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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visceral_pleura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visceral_pleura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Visceral pleura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visceral_pleura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parietal_pleura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parietal_pleura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Parietal pleura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parietal_pleura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurovascular_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurovascular_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Neurovascular supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurovascular_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleura</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="غشاء جنبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غشاء جنبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plevra" title="Plevra – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plevra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="প্লুরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লুরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Плевра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плевра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pleura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungehinden" title="Lungehinden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lungehinden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pleura" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Υπεζωκότας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπεζωκότας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pleura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ple%C5%ADro" title="Pleŭro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pleŭro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pleura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8" title="پرده جنب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرده جنب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A8vre" title="Plèvre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plèvre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleura_(anatom%C3%ADa)" title="Pleura (anatomía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pleura (anatomía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A6" title="Թոքամիզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոքամիզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plevro" title="Plevro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plevro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pleura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8_(%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="אדר (אנטומיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדר (אנטומיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="პლევრა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლევრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Өкпеқап – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өкпеқап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Плевра – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Плевра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleira" title="Pleira – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pleira" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%ABtinpl%C4%97v%C4%97" title="Krūtinplėvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krūtinplėvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellh%C3%A1rtya" title="Mellhártya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mellhártya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Плевра – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плевра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pleura" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%86%9C" title="胸膜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胸膜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brysthinnen" title="Brysthinnen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brysthinnen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پلورا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پلورا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C5%82ucna" title="Opłucna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opłucna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pleura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleur%C4%83" title="Pleură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pleură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poprsnica" title="Poprsnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poprsnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%9B%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Плућна марамица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плућна марамица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C4%87na_maramica" title="Plućna maramica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plućna maramica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuhkopussi" title="Keuhkopussi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keuhkopussi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungs%C3%A4ck" title="Lungsäck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lungsäck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akci%C4%9Fer_zar%C4%B1" title="Akciğer zarı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akciğer zarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Плевра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плевра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0ng_ph%E1%BB%95i" title="Màng phổi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Màng phổi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%86%9C" title="胸膜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胸膜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14123862#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Membrane lining the thoracic cavity wall</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pleuron_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pleuron (disambiguation)">Pleuron</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Pleura</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2313_The_Lung_Pleurea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2313_The_Lung_Pleurea.jpg/250px-2313_The_Lung_Pleurea.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2313_The_Lung_Pleurea.jpg/375px-2313_The_Lung_Pleurea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2313_The_Lung_Pleurea.jpg/500px-2313_The_Lung_Pleurea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lung detail showing the pleurae. The <a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleural cavity</a> is exaggerated since normally there is no space between the pulmonary pleurae.