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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war,_prose_tracts,_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Civil war, prose tracts, and marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war,_prose_tracts,_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_for_Foreign_Tongues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_for_Foreign_Tongues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Secretary for Foreign Tongues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_for_Foreign_Tongues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 The Restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Poetry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Poetry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paradise_Lost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paradise_Lost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Paradise Lost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paradise_Lost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Political thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_toleration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_toleration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Religious toleration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_toleration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Divorce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy and influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy_and_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy and influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_reception_of_the_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reception_of_the_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Early reception of the poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reception_of_the_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_Blake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_Blake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 William Blake </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_Blake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantic_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantic_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Romantic theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Later legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Literary legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Musical settings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry_and_drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_and_drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Poetry and drama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_and_drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Prose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">John Milton</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" > 102 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون ميلتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون ميلتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="জন মিল্টন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জন মিল্টন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Milton" title="Con Milton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Milton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان میلتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان میلتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="জন মিলটন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন মিলটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джон Мильтон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джон Мильтон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джон Мільтан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Мільтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джон Мілтан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джон Мілтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉन मिल्टन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जॉन मिल्टन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Джон Милтън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Милтън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джон Мильтон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джон Мильтон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%AF%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τζον Μίλτον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Μίλτον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان میلتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان میلتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%A8" title="જોન મિલ્ટન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જોન મિલ્ટન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%B0%80%ED%84%B4" title="존 밀턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 밀턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ջոն Միլթոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Միլթոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉन मिल्टन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन मिल्टन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ג'ון מילטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון מילטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಾನ್ ಮಿಲ್ಟನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾನ್ ಮಿಲ್ಟನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ მილტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ მილტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%90%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%8E%D9%86" title="جان مِلٹَن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جان مِلٹَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джон Мильтон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джон Мильтон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Miltonus" title="Ioannes Miltonus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Miltonus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Miltons" title="Džons Miltons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Miltons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जोन मिल्टन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जोन मिल्टन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Џон Милтон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џон Милтон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA" title="ജോൺ മിൽട്ടൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ മിൽട്ടൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉन मिल्टन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन मिल्टन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ მილტონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ მილტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جون ملتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون ملتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جان میلتون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جان میلتون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жон Милтон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жон Милтон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျွန် မီလတန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျွန် မီလတန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जोन मिल्टन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जोन मिल्टन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="ジョン・ミルトン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ミルトン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Jon" title="Milton Jon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Milton Jon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੌਨ ਮਿਲਟਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੌਨ ਮਿਲਟਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%86" title="جان ملٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جان ملٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%90%D9%84%D9%BC%D9%86" title="جان مېلټن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان مېلټن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мильтон, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мильтон, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%BD%D9%86" title="جان ملٽن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جان ملٽن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Milton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="جۆن میلتۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆن میلتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEon_Milton" title="Džon Milton – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Džon Milton" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English poet and civil servant (1608–1674)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named John Milton, see <a href="/wiki/John_Milton_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Milton (disambiguation)">John Milton (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Milton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Milton_Christ%27s_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/John_Milton_Christ%27s_College.jpg/220px-John_Milton_Christ%27s_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/John_Milton_Christ%27s_College.jpg/330px-John_Milton_Christ%27s_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/John_Milton_Christ%27s_College.jpg/440px-John_Milton_Christ%27s_College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="869" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1608-12-09)9 December 1608 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bread_Street" title="Bread Street">Bread Street</a>, London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 November 1674(1674-11-08) (aged 65) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bunhill_Row" title="Bunhill Row">Bunhill Row</a>, London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Giles-without-Cripplegate" title="St Giles-without-Cripplegate">St Giles-without-Cripplegate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Poet</li><li>Intellectual</li><li>Civil Servant</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Mary Powell</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1642; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1652)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Katherine Woodcock</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1656; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1658)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Elizabeth Mynshull</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1663)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Writing career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>English</li><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></li><li>Greek</li><li>Hebrew</li><li>French</li><li>Spanish</li><li>Italian</li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></li><li>Dutch</li><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/17th_century_in_literature" title="17th century in literature">17th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_literature" title="Restoration literature">Restoration</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Religious and political freedom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> <a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a> <a href="/wiki/Lycidas" title="Lycidas">Lycidas</a> <a href="/wiki/Samson_Agonistes" title="Samson Agonistes">Samson Agonistes</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Secretary for Foreign Tongues to the <a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 1649 – May 1660</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Milton_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/John_Milton_signature.svg/150px-John_Milton_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/John_Milton_signature.svg/225px-John_Milton_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/John_Milton_signature.svg/300px-John_Milton_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="135" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">civil servant</a>. His 1667 <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a> and including twelve books, was written in a time of immense religious flux and political upheaval. It addressed the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>, including the temptation of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angel</a> <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> and <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>'s expulsion of them from the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>. Paradise Lost elevated Milton's reputation as one of history's greatest poets.<a href="#cite_note-John_Milton-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> He also served as a civil servant for the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> under its <a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a> and later under <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>. Milton achieved fame and recognition during his lifetime; his celebrated <a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a> (1644), written in condemnation of <a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">pre-publication censorship</a>, is among history's most influential and impassioned defences of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>. His desire for freedom extended beyond his philosophy and was reflected in his style, which included his introduction of new words (coined from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>. He was the first modern writer to employ unrhymed verse outside of the theatre or translations. Milton is described as the "greatest English author" by his biographer <a href="/wiki/William_Hayley" title="William Hayley">William Hayley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and he remains generally regarded "as one of the preeminent writers in the <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English language</a>",<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> though critical reception has oscillated in the centuries since his death, often on account of his <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom#Commonwealth_of_England" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> praised Paradise Lost as "a poem which ... with respect to design may claim the first place, and with respect to performance, the second, among the productions of the human mind", though he (a <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a>) described Milton's politics as those of an "acrimonious and surly republican".<a href="#cite_note-Works-5">[5]</a> Milton was revered by poets such as <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>. Phases of Milton's life parallel the major historical and political divisions in <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart England</a> at the time. In his early years, Milton studied at <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a>, and then travelled, wrote poetry mostly for private circulation, and launched a career as <a href="/wiki/Pamphleteer" title="Pamphleteer">pamphleteer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Publicist" title="Publicist">publicist</a> under <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>'s increasingly autocratic rule and Britain's breakdown into constitutional confusion and ultimately civil war. While once considered dangerously radical and heretical, Milton contributed to a seismic shift in accepted public opinions during his life that ultimately elevated him to public office in England. The <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a> of 1660 and his loss of vision later deprived Milton much of his public platform, but he used the period to develop many of his major works. Milton's views developed from extensive reading, travel, and experience that began with his days as a student at Cambridge in the 1620s and continued through the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, which started in 1642 and continued until 1651.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> By the time of his death in 1674, Milton was impoverished and on the margins of English intellectual life but famous throughout Europe and unrepentant for political choices that placed him at odds with governing authorities. John Milton is widely regarded as one of the greatest poets in English literature, though his oeuvre has drawn criticism from notable figures, including <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a>. According to some scholars, Milton was second in influence to none but <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>. In one of his books, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> praised him for having the power of "displaying the vast, illuminating the splendid, enforcing the awful, darkening the gloomy and aggravating the dreadful." <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_John_Milton" title="Early life of John Milton">Early life of John Milton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_poet_and_statesman_John_Milton_was_born_1608_in_Bread_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_poet_and_statesman_John_Milton_was_born_1608_in_Bread_Street.jpg/220px-The_poet_and_statesman_John_Milton_was_born_1608_in_Bread_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_poet_and_statesman_John_Milton_was_born_1608_in_Bread_Street.jpg/330px-The_poet_and_statesman_John_Milton_was_born_1608_in_Bread_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_poet_and_statesman_John_Milton_was_born_1608_in_Bread_Street.jpg/440px-The_poet_and_statesman_John_Milton_was_born_1608_in_Bread_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption>Blue plaque on 1 <a href="/wiki/Bread_Street" title="Bread Street">Bread Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, commemorating Milton's birthplace</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Milton_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/John_Milton_portrait.jpg/220px-John_Milton_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/John_Milton_portrait.jpg/330px-John_Milton_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/John_Milton_portrait.jpg/440px-John_Milton_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Milton at age 10 in <a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_Cottage" title="Milton's Cottage">Milton's Cottage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalfont_St_Giles" title="Chalfont St Giles">Chalfont St Giles</a>, Buckinghamshire, painted by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Janssens_van_Ceulen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen">Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen</a></figcaption></figure> John Milton was born in <a href="/wiki/Bread_Street" title="Bread Street">Bread Street</a>, London, on 9 December 1608, the son of composer <a href="/wiki/John_Milton_(composer)" title="John Milton (composer)">John Milton</a> and his wife Sarah Jeffrey. The senior John Milton (1562–1647) moved to London around 1583 after being disinherited by his devout <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> father Richard "the Ranger" Milton for embracing <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> In London, the senior John Milton married Sarah Jeffrey (1572–1637) and found lasting financial success as a <a href="/wiki/Scrivener" title="Scrivener">scrivener</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth16-8">[8]</a> He lived in and worked from a house in <a href="/wiki/Cheapside" title="Cheapside">Cheapside</a> at Bread Street, where the <a href="/wiki/Mermaid_Tavern" title="Mermaid Tavern">Mermaid Tavern</a> was located. The elder Milton was noted for his skill as a composer of music, and this talent left his son with a lifelong appreciation for music and friendships with musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawes" title="Henry Lawes">Henry Lawes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The prosperity of Milton's father allowed his eldest son to obtain a private tutor, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(1587%E2%80%931655)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Young (1587–1655)">Thomas Young</a>, a Scottish Presbyterian with an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>. Young's influence also served as the poet's introduction to religious radicalism.