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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formulation_analytique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formulation analytique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formulation_analytique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesure_de_la_magnitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesure_de_la_magnitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mesure de la magnitude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mesure_de_la_magnitude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Mesure de la magnitude</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mesure_de_la_magnitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bandes_spectrales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bandes_spectrales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bandes spectrales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bandes_spectrales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objets_célestes_particuliers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objets_célestes_particuliers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Objets célestes particuliers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objets_célestes_particuliers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limite_des_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limite_des_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Limite des instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limite_des_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absorption_interstellaire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption_interstellaire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Absorption interstellaire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption_interstellaire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_avec_la_magnitude_absolue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_avec_la_magnitude_absolue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relation avec la magnitude absolue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_avec_la_magnitude_absolue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnitude_d'objets_notables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnitude_d'objets_notables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Magnitude d'objets notables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnitude_d'objets_notables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnitude apparente</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 75 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheinbare_Helligkeit" title="Scheinbare Helligkeit – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Scheinbare Helligkeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="قدر ظاهري – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قدر ظاهري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnit%C3%BA_aparente" title="Magnitú aparente – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magnitú aparente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%BCn%C9%99n_ulduz_%C3%B6l%C3%A7%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Görünən ulduz ölçüsü – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Görünən ulduz ölçüsü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Бачная зорная велічыня – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бачная зорная велічыня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Видима звездна величина – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Видима звездна величина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আপাত মান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আপাত মান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prividna_magnituda" title="Prividna magnituda – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prividna magnituda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_aparent" title="Magnitud aparent – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magnitud aparent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzdn%C3%A1_velikost" title="Hvězdná velikost – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hvězdná velikost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheinbare_Helligkeit" title="Scheinbare Helligkeit – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Scheinbare Helligkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φαινόμενο μέγεθος – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαινόμενο μέγεθος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Apparent magnitude" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cajna_magnitudo" title="Ŝajna magnitudo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝajna magnitudo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_aparente" title="Magnitud aparente – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magnitud aparente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4hesuurus" title="Tähesuurus – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tähesuurus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itxurazko_magnitude" title="Itxurazko magnitude – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itxurazko magnitude" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قدر ظاهری – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قدر ظاهری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudi_(t%C3%A4htitiede)" title="Magnitudi (tähtitiede) – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magnitudi (tähtitiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiinboor_magnituud" title="Skiinboor magnituud – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skiinboor magnituud" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_aparente" title="Magnitude aparente – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Magnitude aparente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בהירות נראית – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בהירות נראית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सापेक्ष कांतिमान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सापेक्ष कांतिमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prividna_magnituda" title="Prividna magnituda – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prividna magnituda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayitid_aparan" title="Mayitid aparan – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mayitid aparan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnit%C3%BAd%C3%B3" title="Magnitúdó – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magnitúdó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեսանելի աստղային մեծություն – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեսանելի աստղային մեծություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_apparente" title="Magnitude apparente – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Magnitude apparente" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudo_semu" title="Magnitudo semu – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Magnitudo semu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudine_apparente" title="Magnitudine apparente – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magnitudine apparente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%8B%E3%81%91%E3%81%AE%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A" title="見かけの等級 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="見かけの等級" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94" title="ვარსკვლავიერი სიდიდე – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარსკვლავიერი სიდიდე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azal_amaskad" title="Azal amaskad – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azal amaskad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%89%EB%B3%B4%EA%B8%B0%EB%93%B1%EA%B8%89" title="겉보기등급 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="겉보기등급" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qedra_zahir%C3%AE" title="Qedra zahirî – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qedra zahirî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudo_apparens" title="Magnitudo apparens – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magnitudo apparens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visuell_Magnitude" title="Visuell Magnitude – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Visuell Magnitude" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimasis_ry%C5%A1kis" title="Regimasis ryškis – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Regimasis ryškis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redzamais_spo%C5%BEums" title="Redzamais spožums – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Redzamais spožums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Привидна ѕвездена величина – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Привидна ѕвездена величина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ദൃശ്യകാന്തിമാനം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദൃശ്യകാന്തിമാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="आभासी दृश्यप्रत – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आभासी दृश्यप्रत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_ketara" title="Magnitud ketara – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Magnitud ketara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schijnbare_magnitude" title="Schijnbare magnitude – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schijnbare magnitude" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilsynelatande_storleiksklasse" title="Tilsynelatande storleiksklasse – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tilsynelatande storleiksklasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilsynelatende_st%C3%B8rrelsesklasse" title="Tilsynelatende størrelsesklasse – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tilsynelatende størrelsesklasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_aparenta" title="Magnitud aparenta – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Magnitud aparenta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamma_gonkaa" title="Hamma gonkaa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Hamma gonkaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਾਪੇਖ ਕਾਂਤੀਮਾਨ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਪੇਖ ਕਾਂਤੀਮਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obserwowana_wielko%C5%9B%C4%87_gwiazdowa" title="Obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obserwowana wielkość gwiazdowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_aparente" title="Magnitude aparente – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magnitude aparente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitudine_aparent%C4%83" title="Magnitudine aparentă – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnitudine aparentă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Видимая звёздная величина – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Видимая звёздная величина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnit%C3%B9dini_apparenti" title="Magnitùdini apparenti – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magnitùdini apparenti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prividna_magnituda" title="Prividna magnituda – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prividna magnituda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="දෘශ්‍ය විශාලත්වය – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෘශ්‍ය විශාලත්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magnitude (astronomy)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdanliv%C3%A1_hviezdna_ve%C4%BEkos%C5%A5" title="Zdanlivá hviezdna veľkosť – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zdanlivá hviezdna veľkosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navidezni_sij" title="Navidezni sij – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Navidezni sij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Привидна звездана величина – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Привидна звездана величина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skenbar_magnitud" title="Skenbar magnitud – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skenbar magnitud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwangaza_unaoonekana" title="Mwangaza unaoonekana – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwangaza unaoonekana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="தோற்ற ஒளிப்பொலிவெண் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோற்ற ஒளிப்பொலிவெண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F" title="โชติมาตรปรากฏ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โชติมาตรปรากฏ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliwanag_na_kalakhan" title="Maliwanag na kalakhan – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maliwanag na kalakhan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadir_(astronomi)" title="Kadir (astronomi) – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kadir (astronomi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Йолдызча зурлык – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йолдызча зурлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Видима зоряна величина – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Видима зоряна величина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBrinma_yulduz_kattaligi" title="Koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A5p_sao_bi%E1%BB%83u_ki%E1%BA%BFn" title="Cấp sao biểu kiến – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cấp sao biểu kiến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude" title="Magnitude – flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Magnitude" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitud_aparente" title="Magnitud aparente – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Magnitud aparente" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="视星等 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="视星等" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="视星等 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="视星等" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="視星等 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="視星等" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Magnitude" class="mw-disambig" title="Magnitude">Magnitude</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg/220px-VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg/330px-VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg/440px-VISTA_Magellanic_Cloud_Survey_view_of_the_Tarantula_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9246" data-file-height="12360" /></a><figcaption>Image de la <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9buleuse_de_la_Tarentule" title="Nébuleuse de la Tarentule">nébuleuse de la Tarentule</a> prise par le télescope <a href="/wiki/VISTA_(t%C3%A9lescope)" title="VISTA (télescope)">VISTA</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Observatoire_europ%C3%A9en_austral" title="Observatoire européen austral">ESO</a>. La nébuleuse a une magnitude apparente de 8 et est entourée d'objets célestes aux magnitudes diverses.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>magnitude apparente</b> est une <a href="/wiki/Mesure_physique" title="Mesure physique">mesure</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89clairement_%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique" title="Éclairement énergétique">irradiance</a> d'un <a href="/wiki/Objet_c%C3%A9leste" title="Objet céleste">objet céleste</a> observé depuis la <a href="/wiki/Terre" title="Terre">Terre</a>. Utilisée quasi exclusivement en <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomie</a>, la magnitude correspondait historiquement à un classement des étoiles, les plus brillantes étant de « première magnitude », les deuxièmes et troisièmes magnitudes étant plus faibles, jusqu'à la sixième magnitude, étoiles à peine visibles à l'œil nu. Elle est à présent définie suivant une <a href="/wiki/%C3%89chelle_logarithmique" title="Échelle logarithmique">échelle logarithmique</a> inverse, dans laquelle la magnitude augmente d'une unité lorsque l'<a href="/wiki/Irradiance" class="mw-redirect" title="Irradiance">irradiance</a> est divisée par environ 2,5. Ainsi, plus un objet céleste est brillant, plus sa magnitude est faible voire négative. Il est habituel de définir la magnitude zéro comme étant celle de l'étoile <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9ga" title="Véga">Véga</a>, aux erreurs d'étalonnage près. </p><p>La mesure de la magnitude se fait par <a href="/wiki/Photom%C3%A9trie_(astronomie)" title="Photométrie (astronomie)">photométrie</a> dans une ou plusieurs <a href="/wiki/Bande_spectrale" title="Bande spectrale">bandes spectrales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spectre_visible" title="Spectre visible">spectre visible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrarouge" title="Infrarouge">infrarouge</a>) grâce à des <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_photom%C3%A9trique" title="Système photométrique">systèmes photométriques</a> tels que le <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_photom%C3%A9trique_UBV" title="Système photométrique UBV">système UBV</a>. Généralement, la magnitude est donnée dans la bande spectrale V (visuel) et se voit alors appelée magnitude visuelle, notée m<sub>v</sub> ou simplement V. Les plus grands télescopes parviennent à détecter des objets célestes jusqu'à une <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_limite" title="Magnitude limite">magnitude limite</a> AB (ici AB signifie <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_AB" title="Magnitude AB">magnitude absolue</a>) de 31,2 (<a href="/wiki/Champ_extr%C3%AAmement_profond_de_Hubble" title="Champ extrêmement profond de Hubble">champ extrêmement profond de <i>Hubble</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; le <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope_spatial" title="Télescope spatial">télescope spatial</a> <i><a href="/wiki/James-Webb_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Webb (télescope spatial)">James-Webb</a></i> devrait atteindre 34 en lumière visible. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historique">Historique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Historique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Historique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le premier classement des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile">étoiles</a> en fonction de leur brillance remonte à l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9" title="Antiquité">Antiquité</a> où au <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> l'astronome grec <a href="/wiki/Hipparque_(astronome)" title="Hipparque (astronome)">Hipparque</a> aurait réalisé un catalogue d'un millier d'étoiles visibles à l'<a href="/wiki/%C5%92il_humain" title="Œil humain">œil</a> nu. L'échelle comprend alors six « grandeurs » : les étoiles les plus brillantes sont de première grandeur et les étoiles les moins brillantes encore visibles à l'œil nu sont de sixième grandeur<sup id="cite_ref-Comins2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comins2016-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merle_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merle-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cannat_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cannat-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette méthode de classement a été ensuite popularisée dans <i><a href="/wiki/Almageste" title="Almageste">Almageste</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Claude_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e" title="Claude Ptolémée">Ptolémée</a> au <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Au <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, <a href="/wiki/Galil%C3%A9e_(savant)" title="Galilée (savant)">Galilée</a>, qui observe le ciel avec sa <a href="/wiki/Lunette_astronomique" title="Lunette astronomique">lunette astronomique</a>, est contraint de créer une septième grandeur pour classer les étoiles visibles seulement avec son instrument. Jusqu'au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, des nouveaux échelons et des niveaux intermédiaires sont ajoutés peu à peu à l'échelle avec l'amélioration des instruments d'observation. Ainsi, dans les années 1860, le catalogue <i><a href="/wiki/Bonner_Durchmusterung" title="Bonner Durchmusterung">Bonner Durchmusterung</a></i> comptait 324 188 étoiles classées en neuf grandeurs. Mais ce classement peut fortement varier selon le jugement des observateurs et, face à la multiplication des étoiles et de leurs <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_d%27%C3%A9toiles" title="Catalogue d'étoiles">catalogues</a>, il devient nécessaire de trouver un procédé d'observation moins subjectif. Plusieurs techniques sont mises au point dont l'une des plus utilisées est le <a href="/wiki/Photom%C3%A8tre" title="Photomètre">photomètre</a> : il convertit la <a href="/wiki/Luminosit%C3%A9" title="Luminosité">luminosité</a> en courant <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9" title="Électricité">électrique</a> qui est ensuite comparé à des valeurs étalons. Malgré cela, les différences restent trop grandes — la onzième grandeur de <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_von_Struve" title="Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve">Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve</a> correspondait à la dix-huitième de <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> — et il faut trouver une loi de variation de la luminosité des astres<sup id="cite_ref-Merle_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merle-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cannat_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cannat-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En 1856, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Robert_Pogson" title="Norman Robert Pogson">Norman Robert Pogson</a> propose une nouvelle classification où il remplace le mot « <a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/grandeur" class="extiw" title="wikt:grandeur">grandeur</a> », qui évoque trop fortement l'idée de taille, par celui de « <a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/magnitude" class="extiw" title="wikt:magnitude">magnitude</a> » (qui en est un synonyme savant). Il remarque qu'une étoile de première magnitude est <span class="nowrap">100 fois</span> plus brillante qu'une étoile de sixième magnitude. Ainsi une baisse d'une magnitude représente une baisse de luminosité égale à <span class="racine"><sup style="margin-right: -0.5em; vertical-align: 0.8em;">5</sup>√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">100</span></span> soit environ 2,512. Cette nouvelle <a href="/wiki/%C3%89chelle_logarithmique" title="Échelle logarithmique">échelle logarithmique</a> respecte une propriété <a href="/wiki/Physiologie" title="Physiologie">physiologique</a> de l'œil sur sa sensibilité à la lumière (<a href="/wiki/Loi_de_Weber-Fechner" title="Loi de Weber-Fechner">loi de Weber-Fechner</a>). Cette échelle entraîne la reclassification de la vingtaine d'étoiles de première magnitude (<a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9ga" title="Véga">Véga</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9telgeuse" title="Bételgeuse">Bételgeuse</a>...) dont les éclats sont trop différents et la création de magnitudes négatives<sup id="cite_ref-Merle_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merle-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cannat_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cannat-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Pogson choisit comme point zéro pour son échelle l'<a href="/wiki/Alpha_Ursae_Minoris" title="Alpha Ursae Minoris">étoile Polaire</a> (α Ursae Minoris) dont il fixe la magnitude à 2. Mais par la suite les astronomes se rendent compte que l'étoile Polaire est une <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable" title="Étoile variable">étoile variable</a> et ils choisissent comme nouvelle référence l'étoile <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9ga" title="Véga">Véga</a> avec une magnitude de 0. Mais de nouveau, il apparait que Véga est légèrement variable et depuis le <abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, les astronomes utilisent des sources lumineuses stables en laboratoire<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> telles que le système Gunn, le système STMAG ou la <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_AB" title="Magnitude AB">magnitude AB</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Magnitude-scale.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Magnitude-scale.png" decoding="async" width="514" height="88" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="88" /></a><figcaption>Correspondance entre l'échelle des magnitudes et l'échelle des flux (éclairement).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formulation_analytique">Formulation analytique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Formulation analytique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Formulation analytique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La magnitude apparente <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span> est donnée par la <b>loi de Pogson</b><sup id="cite_ref-Mianes1964279_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mianes1964279-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchatzmanPraderie199031<span_class="nowrap"><abbr_class="abbr_"_title="chapitre(s)"_>chap.</abbr>&nbsp;<abbr_class="abbr_"_title="1"_><span_class="romain"_style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></span>,_<span_class="nowrap"><abbr_class="abbr_"_title="paragraphe(s)"_>§</abbr>&nbsp;1.3</span>_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchatzmanPraderie199031<span_class="nowrap"><abbr_class="abbr_"_title="chapitre(s)"_>chap.</abbr>&nbsp;<abbr_class="abbr_"_title="1"_><span_class="romain"_style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></span>,_<span_class="nowrap"><abbr_class="abbr_"_title="paragraphe(s)"_>§</abbr>&nbsp;1.3</span>-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> qui s’écrit<sup id="cite_ref-Merle_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merle-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chromey2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chromey2016-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : </p><p><span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m=-2.5\log _{10}(E)+C=-2.5\log _{10}\left({\frac {L}{4\pi d^{2}}}\right)+C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.5</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.5</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>L</mi> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m=-2.5\log _{10}(E)+C=-2.5\log _{10}\left({\frac {L}{4\pi d^{2}}}\right)+C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b470f6eecb853736cb96dab72a2b6a02be27ee63" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:50.09ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m=-2.5\log _{10}(E)+C=-2.5\log _{10}\left({\frac {L}{4\pi d^{2}}}\right)+C}"></span></span> </p><p>où <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span> est l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89clairement_%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique" title="Éclairement énergétique">éclairement</a> ou éclat de l'étoile en <a href="/wiki/Jansky_(unit%C3%A9)" title="Jansky (unité)">jansky</a> (10<sup>–26</sup> <abbr class="abbr" title="watt mètre puissance –2 hertz puissance –1"><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8tre" title="Mètre">m</a><sup>–2</sup> <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a><sup>–1</sup></abbr>) — qui s'exprime avec la luminosité intrinsèque de l'étoile <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}"></span> et la distance entre l'étoile et la Terre <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span> exprimée en <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8tre" title="Mètre">mètre</a> — et où <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> est une constante permettant de définir l'origine de l'échelle. Cette constante est fixée par l'astronome au moment de l'observation pour accorder ses mesures de la magnitude d'étoiles standards par rapport à leurs magnitudes connues et inscrites dans les catalogues. </p><p>Dans le cas où la luminosité intrinsèque de l'étoile est <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_bolom%C3%A9trique" title="Magnitude bolométrique">bolométrique</a>, nous appliquons la <a href="/wiki/Loi_de_Stefan-Boltzmann" title="Loi de Stefan-Boltzmann">loi de Stefan-Boltzmann</a> nous permettant d'aboutir à l'expression suivante : </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m=-2.5\log _{10}\left({4\pi R^{2}\sigma T^{4} \over 4\pi d^{2}}\right)+C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.5</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>σ</mi> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m=-2.5\log _{10}\left({4\pi R^{2}\sigma T^{4} \over 4\pi d^{2}}\right)+C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c152886b8f69c2863da95fd8590c3282a207151" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:33.434ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m=-2.5\log _{10}\left({4\pi R^{2}\sigma T^{4} \over 4\pi d^{2}}\right)+C}"></span> </p><p>où <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span> est le rayon de l'étoile en <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8tre" title="Mètre">mètres</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> la