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal nerve">Intercostal nerves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrenic_nerve" title="Phrenic nerve">phrenic nerves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>pleurae pulmonarius</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010994">D010994</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/07.1.02.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A07.1.02.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3322">3322</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">TH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/PDF/TH%20Chapter%20H3.05.pdf">H3.05.03.0.00001 </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma9583">9583</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14123862" class="extiw" title="d:Q14123862">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>pleurae</b> (<abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: <b>pleura</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the two flattened closed sacs filled with <a href="/wiki/Pleural_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleural fluid">pleural fluid</a>, each ensheathing each <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> and lining their surrounding tissues, locally appearing as two opposing layers of <a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">serous membrane</a> separating the lungs from the <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a>, the inside surfaces of the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Chest_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest wall">chest walls</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>. Although wrapped onto itself resulting in an apparent double layer, each lung is surrounded by a single, continuous pleural membrane. </p><p>The portion of the pleura that covers the surface of each lung is often called the <b>visceral pleura</b>. This can lead to some confusion, as the lung is not the only visceral organ covered by the pleura. The pleura typically dips between the <a href="/wiki/Lobes_of_the_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobes of the lung">lobes of the lung</a> as <i>fissures</i>, and is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Invagination" title="Invagination">invagination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lung_buds" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung buds">lung buds</a> into each <a href="/wiki/Coelomic_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelomic cavity">thoracic sac</a> during <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic development">embryonic development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight20071_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight20071-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portion of the pleura seen as the outer layer covers the chest wall, the diaphragm and the mediastinum and is often also misleadingly called the <b>parietal pleura</b>. </p><p>A correct anatomical nomenclature refrains from using the ambiguous terms <i>visceral</i> and <i>parietal</i> in favour of a 4-portion system based on the structures the pleura covers: <i>pulmonary</i> (of the lung proper), <i>costal</i>, <i>diaphragmatic</i> and <i>mediastinal</i> pleura. </p><p>Using the verb <i>to line</i> leads to additional confusion, as this is connected to the concept of concavity, which might not necessarily apply in all cases (the mediastinal surface is concave in some regions and convex in others). </p><p>The portion of pleura that covers the mediastinum is called <i>mediastinal</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fibrous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous pericardium">fibrous pericardium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">oesophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aorta" title="Thoracic aorta">thoracic aorta</a> and its main branches). The <i>diaphragmatic</i> portion covers the upper surface of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>. The <i>costal</i> portion covers the inside of the <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a>. Some authors also designate a cervical portion (covering the underside of the <a href="/wiki/Suprapleural_membrane" title="Suprapleural membrane">suprapleural membrane</a>). </p><p>The pulmonary pleura covers the entire lung parenchyma. It meets the mediastinal pleura at the <a href="/wiki/Root_of_the_lung" title="Root of the lung">root of the lung</a> ("hilum") through a smooth fold known as <i>pleural reflection</i>. A <a href="/wiki/Bell_sleeve" title="Bell sleeve">bell sleeve</a>-like extension of the pulmonary pleura hanging under to the hilum is known as the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary ligament">pulmonary ligament</a>. </p><p>Between the two layers of the pleura is what historically has been referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Potential_space" title="Potential space">potential space</a>, which in reality is an actual space of about 15 μm. This is called the <a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleural cavity</a> (also pleural space).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight20071_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight20071-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains a tiny amount of <a href="/wiki/Serous_fluid" title="Serous fluid">serous fluid</a> (<i>pleural fluid</i>) <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secreted</a> by the pleurae, at an average pressure that is below the atmospheric pressure under healthy conditions. The two lungs, each bounded by a two-layered pleural sac, almost fill the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">thoracic cavity</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleura&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_the_lining_of_the_lungs_(the_pleura)_CRUK_306.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Diagram_showing_the_lining_of_the_lungs_%28the_pleura%29_CRUK_306.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_the_lining_of_the_lungs_%28the_pleura%29_CRUK_306.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Diagram_showing_the_lining_of_the_lungs_%28the_pleura%29_CRUK_306.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_the_lining_of_the_lungs_%28the_pleura%29_CRUK_306.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Diagram_showing_the_lining_of_the_lungs_%28the_pleura%29_CRUK_306.