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> After Young's tutorship, Milton attended <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul's School (London)">St Paul's School</a> in London, where he began the study of Latin and Greek; the classical languages left an imprint on both his poetry and prose in English (he also wrote in Latin and Italian). Milton's first datable compositions are two psalms written at age 15 at <a href="/wiki/Long_Bennington" title="Long Bennington">Long Bennington</a>. One contemporary source is <a href="/wiki/Brief_Lives" title="Brief Lives">Brief Lives</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a>, an uneven compilation including first-hand reports. In the work, Aubrey quotes Christopher, Milton's younger brother: "When he was young, he studied very hard and sat up very late, commonly till twelve or one o'clock at night". Aubrey adds, "His complexion exceeding faire—he was so faire that they called him the Lady of Christ's College."<a href="#cite_note-OLD-11">[11]</a> In 1625, Milton gained entry to <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where he graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> in 1629,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> ranking fourth of 24 honours graduates that year in the University of Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Preparing, at that time, to become an <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> priest, he stayed on at Cambridge where he received his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a> on 3 July 1632. Milton may have been <a href="/wiki/Rustication_(academia)" title="Rustication (academia)">rusticated</a> (suspended) in his first year at Cambridge for quarrelling with his tutor, Bishop <a href="/wiki/William_Chappell_(bishop)" title="William Chappell (bishop)">William Chappell</a>. He was certainly at home in London in the Lent Term 1626; there he wrote Elegia Prima, his first Latin <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegy</a>, to Charles Diodati, a friend from St Paul's. Based on remarks of <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a>, Chappell "whipt" Milton.<a href="#cite_note-OLD-11">[11]</a> This story is now disputed, though certainly Milton disliked Chappell.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Christopher Hill</a> notes that Milton was apparently rusticated, and that the differences between Chappell and Milton may have been either religious or personal.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> It is also possible that, like <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> four decades later, Milton was sent home from Cambridge because of the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>, which afflicted Cambridge in 1625. At Cambridge, Milton was on good terms with <a href="/wiki/Edward_King_(British_poet)" title="Edward King (British poet)">Edward King</a>; he later dedicated "<a href="/wiki/Lycidas" title="Lycidas">Lycidas</a>" to him. Milton also befriended theologian <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Williams (theologian)">Roger Williams</a>, tutoring Williams in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> in exchange for lessons in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Despite developing a reputation for poetic skill and general erudition, Milton suffered from alienation among his peers during his time at Cambridge. Having once watched his fellow students attempting comedy upon the college stage, he later observed, "they thought themselves gallant men, and I thought them fools".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Milton also was disdainful of the university curriculum, which consisted of stilted formal debates conducted in Latin on abstruse topics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] His own corpus is not devoid of humour, notably his sixth <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prolusion" class="extiw" title="wikt:prolusion">prolusion</a> and his epitaphs on the death of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobson_(postal_carrier)" title="Thomas Hobson (postal carrier)">Thomas Hobson</a>. While at Cambridge, he wrote some of his well-known shorter English poems, including "On the Morning of Christ's Nativity", "Epitaph on the admirable Dramaticke Poet, W. Shakespeare" (his first poem to appear in print), <a href="/wiki/L%27Allegro" title="L'Allegro">L'Allegro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Il_Penseroso" title="Il Penseroso">Il Penseroso</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Study,_poetry,_and_travel">Study, poetry, and travel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Study, poetry, and travel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_John_Milton" title="Early life of John Milton">Early life of John Milton</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> It appears in all his writings that he had the usual concomitant of great abilities, a lofty and steady confidence in himself, perhaps not without some contempt of others; for scarcely any man ever wrote so much, and praised so few. Of his praise he was very frugal; as he set its value high, and considered his mention of a name as a security against the waste of time, and a certain preservative from oblivion.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_English_Poets" title="Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets">Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets</a></cite> </div> After receiving his MA, Milton moved to <a href="/wiki/Hammersmith" title="Hammersmith">Hammersmith</a>, his father's new home since the previous year. He also lived at <a href="/wiki/Horton,_Berkshire" title="Horton, Berkshire">Horton</a>, Berkshire, from 1635 and undertook six years of self-directed private study. Hill argues that this was not retreat into a rural idyll; Hammersmith was then a "suburban village" falling into the orbit of London, and even Horton was becoming deforested and suffered from the plague.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> He read both ancient and modern works of theology, philosophy, history, politics, literature, and science in preparation for a prospective poetical career. Milton's intellectual development can be charted via entries in his <a href="/wiki/Commonplace_book" title="Commonplace book">commonplace book</a> (like a scrapbook), now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. As a result of such intensive study, Milton is considered to be among the most learned of all English poets. In addition to his years of private study, Milton had command of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, Spanish, and Italian from his school and undergraduate days; he also added Old English to his linguistic repertoire in the 1650s while researching his History of Britain, and probably acquired proficiency in Dutch soon after.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Milton_plaque_Berkyn_Manor_Farm_Horton.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/John_Milton_plaque_Berkyn_Manor_Farm_Horton.JPG/170px-John_Milton_plaque_Berkyn_Manor_Farm_Horton.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/John_Milton_plaque_Berkyn_Manor_Farm_Horton.JPG/255px-John_Milton_plaque_Berkyn_Manor_Farm_Horton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/John_Milton_plaque_Berkyn_Manor_Farm_Horton.JPG/340px-John_Milton_plaque_Berkyn_Manor_Farm_Horton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative blue plaque 'John Milton lived here 1632–1638' at Berkyn Manor Farm, <a href="/wiki/Horton,_Berkshire" title="Horton, Berkshire">Horton, Berkshire</a></figcaption></figure> Milton continued to write poetry during this period of study; his <a href="/wiki/Arcades_(Milton)" title="Arcades (Milton)">Arcades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comus_(John_Milton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comus (John Milton)">Comus</a> were both commissioned for <a href="/wiki/Masques" class="mw-redirect" title="Masques">masques</a> composed for noble patrons, connections of the Egerton family, and performed in 1632 and 1634 respectively. Comus argues for the virtuousness of <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">temperance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a>. He contributed his <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegy</a> <a href="/wiki/Lycidas" title="Lycidas">Lycidas</a> to a memorial collection for one of his fellow-students at Cambridge. Drafts of these poems are preserved in Milton's poetry notebook, known as the Trinity Manuscript, because it is now kept at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a>, Cambridge. It was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mason_(academic_and_clergyman)" title="Charles Mason (academic and clergyman)">Charles Mason</a> who made the extraordinary discovery, in the library of Trinity College, of a packet of thirty loose and tattered folio leaves, almost covered with the handwriting of Milton.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-21">[21]</a> It is thought that Mason recognised the nature of this material around 1735 and the loose-leaf sheets were bound for the first time in 1736; the Trinity Manuscript has been described as “the chief treasure of Trinity Library”.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-21">[21]</a> In May 1638, accompanied by a manservant, Milton embarked upon a tour of France and Italy for 15 months that lasted until July or August 1639.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> His travels supplemented his study with new and direct experience of artistic and religious traditions, especially Roman Catholicism. He met famous theorists and intellectuals of the time and was able to display his poetic skills. For specific details of what happened within Milton's "<a href="/wiki/Grand_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand tour">grand tour</a>", there appears to be just one <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary source</a>: Milton's own <a href="/wiki/Defensio_Secunda" title="Defensio Secunda">Defensio Secunda</a>. There are other records, including some letters and some references in his other prose tracts, but the bulk of the information about the tour comes from a work that, according to <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lewalski" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Lewalski">Barbara Lewalski</a>, "was not intended as autobiography but as rhetoric, designed to emphasise his sterling reputation with the learned of Europe."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He first went to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> and then on to Paris, riding horseback, with a letter from diplomat <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wotton" title="Henry Wotton">Henry Wotton</a> to ambassador <a href="/wiki/John_Scudamore_(ambassador)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scudamore (ambassador)">John Scudamore</a>. Through Scudamore, Milton met <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>, a Dutch law philosopher, playwright, and poet. Milton left France soon after this meeting. He travelled south from <a href="/wiki/Nice,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice, France">Nice</a> to <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, and then to <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>. He reached Florence in July 1638. While there, Milton enjoyed many of the sites and structures of the city. His candour of manner and erudite neo-Latin poetry earned him friends in Florentine intellectual circles, and he met the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> who was under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arcetri" title="Arcetri">Arcetri</a>, as well as others.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Milton probably visited the Florentine Academy and the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca" title="Accademia della Crusca">Accademia della Crusca</a> along with smaller academies in the area, including the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_degli_Apatisti" title="Accademia degli Apatisti">Apatisti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Svogliati" class="mw-redirect" title="Svogliati">Svogliati</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> In [Florence], which I have always admired above all others because of the elegance, not just of its tongue, but also of its wit, I lingered for about two months. There I at once became the friend of many gentlemen eminent in rank and learning, whose private academies I frequented—a Florentine institution which deserves great praise not only for promoting humane studies but also for encouraging friendly intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Milton's account of Florence in Defensio Secunda</cite> </div> He left Florence in September to continue to Rome. With the connections from Florence, Milton was able to have easy access to Rome's intellectual society. His poetic abilities impressed those like Giovanni Salzilli, who praised Milton within an epigram. In late October, Milton attended a dinner given by the <a href="/wiki/English_College,_Rome" title="English College, Rome">English College, Rome</a>, despite his dislike for the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a>, meeting English Catholics who were also guests—theologian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holden_(theologian)" title="Henry Holden (theologian)">Henry Holden</a> and the poet <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cary" title="Patrick Cary">Patrick Cary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> He also attended musical events, including oratorios, operas, and melodramas. Milton left for <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> toward the end of November, where he stayed only for a month because of the Spanish control.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> During that time, he was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Manso" title="Giovanni Battista Manso">Giovanni Battista Manso</a>, patron to both <a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Torquato Tasso</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Marino" title="Giambattista Marino">Giambattista Marino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Originally, Milton wanted to leave Naples in order to travel to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and then on to Greece, but he returned to England during the summer of 1639 because of what he claimed in Defensio Secunda<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> were "sad tidings of civil war in England."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Matters became more complicated when Milton received word that his childhood friend Diodati had died. Milton in fact stayed another seven months on the continent and spent time at <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> with Diodati's uncle after he returned to Rome. In Defensio Secunda, Milton proclaimed that he was warned against a return to Rome because of his frankness about religion, but he stayed in the city for two months and was able to experience <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> and meet <a href="/wiki/Lukas_Holste" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukas Holste">Lukas Holste</a>, a Vatican librarian who guided Milton through its collection. He was introduced to Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Barberini_(1597%E2%80%931679)" title="Francesco Barberini (1597–1679)">Francesco Barberini</a> who invited Milton to an opera hosted by the Cardinal. Around March, Milton travelled once again to Florence, staying there for two months, attending further meetings of the academies, and spending time with friends. After leaving Florence, he travelled through Lucca, Bologna, and Ferrara before coming to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. In Venice, Milton was exposed to a model of Republicanism, later important in his political writings, but he soon found another model when he travelled to Geneva. From Switzerland, Milton travelled to Paris and then to Calais before finally arriving back in England in either July or August 1639.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_war,_prose_tracts,_and_marriage">Civil war, prose tracts, and marriage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civil war, prose tracts, and marriage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_antiprelatical_tracts" title="Milton's antiprelatical tracts">Milton's antiprelatical tracts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg/200px-Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg/300px-Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Areopagitica_bridwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the 1644 edition of <a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a></figcaption></figure> On returning to England where the <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Bishops' Wars</a> presaged further armed conflict, Milton began to write prose <a href="/wiki/Tract_(literature)" title="Tract (literature)">tracts</a> against <a href="/wiki/Episcopacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopacy">episcopacy</a>, in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Parliamentary</a> cause. Milton's first foray into polemics was Of Reformation touching Church Discipline in England (1641), followed by Of Prelatical Episcopacy, the two defences of <a href="/wiki/Smectymnuus" title="Smectymnuus">Smectymnuus</a> (a group of Presbyterian divines named from their initials; the "TY" belonged to Milton's old tutor Thomas Young), and <a href="/wiki/The_Reason_of_Church-Government_Urged_against_Prelaty" title="The Reason of Church-Government Urged against Prelaty">The Reason of Church-Government Urged against Prelaty</a>. He vigorously attacked the High-church party of the Church of England and their leader <a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, with frequent passages of real eloquence lighting up the rough controversial style of the period, and deploying a wide knowledge of church history. He was supported by his father's investments, but Milton became a private schoolmaster at this time, educating his nephews and other children of the well-to-do. This experience and discussions with educational reformer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hartlib" title="Samuel Hartlib">Samuel Hartlib</a> led him to write his short tract <a href="/wiki/Of_Education" title="Of Education">Of Education</a> in 1644, urging a reform of the national universities. In June 1642, Milton paid a visit to the manor house at <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hill,_Oxfordshire" title="Forest Hill, Oxfordshire">Forest Hill, Oxfordshire</a>, and, aged 34, married the 17-year-old Mary Powell.