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<span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Harm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worms_with_good_intent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worms_with_good_intent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Worms with good intent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worms_with_good_intent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External 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<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Computer worm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8" title="دودة حاسوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دودة حاسوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komp%C3%BCter_soxulcan%C4%B1" title="Kompüter soxulcanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kompüter soxulcanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="কম্পিউটার ওয়ার্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কম্পিউটার ওয়ার্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-na%C3%BA_u-%C3%B3ng" title="Tiān-naú u-óng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-naú u-óng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Сеткавы чарвяк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сеткавы чарвяк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="कंप्यूटर वर्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कंप्यूटर वर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Компютърен червей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компютърен червей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarski_crv" title="Računarski crv – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Računarski crv" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuc_(inform%C3%A0tica)" title="Cuc (informàtica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cuc (informàtica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%BD_%C4%8Derv" title="Počítačový červ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Počítačový červ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orm_(computerprogram)" title="Orm (computerprogram) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Orm (computerprogram)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerwurm" title="Computerwurm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Computerwurm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uss_(programm)" title="Uss (programm) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uss (programm)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B9_%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE" title="Σκουλήκι υπολογιστή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκουλήκι υπολογιστή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusano_inform%C3%A1tico" title="Gusano informático – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gusano informático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputila_vermo" title="Komputila vermo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komputila vermo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatika_har" title="Informatika har – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Informatika har" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="کرم رایانه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرم رایانه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver_informatique" title="Ver informatique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ver informatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%9C" title="웜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalni_crvi" title="Računalni crvi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Računalni crvi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacing_komputer" title="Cacing komputer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cacing komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm" title="Worm – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Worm" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91" title="תולעת מחשב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תולעת מחשב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm" title="Worm – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Worm" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%82" title="Желілік құрт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Желілік құрт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm" title="Worm – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Worm" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm" title="Worm – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Worm" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1m%C3%ADt%C3%B3g%C3%A9pes_f%C3%A9reg" title="Számítógépes féreg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Számítógépes féreg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%82" title="കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ വേം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കമ്പ്യൂട്ടർ വേം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecacing_komputer" title="Cecacing komputer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cecacing komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerworm" title="Computerworm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Computerworm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0_(%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF)" title="ワーム (コンピュータ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワーム (コンピュータ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataorm" title="Dataorm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dataorm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataorm" title="Dataorm – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dataorm" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompyuter_qurti" title="Kompyuter qurti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kompyuter qurti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AE" title="ਕੰਪਿਊਟਰ ਵਾੱਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੰਪਿਊਟਰ ਵਾੱਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robak_komputerowy" title="Robak komputerowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robak komputerowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm" title="Worm – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Worm" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierme_informatic" title="Vierme informatic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vierme informatic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Сетевой червь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сетевой червь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Computer worm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%BD_%C4%8Derv" title="Počítačový červ – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Počítačový červ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crv_(ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1tvo)" title="Črv (računalništvo) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črv (računalništvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1" title="کرمی کۆمپیوتەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کرمی کۆمپیوتەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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malware program</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about coding of a worm. For the data storage device, see <a href="/wiki/Write_once_read_many" title="Write once read many">write once read many</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Worm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Worm (disambiguation)">Worm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Computer virus</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virus_Blaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Virus_Blaster.jpg/325px-Virus_Blaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Virus_Blaster.