température effective de l'astre en <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a> et <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>σ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }"></span> la <a href="/wiki/Constante_de_Stefan-Boltzmann" title="Constante de Stefan-Boltzmann">constante de Stefan-Boltzmann</a>. </p><p>La formule est plus couramment utilisée pour comparer les magnitudes apparentes de deux objets célestes et ainsi déduire la magnitude de l'objet inconnu (1) par rapport à celle d'un objet connu (2), comme l'étoile Véga dont la magnitude est fixée à 0<sup id="cite_ref-Chromey2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chromey2016-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karttunen2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karttunen2016-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}-m_{2}=-2.5\log _{10}\left({\frac {E_{1}}{E_{2}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2.5</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}-m_{2}=-2.5\log _{10}\left({\frac {E_{1}}{E_{2}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9cf460e215f61b5e10793b582491e6127351f2f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:29.17ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}-m_{2}=-2.5\log _{10}\left({\frac {E_{1}}{E_{2}}}\right)}"></span></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mesure_de_la_magnitude">Mesure de la magnitude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Mesure de la magnitude" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Mesure de la magnitude"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bandes_spectrales">Bandes spectrales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Bandes spectrales" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bandes spectrales"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable droite" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Bandes spectrales et leurs longueurs d'onde moyennes<sup id="cite_ref-Karttunen2016_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karttunen2016-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bande_spectrale" title="Bande spectrale">Bande spectrale</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Longueur_d%27onde" title="Longueur d'onde">Longueur d'onde</a><br />moyenne (<a href="/wiki/Nanom%C3%A8tre" title="Nanomètre">nm</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> </td> <td>367 </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bleu" title="Bleu">bleu</a> </td> <td>436 </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td>visuel (<a href="/wiki/Jaune" title="Jaune">jaune</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vert" title="Vert">vert</a>) </td> <td>545 </td></tr> <tr> <td>R </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rouge" title="Rouge">rouge</a> </td> <td>638 </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Infrarouge" title="Infrarouge">infrarouge</a> </td> <td>797 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La magnitude n'est mesurée que dans une petite partie du <a href="/wiki/Spectre_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique" title="Spectre électromagnétique">spectre électromagnétique</a> appelée <a href="/wiki/Bande_spectrale" title="Bande spectrale">bande spectrale</a>. La valeur est donc différente selon le choix de la bande : <i>U</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>), <i>B</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bleu" title="Bleu">bleu</a>), <i>V</i> (visuel), <i>R</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rouge" title="Rouge">rouge</a>) ou <i>I</i> (<a href="/wiki/Infrarouge" title="Infrarouge">infrarouge</a>). Lorsque la mesure s'effectue sur la totalité du spectre électromagnétique, il s'agit d'une <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_bolom%C3%A9trique" title="Magnitude bolométrique">magnitude bolométrique</a>. Elle peut être obtenue en appliquant une correction bolométrique BC à la magnitude absolue ou apparente<sup id="cite_ref-Merle_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merle-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karttunen2016_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karttunen2016-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La magnitude visuelle, notée m<sub>v</sub> ou directement V, est la magnitude dans la bande spectrale <i>V</i> qui correspond le mieux à la sensibilité de l'<a href="/wiki/%C5%92il_humain" title="Œil humain">œil</a>. C'est cette magnitude qui est généralement utilisée lorsqu'il n'est donné aucune précision sur la bande spectrale observée<sup id="cite_ref-Merle_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merle-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karttunen2016_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karttunen2016-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_photographique" title="Magnitude photographique">magnitude photographique</a>, notée m<sub>pg</sub>, est mesurée à partir d'une <a href="/wiki/Pellicule_photographique" title="Pellicule photographique">plaque photographique</a> plus sensible dans le bleu. Ainsi, la magnitude photographique diffère de la magnitude visuelle : elle montre les étoiles bleues plus brillantes et les étoiles jaunes moins brillantes. Au contraire, la magnitude photovisuelle, notée m<sub>pv</sub>, est mesurée à partir d'une plaque <a href="/wiki/Orthochromatique" title="Orthochromatique">orthochromatique</a> plus sensible dans le jaune. Avec des filtres adéquats, on obtient alors une magnitude correspondant à la magnitude visuelle. Ces deux méthodes sont considérées comme obsolètes et ont été remplacées par des <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_photom%C3%A9trique" title="Système photométrique">systèmes photométriques</a> mesurant les magnitudes sur plusieurs bandes spectrales. Le plus utilisé est le <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_photom%C3%A9trique_UBV" title="Système photométrique UBV">système photométrique UBV</a> (ou de Johnson) créé dans les années 1950 par <a href="/wiki/Harold_Johnson_(astronome)" title="Harold Johnson (astronome)">Harold Johnson</a> et <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Morgan" title="William Wilson Morgan">William Wilson Morgan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Merle_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merle-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karttunen2016_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karttunen2016-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objets_célestes_particuliers"><span id="Objets_c.C3.A9lestes_particuliers"></span>Objets célestes particuliers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Objets célestes particuliers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Objets célestes particuliers"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pour les objets célestes étendus comme les <a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">galaxies</a> ou les <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9buleuse" title="Nébuleuse">nébuleuses</a>, on parle plutôt de <a href="/wiki/Brillance_de_surface" title="Brillance de surface">brillance de surface</a> ou brillance surfacique. Elle s'exprime comme une magnitude par <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%27angle_solide" title="Unité d'angle solide">unité d'angle solide</a>, par exemple une magnitude par <a href="/wiki/Sous-unit%C3%A9s_du_degr%C3%A9" title="Sous-unités du degré">seconde d'arc</a> au carré<sup id="cite_ref-ClubValmondois_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClubValmondois-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Pour les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_variable" title="Étoile variable">étoiles variables</a>, c'est-à-dire les étoiles dont l'éclat varie au cours de périodes plus ou moins longues, on donne les magnitudes maximale et minimale et la période de variation<sup id="cite_ref-ClubValmondois_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClubValmondois-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La mesure de la magnitude des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_double" title="Étoile double">étoiles doubles</a> ou des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_multiple" title="Étoile multiple">étoiles multiples</a> renvoie la magnitude totale du système stellaire, qui n'est pas égale à la somme des magnitudes des étoiles le composant. Si on connait le nombre d'étoiles du système, il est possible de différencier les magnitudes<sup id="cite_ref-ClubValmondois_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClubValmondois-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elles sont liées par la formule : </p><p><span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{f}=-2{,}5\log _{10}(10^{-0{,}4m_{1}}+10^{-0{,}4m_{2}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>5</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{f}=-2{,}5\log _{10}(10^{-0{,}4m_{1}}+10^{-0{,}4m_{2}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de148b6f0f96c7580ab15e1e9c14db7bfb4fda64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:37.363ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{f}=-2{,}5\log _{10}(10^{-0{,}4m_{1}}+10^{-0{,}4m_{2}})}"></span></span> </p><p>où <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a6b1ed1cca247d7fbe5a237f3c266a4e13850185" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.177ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{f}}"></span> est la magnitude totale du système et <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/31aafa60e48d39ccce922404c0b80340b2cc777a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}}"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ecebe334d5cadc3ffcf245eb02919034d7a2ec8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{2}}"></span> les