.png/220px-XZAndLightCurve.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/XZAndLightCurve.png/330px-XZAndLightCurve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/XZAndLightCurve.png/440px-XZAndLightCurve.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>XZ Andromedae</b> (also known as <b>XZ And</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary star</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(constellation)" title="Andromeda (constellation)">Andromeda</a>. Its maximum <a href="/wiki/Apparent_visual_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparent visual magnitude">apparent visual magnitude</a> is 9.91, but drops down to 12.45 every 1.357 days. Its variability matches the behaviour of <a href="/wiki/Algol_variable" title="Algol variable">Algol variable</a> stars.<sup id="cite_ref-GCVS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCVS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System">System</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XZ_Andromedae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary star of the system has a mass of 3.2 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> and has a <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral type</a> A4IV-V, meaning that it has intermediate characteristics between a <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a> star and a <a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">subgiant</a> one. The secondary is less massive (1.3 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>) but larger than the primary, so it's an evolved subgiant star and its spectral type is G5IV.<sup id="cite_ref-Demircan1995_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demircan1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secondary component will likely evolve into a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> before the primary leaves the main sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2019, it is suspected that the eclipsing binary is orbited by an additional two similar stars in a 1:3 <a href="/wiki/Mean-motion_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean-motion resonance">mean-motion resonance</a> with periods 33.43 and 100.4 years.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variability">Variability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XZ_Andromedae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The variability of XZ Andromedae was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt" title="Henrietta Swan Leavitt">Henrietta Levitt</a> by examining photographs taken from 1916 to 1919. Variability was confirmed by Arville D. Walker and <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Fairfield_Bok" title="Priscilla Fairfield Bok">Priscilla Fairfield</a>. The discovery was announced by <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a> in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapley_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapley-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The star, originally known as BD+41 376, received the <a href="/wiki/Variable_star_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable star designation">variable star designation</a> XZ Andromedae in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-Guthnick_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthnick-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Photometric periods of Algol variables matches the orbital period of the system. However, in XZ Andromedae have been observed slight period variations that can be reproduced with three different cycles of 137.5, 36.8 and 11.2 years, respectively. Each of them could be the effect of another faint body orbiting the binary system, but one of the two shorter cycles could also be an effect of magnetic interaction between stars (the <a href="/wiki/Applegate_mechanism" title="Applegate mechanism">Applegate mechanism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Demircan1995_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demircan1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other research <sup id="cite_ref-Yang2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that the long cycle is instead a long-term period increase caused by mass transfer from the secondary (that fills its <a href="/wiki/Roche_lobe" title="Roche lobe">Roche lobe</a>) to the primary component. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XZ_Andromedae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yang-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yang_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Y. G. (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1384107613000626">"A new photometry and period analysis of the Algol-type binary XZ And"</a>. <i>New Astronomy</i>. <b>25</b>: 109–113. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NewA...25..109Y">2013NewA...25..109Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.newast.2013.05.001">10.1016/j.newast.2013.05.001</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andromeda_(constellation)" title="Template:Andromeda (constellation)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andromeda_(constellation)" title="Template talk:Andromeda (constellation)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andromeda_(constellation)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andromeda (constellation)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constellation_of_Andromeda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(constellation)" title="Andromeda (constellation)">Constellation of Andromeda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhil" title="Adhil">Adhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_in_Chinese_astronomy" title="Andromeda in Chinese astronomy">Andromeda in Chinese astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Andromeda%27s_satellite_galaxies" title="List of Andromeda's satellite galaxies">List of Andromeda's satellite galaxies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_in_Andromeda" title="List of stars in Andromeda">List of stars in Andromeda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px"><a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">Bayer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpheratz" title="Alpheratz">α (Alpheratz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirach" title="Mirach">β (Mirach)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Andromedae" title="Gamma Andromedae">γ (Almach)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Andromedae" title="Delta Andromedae">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Andromedae" title="Epsilon Andromedae">ε</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Andromedae" title="Zeta Andromedae">ζ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Andromedae" title="Eta Andromedae">η</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_Andromedae" title="Theta Andromedae">θ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iota_Andromedae" title="Iota Andromedae">ι</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Andromedae" title="Kappa Andromedae">κ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Andromedae" title="Lambda Andromedae">λ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Andromedae" title="Mu Andromedae">μ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_Andromedae" title="Nu Andromedae">ν</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Andromedae" title="Xi Andromedae">ξ (Adhil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omicron_Andromedae" title="Omicron Andromedae">ο</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi_Andromedae" title="Pi Andromedae">π</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_Andromedae" title="Rho Andromedae">ρ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Andromedae" title="Sigma Andromedae">σ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Andromedae" title="Tau Andromedae">τ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_Andromedae" title="Upsilon Andromedae">υ (Titawin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Andromedae" title="Phi Andromedae">φ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Andromedae" title="Chi Andromedae">χ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi_Andromedae" title="Psi Andromedae">ψ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_Andromedae" title="Omega Andromedae">ω</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/49_Andromedae" title="49 Andromedae">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60_Andromedae" title="60 Andromedae">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62_Andromedae" title="62 Andromedae">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51_Andromedae" title="51 Andromedae"><i>υ Per</i> (Nembus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px"><a