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var mapping_sticky_69478 = googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([768, 0],[[728,90],[990,90],[990,91],[980,90],[1,1]]).addSize([0, 0],[[320, 53],[320,50],[320,51],[320,100],[1,1]]).build(); //Adslot oop declaration googletag.defineSlot( "/" + gfpID69478 + "/cuidateplus/reproduccion/diccionario-embarazo/n", [[728,90],[728,250],[980,90],[980,250],[990,90],[990,250],[1,1]] ,'div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_m').setTargeting('p',['m']).defineSizeMapping(mapping_m_69478).addService(googletag.pubads()); //Adslot oop declaration googletag.defineSlot( "/" + gfpID69478 + "/cuidateplus/reproduccion/diccionario-embarazo/n", [[300,250],[300,300],[300,600],[1,1]] ,'div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_r').setTargeting('p',['r']).addService(googletag.pubads()); //Adslot oop declaration googletag.defineSlot( "/" + gfpID69478 + "/cuidateplus/reproduccion/diccionario-embarazo/n", [[300,250],[300,300],[300,600],[1,1]] ,'div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_rb').setTargeting('p',['rb']).addService(googletag.pubads()); //Adslot oop declaration googletag.defineSlot( "/" + gfpID69478 + "/cuidateplus/reproduccion/diccionario-embarazo/n", [[300,250],[300,300],[1,1]] ,'div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_rc').setTargeting('p',['rc']).addService(googletag.pubads()); //Adslot oop declaration googletag.defineSlot( "/" + gfpID69478 + "/cuidateplus/reproduccion/diccionario-embarazo/n", [[300,250],[300,300],[300,600],[1,1]] ,'div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_rd').setTargeting('p',['rd']).addService(googletag.pubads()); //Adslot oop declaration googletag.defineSlot( "/" + gfpID69478 + "/cuidateplus/reproduccion/diccionario-embarazo/n", [[300,250],[300,300],[300,600],[1,1]] ,'div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_re').setTargeting('p',['re']).addService(googletag.pubads()); //Adslot oop declaration googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot( "/" + gfpID69478 + "/cuidateplus/reproduccion/diccionario-embarazo/n", 'div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_f2').setTargeting('p',['f2']).addService(googletag.pubads()); //Adslot oop declaration googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot( "/" + gfpID69478 + "/cuidateplus/reproduccion/diccionario-embarazo/n", 'div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_f3').setTargeting('p',['f3']).addService(googletag.pubads()); //Adslot oop declaration googletag.defineSlot( "/" + gfpID69478 + "/cuidateplus/reproduccion/diccionario-embarazo/n", [[728,90],[728,250],[980,90],[990,90],[1,1]] ,'div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_sticky').setTargeting('p',['sticky']).defineSizeMapping(mapping_sticky_69478).addService(googletag.pubads()); //Adslot oop declaration googletag.defineSlot( "/" + gfpID69478 + "/cuidateplus/reproduccion/diccionario-embarazo/n", [[120,600],[160,600],[120,1000],[160,1000],[450,1000],[1,1]] ,'div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_si').setTargeting('p',['si']).defineSizeMapping(mapping_si_69478).addService(googletag.pubads()); //Adslot oop declaration googletag.defineSlot( "/" + gfpID69478 + "/cuidateplus/reproduccion/diccionario-embarazo/n", [[120,600],[160,600],[120,1000],[160,1000],[450,1000],[1,1]] ,'div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_sd').setTargeting('p',['sd']).defineSizeMapping(mapping_sd_69478).addService(googletag.pubads()); //Adslot oop declaration googletag.defineSlot( "/" + gfpID69478 + "/cuidateplus/reproduccion/diccionario-embarazo/n", [[300,100],[1,1]] ,'div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_b300x100').setTargeting('p',['b300x100']).addService(googletag.pubads()); //Adslot oop declaration googletag.defineSlot( "/" + gfpID69478 + "/cuidateplus/reproduccion/diccionario-embarazo/n", [[300,250],[300,100],[1,1]] ,'div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_r-nata').setTargeting('p',['r-nata']).addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded',function(event){ if(event&&event.slot){ var slotElement = event.slot.getSlotElementId(); if (slotElement && slotElement.indexOf('sticky') > 0 && !event.isEmpty && event.size && event.size.length > 1 && event.size[0] > 1 && event.size[1] > 1) { var close_button = document.createElement('span'); close_button.classList.add('close-button'); close_button.classList.add('hidden'); close_button.setAttribute('data-adv-id', slotElement); close_button.addEventListener('click', function(event){ var slot_to_clear = event.currentTarget.getAttribute('data-adv-id'); if (slot_to_clear) { var slot_found = googletag.pubads().getSlots().find(function(slot) { return slot.getSlotElementId() === slot_to_clear;}); if (slot_found) { googletag.pubads().clear([slot_found]); } } }); document.querySelector('#' + event.slot.getSlotElementId()).prepend(close_button); setTimeout(function() { close_button.classList.remove('hidden'); }.bind(this), 5000); } } }); // Enable services googletag.enableServices(); });  function amz() { var ueConsentData = localStorage.getItem('ueConsentData'); apstag.init({ pubID: '3537', adServer: 'googletag', bidTimeout: 1e3, gdpr: { enabled: true, consent: ueConsentData } }); var aps_data = { slots: [] }; googletag.destroySlots(googletag.pubads().getSlots().filter(function(x) { return !(x.getSlotElementId()in window) })); googletag.pubads().getSlots().forEach(function(adSlot, i) { var sizes = adSlot.getSizes(); if (sizes.length > 0) { sizes = sizes.map(function(adSlotSize) { return [adSlotSize.getWidth(), adSlotSize.getHeight()]; }).filter(function(size) { return (size[0] !== 1) && (size[1] !== 1); }); if (sizes.length > 0) { aps_data.slots.push({ slotID: adSlot.getSlotElementId(), slotName: adSlot.getAdUnitPath(), sizes: sizes }); } } }); apstag.fetchBids(aps_data, function(bids) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { apstag.setDisplayBids(); //googletag.pubads().refresh(); }); }); } amz = (function(amz) { var DOMContentLoadedReady = false; window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { DOMContentLoadedReady = true; }); return function() { DOMContentLoadedReady ? amz() : window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', amz) } ; } )(amz); if (window.ueUserContentGoogle !== undefined) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { amz(); }); } else { window.addEventListener('ueConsentChanged', function(event) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { if (event.detail.consents.vendors.google === true) { googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(0); } else { googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(1); } amz(); }); }, false); }  </script>  <div class="cover cover-version"> <div class="publicidad-cover"> <div class="cover-content"> <div class="grid-sky sky-left"> <div class="container-publicidad-aside"> <div class="cont-publicidad"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_si'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_si'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-sky sky-right"> <div class="container-publicidad-aside"> <div class="cont-publicidad"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_sd'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_sd'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="cont-publicidad"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_m'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-cuidateplus_reproduccion_diccionario-embarazo_n_69478_m'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <article class="news" data-history-node-id="69478" role="article" about="/reproduccion/embarazo/diccionario/cariotipo.html"> <div class="col-8"> <header> <div class="breadcrumb breadcrumb-escuela"> <ol itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a itemprop="item" href="/"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a> <span itemprop="position" content="1">></span> </li><li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a itemprop="item" href="https://cuidateplus.marca.com/reproduccion/embarazo.html"><span itemprop="name">Embarazo</span></a> <span itemprop="position" content="2">></span> </li><li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a itemprop="item" href="https://cuidateplus.marca.com/reproduccion/embarazo/diccionario.html"><span itemprop="name">Diccionario de embarazo</span></a> <span itemprop="position" content="3">></span> </li><li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a itemprop="item" href="https://cuidateplus.marca.com/reproduccion/embarazo/diccionario/cariotipo.html"><span itemprop="name">Cariotipo</span></a> <span itemprop="position" content="4">></span> </li></ol></div> <h1 class="page-title">Cariotipo</h1> <p class="volver"><a href="https://cuidateplus.marca.com/reproduccion/embarazo/diccionario.html">Diccionario de embarazo</a></p> <div class="fact-checked"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" role="img" class="iconify