magnitudes des étoiles le composant<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limite_des_instruments">Limite des instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Limite des instruments" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Limite des instruments"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_limite" title="Magnitude limite">magnitude limite</a> d'un instrument désigne la plus faible luminosité observable dans une configuration instrumentale et une bande spectrale données. La <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_limite_visuelle" title="Magnitude limite visuelle">magnitude limite visuelle</a> est la magnitude limite dans la bande spectrale <i>V</i> (visible). Elle est donnée par la formule<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{l}=2+5\log _{10}D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>5</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{l}=2+5\log _{10}D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3fdee3c2ac99326f434d1c454f50eeeb04f26a21" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.573ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{l}=2+5\log _{10}D}"></span> dans laquelle <i>D</i> est le diamètre d'ouverture de l'instrument exprimé en millimètre. La magnitude limite visuelle de l'<a href="/wiki/%C5%92il_nu" title="Œil nu">œil nu</a> est de 6, celle des <a href="/wiki/Jumelles" title="Jumelles">jumelles</a> de 10, et celle des grands <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope" title="Télescope">télescopes</a> terrestres ou des <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope_spatial" title="Télescope spatial">télescopes spatiaux</a> comme <a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)">Hubble</a> est de 30<sup id="cite_ref-Comins2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comins2016-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette limite est sans cesse repoussée et il est prévu que le <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope_g%C3%A9ant_europ%C3%A9en" title="Télescope géant européen">Télescope géant européen</a> en cours de construction ait une magnitude limite de 34<sup id="cite_ref-Science&Vie2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science&Vie2012-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absorption_interstellaire">Absorption interstellaire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Absorption interstellaire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Absorption interstellaire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La magnitude apparente dépend de la luminosité intrinsèque de l'objet céleste et de sa distance à la Terre. Cependant, un autre phénomène entre en compte : une partie de la lumière est absorbée par les <a href="/wiki/Poussi%C3%A8re" title="Poussière">poussières</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz">gaz</a> du <a href="/wiki/Milieu_interstellaire" title="Milieu interstellaire">milieu interstellaire</a>. Cette quantité absorbée est appelée extinction ou <a href="/wiki/Absorption_interstellaire" title="Absorption interstellaire">absorption interstellaire</a> notée A. Ce phénomène est moins important dans les grandes <a href="/wiki/Longueurs_d%27onde" class="mw-redirect" title="Longueurs d'onde">longueurs d'onde</a> que dans les petites, c'est-à-dire qu'il absorbe plus les bleus que les rouges. Cela crée un effet de rougissement qui fait qu'un objet parait plus rouge que la réalité<sup id="cite_ref-ClubValmondois_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClubValmondois-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Indice_de_couleur" title="Indice de couleur">indice de couleur</a> d'une étoile désigne la différence entre les magnitudes apparentes de cette étoile obtenues dans deux bandes spectrales différentes. Il existe plusieurs indices en fonction des bandes utilisées : <span class="nowrap">B − V</span>, <span class="nowrap">U − B</span><sup id="cite_ref-Merle_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merle-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karttunen2016_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karttunen2016-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_avec_la_magnitude_absolue">Relation avec la magnitude absolue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Relation avec la magnitude absolue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Relation avec la magnitude absolue"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_absolue" title="Magnitude absolue">magnitude absolue</a> est une mesure de l'irradiance intrinsèque d'un objet céleste, au contraire de la magnitude apparente qui dépend de la distance à l'astre et de l'<a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomie)" title="Extinction (astronomie)">extinction</a> dans la ligne de visée. Pour un objet situé à l'extérieur du <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_solaire" title="Système solaire">Système solaire</a>, elle est définie par la magnitude apparente qu'aurait cet astre s'il était placé à une distance de référence fixée à 10 <abbr class="abbr" title="parsecs"><a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsecs</a></abbr> (environ 32,6 <abbr class="abbr" title="années-lumière"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">années-lumière</a></abbr>). </p><p>La comparaison de la magnitude absolue avec la magnitude apparente permet une estimation de la distance de l'objet. </p><p><span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =m-M=5\log _{10}(d)-5}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>5</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =m-M=5\log _{10}(d)-5}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/618c79a425695b1ccb5f0f76c914ef9d4463719c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.347ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =m-M=5\log _{10}(d)-5}"></span></span> </p><p>où <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span> est la magnitude apparente, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}"></span> la magnitude absolue et <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span> la distance exprimée en parsecs. La valeur <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }"></span>, appelée <a href="/wiki/Module_de_distance" title="Module de distance">module de distance</a>, est d'une certaine manière une unité de mesure de la distance comme l'année-lumière et le parsec. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magnitude_d'objets_notables"><span id="Magnitude_d.27objets_notables"></span>Magnitude d'objets notables</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Magnitude d'objets notables" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Magnitude d'objets notables"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles connexes : <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%A9toiles_les_plus_brillantes" title="Liste des étoiles les plus brillantes">Liste des étoiles les plus brillantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9toiles_par_magnitude_apparente" title="Liste d'étoiles par magnitude apparente">Liste d'étoiles par magnitude apparente</a> et <a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27objets_astronomiques_observables_%C3%A0_l%27%C5%93il_nu" title="Liste d'objets astronomiques observables à l'œil nu">Liste d'objets astronomiques observables à l'œil nu</a>.</div></div> <table class="wikitable centre"> <caption>Magnitudes visuelles apparentes d'objets célestes notables </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Magnitude visuelle apparente">V</abbr> </th> <th scope="col">Objet céleste </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EDF3FE;"> <td align="right">−26,7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soleil" title="Soleil">Soleil</a><sup id="cite_ref-Comins2016_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comins2016-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">−12,6 </td> <td>Pleine <a href="/wiki/Lune" title="Lune">Lune</a><sup id="cite_ref-Comins2016_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comins2016-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">−8,4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_Iridium" title="Flash Iridium">Flash Iridium</a> <small>(maximum)</small><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E5F9EA;"> <td align="right">−7,5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> la plus brillante : <a href="/wiki/SN_1006" title="SN 1006">SN 1006</a> (en l'an 1006) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">−5,3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Station_spatiale_internationale" title="Station spatiale internationale">Station spatiale internationale</a> pleinement éclairée à son <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riapside" title="Périapside">périgée</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E5F9EA;"> <td align="right">−4,6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te" title="Planète">Planète</a> la plus brillante : <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Vénus (planète)">Vénus</a> <small>(maximum)</small><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">−2,9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Mars (planète)">Mars</a> et <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Jupiter (planète)">Jupiter</a> <small>(maximums)</small><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">−2,4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercure_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Mercure (planète)">Mercure</a> <small>(maximum, inobservable)</small><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E5F9EA;"> <td align="right">−1,5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile">Étoile</a> la plus brillante : <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">−0,7 </td> <td>Deuxième étoile la plus