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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নির্বাচনী ইশতেহার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নির্বাচনী ইশতেহার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahlversprechen" title="Wahlversprechen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wahlversprechen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promesa_electoral" title="Promesa electoral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Promesa electoral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promessa_elettorale" title="Promessa elettorale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Promessa elettorale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%98%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="הבטחת בחירות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבטחת בחירות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Сонгуулийн амлалт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сонгуулийн амлалт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84" title="公約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obietnica_wyborcza" title="Obietnica wyborcza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obietnica wyborcza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Предвыборные обещания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Предвыборные обещания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Promise or guarantee made by a candidate</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Election_promise&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Election_promise" title="Talk:Election promise">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campaign_Signs_DSC02551_(1905616979).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Campaign_Signs_DSC02551_%281905616979%29.jpg/240px-Campaign_Signs_DSC02551_%281905616979%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Campaign_Signs_DSC02551_%281905616979%29.jpg/360px-Campaign_Signs_DSC02551_%281905616979%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Campaign_Signs_DSC02551_%281905616979%29.jpg/480px-Campaign_Signs_DSC02551_%281905616979%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">Finance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_fundraising" title="Grassroots fundraising">Grassroots fundraising</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_management_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign management tools">Management</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_research" title="Opposition research">Opposition research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_consulting" title="Political consulting">Consultation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign#Campaign_message" title="Political campaign">Message</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_politics" title="Retail politics">Retail politics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Election promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_out_the_vote" title="Get out the vote">Get out the vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevald_campaign" title="Gevald campaign">Gevald campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_text_messaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Political text messaging">Text messaging</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative campaigning</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Key people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">Candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_manager" title="Campaign manager">Campaign manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign_staff" title="Political campaign staff">Campaign staff</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_campaigning" title="Template:Political campaigning"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_campaigning" title="Template talk:Political campaigning"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_campaigning" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political campaigning"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>election promise</b> or <b>campaign promise</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Promise" title="Promise">promise</a> or guarantee made to the public by a <a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">candidate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> that is trying to win an <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a>. </p><p>Across the Western world, political parties aren't highly likely to fulfill their election promises.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_527–542_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson_527–542-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, platform positions offer important clues as to the policies that U.S. parties will enact. Over the past 30 years, Democratic and Republican <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Congress">congresspeople</a> voted in line with their respective party platforms 74% and 89% of the time, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fulfilling_promises">Fulfilling promises</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election_promise&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fulfilling promises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2017 study in the <i>American Journal of Political Science</i> found that for 12 countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States) found that political parties fulfill their promises to voters to a considerable extent:<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_527–542_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson_527–542-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Parties that hold executive office after elections generally fulfill substantial percentages, sometimes very high percentages, of their election pledges, whereas parties that do not hold executive office generally find that lower percentages of their pledges are fulfilled. The fulfillment of pledges by governing executive parties varies across governments in ways that reflect power-sharing arrangements. The main power-sharing arrangement that impacts pledge fulfillment distinguishes between single-party governments and coalitions, not between governments with and without legislative majorities. We found the highest percentages of pledge fulfillment for governing parties in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, and Canada, most of which governed in single-party executives. We found lower percentages for governing parties in Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Bulgaria, Ireland, and Italy, most of which governed in coalitions. Pledge fulfillment by U.S. presidential parties lies at the higher end of coalition governments, which suggests that U.S. presidents are more constrained than governing parties in single-party parliamentary systems, but less constrained than most governing parties in multiparty coalitions.