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_the_lining_of_the_lungs_%28the_pleura%29_CRUK_306.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Diagrammatic view of exaggerated pleural space.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg/220px-Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg/330px-Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg/440px-Cytology_of_normal_mesothelium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2269" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cytology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytology">Cytology</a> of the normal mesothelial cells that line the pleurae, with typical features.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wright%27s_stain" title="Wright's stain">Wright's stain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Each pleura comprises a superficial <a href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">serosa</a> made of a simple <a href="/wiki/Monolayer" title="Monolayer">monolayer</a> of flat (squamous) or cuboidal <a href="/wiki/Mesothelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesothelial cell">mesothelial cells</a> with <a href="/wiki/Microvilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvilli">microvilli</a> up to 6 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> (0.00024 <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">in</a>) long. The mesothelium is without <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a>, and supported by a well-vascularized underlying <a href="/wiki/Loose_connective_tissue" title="Loose connective tissue">loose connective tissue</a> containing two poorly defined layers of <a href="/wiki/Elastin" title="Elastin">elastin</a>-rich laminae. The costal parietal pleurae also have <a href="/wiki/Adipocyte" title="Adipocyte">adipocytes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Subserosa" title="Subserosa">subserosa</a>, which present as <i>subpleural/extrapleural fats</i> and are <a href="/wiki/Histologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Histologic">histologically</a> considered belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Endothoracic_fascia" title="Endothoracic fascia">endothoracic fascia</a> that separates the subserosa from the inner <a href="/wiki/Periosteum" title="Periosteum">periosteum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>. Both pleurae are quite firmly attached to their underlying structures, and are usually covered by surface <a href="/wiki/Glycocalyx" title="Glycocalyx">glycocalyces</a> that limit fluid loss and reduce friction. </p><p>The enclosed space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, known as the <a href="/wiki/Pleural_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleural space">pleural space</a>, is normally filled only by a tiny amount (less than 10 <a href="/wiki/Millilitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Millilitre">mL</a> or 0.34 <a href="/wiki/US_fluid_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="US fluid ounce">US fl oz</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Serous_fluid" title="Serous fluid">serous fluid</a> secreted from the apical region of the parietal pleura. The combination of <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oncotic_pressure" title="Oncotic pressure">oncotic pressure</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fluid_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid pressure">fluid pressure</a> drop caused by the inward <a href="/wiki/Elastic_recoil" title="Elastic recoil">elastic recoil</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lung_parenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung parenchyma">lung parenchyma</a> and the rigidity of the <a href="/wiki/Chest_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest wall">chest wall</a>, results in a normally negative pressure of -5 cm<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</a></span> (approximately −3.68 <a href="/wiki/Millimetre_of_mercury" title="Millimetre of mercury">mmHg</a> or −0.491 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>) within the pleural space, causing it to mostly stay collapsed as a <a href="/wiki/Potential_space" title="Potential space">potential space</a> that acts as a functionally <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuumous</a> <a href="/wiki/Biointerface" title="Biointerface">interface</a> between the parietal and visceral pleurae. Contracting the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory muscles">respiratory muscles</a> expands the <a href="/wiki/Chest_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest cavity">chest cavity</a>, causing the attached parietal pleura to also expand outwards. If the pleural functional vacuum stays intact, the pleural space will remain as collapsed as possible and cause the visceral pleura to be pulled along outwards, which in turn draws the underlying lung also into expansion. This transmits the pressure negativity into the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronchioli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchioli">bronchioli</a>, thus facilitating <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visceral_pleura">Visceral pleura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleura&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Visceral pleura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The visceral pleura (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">viscera</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'organ') covers the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> surfaces and the <a href="/wiki/Root_of_the_lung" title="Root of the lung">hilar structures</a> and extends <a href="/wiki/Caudal_(anatomical_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal (anatomical term)">caudally</a> from the hilum as a <a href="/wiki/Mesentery" title="Mesentery">mesentery</a>-like band called the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary ligament">pulmonary ligament</a>. Each lung is divided into <a href="/wiki/Lobes_of_the_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobes of the lung">lobes</a> by the infoldings of the pleura as fissures. The fissures are double folds of pleura that section the lungs and help in their expansion,<sup id="cite_ref-Lung_fissures_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lung_fissures-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing the lung to <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">ventilate</a> more effectively even if parts of it (usually the basal <a href="/wiki/Lung#Lobes_and_segments" title="Lung">segments</a>) fail to expand properly due to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">congestion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_consolidation" title="Pulmonary consolidation">consolidation</a>.The function of the visceral pleura is to produce and reabsorb fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an area that is insensitive to pain due to its association with the lung and innervation by visceral sensory neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Visceral pleura also forms interlobular septa (that separates secondary pulmonary lobules).