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB_Milton-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The marriage got off to a poor start as Mary did not adapt to Milton's austere lifestyle or get along with his nephews. Milton found her intellectually unsatisfying and disliked the royalist views she had absorbed from her family. It is also speculated that she refused to consummate the marriage. Mary soon returned home to her parents and did not come back until 1645, partly because of the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB_Milton-32">[32]</a> In the meantime, her desertion prompted Milton to publish <a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_divorce_tracts" title="Milton's divorce tracts">a series of pamphlets</a> over the next three years arguing for the legality and morality of divorce beyond grounds of adultery. (<a href="/wiki/Anna_Beer" title="Anna Beer">Anna Beer</a>, author of a 2008 biography of Milton, points to a lack of evidence and the dangers of cynicism in urging that it was not necessarily the case that the private life so animated the public polemicising.) In 1643, Milton had a brush with the authorities over these writings, in parallel with <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah_Woodward" title="Hezekiah Woodward">Hezekiah Woodward</a>, who had more trouble.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> It was the hostile response accorded the divorce tracts that spurred Milton to write <a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica; A speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing, to the Parlament of England</a>, his celebrated attack on pre-printing censorship. In Areopagitica, Milton aligns himself with the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">parliamentary cause</a>, and he also begins to synthesize the ideal of neo-Roman liberty with that of Christian liberty. Milton also courted another woman during this time; we know nothing of her except that her name was Davis and she turned him down. However, it was enough to induce Mary Powell into returning to him which she did unexpectedly by begging him to take her back. They had two daughters in quick succession following their reconciliation.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_for_Foreign_Tongues">Secretary for Foreign Tongues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secretary for Foreign Tongues">edit</a>]</div> With the Parliamentary victory in the Civil War, Milton used his pen in defence of the republican principles represented by the Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a> (1649) defended the right of the people to hold their rulers to account, and implicitly sanctioned the <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">regicide</a>; Milton's political reputation got him appointed Secretary for Foreign Tongues by the Council of State in March 1649. His main job description was to compose the English Republic's foreign correspondence in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Latin</a> and other languages, but he also was called upon to produce propaganda for the regime and to serve as a censor.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19_York_Street,_Westminster_(1848).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/19_York_Street%2C_Westminster_%281848%29.jpg/220px-19_York_Street%2C_Westminster_%281848%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/19_York_Street%2C_Westminster_%281848%29.jpg/330px-19_York_Street%2C_Westminster_%281848%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/19_York_Street%2C_Westminster_%281848%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>The back of no 19 York Street (1848). In 1651, Milton moved into a "pretty garden-house" in <a href="/wiki/Petty_France,_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Petty France, Westminster">Petty France, Westminster</a>. He lived there until the Restoration. Later it became No. 19 York Street, belonged to <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>, was occupied successively by <a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">William Hazlitt</a>, and finally was demolished in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> In October 1649, he published <a href="/wiki/Eikonoklastes" title="Eikonoklastes">Eikonoklastes</a>, an explicit defence of the regicide, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Eikon_Basilike" title="Eikon Basilike">Eikon Basilike</a>, a phenomenal best-seller popularly attributed to Charles I that portrayed the King as an innocent Christian <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>. A month later the exiled <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> and his party published the defence of monarchy Defensio Regia pro Carolo Primo, written by leading humanist <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Salmasius" title="Claudius Salmasius">Claudius Salmasius</a>. By January of the following year, Milton was ordered to write a defence of the English people by the <a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a>. Milton worked more slowly than usual, given the European audience and the English Republic's desire to establish diplomatic and cultural legitimacy, as he drew on the learning marshalled by his years of study to compose a riposte. On 24 February 1652, Milton published his Latin defence of the English people <a href="/wiki/Defensio_pro_Populo_Anglicano" title="Defensio pro Populo Anglicano">Defensio pro Populo Anglicano</a>, also known as the First Defence. Milton's pure Latin prose and evident learning exemplified in the First Defence quickly made him a European reputation, and the work ran to numerous editions.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> He addressed his Sonnet 16 to 'The Lord Generall Cromwell in May 1652' beginning "Cromwell, our chief of men ...", although it was not published until 1654.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 1654, Milton completed the second defence of the English nation Defensio secunda in response to an anonymous Royalist tract "Regii Sanguinis Clamor ad Coelum Adversus Parricidas Anglicanos" [The Cry of the Royal Blood to Heaven Against the English Parricides], a work that made many personal attacks on Milton.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The second defence praised <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, now Lord Protector, while exhorting him to remain true to the principles of the Revolution. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Morus" title="Alexander Morus">Alexander Morus</a>, to whom Milton wrongly attributed the Clamor (in fact by <a href="/wiki/Peter_du_Moulin" title="Peter du Moulin">Peter du Moulin</a>), published an attack on Milton, in response to which Milton published the autobiographical Defensio pro se in 1655. Milton held the appointment of Secretary for Foreign Tongues to the Commonwealth Council of State until 1660, although after he had become totally blind, most of the work was done by his deputies, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Rudolph_Wecklein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Rudolph Wecklein (page does not exist)">Georg Rudolph Wecklein</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Philip_Meadows_(died_1718)" title="Philip Meadows (died 1718)">Philip Meadows</a>, and from 1657 by the poet <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marvell" title="Andrew Marvell">Andrew Marvell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> By 1652, Milton had become totally blind;<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> the cause of his blindness is debated but bilateral <a href="/wiki/Retinal_detachment" title="Retinal detachment">retinal detachment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a> are most likely.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18168884-45">[45]</a> His blindness forced him to dictate his <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verse</a> and prose to <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuenses</a> who copied them out for him; one of these was Andrew Marvell. One of his best-known sonnets, "<a href="/wiki/When_I_Consider_How_My_Light_is_Spent" title="When I Consider How My Light is Spent">When I Consider How My Light is Spent</a>," titled by a later editor, <a href="/wiki/John_Newton" title="John Newton">John Newton</a>, "On His Blindness," is presumed to date from this period.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Restoration">The Restoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Restoration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Milton_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/John_Milton_1.jpg/220px-John_Milton_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/John_Milton_1.jpg/330px-John_Milton_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/John_Milton_1.jpg/440px-John_Milton_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faithorne" title="William Faithorne">William Faithorne</a>, 1670</figcaption></figure> Cromwell's death in 1658 caused the English Republic to collapse into feuding military and political factions. Milton, however, stubbornly clung to the beliefs that had originally inspired him to write for the Commonwealth. In 1659, he published <a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Civil_Power" title="A Treatise of Civil Power">A Treatise of Civil Power</a>, attacking the concept of a state-dominated church (the position known as <a href="/wiki/Erastianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Erastianism">Erastianism</a>), as well as Considerations touching the likeliest means to remove hirelings, denouncing corrupt practises in church governance. As the Republic disintegrated, Milton wrote several proposals to retain a non-monarchical government against the wishes of parliament, soldiers, and the people.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <ul><li>A Letter to a Friend, Concerning the Ruptures of the Commonwealth, written in October 1659, was a response to <a href="/wiki/John_Lambert_(general)" title="John Lambert (general)">General Lambert</a>'s recent dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a>.</li> <li>Proposals of certain expedients for the preventing of a civil war now feared, written in November 1659.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ready_and_Easy_Way_to_Establishing_a_Free_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ready and Easy Way to Establishing a Free Commonwealth">The Ready and Easy Way to Establishing a Free Commonwealth</a>, in two editions, responded to <a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">General Monck</a>'s march towards London to restore the <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a> (which led to the restoration of the monarchy). The work is an impassioned, bitter, and futile <a href="/wiki/Jeremiad" title="Jeremiad">jeremiad</a> damning the English people for backsliding from the cause of <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> and advocating the establishment of an authoritarian rule by an <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> set up by an unelected parliament.</li></ul> Upon the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> in May 1660, Milton, fearing for his life, went into hiding, while a <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">warrant</a> was issued for his arrest and his writings were burnt. He re-emerged after <a href="/wiki/Indemnity_and_Oblivion_Act" title="Indemnity and Oblivion Act">a general pardon</a> was issued, but was nevertheless arrested and briefly imprisoned before influential friends intervened, such as Marvell, now an MP. Milton married for a third and final time on 24 February 1663, marrying Elizabeth (Betty) Minshull, aged 24, a native of <a href="/wiki/Wistaston" title="Wistaston">Wistaston</a>, Cheshire. He spent the remaining decade of his life living quietly in London, only retiring to a cottage during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague of London</a>—<a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_Cottage" title="Milton's Cottage">Milton's Cottage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chalfont_St._Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalfont St. Giles">Chalfont St. Giles</a>, his only extant home. During this period, Milton published several minor prose works, such as the grammar textbook Art of Logic and a History of Britain. His only explicitly political tracts were the 1672 Of True Religion, arguing for <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">toleration</a> (except for Catholics), and a translation of a Polish tract advocating an elective monarchy. Both these works were referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusion Bill">Exclusion</a> debate, the attempt to exclude the heir presumptive from the throne of England—<a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of York">James, Duke of York</a>—because he was Roman Catholic. That debate preoccupied politics in the 1670s and 1680s and precipitated the formation of the <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:279px;max-width:279px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Milton_Statue_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Milton_Statue_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_%2802%29.jpg/140px-Milton_Statue_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Milton_Statue_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_%2802%29.jpg/210px-Milton_Statue_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Milton_Statue_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_%2802%29.jpg/280px-Milton_Statue_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="4592" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Milton_Memorial_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Milton_Memorial_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_%2802%29.jpg/131px-Milton_Memorial_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Milton_Memorial_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_%2802%29.jpg/197px-Milton_Memorial_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Milton_Memorial_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_%2802%29.jpg/262px-Milton_Memorial_in_the_Church_of_Saint_Giles-without-Cripplegate_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="3854" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Milton's statue and memorial in <a href="/wiki/St_Giles-without-Cripplegate" title="St Giles-without-Cripplegate">St Giles-without-Cripplegate</a> church, London</div></div></div></div> Milton died on 8 November 1674, just a month before his 66th birthday. He was buried in the church of <a href="/wiki/St_Giles-without-Cripplegate" title="St Giles-without-Cripplegate">St Giles-without-Cripplegate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fore_Street,_London" title="Fore Street, London">Fore Street</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-Cripplegate-49">[49]</a> However, sources differ as to whether the cause of death was <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">consumption</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cripplegate-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> According to an early biographer, his funeral was attended by "his learned and great Friends in London, not without a friendly concourse of the Vulgar."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> A monument was added in 1793, sculpted by <a href="/wiki/John_Bacon_(sculptor,_born_1740)" title="John Bacon (sculptor, born 1740)">John Bacon the Elder</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> Milton and his first wife Mary Powell (1625–1652) had four children:<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <ul><li>Anne (born 29 July 1646)</li> <li>Mary (born 25 October 1648)</li> <li>John (16 March 1651 – June 1652)</li> <li>Deborah (2 May 1652 – 10 August 1727<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>)</li></ul> Mary Powell died on 5 May 1652 from complications following Deborah's birth. Milton's daughters survived to adulthood, but he always had a strained relationship with them. On 12 November 1656, Milton was married to Katherine Woodcock at <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's, Westminster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> She died on 3 February 1658, less than four months after giving birth to her daughter Katherine, who also died. Milton married for a third time on 24 February 1663 to Elizabeth Mynshull or Minshull (1638–1728), the niece of Thomas Mynshull, a wealthy apothecary and philanthropist in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. The marriage took place at <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Aldermary" title="St Mary Aldermary">St Mary Aldermary</a> in the City of London. Despite a 31-year age gap, the marriage seemed happy, according to <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a>, and lasted more than 12 years until Milton's death. (A plaque on the wall of Mynshull's House in Manchester describes Elizabeth as Milton's "3rd and Best wife".) Samuel Johnson, however, claims that Mynshull was "a domestic companion and attendant" and Milton's nephew <a href="/wiki/Edward_Phillips" title="Edward Phillips">Edward Phillips</a> relates that Mynshull "oppressed his children in his lifetime, and cheated them at his death".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> His nephews, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Phillips" title="Edward Phillips">Edward</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(author)" title="John Phillips (author)">John Phillips</a> (sons of Milton's sister Anne), were educated by Milton and became writers themselves. John acted as a secretary, and Edward was Milton's first biographer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry">Poetry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> Milton's poetry was slow to see the light of day, at least under his name. His first published poem was "On Shakespeare" (1630), anonymously included in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Folio" title="Second Folio">Second Folio</a> edition of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s plays in 1632. An annotated copy of the <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> has been suggested to contain marginal notes by Milton.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Milton collected his work in <a href="/wiki/1645_Poems" class="mw-redirect" title="1645 Poems">1645 Poems</a> in the midst of the excitement attending the possibility of establishing a new English government. The anonymous edition of Comus was published in 1637, and the publication of Lycidas in 1638 in Justa Edouardo King Naufrago was signed J. M. Otherwise. The 1645 collection was the only poetry of his to see print until <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> appeared in 1667. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paradise_Lost">Paradise Lost</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Paradise Lost">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milton_diktiert_seinen_T%C3%B6chtern_das_%C2%BBParadise_Lost%C2%AB_(Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Milton_diktiert_seinen_T%C3%B6chtern_das_%C2%BBParadise_Lost%C2%AB_%28Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix%29.jpg/220px-Milton_diktiert_seinen_T%C3%B6chtern_das_%C2%BBParadise_Lost%C2%AB_%28Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Milton_diktiert_seinen_T%C3%B6chtern_das_%C2%BBParadise_Lost%C2%AB_%28Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix%29.jpg/330px-Milton_diktiert_seinen_T%C3%B6chtern_das_%C2%BBParadise_Lost%C2%AB_%28Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Milton_diktiert_seinen_T%C3%B6chtern_das_%C2%BBParadise_Lost%C2%AB_%28Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix%29.jpg/440px-Milton_diktiert_seinen_T%C3%B6chtern_das_%C2%BBParadise_Lost%C2%AB_%28Eug%C3%A8ne_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Milton Dictates the Lost Paradise to His Three Daughters, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1826, by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a> </figcaption></figure> Milton's <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blank-verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Blank-verse">blank-verse</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>, was composed by the blind and impoverished Milton from 1658 to 1664 (first edition), with small but significant revisions published in 1674 (second edition). As a blind poet, Milton dictated his verse to a series of aides in his employ. It has been argued that the poem reflects his personal despair at the failure of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Revolution</a> yet affirms an ultimate optimism in human potential. Some literary critics have argued that Milton encoded many references to his unyielding support for the "<a href="/wiki/Good_Old_Cause" title="Good Old Cause">Good Old Cause</a>".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> On 27 April 1667,<a href="#cite_note-Lindenbaum1995-58">[58]</a> Milton sold the publication rights for Paradise Lost to publisher <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Simmons" title="Samuel Simmons">Samuel Simmons</a> for £5 (equivalent to approximately £770 in 2015 purchasing power),<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> with a further £5 to be paid if and when each print run sold out of between 1,300 and 1,500 copies.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The first run was a <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">quarto</a> edition priced at three <a href="/wiki/Shilling_(English_coin)" title="Shilling (English coin)">shillings</a> per copy (about £23 in 2015 purchasing power equivalent), published in August 1667, and it sold out in eighteen months.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Milton followed up the publication Paradise Lost with its sequel <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a>, which was published alongside the tragedy <a href="/wiki/Samson_Agonistes" title="Samson Agonistes">Samson Agonistes</a> in 1671. Both of these works also reflect Milton's post-Restoration political situation. Just before his death in 1674, Milton supervised a second edition of Paradise Lost, accompanied by an explanation of "why the poem rhymes not", and prefatory verses by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marvell" title="Andrew Marvell">Andrew Marvell</a>. In 1673, Milton republished his 1645 Poems, as well as a collection of his letters and the Latin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolusion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prolusion (page does not exist)">prolusions</a> from his Cambridge days. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Views">edit</a>]</div> An unfinished religious manifesto, <a href="/wiki/De_Doctrina_Christiana_(Milton)" title="De Doctrina Christiana (Milton)">De doctrina christiana</a>, probably written by Milton, lays out many of his heterodox theological views, and was not discovered and published until 1823. Milton's key beliefs were idiosyncratic, not those of an identifiable group or faction, and often they go well beyond the orthodoxy of the time. Their tone, however, stemmed from the Puritan emphasis on the centrality and inviolability of conscience.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> He was his own man, but he was anticipated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Robinson_(writer)" title="Henry Robinson (writer)">Henry Robinson</a> in Areopagitica.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> While Milton's beliefs are generally considered to be consistent with Protestant Christianity, Stephen Fallon argues that by the late 1650s, Milton may have at least toyed with the idea of <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> or animist materialism, the notion that a single material substance which is "animate, self-active, and free" composes everything in the universe: from stones and trees and bodies to minds, souls, angels, and God.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Fallon claims that Milton devised this position to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">mind-body dualism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">mechanistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a>. According to Fallon, Milton's monism is most notably reflected in Paradise Lost when he has angels eat (5.433–439)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and apparently engage in sexual intercourse (8.622–629)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and the De Doctrina, where he denies the dual natures of man and argues for a theory of Creation <a href="/wiki/Ex_nihilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex nihilo">ex Deo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_thought">Political thought</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political thought">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_politics" title="John Milton's politics">John Milton's politics</a></div>Milton was a "passionately individual Christian Humanist poet."<a href="#cite_note-:0-64">[64]</a> He appears on the pages of seventeenth century English Puritanism, an age characterized as "the world turned upside down."<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> He was a Puritan and yet was unwilling to surrender conscience to party positions on public policy. Thus, Milton's political thought, driven by competing convictions, a Reformed faith and a Humanist spirit, led to enigmatic outcomes.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Milton's apparently contradictory stance on the vital problems of his age, arose from religious contestations, to the questions of the divine rights of kings. In both the cases, he seems in control, taking stock of the situation arising from the polarization of the English society on religious and political lines. He fought with the Puritans against the Cavaliers i.e. the King's party, and helped win the day. But the very same constitutional and republican polity, when tried to curtail freedom of speech, Milton, given his humanistic zeal, wrote Areopagitica . . . [sic]<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[66]</a></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areopagitica_1644bw_gobeirne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Areopagitica_1644bw_gobeirne.png/170px-Areopagitica_1644bw_gobeirne.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Areopagitica_1644bw_gobeirne.png/255px-Areopagitica_1644bw_gobeirne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Areopagitica_1644bw_gobeirne.png/340px-Areopagitica_1644bw_gobeirne.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Title page of John Milton's 1644 edition of <a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a></figcaption></figure> Areopagitica was written in response to the Licensing Order, in November 1644.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Milton's political thought may be best categorized according to respective periods in his life and times. The years 1641–42 were dedicated to church politics and the struggle against episcopacy. After his divorce writings, Areopagitica, and a gap, he wrote in 1649–54 in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution of Charles I</a>, and in polemic justification of the regicide and the existing Parliamentarian regime. Then in 1659–60 he foresaw the Restoration and wrote to head it off.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Milton's own beliefs were in some cases unpopular, particularly his commitment to <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>. In coming centuries, Milton would be claimed as an early apostle of liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> According to James Tully: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... with <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a> as with Milton, republican and <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">contraction</a> conceptions of political freedom join hands in common opposition to the disengaged and passive subjection offered by <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></blockquote> A friend and ally in the pamphlet wars was <a href="/wiki/Marchamont_Nedham" title="Marchamont Nedham">Marchamont Nedham</a>. <a href="/wiki/Austin_Woolrych" title="Austin Woolrych">Austin Woolrych</a> considers that although they were quite close, there is "little real affinity, beyond a broad republicanism", between their approaches.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Blair_Worden" title="Blair Worden">Blair Worden</a> remarks that both Milton and Nedham, with others such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marvell" title="Andrew Marvell">Andrew Marvell</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">James Harrington</a>, would have taken their problem with the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a> to be not the republic itself, but the fact that it was not a proper republic.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Woolrych speaks of "the gulf between Milton's vision of the Commonwealth's future and the reality".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In the early version of his <a href="/wiki/History_of_Britain_(John_Milton)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Britain (John Milton)">History of Britain</a>, begun in 1649, Milton was already writing off the members of the <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a> as incorrigible.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> He praised <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> as the Protectorate was set up; though subsequently he had major reservations. When Cromwell seemed to be backsliding as a revolutionary, after a couple of years in power, Milton moved closer to the position of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Sir Henry Vane</a>, to whom he wrote a sonnet in 1652.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The group of disaffected republicans included, besides Vane, <a href="/wiki/John_Bradshaw_(judge)" title="John Bradshaw (judge)">John Bradshaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hutchinson_(Colonel)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hutchinson (Colonel)">John Hutchinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ludlow" title="Edmund Ludlow">Edmund Ludlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marten_(regicide)" title="Henry Marten (regicide)">Henry Marten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Overton" title="Robert Overton">Robert Overton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sexby" title="Edward Sexby">Edward Sexby</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Streater" title="John Streater">John Streater</a>; but not Marvell, who remained with Cromwell's party.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Milton had already commended Overton, along with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Whalley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Whalley">Edmund Whalley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke" title="Bulstrode Whitelocke">Bulstrode Whitelocke</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Defensio_Secunda" title="Defensio Secunda">Defensio Secunda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Nigel Smith writes that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... John Streater, and the form of republicanism he stood for, was a fulfilment of Milton's most optimistic ideas of free speech and of public heroism [...]<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></blockquote> As <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a> fell from power, he envisaged a step towards a freer republic or "free commonwealth", writing in the hope of this outcome in early 1660. Milton had argued for an awkward position, in the <a href="/wiki/The_Ready_and_Easy_Way_to_Establish_a_Free_Commonwealth" title="The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth">Ready and Easy Way</a>, because he wanted to invoke the <a href="/wiki/Good_Old_Cause" title="Good Old Cause">Good Old Cause</a> and gain the support of the republicans, but without offering a democratic solution of any kind.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> His proposal, backed by reference (amongst other reasons) to the <a href="/wiki/Oligarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligarchical">oligarchical</a> Dutch and Venetian constitutions, was for a council with perpetual membership. This attitude cut right across the grain of popular opinion of the time, which swung decisively behind the restoration of the Stuart monarchy that took place later in the year.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Milton, an associate of and advocate on behalf of the regicides, was silenced on political matters as Charles II returned. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="John Milton's religion">John Milton's religion</a></div> John Milton was neither a clergyman nor a theologian; however, theology, and particularly English Calvinism, formed the palette on which he created his greatest thoughts. Milton wrestled with the great doctrines of the Church amidst the theological crosswinds of his age. The great poet was undoubtedly Reformed (though his grandfather, Richard "the Ranger" Milton had been Roman Catholic).<a href="#cite_note-:2-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> However, Milton's Calvinism had to find expression in a broad-spirited Humanism. Like many <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> artists before him, Milton attempted to integrate Christian theology with classical modes. In his early poems, the poet narrator expresses a tension between vice and virtue, the latter invariably related to Protestantism. In Comus, Milton may make ironic use of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Caroline</a> court <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a> by elevating notions of purity and virtue over the conventions of court revelry and superstition. In his later poems, Milton's theological concerns become more explicit. His use of biblical citation was wide-ranging; Harris Fletcher, standing at the beginning of the intensification of the study of the use of scripture in Milton's work (poetry and prose, in all languages Milton mastered), notes that typically Milton clipped and adapted biblical quotations to suit the purpose, giving precise chapter and verse only in texts for a more specialized readership. As for the plenitude of Milton's quotations from scripture, Fletcher comments, "For this work, I have in all actually collated about twenty-five hundred of the five to ten thousand direct Biblical quotations which appear therein".<a href="#cite_note-harris-83">[83]</a> Milton's customary English Bible was the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version#Authorized_Version" title="King James Version">Authorized King James</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> When citing and writing in other languages, he usually employed the Latin translation by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Tremellius" title="Immanuel Tremellius">Immanuel Tremellius</a>, though "he was equipped to read the Bible in Latin, in Greek, and in Hebrew, including the Targumim or Aramaic paraphrases of the Old Testament, and the Syriac version of the New, together with the available commentaries of those several versions".<a href="#cite_note-harris-83">[83]</a> Milton embraced many heterodox Christian theological views. He has been accused of rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, believing instead that the Son was subordinate to the Father, a position known as <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>; and his sympathy or curiosity was probably engaged by <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinianism</a>: in August 1650 he licensed for publication by <a href="/wiki/William_Dugard" title="William Dugard">William Dugard</a> the <a href="/wiki/Racovian_Catechism" title="Racovian Catechism">Racovian Catechism</a>, based on a non-trinitarian creed.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Milton's alleged Arianism, like much of his theology, is still subject of debate and controversy. <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Wilmot_Griswold" title="Rufus Wilmot Griswold">Rufus Wilmot Griswold</a> argued that "In none of his great works is there a passage from which it can be inferred that he was an Arian; and in the very last of his writings he declares that "the doctrine of the Trinity is a plain doctrine in Scripture."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In Areopagitica, Milton classified Arians and Socinians as "errorists" and "schismatics" alongside <a href="/wiki/Arminians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminians">Arminians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> A source has interpreted him as broadly Protestant, if not always easy to locate in a more precise religious category. In 2019, John Rogers stated, "Heretics both, John Milton and Isaac Newton were, as most scholars now agree, Arians."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-heretic-90">[90]</a> In his 1641 treatise, <a href="/wiki/Of_Reformation" title="Of Reformation">Of Reformation</a>, Milton expressed his dislike for Catholicism and episcopacy, presenting Rome as a modern <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, and bishops as Egyptian taskmasters. These analogies conform to Milton's puritanical preference for <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> imagery. He knew at least four commentaries on Genesis: those of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Fagius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Fagius">Paulus Fagius</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Pareus" title="David Pareus">David Pareus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andreus_Rivetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreus Rivetus">Andreus Rivetus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Through the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(1649%E2%80%931660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregnum (1649–1660)">Interregnum</a>, Milton often presents England, rescued from the trappings of a worldly monarchy, as an <a href="/wiki/Elect" class="mw-redirect" title="Elect">elect</a> nation akin to the Old Testament <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and shows its leader, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, as a latter-day <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>. These views were bound up in Protestant views of the <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennium</a>, which some sects, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Monarchists" title="Fifth Monarchists">Fifth Monarchists</a> predicted would arrive in England. Milton, however, would later criticise the "worldly" millenarian views of these and others, and expressed orthodox ideas on the prophecy of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Empires" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Empires">Four Empires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The Restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660 began a new phase in Milton's work. In Paradise Lost, <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samson_Agonistes" title="Samson Agonistes">Samson Agonistes</a>, Milton mourns the end of the godly <a href="/wiki/English_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="English Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> may allegorically reflect Milton's view of England's recent <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fall of Man">Fall from Grace</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a>'s blindness and captivity—mirroring Milton's own lost sight—may be a metaphor for England's blind acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> as king. Illustrated by Paradise Lost is <a href="/wiki/Soul_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul sleep">mortalism</a>, the belief that the soul lies dormant after the body dies.