href="/wiki/Flamsteed_designation" title="Flamsteed designation">Flamsteed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Andromedae" title="2 Andromedae">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Andromedae" title="3 Andromedae">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Andromedae" title="4 Andromedae">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Andromedae" title="5 Andromedae">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_Andromedae" title="6 Andromedae">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_Andromedae" title="7 Andromedae">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Andromedae" title="8 Andromedae">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_Andromedae" title="9 Andromedae">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Andromedae" title="10 Andromedae">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_Andromedae" title="11 Andromedae">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_Andromedae" title="12 Andromedae">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Andromedae" title="13 Andromedae">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_Andromedae" title="14 Andromedae">14 (Veritate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_Andromedae" title="15 Andromedae">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_Andromedae" title="18 Andromedae">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_Andromedae" title="22 Andromedae">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_Andromedae" title="23 Andromedae">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_Andromedae" title="26 Andromedae">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_Andromedae" title="28 Andromedae">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32_Andromedae" title="32 Andromedae">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36_Andromedae" title="36 Andromedae">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39_Andromedae" title="39 Andromedae">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41_Andromedae" title="41 Andromedae">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44_Andromedae" title="44 Andromedae">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45_Andromedae" title="45 Andromedae">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47_Andromedae" title="47 Andromedae">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55_Andromedae" title="55 Andromedae">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/56_Andromedae" title="56 Andromedae">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/58_Andromedae" title="58 Andromedae">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59_Andromedae" title="59 Andromedae">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/63_Andromedae" title="63 Andromedae">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64_Andromedae" title="64 Andromedae">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65_Andromedae" title="65 Andromedae">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/66_Andromedae" title="66 Andromedae">66</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/6_Persei" title="6 Persei">6 Per</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px"><a href="/wiki/Variable_star_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable star designation">Variable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_Andromedae" title="R Andromedae">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Andromedae" title="T Andromedae">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Andromedae" title="U Andromedae">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_Andromedae" title="W Andromedae">W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_Andromedae" title="Z Andromedae">Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT_Andromedae" title="RT Andromedae">RT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Andromedae" title="RV Andromedae">RV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RX_Andromedae" title="RX Andromedae">RX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SU_Andromedae" title="SU Andromedae">SU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SW_Andromedae" title="SW Andromedae">SW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TU_Andromedae" title="TU Andromedae">TU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TW_Andromedae" title="TW Andromedae">TW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WZ_Andromedae" title="WZ Andromedae">WZ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">XZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AB_Andromedae" title="AB Andromedae">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC_Andromedae" title="AC Andromedae">AC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_Andromedae" title="AD Andromedae">AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AE_Andromedae" title="AE Andromedae">AE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AF_Andromedae" title="AF Andromedae">AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR_Andromedae" title="AR Andromedae">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BM_Andromedae" title="BM Andromedae">BM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BX_Andromedae" title="BX Andromedae">BX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CC_Andromedae" title="CC Andromedae">CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_224801" title="HD 224801">CG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_Andromedae" title="CN Andromedae">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_Andromedae" title="DS Andromedae">DS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DX_Andromedae" title="DX Andromedae">DX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EG_Andromedae" title="EG Andromedae">EG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ET_Andromedae" title="ET Andromedae">ET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Andromedae" title="EU Andromedae">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FF_Andromedae" title="FF Andromedae">FF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_4778" title="HD 4778">GO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP_Andromedae" title="GP Andromedae">GP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groombridge_34" title="Groombridge 34">GQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groombridge_34" title="Groombridge 34">GX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GR_Andromedae" title="GR Andromedae">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GY_Andromedae" title="GY Andromedae">GY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_248" title="Ross 248">HH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HN_Andromedae" title="HN Andromedae">HN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IW_Andromedae" title="IW Andromedae">IW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KK_Andromedae" title="KK Andromedae">KK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KX_Andromedae" title="KX Andromedae">KX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZ_Andromedae" title="KZ Andromedae">KZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LL_Andromedae" title="LL Andromedae">LL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LN_Andromedae" title="LN Andromedae">LN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP_Andromedae" title="LP Andromedae">LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LQ_Andromedae" title="LQ Andromedae">LQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OP_Andromedae" title="OP Andromedae">OP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_Andromedae" title="OS Andromedae">OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OU_Andromedae" title="OU Andromedae">OU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PX_Andromedae" title="PX Andromedae">PX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_3322" title="HD 3322">PY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_Andromedae" title="QR Andromedae">QR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QV_Andromedae" title="QV Andromedae">QV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QX_Andromedae" title="QX Andromedae">QX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V385_Andromedae" title="V385 Andromedae">V385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_3346" title="HD 3346">V428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_166" title="HD 166">V439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V455_Andromedae" title="V455 Andromedae">V455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V529_Andromedae" title="V529 Andromedae">V529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_15082" title="HD 15082">V807</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px"><a href="/wiki/Bright_Star_Catalogue" title="Bright Star