brillante : <a href="/wiki/Canopus_(%C3%A9toile)" title="Canopus (étoile)">Canopus</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EDF3FE;"> <td align="right">0,0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9ga" title="Véga">Véga</a> (par convention, au lieu de +0,03 mesuré<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0,4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturne_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Saturne (planète)">Saturne</a> <small>(maximum)</small><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E5F9EA;"> <td align="right">0,9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie">Galaxie</a> la plus brillante : <a href="/wiki/Grand_Nuage_de_Magellan" title="Grand Nuage de Magellan">Grand Nuage de Magellan</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E5F9EA;"> <td align="right">1,0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9buleuse" title="Nébuleuse">Nébuleuse</a> la plus brillante : <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9buleuse_de_la_Car%C3%A8ne" title="Nébuleuse de la Carène">Nébuleuse de la Carène</a> (NGC 3372) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2,0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Ursae_Minoris" title="Alpha Ursae Minoris">Alpha Ursae Minoris</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile_polaire" title="Étoile polaire">étoile polaire</a> de l'hémisphère Nord)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3,4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galaxie_d%27Androm%C3%A8de" title="Galaxie d'Andromède">Galaxie d'Andromède</a> (M 31 / NGC 224) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5,3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Uranus (planète)">Uranus</a> <small>(maximum)</small><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5,4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Octantis" title="Sigma Octantis">Sigma Octantis</a> (étoile polaire de l'hémisphère Sud)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EDF3FE;"> <td align="right">6,0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_limite_visuelle" title="Magnitude limite visuelle">Magnitude limite</a> de l'œil nu<sup id="cite_ref-Comins2016_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comins2016-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7,8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Neptune (planète)">Neptune</a> <small>(maximum)</small><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EDF3FE;"> <td align="right">10 <s style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent">0</s> </td> <td>Magnitude limite de jumelles de 40 millimètres d'ouverture<sup id="cite_ref-Comins2016_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comins2016-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E5F9EA;"> <td align="right">12,6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a> le plus brillant : <a href="/wiki/3C_273" title="3C 273">3C 273</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">13,7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pluton_(plan%C3%A8te_naine)" title="Pluton (planète naine)">Pluton</a> <small>(maximum)</small><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#EDF3FE;"> <td align="right">31 <s style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent">0</s> </td> <td>Magnitude limite du télescope spatial <a href="/wiki/Hubble_(t%C3%A9lescope_spatial)" title="Hubble (télescope spatial)"><i>Hubble</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Comins2016_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comins2016-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">34 <s style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent">0</s> </td> <td>Magnitude limite prévue du <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope_g%C3%A9ant_europ%C3%A9en" title="Télescope géant européen">Télescope géant européen</a> <small>(en construction)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Science&Vie2012_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science&Vie2012-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">50 <s style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent">0</s> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:36em; column-count:2;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xdf.ucolick.org/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">XDF Project - eXtreme Deep Field</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">xdf.ucolick.org</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comins2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Comins2016_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comins2016_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comins2016_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comins2016_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comins2016_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comins2016_2-5">f</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Comins2016_2-6">g</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Comins2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Neil_Comins2016">Neil Comins (<abbr class="abbr" title="traduction">trad.</abbr> de l'anglais par Richard Taillet et Loïc Villain), <cite class="italique">À la découverte de l'Univers : Les bases de l'astronomie et de l'astrophysique</cite> [« <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Discovering the Universe</span> »], Paris, <a href="/wiki/De_Boeck_Sup%C3%A9rieur" class="mw-redirect" title="De Boeck Supérieur">De Boeck Supérieur</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-09" data-sort-value="2016-09">septembre 2016</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> (<abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> 2011), 536 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-8073-0294-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-8073-0294-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-8073-0294-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=qWFBDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA297">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr> 10 (« Galerie de portraits des étoiles »), <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">296-299</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%80+la+d%C3%A9couverte+de+l%27Univers&rft.atitle=Galerie+de+portraits+des+%C3%A9toiles&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=De+Boeck+Sup%C3%A9rieur&rft.edition=2&rft.stitle=Les+bases+de+l%27astronomie+et+de+l%27astrophysique&rft.aulast=Comins&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.date=2016-09&rft.pages=296-299&rft.tpages=536&rft.isbn=978-2-8073-0294-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMagnitude+apparente"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merle-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Merle_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merle_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merle_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merle_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merle_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merle_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merle_3-6">g</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Merle_3-7">h</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Merle"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gabriel_Merle">Gabriel Merle, <cite class="italique">L'Univers et nous : Notre histoire</cite>, Éditions Publibook <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7483-0485-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7483-0485-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7483-0485-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=MsZuRXV1x6IC&pg=PA210">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">210-214</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Univers+et+nous&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Publibook&rft.stitle=Notre+histoire&rft.aulast=Merle&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft.pages=210-214&rft.isbn=978-2-7483-0485-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMagnitude+apparente"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cannat-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cannat_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cannat_4-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Cannat_4-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cannat"><span class="ouvrage" id="Guillaume_Cannat">Guillaume Cannat, <cite class="italique">Le Guide du ciel</cite>, AMDS/Nathan <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leguideduciel.net/ephemerides/magnitude.htm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Guide+du+ciel&rft.pub=AMDS%2FNathan&rft.aulast=Cannat&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMagnitude+apparente"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrosurf.com/toussaint/dossiers/ptoleme/ptolemee.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Ptolémée et le Géocentrisme</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">astrosurf.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-18" data-sort-value="2017-01-18">18 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Francis2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Charles_Francis2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Charles Francis, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Light after Dark I : Structures of the Sky</cite>, Troubador Publishing Ltd, <time>2016</time>, 248 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-78589-932-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-78589-932-4"><span class="nowrap">978-1-78589-932-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=vE8YDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr> 6<span class="lang-en" lang="en"> (« Stellar Distances »)</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">84-85</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+after+Dark+I&rft.atitle=Stellar+Distances&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing+Ltd&rft.stitle=Structures+of+the+Sky&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=84-85&rft.tpages=248&rft.isbn=978-1-78589-932-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMagnitude+apparente"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Phillips2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Neil_Phillips2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Neil Phillips, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roe.ac.uk/ifa/postgrad/pedagogy/2008_phillips.