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interlobular septa contains connective tissue, pulmonary veins, and lymphatics.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parietal_pleura">Parietal pleura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleura&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Parietal pleura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parietal pleura (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">paries</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'wall') lines the inside of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">thoracic cavity</a> which is set apart from the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_wall" title="Thoracic wall">thoracic wall</a> by the endothoracic fascia. The Parietal includes the inner surface of the <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a> and the upper surface of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>, as well as the side surfaces of the <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a>, from which it separates the pleural cavity. It joins the visceral pleura at the <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardial</a> base of the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hilum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary hilum">pulmonary hilum</a> and pulmonary ligament as a smooth but <a href="/wiki/Acute_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute angle">acutely angled</a> circumferential junction known as the <i>hilar reflection</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parietal pleura is subdivided according to the surface it covers. </p> <ul><li>The <i>costal pleura</i> is the pleural portion covering the inner surfaces of the <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a>, and is separated from the <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Costal_cartilage" title="Costal cartilage">cartilages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_muscles" title="Intercostal muscles">intercostal muscles</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Endothoracic_fascia" title="Endothoracic fascia">endothoracic fascia</a>. <ul><li>The apical part of the costal pleura, sometimes referred to as the <i>cervical pleura</i> or <i>cupula of pleura</i>, bulges beyond the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_inlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic inlet">thoracic inlet</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_triangle_of_the_neck" title="Posterior triangle of the neck">posterior triangle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a>, where it is covered by an extension of the endothoracic fascia known as the <a href="/wiki/Suprapleural_membrane" title="Suprapleural membrane">suprapleural membrane</a>. This is the most superficial (and thus most vulnerable) part of the pleura and can be <a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">punctured</a> by <a href="/wiki/Central_venous_catheter" title="Central venous catheter">subclavian catheterization</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">penetrating neck injury</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The <i>diaphragmatic pleura</i> is the portion covering the convex upper surface of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>. Its junction with the costal pleura at the diaphragmatic margin is a sharp gutter known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Costodiaphragmatic_recess" title="Costodiaphragmatic recess">costodiaphragmatic recess</a></i>, which has diagnostic significance on <a href="/wiki/Plain_radiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain radiography">plain radiography</a>.</li> <li>The <i>mediastinal pleura</i> is the portion covering the lateral surfaces of the <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a>, predominantly the <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous pericardium">fibrous pericardium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aorta" title="Thoracic aorta">thoracic aorta</a>, the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Subclavian_artery" title="Subclavian artery">subclavian artery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior vena cava</a>/<a href="/wiki/Azygos_vein" title="Azygos vein">azygos vein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> and (very rarely) an enlarged <a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">thymus</a>. Its anterosuperior part (especially of the left side) not infrequently can bulge into the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_mediastinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior mediastinum">anterior mediastinum</a> behind the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">upper sternal body</a> and even touch its contralateral counterpart in forced <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>, but the left and right pleurae <i>do not</i> communicate unless there is a significant <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traumatic_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Traumatic injury">traumatic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iatrogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iatrogenic">iatrogenic</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> process (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Malignancy" title="Malignancy">malignancy</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurovascular_supply">Neurovascular supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleura&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neurovascular supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" title="Rule of thumb">rule of thumb</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blood_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood supply">blood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innervation" class="mw-redirect" title="Innervation">nerve supply</a> of a pleura comes from the structures under it. The visceral pleura is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> that supply the lung surface (from both the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bronchial_circulation" title="Bronchial