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hex_dump" title="Hex dump">Hex dump</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Blaster_(computer_worm)" title="Blaster (computer worm)">Blaster worm</a>, showing a message left for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> by the worm's creator</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conficker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Conficker.svg/220px-Conficker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Conficker.svg/330px-Conficker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Conficker.svg/440px-Conficker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Spread of <a href="/wiki/Conficker_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Conficker worm">Conficker worm</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>computer worm</b> is a standalone <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> that replicates itself in order to spread to other computers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It often uses a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> to spread itself, relying on security failures on the target computer to access it. It will use this machine as a host to scan and infect other computers. When these new worm-invaded computers are controlled, the worm will continue to scan and infect other computers using these computers as hosts, and this behaviour will continue.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer worms use recursive methods to copy themselves without host programs and distribute themselves based on exploiting the advantages of <a href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponential growth</a>, thus controlling and infecting more and more computers in a short time.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worms almost always cause at least some harm to the network, even if only by consuming <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">viruses</a> almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer. </p><p>Many worms are designed only to spread, and do not attempt to change the systems they pass through. However, as the <a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mydoom" title="Mydoom">Mydoom</a> showed, even these "payload-free" worms can cause major disruption by increasing network traffic and other unintended effects. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_worm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morris_Worm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Morris_Worm.jpg/220px-Morris_Worm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Morris_Worm.jpg/330px-Morris_Worm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Morris_Worm.jpg/440px-Morris_Worm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a> source code floppy diskette at the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term "worm" was first used in this sense in <a href="/wiki/John_Brunner_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brunner (novelist)">John Brunner</a>'s 1975 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shockwave_Rider" title="The Shockwave Rider">The Shockwave Rider</a></i>. In the novel, Nichlas Haflinger designs and sets off a data-gathering worm in an act of revenge against the powerful men who run a national electronic information web that induces mass conformity. "You have the biggest-ever worm loose in the net, and it automatically sabotages any attempt to monitor it. There's never been a worm with that tough a head or that long a tail!"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Then the answer dawned on him, and he almost laughed. Fluckner had resorted to one of the oldest tricks in the store and turned loose in the continental net a self-perpetuating tapeworm, probably headed by a denunciation group "borrowed" from a major corporation, which would shunt itself from one nexus to another every time his credit-code was punched into a keyboard. It could take days to kill a worm like that, and sometimes weeks."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second ever computer worm was devised to be an anti-virus software. Named <a href="/wiki/Reaper_(program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaper (program)">Reaper</a>, it was created by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</a> to replicate itself across the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> and delete the experimental <a href="/wiki/Creeper_(program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creeper (program)">Creeper</a> program (the first computer worm, 1971). </p><p>On November 2, 1988, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tappan_Morris" title="Robert Tappan Morris">Robert Tappan Morris</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> computer science graduate student, unleashed what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a>, disrupting many computers then on the Internet, guessed at the time to be one tenth of all those connected.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Morris appeal process, the U.S. Court of Appeals estimated the cost of removing the worm from each installation at between $200 and $53,000; this work prompted the formation of the <a href="/wiki/CERT_Coordination_Center" title="CERT Coordination Center">CERT Coordination Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Phage mailing list.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris himself became the first person tried and convicted under the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conficker" title="Conficker">Conficker</a>, a computer worm discovered in 2008 that primarily targeted <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> operating systems, is a worm that employs three different spreading strategies: local probing, neighborhood probing, and global probing.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This worm was considered a hybrid epidemic and affected millions of computers. The term "hybrid epidemic" is used because of the three separate methods it employed to spread, which was discovered through code analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_worm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Independence</b> </p><p>Computer viruses generally require a host program.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus writes its own code into the host program. When the program runs, the written virus program is executed first, causing infection and damage. A worm does not need a host program, as it is an independent program or code chunk. Therefore, it is not restricted by the <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">host program</a>, but can run independently and actively carry out attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Exploit attacks</b> </p><p>Because a worm is not limited by the host program, worms can take advantage of various operating system vulnerabilities to carry out active attacks. For example, the "<a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a>" virus <a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">exploits</a> <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">vulnerabilities</a> to attack. </p><p><b>Complexity</b> </p><p>Some worms are combined with web page scripts, and are hidden in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> pages using <a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a> and other technologies. When a user accesses a webpage containing a virus, the virus automatically resides in memory and waits to be triggered. There are also some worms that are combined with <a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">backdoor</a> programs or <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horses</a>, such as "<a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Contagiousness</b> </p><p>Worms are more infectious than traditional viruses. They not only infect local computers, but also all servers and clients on the network based on the local computer. Worms can easily spread through <a href="/wiki/Shared_folder" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared folder">shared folders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">e-mails</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> malicious web pages, and servers with a large number of vulnerabilities in the network.