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Despite the Restoration of the monarchy, Milton did not lose his personal faith; Samson shows how the loss of national <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> did not necessarily preclude the salvation of the individual, while Paradise Regained expresses Milton's continuing belief in the promise of Christian salvation through Jesus Christ. Though he maintained his personal faith in spite of the defeats suffered by his cause, the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a> recounted how he had been alienated from the Church of England by Archbishop William Laud, and then moved similarly from the <a href="/wiki/Dissenters" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissenters">Dissenters</a> by their denunciation of religious tolerance in England. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Milton had come to stand apart from all sects, though apparently finding the <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> most congenial. He never went to any religious services in his later years. When a servant brought back accounts of sermons from <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> meetings, Milton became so sarcastic that the man at last gave up his place.</blockquote>Writing of the enigmatic and often conflicting views of Milton in the Puritan age, David Daiches wrote,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Christian and Humanist, Protestant, patriot and heir of the golden ages of Greece and Rome, he faced what appeared to him to be the birth-pangs of a new and regenerate England with high excitement and idealistic optimism."<a href="#cite_note-:0-64">[64]</a></blockquote>A fair theological summary may be that John Milton was a Puritan, though his tendency to press further for liberty of conscience, sometimes out of conviction and often out of mere intellectual curiosity, made the great man, at least, a vital if not uncomfortable ally in the broader Puritan movement.<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_toleration">Religious toleration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious toleration">edit</a>]</div> Milton called in the <a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a> for "the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties" to the conflicting Protestant denominations.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> According to American historian William Hunter, "Milton argued for <a href="/wiki/Disestablishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Disestablishment">disestablishment</a> as the only effective way of achieving broad <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">toleration</a>. Rather than force a man's conscience, government should recognise the persuasive force of the gospel."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divorce">Divorce</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Divorce">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_divorce_tracts" title="Milton's divorce tracts">Milton's divorce tracts</a></div> Milton wrote The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce in 1643, at the beginning of the English Civil War. In August of that year, he presented his thoughts to the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly_of_Divines" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Assembly of Divines">Westminster Assembly of Divines</a>, which had been created by the <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a> to bring greater reform to the Church of England. The Assembly convened on 1 July against the will of King Charles I. Milton's thinking on divorce caused him considerable trouble with the authorities. An orthodox Presbyterian view of the time was that Milton's views on divorce constituted a one-man <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The fervently Presbyterian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edwards_(heresiographer)" title="Thomas Edwards (heresiographer)">Edwards</a> had included Milton's divorce tracts in his list in <a href="/wiki/Gangraena" title="Gangraena">Gangraena</a> of heretical publications that threatened the religious and moral fabric of the nation; Milton responded by mocking him as "shallow Edwards" in the satirical sonnet "On the New Forcers of Conscience under the Long Parliament", usually dated to the latter half of 1646.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></blockquote> Even here, though, his originality is qualified: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gataker" title="Thomas Gataker">Thomas Gataker</a> had already identified "mutual solace" as a principal goal in marriage.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Milton abandoned his campaign to legitimise divorce after 1645, but he expressed support for <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/De_Doctrina_Christiana_(Milton)" title="De Doctrina Christiana (Milton)">De Doctrina Christiana</a>, the theological treatise that provides the clearest evidence for his views.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Milton wrote during a period when thoughts about divorce were anything but simplistic; rather, there was active debate among thinkers and intellectuals at the time. However, Milton's basic approval of divorce within strict parameters set by the biblical witness was typical of many influential Christian intellectuals, particularly the Westminster divines. Milton addressed the Assembly on the matter of divorce in August 1643,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> at a moment when the Assembly was beginning to form its opinion on the matter. In the Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce, Milton argued that divorce was a private matter, not a legal or ecclesiastical one. Neither the Assembly nor Parliament condemned Milton or his ideas. In fact, when the Westminster Assembly wrote the Westminster Confession of Faith they allowed for divorce ('Of Marriage and Divorce,' Chapter 24, Section 5) in cases of infidelity or abandonment. Thus, the Christian community, at least a majority within the 'Puritan' sub-set, approved of Milton's views. Nevertheless, reaction among Puritans to Milton's views on divorce was mixed. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Palmer_(Puritan)" title="Herbert Palmer (Puritan)">Herbert Palmer</a>, a member of the Westminster Assembly, condemned Milton in the strongest possible language: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If any plead Conscience ... for divorce for other causes than Christ and His Apostles mention; Of which a wicked booke is abroad and uncensured, though deserving to be burnt, whose Author, hath been so impudent as to set his Name to it, and dedicate it to your selves ... will you grant a Toleration for all this?<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The Glasse of God's Providence Towards His Faithfull Ones, 1644, p. 54.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Palmer expressed his disapproval in a sermon addressed to the Westminster Assembly. The Scottish commissioner Robert Baillie described Palmer's sermon as one "of the most Scottish and free sermons that ever I heard any where."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> History was particularly important for the political class of the period, and Lewalski considers that Milton "more than most illustrates" a remark of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> on the weight placed at the time on the classical Latin historical writers <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, and their republican attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Milton himself wrote that "Worthy deeds are not often destitute of worthy relaters", in Book II of his History of Britain. A sense of history mattered greatly to him:<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The course of human history, the immediate impact of the civil disorders, and his own traumatic personal life, are all regarded by Milton as typical of the predicament he describes as "the misery that has bin since Adam".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_influence">Legacy and influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy and influence">edit</a>]</div> Once Paradise Lost was published, Milton's stature as epic poet was immediately recognised. He cast a formidable shadow over English poetry in the 18th and 19th centuries; he was often judged equal or superior to all other English poets, including <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>. Very early on, though, he was championed by <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political faction)">Whigs</a>, and decried by <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a>: with the regicide <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ludlow" title="Edmund Ludlow">Edmund Ludlow</a> he was claimed as an early Whig,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> while the High Tory Anglican minister <a href="/wiki/Luke_Milbourne" title="Luke Milbourne">Luke Milbourne</a> lumped Milton in with other "Agents of Darkness" such as <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Baxter" title="Richard Baxter">Richard Baxter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Algernon Sidney</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The political ideas of Milton, Locke, Sidney, and <a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">James Harrington</a> strongly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Whigs" title="Radical Whigs">Radical Whigs</a>, whose ideology in turn was central to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Modern scholars of Milton's life, politics, and work are known as Miltonists: "his work is the subject of a very large amount of academic scholarship".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 2008, John Milton Passage, a short passage by Bread Street into St Mary-le-Bow Churchyard in London, was unveiled.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_reception_of_the_poetry">Early reception of the poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Early reception of the poetry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MiltonPoeticalWorksNewton1752-61.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MiltonPoeticalWorksNewton1752-61.jpg/220px-MiltonPoeticalWorksNewton1752-61.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MiltonPoeticalWorksNewton1752-61.jpg/330px-MiltonPoeticalWorksNewton1752-61.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MiltonPoeticalWorksNewton1752-61.jpg/440px-MiltonPoeticalWorksNewton1752-61.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1677" /></a><figcaption>Title page of a 1752–1761 edition of "The Poetical Works of John Milton with Notes of Various Authors by Thomas Newton" printed by J. & R. Tonson in the Strand</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>, an early enthusiast, in 1677 began the trend of describing Milton as the poet of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Dryden's The State of Innocence and the Fall of Man: an Opera (1677) is evidence of an immediate cultural influence. In 1695, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hume_(editor)" title="Patrick Hume (editor)">Patrick Hume</a> became the first editor of Paradise Lost, providing an extensive apparatus of annotation and commentary, particularly chasing down allusions.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In 1732, the classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bentley" title="Richard Bentley">Richard Bentley</a> offered a corrected version of Paradise Lost.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Bentley was considered presumptuous and was attacked in the following year by <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Pearce" title="Zachary Pearce">Zachary Pearce</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Christopher Ricks</a> judges that, as critic, Bentley was both acute and wrong-headed, and "incorrigibly eccentric"; <a href="/wiki/William_Empson" title="William Empson">William Empson</a> also finds Pearce to be more sympathetic to Bentley's underlying line of thought than is warranted.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> There was an early, partial translation of Paradise Lost into German by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Haak" title="Theodore Haak">Theodore Haak</a> and based on that a standard verse translation by Ernest Gottlieb von Berge. A subsequent prose translation by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Bodmer" title="Johann Jakob Bodmer">Johann Jakob Bodmer</a> was very popular; it influenced Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. The German-language Milton tradition returned to England in the person of the artist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a>. Many Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century revered and commented on Milton's poetry and non-poetical works. In addition to John Dryden, among them were <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newton" title="Thomas Newton">Thomas Newton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>. For example, in <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator_(1711)" title="The Spectator (1711)">The Spectator</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Joseph Addison wrote extensive notes, annotations, and interpretations of certain passages of Paradise Lost. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Richardson_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Richardson (painter)">Jonathan Richardson, senior</a>, and Jonathan Richardson, the younger, co-wrote a book of criticism.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In 1749, Thomas Newton published an extensive edition of Milton's poetical works with annotations provided by himself, Dryden, Pope, Addison, the Richardsons (father and son) and others. Newton's edition of Milton was a culmination of the honour bestowed upon Milton by early Enlightenment thinkers; it may also have been prompted by Richard Bentley's infamous edition, described above. Samuel Johnson wrote numerous essays on Paradise Lost, and Milton was included in his <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_English_Poets" title="Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets">Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets</a> (1779–1781). In <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Louis_XIV" title="The Age of Louis XIV">The Age of Louis XIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> said "Milton remains the glory and the wonder (l'admiration) of England."<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_Blake">William Blake</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: William Blake">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milton_a_Poem_copy_D_1818_Library_of_Congress_object_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milton_a_Poem_copy_D_1818_Library_of_Congress_object_1.jpg/220px-Milton_a_Poem_copy_D_1818_Library_of_Congress_object_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milton_a_Poem_copy_D_1818_Library_of_Congress_object_1.jpg/330px-Milton_a_Poem_copy_D_1818_Library_of_Congress_object_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milton_a_Poem_copy_D_1818_Library_of_Congress_object_1.jpg/440px-Milton_a_Poem_copy_D_1818_Library_of_Congress_object_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frontispiece_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontispiece (book)">Frontispiece</a> to <a href="/wiki/Milton:_A_Poem_in_Two_Books" title="Milton: A Poem in Two Books">Milton: A Poem in Two Books</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> considered Milton the major English poet. Blake placed <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> as Milton's precursor, and saw himself as Milton's poetical son.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Milton:_A_Poem_in_Two_Books" title="Milton: A Poem in Two Books">Milton: A Poem in Two Books</a>, Blake uses Milton as a spiritual guide and a symbol of poetic inspiration.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romantic_theory">Romantic theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Romantic theory">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> was a theorist of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(literary)" title="Sublime (literary)">sublime</a>, and he regarded Milton's description of Hell as exemplary of sublimity as an <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> concept. For Burke, it was to set alongside mountain-tops, a storm at sea, and <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In The Beautiful and the Sublime, he wrote: "No person seems better to have understood the secret of heightening, or of setting terrible things, if I may use the expression, in their strongest light, by the force of a judicious obscurity than Milton."<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic poets</a> valued his exploration of <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a>, but for the most part rejected his religiosity. <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> began his sonnet "London, 1802" with "Milton! thou should'st be living at this hour"<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and modelled <a href="/wiki/The_Prelude" title="The Prelude">The Prelude</a>, his own blank verse epic, on Paradise Lost. <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a> found the yoke of Milton's style uncongenial;<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> he exclaimed that "Miltonic verse cannot be written but in an artful or rather artist's humour."<a href="#cite_note-Leader-123">[123]</a> Keats felt that Paradise Lost was a "beautiful and grand curiosity", but his own unfinished attempt at epic poetry, <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(poem)" title="Hyperion (poem)">Hyperion</a>, was unsatisfactory to the author because, amongst other things, it had too many "Miltonic inversions".<a href="#cite_note-Leader-123">[123]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Madwoman_in_the_Attic" title="The Madwoman in the Attic">The Madwoman in the Attic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Gilbert" title="Sandra Gilbert">Sandra Gilbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Gubar" title="Susan Gubar">Susan Gubar</a> note that <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a> is, in the view of many critics, "one of the key 'Romantic' readings of Paradise Lost."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_legacy">Later legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Later legacy">edit</a>]</div> The Victorian age witnessed a continuation of Milton's influence. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> declared him the "moral king of English literature,"<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> while <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a> were particularly inspired by Milton's poetry and biography. Hostile 20th-century criticism by <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> did not reduce Milton's stature.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/F._R._Leavis" title="F. R. Leavis">F. R. Leavis</a>, in The Common Pursuit, responded to the points made by Eliot, in particular the claim that "the study of Milton could be of no help: it was only a hindrance", by arguing, "As if it were a matter of deciding not to study Milton! The problem, rather, was to escape from an influence that was so difficult to escape from because it was unrecognized, belonging, as it did, to the climate of the habitual and 'natural'."<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Anxiety_of_Influence" title="The Anxiety of Influence">The Anxiety of Influence</a>, wrote that "Milton is the central problem in any theory and history of poetic influence in English [...]".<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Milton's <a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a> is still cited as relevant to the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> A quotation from Areopagitica—"A good book is the precious lifeblood of a master spirit, embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life"—is displayed in many public libraries, including the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>. The title of <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Philip Pullman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/His_Dark_Materials" title="His Dark Materials">His Dark Materials</a> trilogy is derived from a quotation, "His dark materials to create more worlds", line 915 of Book II in Paradise Lost. Pullman was concerned to produce a version of Milton's poem accessible to teenagers,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> and has spoken of Milton as "our greatest public poet".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Titles of a number of other well-known literary works are also derived from Milton's writings. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Look_Homeward,_Angel" title="Look Homeward, Angel">Look Homeward, Angel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eyeless_in_Gaza_(novel)" title="Eyeless in Gaza (novel)">Eyeless in Gaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Darkness_Visible_(novel)" title="Darkness Visible (novel)">Darkness Visible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> T. S. Eliot believed that "of no other poet is it so difficult to consider the poetry simply as poetry, without our theological and political dispositions ... making unlawful entry".<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_legacy">Literary legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Literary legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_British_Worthies_John_Milton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Temple_of_British_Worthies_John_Milton.jpg/170px-Temple_of_British_Worthies_John_Milton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Temple_of_British_Worthies_John_Milton.jpg/255px-Temple_of_British_Worthies_John_Milton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Temple_of_British_Worthies_John_Milton.jpg/340px-Temple_of_British_Worthies_John_Milton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Milton is commemorated in the <a href="/wiki/Stowe_House" title="Stowe House">temple of British Worthies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stowe,_Buckinghamshire" title="Stowe, Buckinghamshire">Stowe</a>, Buckinghamshire.</figcaption></figure> Milton's use of <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a>, in addition to his stylistic innovations (such as grandiloquence of voice and vision, peculiar diction and phraseology) influenced later poets. At the time, poetic blank verse was considered distinct from its use in verse drama, and <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> was taken as a unique exemplar.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Said <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts" title="Isaac Watts">Isaac Watts</a> in 1734, "Mr. Milton is esteemed the parent and author of blank verse among us".<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> "Miltonic verse" might be synonymous for a century with blank verse as poetry, a new poetic terrain independent from both the drama and the <a href="/wiki/Heroic_couplet" title="Heroic couplet">heroic couplet</a>. Lack of rhyme was sometimes taken as Milton's defining innovation. He himself considered the rhymeless quality of Paradise Lost to be an extension of his own personal liberty: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This neglect then of Rhime ... is to be esteem'd an example set, the first in English, of ancient liberty recover'd to heroic Poem from the troublesom and modern bondage of Rimeing.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></blockquote> This pursuit of freedom was largely a reaction against conservative values entrenched within the rigid heroic couplet.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Within a dominant culture that stressed elegance and finish, he granted primacy to freedom, breadth and imaginative suggestiveness, eventually developed into the romantic vision of sublime terror. Reaction to Milton's poetic worldview included, grudgingly, acknowledgement of the poet's resemblance to classical writers (Greek and Roman poetry being unrhymed). Blank verse came to be a recognised medium for religious works and for translations of the classics. Unrhymed lyrics like <a href="/wiki/William_Collins_(poet)" title="William Collins (poet)">Collins</a>' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ode_to_Evening&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ode to Evening (page does not exist)">Ode to Evening</a> (in the meter of Milton's translation of <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ode_to_Pyrrha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ode to Pyrrha (page does not exist)">Ode to Pyrrha</a>) were not uncommon after 1740.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> A second aspect of Milton's blank verse was the use of unconventional rhythm: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">His blank-verse paragraph, and his audacious and victorious attempt to combine blank and rhymed verse with paragraphic effect in Lycidas, lay down indestructible models and patterns of English verse-rhythm, as distinguished from the narrower and more strait-laced forms of English metre.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></blockquote> Before Milton, "the sense of regular rhythm ... had been knocked into the English head so securely that it was part of their nature".<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The "Heroick measure", according to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>, "is pure ... when the accent rests upon every second syllable through the whole line ... The repetition of this sound or percussion at equal times, is the most complete harmony of which a single verse is capable".<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">Caesural</a> pauses, most agreed, were best placed at the middle and the end of the line. In order to support this symmetry, lines were most often octo- or deca-syllabic, with no <a href="/wiki/Enjambed" class="mw-redirect" title="Enjambed">enjambed</a> endings. To this schema Milton introduced modifications, which included <a href="/wiki/Hypermetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypermetric">hypermetrical</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> (trisyllabic <a href="/wiki/Foot_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (prosody)">feet</a>), <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inversion (prosody)">inversion</a> or slighting of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stresses</a>, and the shifting of pauses to all parts of the line.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Milton deemed these features to be reflective of "the transcendental union of order and freedom".<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Admirers remained hesitant to adopt such departures from traditional metrical schemes: "The English ... had been writing separate lines for so long that they could not rid themselves of the habit".<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Isaac Watts preferred his lines distinct from each other, as did <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pemberton" title="Henry Pemberton">Henry Pemberton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scott_of_Amwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott of Amwell">Scott of Amwell</a>, whose general opinion it was that Milton's frequent omission of the initial unaccented foot was "displeasing to a nice ear".<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> It was not until the late 18th century that poets (beginning with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gray" title="Thomas Gray">Gray</a>) began to appreciate "the composition of Milton's harmony ... how he loved to vary his pauses, his measures, and his feet, which gives that enchanting air of freedom and wilderness to his versification".<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> By the 20th century, American poet and critic John Hollander would go so far as to say that Milton "was able, by plying that most remarkable instrument of English meter ... to invent a new mode of image-making in English poetry."<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Milton's pursuit of liberty extended into his vocabulary as well. It included many Latinate <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>, as well as obsolete words already dropped from popular usage so completely that their meanings were no longer understood. In 1740, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peck" title="Francis Peck">Francis Peck</a> identified some examples of Milton's "old" words (now popular).<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The "Miltonian dialect", as it was called, was emulated by later poets; Pope used the diction of Paradise Lost in his <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> translation, while the lyric poetry of Gray and Collins was frequently criticised for their use of "obsolete words out of Spenser and Milton".<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The language of <a href="/wiki/James_Thomson_(poet,_born_1700)" title="James Thomson (poet, born 1700)">Thomson</a>'s finest poems (e.g. <a href="/wiki/The_Seasons_(Thomson_poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seasons (Thomson poem)">The Seasons</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Indolence" title="The Castle of Indolence">The Castle of Indolence</a>) was self-consciously modelled after the Miltonian dialect, with the same tone and sensibilities as Paradise Lost. Following to Milton, English poetry from Pope to <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a> exhibited a steadily increasing attention to the connotative, the imaginative and poetic, value of words.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_settings">Musical settings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Musical settings">edit</a>]</div> Milton's <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">ode</a> At a solemn Musick was set for choir and orchestra as <a href="/wiki/Blest_Pair_of_Sirens" title="Blest Pair of Sirens">Blest Pair of Sirens</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Parry" title="Hubert Parry">Hubert Parry</a> (1848–1918), and Milton's poem On the Morning of Christ's Nativity was set as a large-scale choral work by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Rootham" title="Cyril Rootham">Cyril Rootham</a> (1875–1938). Milton also wrote the hymn <a href="/wiki/Let_us_with_a_gladsome_mind" title="Let us with a gladsome mind">Let us with a gladsome mind</a>, a versification of Psalm 136. His 'L'Allegro' and 'Il Penseroso', with additional material, were magnificently set by Handel (1740). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/John_Milton" title="Special:EditPage/John Milton">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_and_drama">Poetry and drama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Poetry and drama">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1629: <a href="/wiki/On_the_Morning_of_Christ%27s_Nativity" title="On the Morning of Christ's Nativity">On the Morning of Christ's Nativity</a></li> <li>1630: <a href="/wiki/On_Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="On Shakespeare">On Shakespeare</a></li> <li>1631: <a href="/w/index.php?title=On_Arriving_at_the_Age_of_Twenty-Three&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On Arriving at the Age of Twenty-Three (page does not exist)">On Arriving at the Age of Twenty-Three</a></li> <li>1632: <a href="/wiki/L%27Allegro" title="L'Allegro">L'Allegro</a></li> <li>1632: <a href="/wiki/Il_Penseroso" title="Il Penseroso">Il Penseroso</a></li> <li>1634: <a href="/wiki/A_Mask_Presented_at_Ludlow_Castle,_1634" class="mw-redirect" title="A Mask Presented at Ludlow Castle, 1634">A Mask Presented at Ludlow Castle, 1634</a>, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Comus_(John_Milton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comus (John Milton)">Comus</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a>)</li> <li>1637: <a href="/wiki/Lycidas" title="Lycidas">Lycidas</a></li> <li>1645: <a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_1645_Poems" title="Milton's 1645 Poems">Poems of Mr John Milton, Both English and Latin</a></li> <li>1652: <a href="/wiki/When_I_Consider_How_My_Light_is_Spent" title="When I Consider How My Light is Spent">When I Consider How My Light is Spent</a> (Commonly referred to as "On his blindness", though Milton did not use this title)<a href="#cite_note-152">[a]</a></li> <li>1655: <a href="/wiki/On_the_Late_Massacre_in_Piedmont" title="On the Late Massacre in Piedmont">On the Late Massacre in Piedmont</a></li> <li>1667: <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></li> <li>1671: <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a></li> <li>1671: <a href="/wiki/Samson_Agonistes" title="Samson Agonistes">Samson Agonistes</a></li> <li>1673: <a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_1673_Poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton's 1673 Poems">Poems, &c, Upon Several Occasions</a></li> <li>Arcades: a masque. (date is unknown).</li> <li>On his Deceased wife, To The Nightingale, On reaching the Age of twenty four.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose">Prose</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Prose">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Of_Reformation" title="Of Reformation">Of Reformation</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Prelatical_Episcopacy" title="Of Prelatical Episcopacy">Of Prelatical Episcopacy</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animadversions" title="Animadversions">Animadversions</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reason_of_Church-Government_Urged_against_Prelaty" title="The Reason of Church-Government Urged against Prelaty">The Reason of Church-Government Urged against Prelaty</a> (1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apology_for_Smectymnuus" title="Apology for Smectymnuus">Apology for Smectymnuus</a> (1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Discipline_of_Divorce" title="Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce">Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce</a> (1643)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Martin_Bucer_Concerning_Divorce" title="Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce">Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce</a> (1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Education" title="Of Education">Of Education</a> (1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a> (1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachordon" title="Tetrachordon">Tetrachordon</a> (1645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colasterion" title="Colasterion">Colasterion</a> (1645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eikonoklastes" title="Eikonoklastes">Eikonoklastes</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensio_pro_Populo_Anglicano" title="Defensio pro Populo Anglicano">Defensio pro Populo Anglicano</a> [First Defence] (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensio_Secunda" title="Defensio Secunda">Defensio Secunda</a> [Second Defence] (1654)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Civil_Power" title="A Treatise of Civil Power">A Treatise of Civil Power</a> (1659)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Likeliest_Means_to_Remove_Hirelings_from_the_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Likeliest Means to Remove Hirelings from the Church (page does not exist)">The Likeliest Means to Remove Hirelings from the Church</a> (1659)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ready_and_Easy_Way_to_Establish_a_Free_Commonwealth" title="The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth">The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth</a> (1660)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brief_Notes_Upon_a_Late_Sermon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brief Notes Upon a Late Sermon (page does not exist)">Brief Notes Upon a Late Sermon</a> (1660)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accedence_Commenced_Grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accedence Commenced Grammar (page does not exist)">Accedence Commenced Grammar</a> (1669)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Britain_(Milton)" title="The History of Britain (Milton)">The History of Britain</a> (1670)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artis_logicae_plenior_institutio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artis logicae plenior institutio (page does not exist)">Artis logicae plenior institutio</a> [Art of Logic] (1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_True_Religion" title="Of True Religion">Of True Religion</a> (1673)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistolae_Familiaries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epistolae Familiaries (page does not exist)">Epistolae Familiaries</a> (1674)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prolusiones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prolusiones (page does not exist)">Prolusiones</a> (1674)</li> <li>A brief History of Moscovia, and other less known Countries lying Eastward of Russia as far as Cathay, gathered from the writings of several Eye-witnesses (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Doctrina_Christiana_(Milton)" title="De Doctrina Christiana (Milton)">De Doctrina Christiana</a> (1823)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> "When I consider how my light is spent" is one of the best known of Milton's sonnets. The last three lines (concluding with "They also serve who only stand and wait") are particularly well known, though rarely in context. The poem may have been written as early as 1652, although most scholars believe it was composed sometime between June and October 1655, when Milton's blindness was essentially complete. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-John_Milton-1"><a href="#cite_ref-John_Milton_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/john-milton">"John Milton"</a>. Poetry Foundation. 