circulation">bronchial vessels</a>), and innervated by the <a href="/wiki/Nerve_ending" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve ending">nerve endings</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_plexus" title="Pulmonary plexus">pulmonary plexus</a>. </p><p>The parietal pleura is supplied by blood from the cavity wall under it, which can come from the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intercostal_arteries" title="Intercostal arteries">intercostal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superior_phrenic_arteries" title="Superior phrenic arteries">superior phrenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_phrenic_arteries" title="Inferior phrenic arteries">inferior phrenic arteries</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Internal_thoracic_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal thoracic arteries">internal thoracic arteries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pericardiacophrenic_artery" title="Pericardiacophrenic artery">pericardiacophrenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anterior_intercostal_branches" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior intercostal branches">anterior intercostal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musculophrenic_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculophrenic artery">musculophrenic</a> branches), or their <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_anastomosis" title="Circulatory anastomosis">anastomoses</a>. Similarly, its nerve supply is from its underlying structures — the costal pleura is innervated by the <a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercostal nerve">intercostal nerves</a>; the diaphragmatic pleura is innervated by the <a href="/wiki/Phrenic_nerve" title="Phrenic nerve">phrenic nerve</a> in its central portion around the <a href="/wiki/Central_tendon_of_diaphragm" title="Central tendon of diaphragm">central tendon</a>, and by the intercostal nerves in its periphery near the <a href="/wiki/Costal_margin" title="Costal margin">costal margin</a>; the mediastinal pleura is innervated by branches of the phrenic nerve over the <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous pericardium">fibrous pericardium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleura&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The visceral and parietal pleurae, like all <a href="/wiki/Mesothelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesothelia">mesothelia</a>, both derive from the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_plate_mesoderm" title="Lateral plate mesoderm">lateral plate mesoderms</a>. During the third week of <a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">embryogenesis</a>, each lateral mesoderm splits into two layers. The dorsal layer joins overlying <a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">somites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Somatopleure" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatopleure">somatopleure</a>; and the ventral layer joins the underlying <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Splanchnopleure" class="mw-redirect" title="Splanchnopleure">splanchnopleure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dehiscence of these two layers creates a fluid-filled cavity on each side, and with the ventral infolding and the subsequent midline fusion of the <a href="/wiki/Trilaminar_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilaminar disc">trilaminar disc</a>, forms a pair of <a href="/wiki/Intraembryonic_coelom" title="Intraembryonic coelom">intraembryonic coeloms</a> anterolaterally around the <a href="/wiki/Gut_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut tube">gut tube</a> during the fourth week, with the splanchnopleure on the inner cavity wall and the somatopleure on the outer cavity wall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cranial" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial">cranial</a> end of the intraembryonic coeloms fuse early to form a single cavity, which rotates anteriorly and apparently <i>descends</i> inverted in front of the thorax, and is later encroached by the growing <a href="/wiki/Tubular_heart" title="Tubular heart">primordial heart</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericardial cavity">pericardial cavity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caudal_(anatomical_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal (anatomical term)">caudal</a> portions of the coeloms fuse later below the <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_vein" title="Umbilical vein">umbilical vein</a> to become the larger <a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_cavity" title="Peritoneal cavity">peritoneal cavity</a>, separated from the pericardial cavity by the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_septum" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse septum">transverse septum</a>. The two cavities communicate via a slim pair of remnant coeloms adjacent to the upper <a href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">foregut</a> called the <i>pericardioperitoneal canal</i>. During the fifth week, the developing <a href="/wiki/Lung_bud" title="Lung bud">lung buds</a> begin to invaginate into these canals, creating a pair of enlarging cavities that encroach into the surrounding somites and further displace the transverse septum caudally — namely the pleural cavities. The mesothelia pushed out by the developing lungs arise from the splanchnopleure, and become the visceral pleurae; while the other mesothelial surfaces of the pleural cavities arise from the somatopleure, and become the parietal pleurae.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleura&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">serous membrane</a>, the pleura secretes a <a href="/wiki/Serous_fluid" title="Serous fluid">serous fluid</a> (pleural fluid) that contains various lubricating <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sialomucin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sialomucin">sialomucin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaluronan">hyaluronan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a>. These, coupled with the smoothness of the glycocalyces and <a href="/wiki/Lubrication_theory" title="Lubrication theory">hydrodynamic lubrication</a> of the pleural fluid itself, reduces the <a href="/wiki/Frictional_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Frictional coefficient">frictional coefficient</a> when the opposing pleural surfaces have to <a href="/wiki/Sliding_(motion)" title="Sliding (motion)">slide</a> against each other during <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">ventilation</a>, thus help improving the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary compliance">pulmonary compliance</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesive</a> property of the pleural fluid to various cellular surfaces, coupled with its <a href="/wiki/Oncotic_pressure" title="Oncotic pressure">oncotic pressure</a> and the negative <a href="/wiki/Fluid_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid pressure">fluid pressure</a>, also holds the two opposing pleurae in close sliding contact and keeps the <a href="/wiki/Pleural_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleural space">pleural space</a> collapsed, maximizing the <a href="/wiki/Total_lung_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Total lung capacity">total lung capacity</a> while maintaining a functional <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a> occurs, the contraction of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/External_intercostal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="External intercostal muscle">external intercostal muscles</a> (along with the <a href="/wiki/Bucket_handle_movement" title="Bucket handle movement">bucket</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pump_handle_movement" title="Pump handle movement">pump handle movements</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>) increases the <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> of the pleural cavity, further increasing the negative <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> within the pleural space. As long as the functional <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> remains intact, the lung will be drawn to expand along with the chest wall, relaying a negative <a href="/wiki/Airway" class="mw-redirect" title="Airway">airway</a> pressure that causes an <a href="/wiki/Airflow" title="Airflow">airflow</a> into the lung, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">Exhalation</a> is however usually passive, caused by <a href="/wiki/Elastic_recoil" title="Elastic recoil">elastic recoil</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar wall">alveolar walls</a> and relaxation of <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory muscles">respiratory muscles</a>. In forced exhalation, the pleural fluid provides some hydrostatic cushioning for the lungs against the rapid change of pressure within the pleural cavity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (July 2023)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleura&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pleural_disease" title="Pleural disease">Pleural disease</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pleuritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuritis">Pleuritis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> condition of pleurae. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">somatic innervation</a> of the parietal pleura, pleural irritations, especially if from acute causes, often produce a sharp <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a> that is worse by breathing, known as <i>pleuritic pain</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pleural disease or <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphatic">lymphatic</a> blockages can lead to a build-up of serous fluid within the pleural space, known as a <a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">pleural effusion</a>. Pleural effusion obliterates the pleural vacuum and can collapse the lung (due to <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic pressure">hydrostatic pressure</a>), impairing ventilation and leading to <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure#Type_2" title="Respiratory failure">type 2 respiratory failure</a>. The condition can be treated by mechanically removing the fluid via <a href="/wiki/Thoracocentesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracocentesis">thoracocentesis</a> (also known as a "pleural tap") with a <a href="/wiki/Pigtail_catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigtail catheter">pigtail catheter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">chest tube</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Thoracoscopy" title="Thoracoscopy">thoracoscopic</a> procedure. Infected pleural effusion can lead to <a href="/wiki/Pleural_empyema" title="Pleural empyema">pleural empyema</a>, which can create significant <a href="/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)" title="Adhesion (medicine)">adhesion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibrothorax" title="Fibrothorax">fibrosis</a> that require division and <a href="/wiki/Decortication" title="Decortication">decortication</a>. For recurrent pleural effusions, <a href="/wiki/Pleurodesis" title="Pleurodesis">pleurodesis</a> can be performed to establish permanent obliteration of the pleural space.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleura&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pleural_friction_rub" title="Pleural friction rub">Pleural friction rub</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleura&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/pleura">"pleura Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=pleura+Meaning+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fpleura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELight20071-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight20071_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight20071_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLight2007">Light 2007</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. 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Dotdash publishing family<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radiopaedia&rft.atitle=Lung+fissures&rft.aulast=Hacking&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Knipe%2C+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiopaedia.org%2Farticles%2Flung-fissures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lungs. In: Morton DA, Foreman K, Albertine KH. eds. <i>The Big Picture: Gross Anatomy, 2e</i>. McGraw Hill; Accessed July 12, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://accessphysiotherapy-mhmedical-com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/content.aspx?bookid=2478&sectionid=202020215">https://accessphysiotherapy-mhmedical-com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/content.aspx?bookid=2478&sectionid=202020215</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lungs. In: Morton DA, Foreman K, Albertine KH. eds. <i>The Big Picture: Gross Anatomy, 2e</i>. McGraw Hill; Accessed July 12, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://accessphysiotherapy-mhmedical-com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/content.aspx?bookid=2478&sectionid=202020215">https://accessphysiotherapy-mhmedical-com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/content.aspx?bookid=2478&sectionid=202020215</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLoudBoiselle2010" class="citation book cs1">McLoud, Theresa C.; Boiselle, Phillip M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780323027908000184"><i>The Pleura</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lecturio+Medical+Concept+Library&rft.atitle=Parietal+pleura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecturio.com%2Fconcepts%2Fpleura%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahabadiGoizuetaBordoni2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mahabadi, Navid; Goizueta, Alberto A; Bordoni, Bruno (7 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519048/">"Anatomy, Thorax, Lung Pleura And Mediastinum"</a>. <i>National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine</i>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30085590">30085590</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%2C+U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Anatomy%2C+Thorax%2C+Lung+Pleura+And+Mediastinum&rft.date=2021-02-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30085590&rft.aulast=Mahabadi&rft.aufirst=Navid&rft.au=Goizueta%2C+Alberto+A&rft.au=Bordoni%2C+Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK519048%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen2001" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, William J. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanembryology0003lars"><i>Human embryology</i></a></span> (3. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingstone. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanembryology0003lars/page/138">138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-443-06583-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-443-06583-7"><bdi>0-443-06583-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+embryology&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.pages=138&rft.edition=3.&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-443-06583-7&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanembryology0003lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahabadiGoizuetaBordoni2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mahabadi, Navid; Goizueta, Alberto A; Bordoni, Bruno (7 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519048/">"Anatomy, Thorax, Lung Pleura And Mediastinum"</a>. <i>National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine</i>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30085590">30085590</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information%2C+U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Anatomy%2C+Thorax%2C+Lung+Pleura+And+Mediastinum&rft.date=2021-02-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30085590&rft.aulast=Mahabadi&rft.aufirst=Navid&rft.au=Goizueta%2C+Alberto+A&rft.au=Bordoni%2C+Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK519048%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleura" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleura&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLight2007" class="citation book cs1">Light, Richard W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHEpRHQXaKUC&q=pleural+cavity"><i>Pleural Diseases</i></a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0781769570" title="Special:BookSources/978-0781769570"><bdi>978-0781769570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pleural+Diseases&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0781769570&rft.aulast=Light&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvHEpRHQXaKUC%26q%3Dpleural%2Bcavity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APleura" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleura&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pleura" class="extiw" title="commons:Pleura"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Pleura</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesnorman.com/thoraxlesson2.htm">thoraxlesson2</a> at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/anatomy2010/html/atlas/lung_pleura.html">Atlas image: lung_pleura</a> at the University of Michigan Health System - "X-ray, chest, posteroanterior view"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/anatomy2010/html/atlas/lung_lymph.html">Atlas image: lung_lymph</a> at the University of Michigan Health System - "Transverse section through lung"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago" title="Loyola University Chicago">MedEd at Loyola</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meddean.luc.edu/Lumen/MedEd/Grossanatomy/thorax0/thor_lec/thor6.html">Grossanatomy/thorax0/thor_lec/thor6.html</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310161057/http://dept.kent.edu/biology/courses/60495/PLEURA.GIF">Diagram at kent.edu</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Thoracic_cavity" title="Template:Thoracic cavity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thoracic_cavity" title="Template talk:Thoracic cavity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thoracic_cavity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thoracic cavity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_thorax" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_cavity" title="Thoracic cavity">thorax</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">Mediastinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_wall" title="Thoracic wall">Thoracic wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">Pleural cavity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_pleura" class="mw-redirect" title="Parietal pleura">Parietal pleura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_pleura" class="mw-redirect" title="Visceral pleura">Visceral pleura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary ligament">Pulmonary ligament</a></li> <li>Recesses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costomediastinal_recess" title="Costomediastinal recess">Costomediastinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costodiaphragmatic_recess" title="Costodiaphragmatic recess">Costodiaphragmatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothoracic_fascia" title="Endothoracic fascia">Endothoracic fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprapleural_membrane" title="Suprapleural membrane">Suprapleural membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14123862#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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