</p></blockquote><p>Other research on the United States suggests that Democratic and Republican <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Congress">congresspeople</a> voted in line with their respective party platforms 74% and 89% of the time, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_broken_promises">Examples of broken promises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election_promise&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples of broken promises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Election_promise" title="Special:EditPage/Election promise">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">British Liberal Party</a>'s pledge to cut army spending, before embarking on the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">Dreadnought</a> <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> with <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/British_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Labour Party">British Labour Party</a>'s 1945 pledge to set up a new ministry of housing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a>, in 1987, said that "by 1990 no Australian child will be living in poverty"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> promised not to raise taxes while president during his <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 campaign</a>. This was best remembered in a speech at the Republican National Convention when he said "Congress will push and push...and I'll say <a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">Read my lips: no new taxes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a recession began during his term and the deficit widened, Bush agreed to proposals to increase taxes. Although not the only broken promise concerning taxes, it was by far the most famous.</li> <li>In 1994, upon entering <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Italian politics</a>, media tycoon <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> promised that he would sell his assets in <a href="/wiki/Fininvest" title="Fininvest">Fininvest</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Mediaset" title="Mediaset">Mediaset</a>), because of the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> it would have generated, a promise he repeated a number of times in later years, but after 12 years and having served three terms as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">prime minister</a>, he still retained ownership of his company that controls virtually all the Italian private TV stations and a large number of magazines and publishing houses, which have extensively been used in favour of his political party.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> in 1995 that the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Australia)">GST</a> would "never ever"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> be part of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a> policy (the tax package was not implemented that term but was put to the Australian people at the next election in 1998 that re-elected Howard)</li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 U.S. Presidential election</a> campaign, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> said, "If we don't stop extending our troops all around the world in nation-building missions, then we're going to have a serious problem coming down the road. And I'm going to prevent that."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>'s 2002 election promise to "permanently end all hospital waiting lists" by 2004 and to "create a world class health service" through reform and expanding healthcare coverage with "200,000 extra medical cards".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>When asked about the issue of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon taxation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a> responded by saying "There will be no carbon tax under the government I lead. What we will do is we will tackle the challenge of climate change."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2011, Gillard then announced a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">carbon pricing</a> mechanism in order to secure a minority government. This has been construed by some as being a broken promise, with debate centering on whether or not a fixed price leading into a trading scheme can be called a 'tax'.</li> <li>Before the <a href="/wiki/2011_Irish_general_election" title="2011 Irish general election">2011 Irish general election</a>, the then Labour Party leader <a href="/wiki/Eamon_Gilmore" title="Eamon Gilmore">Eamon Gilmore</a> infamously said "<a href="/wiki/Frankfurt%27s_Way_or_Labour%27s_Way" title="Frankfurt's Way or Labour's Way">Frankfurt's Way or Labour's Way</a>" in reference to the EU/IMF deal. After being elected to power the party went on to accept the deal.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> vowed repeatedly during the 2008 election to close the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a> in Cuba, but the prison remained open the entirety of his Presidency and remains so as of August 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Election_promise&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 election</a> to the U.K. House of Commons, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat Party</a> candidates took a pledge to oppose any increase in <a href="/wiki/Tuition_fees_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tuition fees in the United Kingdom">university tuition fees</a> and campaign for their abolition. After forming a <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">coalition government</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Tories</a>, 21 of 57 Liberal Democrat MPs voted to increase the fees.