19 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330104058/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/john-milton">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poetry+Foundation&rft.atitle=John+Milton&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fbio%2Fjohn-milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2008" class="citation web cs1">Rogers, John (21 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H62G9yIN5Wk">"Paradise Lost, Book I"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/H62G9yIN5Wk">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Paradise+Lost%2C+Book+I&rft.date=2008-11-21&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DH62G9yIN5Wk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> McCalman 2001 p. 605. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Contemporary Literary Criticism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/literary-criticism/milton-john">"Milton, John – Introduction"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091201054645/http://www.enotes.com/literary-criticism/milton-john">Archived</a> 1 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Works-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Works_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1837" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Arthur (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUcVAAAAYAAJ&q=%22acrimonious+and+surly+republican.%22&pg=PR32">The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL. D.: An essay on the life and genius of Samuel Johnson</a>. New York, NY: George Dearborn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Samuel+Johnson%2C+LL.+D.%3A+An+essay+on+the+life+and+genius+of+Samuel+Johnson&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=George+Dearborn&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjUcVAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522acrimonious%2Band%2Bsurly%2Brepublican.%2522%26pg%3DPR32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Masson 1859 pp. v–vi. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenks1905" class="citation book cs1">Jenks, Tudor (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indaysofmilton00tudo">In the Days of Milton</a>. New York: A.S. Barnes & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indaysofmilton00tudo/page/35">35</a>–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Days+of+Milton&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=A.S.+Barnes+%26+Company&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Jenks&rft.aufirst=Tudor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findaysofmilton00tudo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsyth16-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Forsyth16_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth2008" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, Neil (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnmiltonbiogra0000fors/page/16">"St. Paul's"</a>. John Milton A Biography (1st ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Lion_Hudson" title="Lion Hudson">Lion Hudson</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnmiltonbiogra0000fors/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745953106" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745953106"><bdi>978-0745953106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Paul%27s&rft.btitle=John+Milton+A+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Lion+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0745953106&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnmiltonbiogra0000fors%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Lewalski 2003 p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Skerpan-Wheeler, Elizabeth. "John Milton." British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500–1660: Second Series. Ed. Edward A. Malone. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 281. Literature Resource Center. </li> <li id="cite_note-OLD-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OLD_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OLD_11-1">b</a> Dick 1962 pp. 270–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADMLTN624J" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=MLTN624J&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Milton, John (MLTN624J)"</a>. A Cambridge Alumni Database. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22482-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22482-4"><bdi>978-0-226-22482-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531035953/https://books.google.com/books?id=HPEqlNkCGvcC&pg=PA148&dq=everdell+end+of+kings&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAvKLatq6GAxVlkokEHWviBiEQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=everdell%20end%20of%20kings&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2024. 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Retrieved 14 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=John+Milton+-+Samson+Agonistes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohn-Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Toland 1932 p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Dates in this section are taken from John Milton's autograph memoranda in his Bible, in the British Library, <a href="/wiki/Call_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Call number">call number</a> Add MS 32310. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Monthly Mirror: Reflecting Men and Manners. Edinburgh: Harding & Wright. 1810. p. 49 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monthly+Mirror%3A+Reflecting+Men+and+Manners&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Harding+%26+Wright&rft.date=1810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> 'Milton, John', in Journal of the Society of Arts, 8 November 1867, p. 755 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Johnson 1826 Vol. I 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Flood, Alison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/16/when-milton-met-shakespeare-poets-notes-on-bard-appear-to-have-been-found?">When Milton met Shakespeare: poet's notes on Bard appear to have been found </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918030032/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/16/when-milton-met-shakespeare-poets-notes-on-bard-appear-to-have-been-found">Archived</a> 18 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 16 September 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Hill 1977. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindenbaum1995-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindenbaum1995_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindenbaum1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lindenbaum, Peter (1995). "Authors and Publishers in the Late Seventeenth Century: New Evidence on their Relations". The Library. s6-17 (3). Oxford University Press: 250–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flibrary%2Fs6-17.3.250">10.1093/library/s6-17.3.250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-2160">0024-2160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Library&rft.atitle=Authors+and+Publishers+in+the+Late+Seventeenth+Century%3A+New+Evidence+on+their+Relations&rft.volume=s6-17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=250-269&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flibrary%2Fs6-17.3.250&rft.issn=0024-2160&rft.aulast=Lindenbaum&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/">"MeasuringWorth, 2010, "Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present". Access date: 13 January 2017"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919195512/http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MeasuringWorth%2C+2010%2C+%22Purchasing+Power+of+British+Pounds+from+1264+to+Present%22.+Access+date%3A+13+January+2017.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fppoweruk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarbishire1941" class="citation journal cs1">Darbishire, Helen (October 1941). "The Printing of the First Edition of Paradise Lost". The Review of English Studies. 17 (68). Oxford University Press: 415–427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fres%2Fos-XVII.68.415">10.1093/res/os-XVII.68.415</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/509858">509858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Printing+of+the+First+Edition+of+Paradise+Lost&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=68&rft.pages=415-427&rft.date=1941-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fres%2Fos-XVII.68.415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F509858%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Darbishire&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174000/http://www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/milton.asp">"John Milton's Paradise Lost"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Morgan_Library_%26_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Morgan Library & Museum">The Morgan Library & Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/milton.asp">the original</a> on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Milton%27s+Paradise+Lost&rft.pub=The+Morgan+Library+%26+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themorgan.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fmilton.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> See, for instance, Barker, Arthur. Milton and the Puritan Dilemma, 1641–1660. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1942: 338 and passim; Wolfe, Don M. Milton in the Puritan Revolution. New York: T. Nelson and Sons, 1941: 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Stephen Fallon, Milton Among the Philosophers (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaiches1960" class="citation book cs1">Daiches, David (1960). A Critical History of English Literature, Vol. I. London: Seeker & Warburg. p. 457.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+History+of+English+Literature%2C+Vol.+I&rft.place=London&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Seeker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Daiches&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1984" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Christopher (1984). The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140137323" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140137323"><bdi>978-0140137323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Turned+Upside+Down%3A+Radical+Ideas+During+the+English+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0140137323&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Abdul Hamid (July–September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/11_3/Dialogue_July_September2016_346-357.pdf">"The Conflict of Puritanism in Milton: An Analysis"</a> (PDF). The Dialogue. XI: 355–356. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010342/http://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/11_3/Dialogue_July_September2016_346-357.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019 – via Qurtuba University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dialogue&rft.atitle=The+Conflict+of+Puritanism+in+Milton%3A+An+Analysis&rft.volume=XI&rft.pages=355-356&rft.date=2016-07%2F2016-09&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Hamid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qurtuba.edu.pk%2Fthedialogue%2FThe%2520Dialogue%2F11_3%2FDialogue_July_September2016_346-357.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepine" class="citation web cs1">Pepine, Mara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalforum.eu/publication/liberal-read-no-16-john-milton-against-the-paternalism-of-the-seventeenth-century/">"Areopagitica: A Speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing, to the Parlament of England"</a>. European Liberal Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727093338/https://liberalforum.eu/publication/liberal-read-no-16-john-milton-against-the-paternalism-of-the-seventeenth-century/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Liberal+Forum&rft.atitle=Areopagitica%3A+A+Speech+of+Mr.+John+Milton+for+the+Liberty+of+Unlicenc%27d+Printing%2C+to+the+Parlament+of+England&rft.aulast=Pepine&rft.aufirst=Mara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberalforum.eu%2Fpublication%2Fliberal-read-no-16-john-milton-against-the-paternalism-of-the-seventeenth-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Blair Worden, Literature and Politics in Cromwellian England: John Milton, Andrew Marvell and Marchamont Nedham (2007), p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Milton and Republicanism, ed. David Armitage, Armand Himy, and Quentin Skinner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995). </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke in Contexts (1993), p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Austin_Woolrych" title="Austin Woolrych">Austin Woolrych</a>, Commonwealth to Protectorate (1982), p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Worden p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Austin Woolrych, Commonwealth to Protectorate (1982), p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="/wiki/G._E._Aylmer" class="mw-redirect" title="G. E. Aylmer">G. E. Aylmer</a> (editor), The Interregnum: The Quest for Settlement 1646–1660 (1972), p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Christopher Hill, God's Englishman (1972 edition), p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">To S r Henry Vane the younger. – The Poetical Works of John Milton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+S+r+Henry+Vane+the+younger.+%E2%80%93+The+Poetical+Works+of+John+Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreaser2000" class="citation journal cs1">Creaser, John (March 2000). "Prosodic Style and Conceptions of Liberty in Milton and Marvell". Milton Quarterly. 34 (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1094-348X.2000.tb00613.x">10.1111/j.1094-348X.2000.tb00613.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162341986">162341986</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/23648">23648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milton+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Prosodic+Style+and+Conceptions+of+Liberty+in+Milton+and+Marvell&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1094-348X.2000.tb00613.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162341986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Creaser&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Riley_Parker" title="William Riley Parker">William Riley Parker</a> and Gordon Campbell, Milton (1996), p. 444. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Nigel Smith, Popular Republicanism in the 1650s: John Streater's 'heroick mechanics', p. 154, in David Armitage, Armand Himy, Quentin Skinner (editors), Milton and Republicanism (1998). </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Blair Worden, Literature and Politics in Cromwellian England: John Milton, Andrew Marvell and Marchamont Nedham (2007), Ch. 14, Milton and the Good Old Cause. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Austin Woolrych, Last Quest for Settlement 1657–1660, p. 202, in G. E. Aylmer (editor), The Interregnum: The Quest for Settlement 1646–1660 (1972), p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawcross2004" class="citation book cs1">Shawcross, John T. (2004). The Arms of the Family: The Significance of John Milton's Relatives and Associates. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813122915" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813122915"><bdi>978-0813122915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arms+of+the+Family%3A+The+Significance+of+John+Milton%27s+Relatives+and+Associates&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0813122915&rft.aulast=Shawcross&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harris-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harris_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1927" class="citation journal cs1">Fletcher, -Harris (1927). "Milton's Use of Biblical Quotations". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_English_and_Germanic_Philology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of English and Germanic Philology">The Journal of English and Germanic Philology</a>. 26 (2): 145–165. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27703025">27703025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+English+and+Germanic+Philology&rft.atitle=Milton%27s+Use+of+Biblical+Quotations&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-165&rft.date=1927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27703025%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=-Harris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1921" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Baldwin, E. 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"John Milton". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/21793/21793-h/21793-h.htm">Obiter Dicta: Second Series</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225224617/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/21793/21793-h/21793-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Milton&rft.btitle=Obiter+Dicta%3A+Second+Series&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Birrell&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F21793%2F21793-h%2F21793-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Nardo, Anna K. George Eliot's Dialogue with Milton. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Printz-P%C3%A5hlson" title="Göran Printz-Påhlson">Printz-Påhlson, Göran</a>. Letters of Blood and Other Works in English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwKQDp8aLyMC">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225150407/https://books.google.com/books?id=fwKQDp8aLyMC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 25 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp. 10–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeavis2011" class="citation book cs1">Leavis, F. R. (17 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Yl1ax4_hukC">The Common Pursuit</a>. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-28122-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-28122-0"><bdi>978-0-571-28122-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225150407/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Yl1ax4_hukC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Common+Pursuit&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft.isbn=978-0-571-28122-0&rft.aulast=Leavis&rft.aufirst=F.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Yl1ax4_hukC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>, The Anxiety of Influence: A theory of poetry (1997), p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214064554/http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/ideasv42/blasi4.htm">"Milton's Areopagitica and the Modern First Amendment by Vincent Blasi"</a>. Nationalhumanitiescenter.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/ideasv42/blasi4.htm">the original</a> on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milton%27s+Areopagitica+and+the+Modern+First+Amendment+by+Vincent+Blasi&rft.pub=Nationalhumanitiescenter.