Catalogue">HR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD_3" title="HD 3">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_895" title="HD 895">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_1185" title="HD 1185">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_1606" title="HD 1606">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_2421" title="HD 2421">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_2767" title="HD 2767">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_2942" title="HD 2942">134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HR_178" title="HR 178">178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_5608" title="HD 5608">275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_5788_and_HD_5789" title="HD 5788 and HD 5789">282</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_5788_and_HD_5789" title="HD 5788 and HD 5789">283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_6114" title="HD 6114">289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_7853" title="HD 7853">379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_8673" title="HD 8673">410</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_10307" title="HD 10307">483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_14622" title="HD 14622">687</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_16004" title="HD 16004">746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_16028" title="HD 16028">748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_220105" title="HD 220105">8884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_221246" title="HD 221246">8925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_221776" title="HD 221776">8950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_222109" title="HD 222109">8962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_222399" title="HD 222399">8973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_223229" title="HD 223229">9011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_224635_and_HD_224636" title="HD 224635 and HD 224636">9074</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_224635_and_HD_224636" title="HD 224635 and HD 224636">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_225218" title="HD 225218">9105</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper_Catalogue" title="Henry Draper Catalogue">HD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD_16175" title="HD 16175">16175 (Buna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_222155" title="HD 222155">222155</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3XMM_J004232.1%2B411314" title="3XMM J004232.1+411314">3XMM J004232.1+411314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADS_48" title="ADS 48">ADS 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAT-P-6" title="HAT-P-6">HAT-P-6 (Sterrennacht)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAT-P-16" title="HAT-P-16">HAT-P-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAT-P-19" title="HAT-P-19">HAT-P-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAT-P-28" title="HAT-P-28">HAT-P-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M31-RV" title="M31-RV">M31-RV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KELT-1" title="KELT-1">KELT-1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NGC_44" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 44">NGC 44</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_82" title="NGC 82">NGC 82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_84" title="NGC 84">NGC 84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_91" title="NGC 91">NGC 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_162" title="NGC 162">NGC 162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_464" title="NGC 464">NGC 464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar-3" title="Qatar-3">Qatar-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar-4" title="Qatar-4">Qatar-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PA-99-N2" title="PA-99-N2">PA-99-N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASP-1" title="WASP-1">WASP-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISE_0146%2B4234" title="WISE 0146+4234">WISE 0146+4234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISE_J0005%2B3737" title="WISE J0005+3737">WISE J0005+3737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISE_J004945.61%2B215120.0" title="WISE J004945.61+215120.0">WISE J004945.61+215120.0</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Exoplanets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:151px;background: #ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14_Andromedae_b" title="14 Andromedae b">14 Andromedae b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Andromedae_b" title="Kappa Andromedae b">κ Andromedae b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_Andromedae_b" title="Upsilon Andromedae b">υ Andromedae b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_Andromedae_c" title="Upsilon Andromedae c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_Andromedae_d" title="Upsilon Andromedae d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_15_Ab" title="Gliese 15 Ab">Gliese 15 Ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_15_Ac" title="Gliese 15 Ac">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_13931_b" title="HD 13931 b">HD 13931 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_16175_b" title="HD 16175 b">HD 16175 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAT-P-6b" title="HAT-P-6b">HAT-P-6b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAT-P-32b" title="HAT-P-32b">HAT-P-32b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASP-1b" title="WASP-1b">WASP-1b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASP-33b" title="WASP-33b">WASP-33b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar-4b" title="Qatar-4b">Qatar-4b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar-5b" title="Qatar-5b">Qatar-5b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Star<br />clusters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px"><a href="/wiki/New_General_Catalogue" title="New General Catalogue">NGC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NGC_206" title="NGC 206">206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_272" title="NGC 272">272</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_752" title="NGC 752">752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_956" title="NGC 956">956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_7686" title="NGC 7686">7686</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayall_II" title="Mayall II">Mayall II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBC_EXT8" title="RBC EXT8">RBC EXT8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">Nebulae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">NGC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NGC_7662" title="NGC 7662">7662</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px"><a href="/wiki/Messier_object" title="Messier object">Messier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messier_32" title="Messier 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messier_110" title="Messier 110">110</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">NGC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NGC_5" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 5">5</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_11" title="NGC 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_13" title="NGC 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_19" title="NGC 19">19</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NGC_20" class="mw-redirect" title="NGC 20">20</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_21" title="NGC 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_27" title="NGC 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_39" title="NGC 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_43" title="NGC 43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_48" title="NGC 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_49" title="NGC 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_51" title="NGC 51">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_67" title="NGC 67">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_68" title="NGC 68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_69" title="NGC 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_70" title="NGC 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_71" title="NGC 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_72" title="NGC 72">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_74" title="NGC 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_76" title="NGC 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_79" title="NGC 79">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_80" title="NGC 