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11964669">[1]</a></li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">Canadian federal election in 2015</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> promised to replace the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> electoral system before the next federal election. He later rescinded this promise.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, as a candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>, promised that he would <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprison</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> over her <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_email_controversy" title="Hillary Clinton email controversy">email controversy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most notably during the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 Republican National Convention</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential debates, 2016">second presidential debate</a>. After becoming <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">President-elect</a>, Trump announced he would not actually charge Clinton with any wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trump Administration did not take any action against Clinton.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a> in the United Kingdom the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, pledged in their manifesto to not raise the rate of income tax, <a href="/wiki/VAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VAT">VAT</a> or <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance" title="National Insurance">National Insurance</a>. In September 2021, Johnson announced that National Insurance would be increased by 1.25 percentage points from April 2022 to raise money for the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> and social care.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkish_general_election" title="2023 Turkish general election">2023 parliamentary and presidential elections</a> in Turkey the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, pledged in their manifesto to provide tax exemption for the acquisition of mobile phones and computers for youth in higher education for once without giving details of whether it will apply to imported or domestic products. In August 2023, <a href="/wiki/67th_cabinet_of_Turkey" title="67th cabinet of Turkey">Erdoğan's cabinet</a> announced that tax exemption for the acquisition of mobile phones and computers for youth would only encompass products produced or assembled in Turkey and have a price cap.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election_promise&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_(politics)" title="Mandate (politics)">Mandate (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">Read my lips: no new taxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election_promise&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_plan"><b><a href="#ref_plan">^</a></b></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParmet,_Herbert_S.1989" class="citation book cs1">Parmet, Herbert S. (December 1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devilweknew00hwbr"><i>The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War</i></a></span>. Little Brown & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509377-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509377-3"><bdi>978-0-19-509377-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil+We+Knew%3A+Americans+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Little+Brown+%26+Co&rft.date=1989-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509377-3&rft.au=Parmet%2C+Herbert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevilweknew00hwbr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span> p. 116 "Nixon didn't invent the phrase, which originated with a reporter looking for a lead to a story summarizing the Republican candidate's (hazy) promise to end the war without losing. But neither did he disavow the term, and it soon became a part of the campaign. When pressed for details, Nixon retreated to the not indefensible position that to tip his hand would interfere with the negotiations that had begun in Paris."; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmet,_Herbert_S.1989" class="citation book cs1">Parmet, Herbert S. (December 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richardnixonhisa00parm_0"><i>Richard Nixon and His America</i></a>. Little Brown & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-69232-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-69232-8"><bdi>978-0-316-69232-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Nixon+and+His+America&rft.pub=Little+Brown+%26+Co&rft.date=1989-12&rft.isbn=978-0-316-69232-8&rft.au=Parmet%2C+Herbert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichardnixonhisa00parm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span> Stated evidence suggests that Nixon never used the term, and that it actually came from a question by a voter at a New Hampshire campaign stop.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_easy"><b><a href="#ref_easy">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Nixon: Vietnam Shows Need for 'New Diplomacy'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". Cedar Rapids Gazette (Iowa). March 20, 1968. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nixon%3A+Vietnam+Shows+Need+for+%27New+Diplomacy%27&rft.pages=62&rft.date=1968-03-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_magic"><b><a href="#ref_magic">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorin,_Relman1968" class="citation news cs1">Morin, Relman (March 14, 1968). "Nixon Plans to Unfold Peace Plan When He Campaigns Against LBJ". Press Telegram (Long Beach, Cal.). p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nixon+Plans+to+Unfold+Peace+Plan+When+He+Campaigns+Against+LBJ&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1968-03-14&rft.au=Morin%2C+Relman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_RN"><b><a href="#ref_RN">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon,_Richard1978" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, Richard (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rnmemoirsofricha00nixo"><i>RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780448143743" title="Special:BookSources/9780448143743"><bdi>9780448143743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RN%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Richard+Nixon&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780448143743&rft.au=Nixon%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frnmemoirsofricha00nixo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span> p. 298</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_admit"><b><a href="#ref_admit">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman,_Fred1997" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Fred (1997). <i>The Decline and Fall of Soviet Empire : Forty Years That Shook The World, From Stalin to Yeltsin</i>. St. Martin's Griffin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16816-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16816-2"><bdi>978-0-312-16816-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+Soviet+Empire+%3A+Forty+Years+That+Shook+The+World%2C+From+Stalin+to+Yeltsin&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16816-2&rft.au=Coleman%2C+Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span> p. 203</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_gimmick"><b><a href="#ref_gimmick">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_TerrySmall1990" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Terry; Small, Melvin (1990). "Review of Johnson, Nixon, and the Doves". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>95</b> (3): 944–945. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2164514">10.2307/2164514</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2164514">2164514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Johnson%2C+Nixon%2C+and+the+Doves&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=944-945&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2164514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2164514%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Terry&rft.au=Small%2C+Melvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_174"><b><a href="#ref_174">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall,_Melvin1988" class="citation book cs1">Small, Melvin (April 1988). <i>Johnson, Nixon, and the Doves</i>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1288-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1288-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-1288-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johnson%2C+Nixon%2C+and+the+Doves&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1988-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1288-4&rft.au=Small%2C+Melvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span> p. 174; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaroulis,_Nancy_and_Gerald_Sullivan1984" class="citation book cs1">Zaroulis, Nancy and Gerald Sullivan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whospokeupameric00zaro"><i>Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam, 1963-1975</i></a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-005603-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-005603-1"><bdi>978-0-03-005603-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Spoke+Up%3F+American+Protest+Against+the+War+in+Vietnam%2C+1963-1975&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-03-005603-1&rft.au=Zaroulis%2C+Nancy+and+Gerald+Sullivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhospokeupameric00zaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span> p. 217</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_162"><b><a href="#ref_162">^</a></b></span> Small p. 162</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_179"><b><a href="#ref_179">^</a></b></span> Small p. 179</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_hand"><b><a href="#ref_hand">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss,_Robert_S.1984" class="citation journal cs1">Strauss, Robert S. (Summer 1984). "What's Right with U. S. Campaigns". <i>Foreign Policy</i>. <b>55</b> (55): 3–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1148378">10.2307/1148378</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1148378">1148378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=What%27s+Right+with+U.+S.+Campaigns&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=55&rft.pages=3-22&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1148378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1148378%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Strauss%2C+Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1900"><b><a href="#ref_1900">^</a></b></span> See <a href="/wiki/1900_U.S._presidential_election#Misleading_Philippine_War_claims_by_the_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="1900 U.S. presidential election">U.S. presidential election, 1900 Misleading Philippine War claims by the Republicans</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_166"><b><a href="#ref_166">^</a></b></span> Small, p. 166; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiegle,_Don1972" class="citation book cs1">Riegle, Don (1972). <i>O Congress</i>. Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Congress&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Riegle%2C+Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span> p. 20; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalb,_Marvin_and_Bernard1974" class="citation book cs1">Kalb, Marvin and Bernard (1974). <i>Kissinger</i>. Hutchison.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kissinger&rft.pub=Hutchison&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Kalb%2C+Marvin+and+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span> p. 120; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh,_Seymour_M.1983" class="citation book cs1">Hersh, Seymour M. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/priceofpower00hers"><i>The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House</i></a></span>. Summit Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44760-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44760-1"><bdi>978-0-671-44760-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Power%3A+Kissinger+in+the+Nixon+White+House&rft.pub=Summit+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-671-44760-1&rft.au=Hersh%2C+Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpriceofpower00hers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span> p. 119</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_abc"><b><a href="#ref_abc">^</a></b></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon,_Norman2005" class="citation web cs1">Solomon, Norman (December 22, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051224060149/http://www.commondreams.org/views05/1222-37.htm">"A New Phase of Bright Spinning Lies About Iraq"</a>. Common Dreams. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/views05/1222-37.htm">the original</a> on December 24, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Phase+of+Bright+Spinning+Lies+About+Iraq&rft.pub=Common+Dreams&rft.date=2005-12-22&rft.au=Solomon%2C+Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fviews05%2F1222-37.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.storifynews.com/the-most-controversial-political-campaigns-in-world-history/">The Most Controversial Political Campaigns in World History</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election_promise&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thomson_527–542-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_527–542_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_527–542_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonRoyedNaurinArtés2017" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, Robert; Royed, Terry; Naurin, Elin; Artés, Joaquín; Costello, Rory; Ennser-Jedenastik, Laurenz; Ferguson, Mark; Kostadinova, Petia; Moury, Catherine (2017-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/59403/1/Thomson_etal_AJPS_2016_The_fulfillment_of_parties_election_pledges.pdf">"The Fulfillment of Parties' Election Pledges: A Comparative Study on the Impact of Power Sharing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 527–542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajps.12313">10.1111/ajps.12313</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-5907">1540-5907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Fulfillment+of+Parties%27+Election+Pledges%3A+A+Comparative+Study+on+the+Impact+of+Power+Sharing&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=527-542&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fajps.12313&rft.issn=1540-5907&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Royed%2C+Terry&rft.au=Naurin%2C+Elin&rft.au=Art%C3%A9s%2C+Joaqu%C3%ADn&rft.au=Costello%2C+Rory&rft.au=Ennser-Jedenastik%2C+Laurenz&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Mark&rft.au=Kostadinova%2C+Petia&rft.au=Moury%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstrathprints.strath.ac.uk%2F59403%2F1%2FThomson_etal_AJPS_2016_The_fulfillment_of_parties_election_pledges.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2016" class="citation web cs1">Stein, Jeff (2016-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2016/7/12/12060358/political-science-of-platforms">"We asked 8 political scientists if party platforms matter. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/09/60minutes/main592330.shtml">the original</a> on January 13, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Bush+Sought+%27Way%27+To+Invade+Iraq%3F%2C+O%27Neill+Tells+%2760+Minutes%27+Iraq+Was+%27Topic+A%27+8+Months+Before+9-11&rft.date=2004-01-09&rft.au=Rebecca+Leung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2004%2F01%2F09%2F60minutes%2Fmain592330.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/socialistparty/paperarticles/Nov02-AntiCuts.htm">"Campaign against McCreevy's Cuts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Campaign+against+McCreevy%27s+Cuts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oocities.org%2Fsocialistparty%2Fpaperarticles%2FNov02-AntiCuts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EyW7oFk6n8">"Julia Gillard did not lie about Carbon Tax (There is No Carbon Tax in Australia)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Julia+Gillard+did+not+lie+about+Carbon+Tax+%28There+is+No+Carbon+Tax+in+Australia%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-EyW7oFk6n8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldsun.com.au/blogs/andrew-bolt/sunday-age-publishes-fake-quote-excusing-gillards-lie/news-story/cc988acbbeeece092e62750aff2d14bb">"Sunday Age publishes fake quote excusing Gillard's lie"</a>. 30 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunday+Age+publishes+fake+quote+excusing+Gillard%27s+lie&rft.date=2013-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsun.com.au%2Fblogs%2Fandrew-bolt%2Fsunday-age-publishes-fake-quote-excusing-gillards-lie%2Fnews-story%2Fcc988acbbeeece092e62750aff2d14bb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/fionnan-sheahan/fionnan-sheahan-looks-like-its-going-to-be-frankfurts-way-after-all-26718653.html">"Fionnán Sheahan"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITV+News&rft.atitle=%27Absolutely+nobody%27+will+challenge+National+Insurance+hike+to+pay+for+social+care%2C+says+minister&rft.date=2021-09-06&rft.au=ITV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2F2021-09-05%2Fsocial-care-funding-talks-ongoing-as-tory-grandees-blast-national-insurance-hike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCHIP2023" class="citation web cs1">CHIP (29 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chip.com.tr/haber/ogrenciye-vergisiz-telefon-plani-ilk-detaylar-belli-oldu_159152.html">"Öğrenciye vergisiz telefon planı: İlk detaylar belli oldu"</a>. <i>CHIP Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CHIP+Online&rft.atitle=%C3%96%C4%9Frenciye+vergisiz+telefon+plan%C4%B1%3A+%C4%B0lk+detaylar+belli+oldu&rft.date=2023-08-29&rft.au=CHIP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chip.com.tr%2Fhaber%2Fogrenciye-vergisiz-telefon-plani-ilk-detaylar-belli-oldu_159152.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElection+promise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Media_manipulation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_manipulation" title="Template talk:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_manipulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_document" title="False document">False document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Election promises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li> <li><a 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