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harm">Harm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_worm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Harm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any code designed to do more than spread the worm is typically referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Payload_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Payload (software)">payload</a>". Typical malicious payloads might delete files on a host system (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/ExploreZip" title="ExploreZip">ExploreZip</a> worm), encrypt files in a <a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">ransomware</a> attack, or <a href="/wiki/Data_theft" title="Data theft">exfiltrate data</a> such as confidential documents or passwords.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some worms may install a <a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">backdoor</a>. This allows the computer to be remotely controlled by the worm author as a "<a href="/wiki/Zombie_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie computers">zombie</a>". Networks of such machines are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Botnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Botnets">botnets</a> and are very commonly used for a range of malicious purposes, including sending <a href="/wiki/E-mail_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail spam">spam</a> or performing <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">DoS</a> attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some special worms attack industrial systems in a targeted manner. <a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a> was primarily transmitted through LANs and infected thumb-drives, as its targets were never connected to untrusted networks, like the internet. This virus can destroy the core production control computer software used by chemical, power generation and power transmission companies in various countries around the world - in Stuxnet's case, Iran, Indonesia and India were hardest hit - it was used to "issue orders" to other equipment in the factory, and to hide those commands from being detected. Stuxnet used multiple vulnerabilities and four different zero-day exploits (e.g.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/advisory/2286198.mspx">[1]</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows systems</a> and Siemens <a href="/wiki/SIMATIC_WinCC" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMATIC WinCC">SIMATICWinCC</a> systems to attack the embedded programmable logic controllers of industrial machines. Although these systems operate independently from the network, if the operator inserts a virus-infected drive into the system's USB interface, the virus will be able to gain control of the system without any other operational requirements or prompts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_worm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Worms spread by exploiting vulnerabilities in operating systems. Vendors with security problems supply regular security updates<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see "<a href="/wiki/Patch_Tuesday" title="Patch Tuesday">Patch Tuesday</a>"), and if these are installed to a machine, then the majority of worms are unable to spread to it. If a vulnerability is disclosed before the security patch released by the vendor, a <a href="/wiki/Zero-day_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-day attack">zero-day attack</a> is possible. </p><p>Users need to be wary of opening unexpected emails,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and should not run attached files or programs, or visit web sites that are linked to such emails. However, as with the <a href="/wiki/ILOVEYOU" title="ILOVEYOU">ILOVEYOU</a> worm, and with the increased growth and efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attacks, it remains possible to trick the end-user into running malicious code. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">Anti-virus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antispyware" class="mw-redirect" title="Antispyware">anti-spyware</a> software are helpful, but must be kept up-to-date with new pattern files at least every few days. The use of a <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewall</a> is also recommended. </p><p>Users can minimize the threat posed by worms by keeping their computers' operating system and other software up to date, avoiding opening unrecognized or unexpected emails and running <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewall</a> and antivirus software.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitigation techniques include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_Control_List#Networking_ACLs" class="mw-redirect" title="Access Control List">ACLs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firewall (networking)">Packet-filters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCP_Wrapper" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP Wrapper">TCP Wrapper</a>/<a href="/wiki/ACL_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACL (software)">ACL</a> enabled network service <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (computer software)">daemons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endpoint_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Endpoint protection">EPP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Endpoint_detection_and_response" title="Endpoint detection and response">EDR</a> software</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullroute" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullroute">Nullroute</a></li></ul> <p>Infections can sometimes be detected by their behavior - typically scanning the Internet randomly, looking for vulnerable hosts to infect.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, machine learning techniques can be used to detect new worms, by analyzing the behavior of the suspected computer.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worms_with_good_intent">Worms with good intent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_worm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Worms with good intent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>helpful worm</b> or <b>anti-worm</b> is a worm designed to do something that its author feels is helpful, though not necessarily with the permission of the executing computer's owner. Beginning with the first research into worms at <a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a>, there have been attempts to create useful worms. Those worms allowed <a href="/wiki/John_Shoch" title="John Shoch">John Shoch</a> and Jon Hupp to test the <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> principles on their network of <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> computers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Nachi_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nachi worm">Nachi</a> family of worms tried to download and install patches from Microsoft's website to fix vulnerabilities in the host system by exploiting those same vulnerabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, although this may have made these systems more secure, it generated considerable network traffic, rebooted the machine in the course of patching it, and did its work without the consent of the computer's owner or user. Regardless of their payload or their writers' intentions, security experts regard all worms as <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>. Another example of this approach is <a href="/wiki/Roku_OS" title="Roku OS">Roku OS</a> patching a bug allowing for Roku OS to be rooted via an update to their screensaver channels, which the screensaver would attempt to connect to the telnet and patch the device.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study proposed the first computer worm that operates on the second layer of the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a> (Data link Layer), utilizing topology information such as <a href="/wiki/Content-addressable_memory" title="Content-addressable memory">Content-addressable memory</a> (CAM) tables and Spanning Tree information stored in switches to propagate and probe for vulnerable nodes until the enterprise network is covered.<sup id="cite_ref-semiauto_worm_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semiauto_worm-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-worms have been used to combat the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blaster_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaster worm">Blaster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santy" title="Santy">Santy</a> worms. <a href="/wiki/Welchia" title="Welchia">Welchia</a> is an example of a helpful worm.