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Photometric Systems</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_royal_d%27%C3%89dimbourg" title="Observatoire royal d'Édimbourg">Observatoire royal d'Édimbourg</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-04-08" data-sort-value="2008-04-08">8 avril 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-19" data-sort-value="2017-01-19">19 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mianes1964279-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mianes1964279_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mianes1964">Mianes 1964</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 279. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchatzmanPraderie199031<span_class="nowrap"><abbr_class="abbr_"_title="chapitre(s)"_>chap.</abbr>&nbsp;<abbr_class="abbr_"_title="1"_><span_class="romain"_style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></span>,_<span_class="nowrap"><abbr_class="abbr_"_title="paragraphe(s)"_>§</abbr>&nbsp;1.3</span>-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SchatzmanPraderie199031<span_class="nowrap"><abbr_class="abbr_"_title="chapitre(s)"_>chap.</abbr>&nbsp;<abbr_class="abbr_"_title="1"_><span_class="romain"_style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></span>,_<span_class="nowrap"><abbr_class="abbr_"_title="paragraphe(s)"_>§</abbr>&nbsp;1.3</span>_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#SchatzmanPraderie1990">Schatzman et Praderie 1990</a>, <span class="nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr></span>, <span class="nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="paragraphe(s)">§</abbr> 1.3</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 31. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chromey2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Chromey2016_10-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Chromey2016_10-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chromey2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Frederick_R._Chromey2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Frederick R. Chromey, <cite class="italique" lang="en">To Measure the Sky : An Introduction to Observational Astronomy</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <time>2016</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-316-76051-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-316-76051-2"><span class="nowrap">978-1-316-76051-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=34owDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">22-24</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Measure+the+Sky&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.edition=2&rft.stitle=An+Introduction+to+Observational+Astronomy&rft.aulast=Chromey&rft.aufirst=Frederick+R.&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=22-24&rft.isbn=978-1-316-76051-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMagnitude+apparente"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karttunen2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Karttunen2016_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karttunen2016_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karttunen2016_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karttunen2016_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karttunen2016_11-4">e</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Karttunen2016_11-5">f</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="KarttunenKrögerOjaPoutanen2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hannu_KarttunenPekka_KrögerHeikki_OjaMarkku_Poutanen2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Hannu Karttunen, Pekka Kröger, Heikki Oja, Markku Poutanen et Karl Johan Donner, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Fundamental Astronomy</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Axel_Springer_(entreprise)" title="Axel Springer (entreprise)">Springer</a>, <time>2016</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="sixième">6<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 550 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-662-53045-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-662-53045-0"><span class="nowrap">978-3-662-53045-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=ndd2DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="chapitre(s)">chap.</abbr> 4<span class="lang-en" lang="en"> (« Photometric concepts and magnitudes »)</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">94-96</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Photometric+concepts+and+magnitudes&rft.pub=Springer&rft.edition=6&rft.aulast=Karttunen&rft.aufirst=Hannu&rft.au=Pekka+Kr%C3%B6ger&rft.au=Heikki+Oja&rft.au=Markku+Poutanen&rft.au=Karl+Johan+Donner&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=94-96&rft.tpages=550&rft.isbn=978-3-662-53045-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMagnitude+apparente"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClubValmondois-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ClubValmondois_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClubValmondois_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClubValmondois_12-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-ClubValmondois_12-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Club_d'Astronomie_de_Valmondois1999">Club d'Astronomie de Valmondois, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrosurf.com/quasar95/exposes/magnitudes.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Les magnitudes</cite></a> » <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, sur <span class="italique">astrosurf.com</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-11" data-sort-value="1999-11">novembre 1999</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-19" data-sort-value="2017-01-19">19 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dept.astro.lsa.umich.edu/ugactivities/Labs/brightness/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Brightness and Surface Brightness</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Michigan" title="Université du Michigan">université du Michigan</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-19" data-sort-value="2017-01-19">19 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caglow.com/info/wtopic/mag-arith"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Magnitude Arithmetic</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">.caglow.com</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-01-17" data-sort-value="2011-01-17">17 janvier 2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-19" data-sort-value="2017-01-19">19 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kitchin2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="C._R._Kitchin2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> C. R. <span class="nom_auteur">Kitchin</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Astrophysical techniques</cite>, Institute Of Physics Publishing, <time>2003</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 476 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-7503-0946-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-7503-0946-6"><span class="nowrap">0-7503-0946-6</span></a>)</small>, p. 83<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astrophysical+techniques&rft.pub=Institute+Of+Physics+Publishing&rft.edition=3&rft.aulast=Kitchin&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=p.+83&rft.tpages=476&rft.isbn=0-7503-0946-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMagnitude+apparente"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science&Vie2012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Science&Vie2012_16-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Science&Vie2012_16-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brunier2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Serge_Brunier2012">Serge Brunier, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science-et-vie.com/article/e-elt-un-telescope-super-geant-pour-leurope-4656"><cite style="font-style:normal;">E-ELT : Un télescope super géant pour l'Europe</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Science_et_Vie" title="Science et Vie">Science et Vie</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-06-13" data-sort-value="2012-06-13">13 juin 2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-18" data-sort-value="2017-01-18">18 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="King2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bob_King2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Bob King, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/celestial-objects-to-watch/see-iridium-flare-071720143/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Predictive Prowess: See an Iridium Flare</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Sky_%26_Telescope" title="Sky & Telescope">Sky & Telescope</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-07-17" data-sort-value="2014-07-17">17 juillet 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-20" data-sort-value="2017-01-20">20 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heavens-above.com/satinfo.aspx?SatID=25544"><cite style="font-style:normal;">ISS (Station Spatiale Internationale) - Informations sur le satellite</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">heavens-above.