jsx-1930766275 mr--small" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" style="color: #337ab7; vertical-align: -0.125em;"><path fill="currentColor" d="M12 2C6.486 2 2 6.486 2 12s4.486 10 10 10s10-4.486 10-10S17.514 2 12 2zm0 18c-4.411 0-8-3.589-8-8s3.589-8 8-8s8 3.589 8 8s-3.589 8-8 8z"></path><path fill="currentColor" d="M9.999 13.587L7.7 11.292l-1.412 1.416l3.713 3.705l6.706-6.706l-1.414-1.414z"></path></svg> <span>Fact Checked</span> <p class="txt-fact"> <strong>Este artículo ha sido realizado y revisado para garantizar que la información sea lo más rigurosa posible y cumpla los estándares de calidad. Parte de estudios científicos que tienen su propio proceso de validación por parte de revistas especializadas en salud, fuentes confiables que son líderes de opinión de Sociedades Científicas, Colegios Profesionales, Universidades y Hospitales de prestigio, entre otros. La información que encontrará a continuación está acreditada en la bibliografía y en otras fuentes enlazadas en el texto. <a href="#">Más información</a> </p> </div>  <span class="news-date">Actualizado a: Martes, 29 Septiembre, 2015 09:32:33 CEST</span> </header> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="author-news"> <div class="box_editor" style="width:99%; height: 60px; position: relative;z-index:100;"><p class="foto_editor"><img src="https://statics-cuidateplus.marca.com/cms/redaccion-cuidateplus.png" height=50 width=50"></p><ol> <li><p><a href="/curriculum/redaccion-cuidateplus.html"> Redacción CuídatePlus</a></p></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="post-social"> <div class="social-bar"> <span class="share-in">Compartir en</span> <ul class="horiz"> <li class="btn-facebook"> <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fcuidateplus.marca.com%2Freproduccion%2Fembarazo%2Fdiccionario%2Fcariotipo.html&t=Cariotipo"> <svg 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</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <section class="blk blk-a blk-detail"> <div><h2>¿Qué es un cariotipo?</h2> <p>El <strong>cariotipo</strong> es la <strong>constitución cromosómica</strong> del núcleo de una célula, que es igual a la dotación cromosómica completa de una persona. También se llama cariotipo a la presentación gráfica de los cromosomas, ordenados en pares de homólogos.</p> <p>El cariotipo se puede estudiar en busca de enfermedades provocadas por irregularidades en los cromosomas, como puede ser el <strong><a href="/familia/nino/2003/07/30/sindrome-down-4015.html" target="_self">síndrome de Down</a></strong>. También sirve para identificar los problemas que un bebé concebido mediante reproducción asistida puede tener cuando nazca, al extraer el cariotipo que se encuentra en el líquido amniótico del embrión.</p> <h2>Constitución</h2> <p>El cariotipo cuenta con todos los cromosomas que se hallan en el cuerpo humano. Existen <strong>44 cromosomas</strong> denominados <strong>autosomas</strong>, agrupados en 22 pares, presentes tanto en hombres como en mujeres. A estos cromosomas se le suman <strong>2 cromosomas sexuales</strong>, denominados XX para las mujeres y XY en el caso de los hombres.</p> <p>Las alteraciones que puedan sufrir estas estructuras pueden causar ciertas enfermedades o deficiencias en el desarrollo de la persona.</p> <h2>Análisis</h2> <p>Realizar un <strong>examen de cariotipo</strong> precisa de una muestra de <strong>tejido celular</strong>, que se puede extraer de los diferentes que se encuentran en el cuerpo. El único requisito de este proceso es que las células del tejido escogido tienen que encontrarse en proceso de <strong>mitosis</strong>, es decir, de división. Cualquier persona puede someterse a él. Además, se trata de una prueba completamente indolora. Los tejidos más comunes de los que se extrae una muestra son los siguientes:</p> <ul><li>Líquido amniótico, mediante una <strong><a href="/reproduccion/embarazo/diccionario/amniocentesis.html" target="_self">amniocentesis</a></strong>.<br /> </li> <li>Sangre.<br /> </li> <li>Médula ósea, a través de una biopsia.<br /> </li> <li>Tejidos que alimentan al bebé durante su gestación, como la placenta.