<sup id="cite_ref-Welch_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welch-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utilizing the same deficiencies exploited by the <a href="/wiki/Blaster_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaster worm">Blaster worm</a>, Welchia infected computers and automatically began downloading <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> security updates for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> without the users' consent. Welchia automatically reboots the computers it infects after installing the updates. One of these updates was the patch that fixed the exploit.<sup id="cite_ref-Welch_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welch-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples of helpful worms are "Den_Zuko", "Cheeze", "CodeGreen", and "Millenium".<sup id="cite_ref-Welch_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welch-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Art worms support artists in the performance of massive scale ephemeral artworks. It turns the infected computers into nodes that contribute to the artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_worm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_worms" title="List of computer worms">List of computer worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueKeep_(security_vulnerability)" class="mw-redirect" title="BlueKeep (security vulnerability)">BlueKeep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Shikara_(Worm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code Shikara (Worm)">Code Shikara (Worm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">Computer and network surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Computer virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Computer security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">Email spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas_(computer_worm)" title="Father Christmas (computer worm)">Father Christmas (computer worm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machine" title="Self-replicating machine">Self-replicating machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_support_scam" title="Technical support scam">Technical support scam</a> – unsolicited phone calls from a fake "tech support" person, claiming that the computer has a virus or other problems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_viruses_and_worms" title="Timeline of computer viruses and worms">Timeline of computer viruses and worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worm_memory_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Worm memory test">Worm memory test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSS_worm" title="XSS worm">XSS worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie (computer science)">Zombie (computer science)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_worm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarwise" class="citation web cs1">Barwise, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324073759/http://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/internet-worms">"What is an internet worm?"</a>. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/webwise/guides/internet-worms">the original</a> on 2015-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+an+internet+worm%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=Barwise&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwebwise%2Fguides%2Finternet-worms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+worm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangZhouChain2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Changwang; Zhou, Shi; Chain, Benjamin M. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leonardo&rft.atitle=Painting+the+Internet&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=112-113&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft.aulast=Aycock&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F236371%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+worm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_worm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232730/https://www.vernalex.com/guides/malware/">Malware Guide</a> (archived link) – Guide for understanding, removing and preventing worm infections on Vernalex.com.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=358455">"The 'Worm' Programs – Early Experience with a Distributed Computation"</a>, John Shoch and Jon Hupp, <i>Communications of the ACM</i>, Volume 25 Issue 3 (March 1982), pp. 172–180.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322104740/https://www.nsa.gov/ia/_files/support/WORMPAPER.pdf">"The Case for Using Layered Defenses to Stop Worms"</a>, Unclassified report from the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), 18 June 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130222110448/http://www.digitalthreat.net/2009/05/worm-evolution/">Worm Evolution</a> (archived link), paper by Jago Maniscalchi on Digital Threat, 31 May 2009.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malware" title="Template:Malware"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malware" title="Template talk:Malware"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malware" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malware"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malware_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infectious malware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_computer_viruses" title="Comparison of computer viruses">Comparison of computer viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Computer virus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computer worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_worms" title="List of computer worms">List of computer worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_viruses_and_worms" title="Timeline of computer viruses and worms">Timeline of computer viruses and worms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">Backdoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickjacking" title="Clickjacking">Clickjacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-browser" title="Man-in-the-browser">Man-in-the-browser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">Man-in-the-middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">Rootkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(computing)" title="Zombie (computing)">Zombie computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malware for profit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimeware" title="Crimeware">Crimeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleeceware" title="Fleeceware">Fleeceware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_grabbing" title="Form grabbing">Form grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialer#Fraudulent_dialer" title="Dialer">Fraudulent dialer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging">Keystroke logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_bot#Malicious_purposes" title="Internet bot">Malbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy-invasive_software" title="Privacy-invasive software">Privacy-invasive software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_security_software" title="Rogue security software">Rogue security software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_threat" title="Web threat">Web threats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By operating system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Android_(operating_system)_malware" title="Category:Android (operating system) malware">Android malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classic_Mac_OS_viruses" title="Category:Classic Mac OS viruses">Classic Mac OS viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:IOS_malware" title="Category:IOS malware">iOS malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_malware" title="Linux malware">Linux malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:MacOS_malware" title="Category:MacOS