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_81" title="NGC 81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_83" title="NGC 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_85" title="NGC 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_86" title="NGC 86">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_90" title="NGC 90">90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_93" title="NGC 93">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_94" title="NGC 94">94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_96" title="NGC 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_97" title="NGC 97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_108" title="NGC 108">108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_109" title="NGC 109">109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_112" title="NGC 112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_140" title="NGC 140">140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_149" title="NGC 149">149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_160" title="NGC 160">160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_169" title="NGC 169">169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_181" title="NGC 181">181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_183" title="NGC 183">183</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_184" title="NGC 184">184</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_214" title="NGC 214">214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_218" title="NGC 218">218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_226" title="NGC 226">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_228" title="NGC 228">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_229" title="NGC 229">229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_233" title="NGC 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_243" title="NGC 243">243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_252" title="NGC 252">252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_258" title="NGC 258">258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_260" title="NGC 260">260</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_262" title="NGC 262">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_280" title="NGC 280">280</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_304" title="NGC 304">304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_317" title="NGC 317">317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_389" title="NGC 389">389</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_393" title="NGC 393">393</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_404" title="NGC 404">404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_425" title="NGC 425">425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_431" title="NGC 431">431</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_477" title="NGC 477">477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_512" title="NGC 512">512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_513" title="NGC 513">513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_523" title="NGC 523">523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_528" title="NGC 528">528</a></li> <li><i>529</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_531" title="NGC 531">531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_536" title="NGC 536">536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_542" title="NGC 542">542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_561" title="NGC 561">561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_605" title="NGC 605">605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_620" title="NGC 620">620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_668" title="NGC 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_679" title="NGC 679">679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_687" title="NGC 687">687</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_700" title="NGC 700">700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_703" title="NGC 703">703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_704" title="NGC 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_705" title="NGC 705">705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_708" title="NGC 708">708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_709" title="NGC 709">709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_710" title="NGC 710">710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_712" title="NGC 712">712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_714" title="NGC 714">714</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_717" title="NGC 717">717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_721" title="NGC 721">721</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_732" title="NGC 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_753" title="NGC 753">753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_759" title="NGC 759">759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_801" title="NGC 801">801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_812" title="NGC 812">812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_834" title="NGC 834">834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_891" title="NGC 891">891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_906" title="NGC 906">906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_910" title="NGC 910">910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_911" title="NGC 911">911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_912" title="NGC 912">912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_913" title="NGC 913">913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_920" title="NGC 920">920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_937" title="NGC 937">937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_980" title="NGC 980">980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_995" title="NGC 995">995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_996" title="NGC 996">996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_999" title="NGC 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_1000" title="NGC 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_7640" title="NGC 7640">7640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_7836" title="NGC 7836">7836</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Numbered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_I" title="Andromeda I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_II" title="Andromeda II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_III" title="Andromeda III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_IV" title="Andromeda IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_V" title="Andromeda V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_VIII" title="Andromeda VIII">VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_IX" title="Andromeda IX">IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_X" title="Andromeda X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_XI" title="Andromeda XI">XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_XVIII" title="Andromeda XVIII">XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_XIX" title="Andromeda XIX">XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_XXI" title="Andromeda XXI">XXI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3C_66A" title="3C 66A">3C 66A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3C_66B" title="3C 66B">3C 66B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arp_273" title="Arp 273">Arp 273</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatiello_I" title="Donatiello I">Donatiello I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UGC_1840" title="UGC 1840">UGC 1840</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Galaxy_clusters" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:151px;background: #ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">Galaxy clusters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abell_262" title="Abell 262">Abell 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGC_68_group" title="NGC 68 group">NGC 68 group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Astronomical_events" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:151px;background: #ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Transient_astronomical_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient astronomical event">Astronomical events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRB_101225A" title="GRB 101225A">GRB 101225A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1885A" title="SN 1885A">SN 1885A (S)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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