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-18" data-sort-value="2017-01-18">18 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Venus Fact Sheet</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-18" data-sort-value="2017-01-18">18 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Mars Fact Sheet</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">NASA</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-18" data-sort-value="2017-01-18">18 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Jupiter Fact Sheet</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">NASA</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-18" data-sort-value="2017-01-18">18 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Mercury Fact Sheet</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">NASA</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-05-24" data-sort-value="2020-05-24">24 mai 2020</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Sirius"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Sirius</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">la base de données <a href="/wiki/Simbad" title="Simbad">Simbad</a> du <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg">Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-18" data-sort-value="2017-01-18">18 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?protocol=html&Ident=ALF+CAR&bibdisplay=none"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">α Carinae</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">la base de données <a href="/wiki/Simbad" title="Simbad">Simbad</a> du <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg">Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-18" 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datetime="2017-01-18" data-sort-value="2017-01-18">18 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Uranus Fact Sheet</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">NASA</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-18" data-sort-value="2017-01-18">18 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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datetime="2017-01-18" data-sort-value="2017-01-18">18 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spider.seds.org/spider/Misc/3c273.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">3C 273 - Quasar in Virgo</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">le site du <a href="/wiki/Students_for_the_Exploration_and_Development_of_Space" title="Students for the Exploration and Development of Space">SEDS</a></span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-18" data-sort-value="2017-01-18">18 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/plutofact.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Pluto Fact Sheet</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">NASA</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-18" data-sort-value="2017-01-18">18 janvier 2017</time>)</small></span>.</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Pogson1856"><span class="ouvrage" id="Norman_Pogson1856"><small>[Pogson 1856]</small> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Robert_Pogson" title="Norman Robert Pogson">Norman <span class="nom_auteur">Pogson</span></a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Magnitudes of thirty-six of the minor planets for the first day of each month of the year <time>1857</time></cite> » [« Magnitudes de trente-six des planètes mineures pour le premier jour de chaque mois de l'année <time>1857</time> »], <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 17, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1856-11" data-sort-value="1856-11">novembre 1856</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">12-15</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/6911225640">6911225640</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/17.1.12">10.1093/mnras/17.1.12</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1856MNRAS..17...12P">1856MNRAS..17...12P</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1856MNRAS..17...12P">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Magnitudes+of+thirty-six+of+the+minor+planets+for+the+first+day+of+each+month+of+the+year+1857&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Pogson&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.date=1856-11&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F17.1.12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6911225640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMagnitude+apparente"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Mianes1964"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Mianes1964"><small>[Mianes 1964]</small> Pierre <span class="nom_auteur">Mianes</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Photométrie photoélectrique : le passage aux magnitudes des étoiles</cite> », <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Astronomie" title="L'Astronomie">L'Astronomie</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 78, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 7,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1964-07" data-sort-value="1964-07">juillet 1964</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">279-282</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964LAstr..78..279M">1964LAstr..78..279M</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1964LAstr..78..279M">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Photom%C3%A9trie+photo%C3%A9lectrique&rft.jtitle=L%27Astronomie&rft.issue=7&rft.stitle=le+passage+aux+magnitudes+des+%C3%A9toiles&rft.aulast=Mianes&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=1964-07&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=279-282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMagnitude+apparente"></span></span></span>.</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="SchatzmanPraderie1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Évry_SchatzmanFrançoise_Praderie1990"><small>[Schatzman et Praderie 1990]</small> <a href="/wiki/Evry_Schatzman" title="Evry Schatzman">Évry <span class="nom_auteur">Schatzman</span></a> et Françoise <span class="nom_auteur">Praderie</span>, <cite class="italique">Les étoiles</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Inter%C3%89ditions" title="InterÉditions">InterÉditions</a> et <a href="/wiki/CNRS_%C3%89ditions" title="CNRS Éditions">Éditions du CNRS</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Savoirs actuels / Astrophysique », <time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-09" data-sort-value="1990-09">septembre 1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="première">1<sup>re</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 1 vol., 491, ill., in-8<sup>o</sup> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-7296-0299-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-7296-0299-2"><span class="nowrap">2-7296-0299-2</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-222-04023-X" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-222-04023-X"><span class="nowrap">2-222-04023-X</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/EAN_13" title="EAN 13">EAN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782729602994" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782729602994"><span class="nowrap">9782729602994</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/fr/title/300428163">300428163</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35105088p.public">35105088</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sudoc.fr/001703900">001703900</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3400888n">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+%C3%A9toiles&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Inter%C3%89ditions&rft.edition=1&rft.aulast=Schatzman&rft.aufirst=%C3%89vry&rft.au=Praderie%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.date=1990-09&rft.tpages=1%C2%A0vol.%2C+491&rft.isbn=2-7296-0299-2&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F300428163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMagnitude+apparente"></span></span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/magnitude_apparente" class="extiw" title="wikt:magnitude apparente">magnitude apparente</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div style="column-width:36em;column-count:2;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bande_spectrale" title="Bande spectrale">Bande spectrale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_absolue" title="Magnitude absolue">Magnitude absolue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_bolom%C3%A9trique" title="Magnitude bolométrique">Magnitude bolométrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_photographique" title="Magnitude photographique">Magnitude photographique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_limite_visuelle" title="Magnitude limite visuelle">Magnitude limite visuelle</a></li></ul> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronomie" title="Portail de l’astronomie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/25px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/37px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/50px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronomie" title="Portail:Astronomie">Portail de l’astronomie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&oldid=200968105">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnitude_apparente&oldid=200968105</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Photom%C3%A9trie_(astronomie)" title="Catégorie:Photométrie (astronomie)">Photométrie (astronomie)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:M%C3%A9trologie" 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