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalhumanitiescenter.org%2Fideasv42%2Fblasi4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201090937/http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/darknessvisible/imitation.html">"Imitating Milton: The Legacy of Paradise Lost"</a>. University of Cambridge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/darknessvisible/imitation.html">the original</a> on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imitating+Milton%3A+The+Legacy+of+Paradise+Lost&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christs.cam.ac.uk%2Fdarknessvisible%2Fimitation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112053907/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2007/071217a.html">"Philip Pullman opens Bodleian Milton exhibition"</a>. University of Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2007/071217a.html">the original</a> on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philip+Pullman+opens+Bodleian+Milton+exhibition&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fnews_stories%2F2007%2F071217a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Rosen, J. "Return to Paradise". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, 2 June 2008, pp. 72–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Eliot 1947 p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Saintsbury 1908 ii. 443. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Watts 1810 iv. 619. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Milton 1668 xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Gordon 2008 p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Dexter 1922 p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Saintsbury 1908 ii. 457. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Saintsbury 1916 p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Johnson 1751 no. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Dexter 1922 p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Saintsbury 1908 ii. 458–459. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Dexter 1922 p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Saintsbury 1916 p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Gray 1748 Observations on English Metre. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollander1975" class="citation book cs1">Hollander, John (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionresonancet0000holl/page/116">Vision and resonance : two senses of poetic form</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionresonancet0000holl/page/116">116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195018982" title="Special:BookSources/0195018982"><bdi>0195018982</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1530446">1530446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vision+and+resonance+%3A+two+senses+of+poetic+form&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1530446&rft.isbn=0195018982&rft.aulast=Hollander&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisionresonancet0000holl%2Fpage%2F116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> They included "self-same", "hue", "minstrelsy", "murky", "carol", and "chaunt". Among Milton's naturalized Latin words were "humid", "orient", "hostil", "facil", "fervid", "jubilant", "ire", "bland", "reluctant", "palpable", "fragil", and "ornate". Peck 1740 pp. 110–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Scott 1785 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Saintsbury 1908 ii. 468. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_Milton" title="Category:John Milton">Other articles related to John Milton</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Beer" title="Anna Beer">Beer, Anna</a>. Milton: Poet, Pamphleteer and Patriot. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Campbell_(scholar)" title="Gordon Campbell (scholar)">Campbell, Gordon</a> and Corns, Thomas. John Milton: Life, Work, and Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.</li> <li>Chaney, Edward, The Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion: Richard Lassels and 'The Voyage of Italy' in the Seventeenth Century (Geneva, CIRVI, 1985) and "Milton's Visit to Vallombrosa: A literary tradition", The Evolution of the Grand Tour, 2nd ed (<a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, London, 2000).</li> <li>Dexter, Raymond. The Influence of Milton on English Poetry. London: Kessinger Publishing. 1922</li> <li>Dick, Oliver Lawson. Aubrey's Brief Lives. <a href="/wiki/Harmondsworth" title="Harmondsworth">Harmondsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>: Penguin Books, 1962.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stearns Eliot">Eliot, T. S.</a> "Annual Lecture on a Master Mind: Milton", Proceedings of the British Academy 33 (1947).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fish" title="Stanley Fish">Fish, Stanley</a>. Versions of Antihumanism: Milton and Others. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107003057" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107003057">978-1107003057</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlew2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Flew, Antony</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n203.xml">"Milton, John (1608–1674)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Archived copy</a>. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 331–332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109234738/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=331-332&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Flew&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Flibertarianism%2Fn203.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</li> <li>Gray, Thomas. Observations on English Metre. "The Works of Thomas Gray". ed. Mitford. London: William Pickering, 1835.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hawkes_(professor_of_English)" title="David Hawkes (professor of English)">Hawkes, David</a>, John Milton: A Hero of Our Time (Counterpoint Press: London and New York, 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1582434379" title="Special:BookSources/1582434379">1582434379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill, Christopher</a>. Milton and the English Revolution. London: Faber, 1977.</li> <li>Hobsbaum, Philip. "Meter, Rhythm and Verse Form". New York: Routledge, 1996.</li> <li>Hunter, William Bridges. A Milton Encyclopedia. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1980.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson, Samuel</a>. "Rambler #86" 1751.</li> <li>Johnson, Samuel. <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_English_Poets" title="Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets">Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets</a>. London: Dove, 1826.</li> <li>Le Comte, Edward. Milton and Sex. London: Macmillan, 1978.</li> <li>Leonard, John. Faithful Labourers: A Reception History of Paradise Lost, 1667–1970. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewalski,_Barbara_K." class="mw-redirect" title="Lewalski, Barbara K.">Lewalski, Barbara K.</a> The Life of John Milton. Oxford: Blackwells Publishers, 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 5: Bullingdon Hundred. 1957. pp. 122–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Oxford%3A+Volume+5%3A+Bullingdon+Hundred&rft.pages=122-134&rft.date=1957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Masson" title="David Masson">Masson, David</a>. The Life of John Milton and History of His Time, Vol. 1. Oxford: 1859.</li> <li>McCalman, Iain. et al., An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age: British Culture, 1776–1832. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Milner" title="Andrew Milner">Milner, Andrew</a>. John Milton and the English Revolution: A Study in the Sociology of Literature. London: Macmillan, 1981.</li> <li>Milton, John. Complete Prose Works 8 Vols. gen. ed. Don M. Wolfe. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959.</li> <li>Milton, John. The Verse, "Paradise Lost". London, 1668.</li> <li>Peck, Francis. "New Memoirs of Milton". London, 1740.</li> <li>Pfeiffer, Robert H. "The Teaching of Hebrew in Colonial America", The Jewish Quarterly Review (April 1955).</li> <li>Rosenfeld, Nancy. The Human Satan in Seventeenth-Century English Literature: From Milton to Rochester. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008.</li> <li>Saintsbury, George. "The Peace of the Augustans: A Survey of Eighteenth Century Literature as a Place of Rest and Refreshment". London: Oxford University Press. 1946.</li> <li>Saintsbury, George. "A History of English Prosody: From the Twelfth Century to the Present Day". London: Macmillan and Co., 1908.</li> <li>Scott, John. "Critical Essays". London, 1785.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (1902). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Studies_of_a_Biographer/New_Lights_on_Milton">"New Lights on Milton" </a>. Studies of a Biographer. Vol. 4. London: Duckworth & Co. pp. 86–129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Lights+on+Milton&rft.btitle=Studies+of+a+Biographer&rft.place=London&rft.pages=86-129&rft.pub=Duckworth+%26+Co.&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sullivan, Ceri. Literature in the Public Service: Divine Bureaucracy (2013).</li> <li>Toland, John. Life of Milton in The Early Lives of Milton. Ed. Helen Darbishere. London: Constable, 1932.</li> <li>von Maltzahn, Nicholas. "Milton's Readers" in The Oxford Companion to Milton. ed. Dennis Richard Danielson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.</li> <li>Watts, Isaac. "Miscellaneous Thoughts" No. lxxiii. Works 1810</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Wedgwood" title="C. V. Wedgwood">Wedgwood, C. V.</a> Thomas Wentworth, First Earl of Strafford 1593–1641. New York: Macmillan, 1961.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._N._Wilson" title="A. N. Wilson">Wilson, A. N.</a> The Life of John Milton. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Milton" title="Template:John Milton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Milton" title="Template talk:John Milton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Milton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Milton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Milton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Milton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_poetic_style" title="John Milton's poetic style">Poetic style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_reception_history" title="John Milton's reception history">Reception history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_John_Milton" title="Religious views of John Milton">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_politics" title="John Milton's politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_John_Milton" title="Early life of John Milton">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_relationships" title="John Milton's relationships">Relationships</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:John-milton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John-milton.jpg/120px-John-milton.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John-milton.jpg/180px-John-milton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John-milton.jpg/240px-John-milton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_1645_Poems" title="Milton's 1645 Poems">Poems 1645</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Morning_of_Christ%27s_Nativity" title="On the Morning of Christ's Nativity">On the Morning of Christ's Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upon_the_Circumcision" title="Upon the Circumcision">Upon the Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_(Milton)" title="The Passion (Milton)">The Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcades_(Milton)" title="Arcades (Milton)">Arcades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comus_(Milton)" title="Comus (Milton)">Comus</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lycidas" title="Lycidas">Lycidas</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/L%27Allegro" title="L'Allegro">L'Allegro</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Il_Penseroso" title="Il Penseroso">Il Penseroso</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Agonistes" title="Samson Agonistes">Samson Agonistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_1673_Poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton's 1673 Poems">Poems 1673</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_antiprelatical_tracts" title="Milton's antiprelatical tracts">Antiprelatical tracts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Of_Reformation" title="Of Reformation">Of Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Prelatical_Episcopacy" title="Of Prelatical Episcopacy">Of Prelatical Episcopacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animadversions" title="Animadversions">Animadversions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reason_of_Church-Government_Urged_against_Prelaty" title="The Reason of Church-Government Urged against Prelaty">The Reason of Church-Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apology_for_Smectymnuus" title="Apology for Smectymnuus">Apology for Smectymnuus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Milton%27s_divorce_tracts" title="Milton's divorce tracts">Divorce tracts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Discipline_of_Divorce" title="Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce">Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Martin_Bucer_Concerning_Divorce" title="Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce">Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachordon" title="Tetrachordon">Tetrachordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colasterion" title="Colasterion">Colasterion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Milton%27s_politics" title="John Milton's politics">Political tracts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areopagitica" title="Areopagitica">Areopagitica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eikonoklastes" title="Eikonoklastes">Eikonoklastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensio_pro_Populo_Anglicano" title="Defensio pro Populo Anglicano">Defensio pro Populo Anglicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensio_Secunda" title="Defensio Secunda">Defensio Secunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Civil_Power" title="A Treatise of Civil Power">A Treatise of Civil Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ready_and_Easy_Way_to_Establish_a_Free_Commonwealth" title="The Ready and Easy Way to Establish a Free Commonwealth">The Ready and Easy Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Of_Education" title="Of Education">Of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Britain_(Milton)" title="The History of Britain (Milton)"> The History of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_True_Religion" title="Of True Religion">Of True Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual sonnets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/When_I_Consider_How_My_Light_is_Spent" title="When I Consider How My Light is Spent">When I Consider How My Light is Spent</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Late_Massacre_in_Piedmont" title="On the Late Massacre in Piedmont">On the Late Massacre in Piedmont</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Methought_I_Saw_my_Late_Espoused_Saint" title="Methought I Saw my Late Espoused Saint">Methought I Saw my Late Espoused Saint</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Doctrina_Christiana_(Milton)" title="De Doctrina Christiana (Milton)">De Doctrina Christiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_(composer)" title="John Milton (composer)">John Milton (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Phillips" title="Edward Phillips">Edward Phillips (nephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Phillips_(author)" title="John Phillips (author)">John Phillips (nephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton:_A_Poem_in_Two_Books" title="Milton: A Poem in Two Books">Milton: A Poem in Two Books</a> (1804–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Miltonic_syllabics" title="Neo-Miltonic syllabics">Neo-Miltonic syllabics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Milton&#039;s_Paradise_Lost" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paradise_Lost" title="Template:Paradise Lost"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paradise_Lost" title="Template talk:Paradise Lost"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paradise_Lost" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paradise Lost"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Milton&#039;s_Paradise_Lost" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake%27s_illustrations_of_Paradise_Lost" title="William Blake's illustrations of Paradise Lost">William Blake's illustrations of Paradise Lost</a> (art)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(Penderecki)" title="Paradise Lost (Penderecki)">Paradise Lost</a> (opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost_in_popular_culture" title="Paradise Lost in popular culture">Paradise Lost in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a> (1671 poem)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Aria" title="Black Aria">Black Aria</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation_and_a_Day" title="Damnation and a Day">Damnation and a Day</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattle_That_Lock" title="Rattle That Lock">Rattle That Lock</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Darkness_(Satan)" title="Prince of Darkness (Satan)">Prince of Darkness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pand%C3%A6monium_(Paradise_Lost)" title="Pandæmonium (Paradise Lost)">Pandæmonium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79759#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79759#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79759#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120993562">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17226855">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29106/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCxg7wC9qpDcMrCdtFrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118582607">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095532">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119162033">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119162033">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00450138">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV059402">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35354358">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990005738&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000005553&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX984603">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/30803">Portugal</a></li><li><a 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class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199618965">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prs4ww4s8m22h">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598299305606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/86677">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265293805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517433806706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14245247">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00342172?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500284151">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3e48e7cf-0d3a-46bd-8eb2-18a116491328">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102262">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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