malware">MacOS malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_virus" title="Macro virus">Macro virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_malware" title="Mobile malware">Mobile malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_OS_viruses" title="Palm OS viruses">Palm OS viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperCard_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperCard viruses">HyperCard viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-keylogger" title="Anti-keylogger">Anti-keylogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">Antivirus software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_security" title="Browser security">Browser security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_loss_prevention_software" title="Data loss prevention software">Data loss prevention software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_computing" title="Defensive computing">Defensive computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">Computer and network surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeypot_(computing)" title="Honeypot (computing)">Honeypot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation:_Bot_Roast" title="Operation: Bot Roast">Operation: Bot Roast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Information_security" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Information_security" title="Template:Information security"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Information_security" title="Template talk:Information security"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Information_security" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Information security"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Information_security" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related security categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Computer security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_security" title="Automotive security">Automotive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_fraud" title="Computer fraud">Computer fraud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIAJMK1209-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="vectorial version"><img alt="vectorial version" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/150px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/225px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/300px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>vectorial version</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Threat_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat (computer)">Threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_persistent_threat" title="Advanced persistent threat">Advanced persistent threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_code_execution" title="Arbitrary code execution">Arbitrary code execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">Backdoors</a></li> <li>Bombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_bomb" title="Fork bomb">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_bomb" title="Logic bomb">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_bomb_(software)" title="Time bomb (software)">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_bomb" title="Zip bomb">Zip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_backdoor" title="Hardware backdoor">Hardware backdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_injection" title="Code injection">Code injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimeware" title="Crimeware">Crimeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_leaks" title="Cross-site leaks">Cross-site leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOM_clobbering" title="DOM clobbering">DOM clobbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_sniffing" title="History sniffing">History sniffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptojacking" title="Cryptojacking">Cryptojacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_breach" title="Data breach">Data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive-by_download" title="Drive-by download">Drive-by download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">Browser Helper Objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scraping" title="Data scraping">Data scraping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">Denial-of-service attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_fraud" title="Email fraud">Email fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_spoofing" title="Email spoofing">Email spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">Exploits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialer#Fraudulent_dialer" title="Dialer">Fraudulent dialers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecure_direct_object_reference" title="Insecure direct object reference">Insecure direct object reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging">Keystroke loggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_(computing)" title="Payload (computing)">Payload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_phishing" title="Voice phishing">Voice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_engine" title="Polymorphic engine">Polymorphic engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">Privilege escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">Rootkits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellcode" title="Shellcode">Shellcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">Spamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" title="Social engineering (security)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">Software bugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_Trojan" title="Hardware Trojan">Hardware Trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_access_trojan" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote access trojan">Remote access trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_shell" title="Web shell">Web shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiper_(malware)" title="Wiper (malware)">Wiper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL_injection" title="SQL injection">SQL injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_security_software" title="Rogue security software">Rogue security software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(computing)" title="Zombie (computing)">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secure_coding" title="Secure coding">Secure coding</a></li> <li>Secure by default</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_by_design" title="Secure by design">Secure by design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misuse_case" title="Misuse case">Misuse case</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Computer access control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication" title="Multi-factor authentication">Multi-factor authentication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorization" title="Authorization">Authorization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_security_software" title="Computer security software">Computer security software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">Antivirus software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused operating system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data-centric_security" title="Data-centric security">Data-centric security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_obfuscation" class="mw-redirect" title="Code obfuscation">Obfuscation (software)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_masking" title="Data masking">Data masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Host-based_intrusion_detection_system" title="Host-based intrusion detection system">Host-based intrusion detection system</a> (HIDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security_management" title="Information security management">Information security management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_risk_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Information risk management">Information risk management</a></li> 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