</li> </ul><p>Una vez obtenida la muestra se cultiva en un <strong>laboratorio</strong>, lo que suele llevar un periodo de 3 a 15 días. Una vez haya crecido lo suficiente se extraen las células y se tiñen para facilitar el estudio de los cromosomas. Es necesario contar con varias células ya que en el caso de encontrar alguna anomalía, esta puede estar presente únicamente en la célula examinada. La fotografía que se realiza una vez se disponen los cromosomas según su tamaño es lo que se denomina cariotipo, y de esta forma se facilita el estudio en busca de algún tipo de alteración. Esta prueba cuenta con una precisión del 99,9 por ciento.</p> <h2>Alteraciones en los cromosomas</h2> <p>Se pueden dar dos tipos de <strong>alteraciones en la estructura de los cromosomas</strong>, que tienen diferentes repercusiones como pueden ser la baja calidad seminal o los <strong><a href="/reproduccion/embarazo/diccionario/aborto.html" target="_self">abortos</a></strong> de repetición:</p> <h3>Traslocaciones</h3> <p>Son los intercambios de material genético entre dos cromosomas.</p> <h3>Inversiones</h3> <p>La posición del cromosoma se encuentra invertida respecto a su posición normal.</p> <p>Otro tipo de alteraciones son los <strong>polimorfismos</strong>, que se dan cuando aparecen varios alelos en un gen. Son frecuentes y aunque no suelen tener consecuencias aparentes algunos expertos los relacionan con la <strong><a href="/enfermedades/ginecologicas/esterilidad-infertilidad.html" target="_self">infertilidad</a></strong>.</p> <p>Para que estas alteraciones no se transmitan al embrión durante los embarazos se puede llevar a cabo un <strong>Diagnóstico Genético Preimplantacional</strong> para estudiar su cariotipo antes de implantar el embrión en el <strong><a href="/sexualidad/diccionario/utero.html" target="_self">útero</a></strong> mediante la <strong><a href="/reproduccion/fertilidad/diccionario/fecundacion-in-vitro-fiv.html" target="_self">fecundación in vitro</a></strong>.</p> <h2>Enfermedades detectables</h2> <p>Entre las enfermedades que se pueden detectar al realizar un cariotipo, estas son algunas de las más conocidas:</p> <h3>Síndrome de Down</h3> <p>Se da cuando existe un cromosoma más de lo habitual, haciendo un total de 47. Este cromosoma extra suele ser una réplica del cromosoma 21 (también conocido como <strong>trisomía 21</strong>), que afecta al desarrollo del cuerpo y del cerebro.</p> <h3>Síndrome de Klinefelter</h3> <p>Se da sólo en los hombres y es la presencia de un cromosoma sexual X adicional, de forma que esta parte de su cariotipo de denomina XXY. Provoca proporciones corporales anormales, problemas sexuales o una cantidad menor de vello de lo normal.</p> <h3>Cromosoma Filadelfia</h3> <p>Afecta a los cromosomas 9 y 22, y suele encontrarse en casos de personas que padecen <strong><a href="/enfermedades/cancer/leucemia.html" target="_self">leucemia</a></strong>.</p> <h3>Trisomía 18</h3> <p>Consiste en la réplica del cromosoma 18 y afecta al desarrollo de la persona, que presenta anomalías en el crecimiento de diferentes partes del cuerpo.</p> <h3>Síndrome de Turner</h3> <p>Se da sólo en las mujeres, cuando una parte o la totalidad de uno de los cromosomas X no se encuentra presente (X0). Afecta al desarrollo de los caracteres sexuales primarios y secundarios y es causa de esterilidad.<br /> </p> <h2>Noticias sobre cariotipo:</h2> <p><a href="/enfermedades/2011/09/21/microduplicacion-gen-produce-retraso-mental-24507.html" target="_self"><img alt="" src="https://statics-cuidateplus.marca.com/cms/images/ADN.jpg" style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; height:45px; margin-left:5px; margin-right:5px; width:45px" title="La microduplicación de un gen produce retraso mental" /></a><a href="/enfermedades/2011/09/21/microduplicacion-gen-produce-retraso-mental-24507.html" rel="follow" target="_self"><strong>La microduplicación de un gen produce retraso mental</strong></a></p> <p><strong><a href="/enfermedades/2012/12/10/analisis-celulas-fetales-microarray-util-cariotipo-28858.html" target="_self"><img alt="" src="https://statics-cuidateplus.marca.com/cms/images/adn-icono.jpg" style="border-style:solid; border-width:2px; height:45px; margin-left:5px; margin-right:5px; width:45px" title="El análisis de células fetales por 'microarray', más útil que el cariotipo" /></a><a href="/enfermedades/2012/12/10/analisis-celulas-fetales-microarray-util-cariotipo-28858.html" rel="follow" target="_self">El análisis de células fetales por 'microarray', más útil que el cariotipo</a></strong></p> </div> </section> <div id="taboola-below-article-thumbnails_69478"></div> <script type="text/javascript"> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; 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