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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Signal cascade used for cell to cell communication</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/CAMP-dependent_pathway" title="Special:EditPage/CAMP-dependent pathway">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22CAMP-dependent+pathway%22">"CAMP-dependent pathway"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22CAMP-dependent+pathway%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22CAMP-dependent+pathway%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22CAMP-dependent+pathway%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22CAMP-dependent+pathway%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22CAMP-dependent+pathway%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> In the field of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, the <b>cAMP-dependent pathway</b>, also known as the <b><a href="/wiki/Adenylate_cyclase" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenylate cyclase">adenylyl cyclase</a> pathway</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a>-triggered <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signaling cascade</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Cell_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell communication">cell communication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8153-3480-X_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8153-3480-X-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAMP-dependent_pathway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>cAMP was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Earl_Sutherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Sutherland">Earl Sutherland</a> and Ted Rall in the mid 1950s. cAMP is considered a secondary messenger along with <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca<sup>2+</sup></a>. Sutherland won the Nobel Prize in 1971 for his discovery of the mechanism of action of epinephrine in glycogenolysis, that requires cAMP as secondary messenger.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAMP-dependent_pathway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein-coupled receptors">G protein-coupled receptors</a> (GPCRs) are a large family of <a href="/wiki/Integral_membrane_protein" title="Integral membrane protein">integral membrane proteins</a> that respond to a variety of extracellular stimuli. Each GPCR binds to and is activated by a specific <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> stimulus that ranges in size from small molecule <a href="/wiki/Catecholamine" title="Catecholamine">catecholamines</a>, lipids, or <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> to large protein hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a GPCR is activated by its extracellular ligand, a conformational change is induced in the receptor that is transmitted to an attached intracellular <a href="/wiki/Heterotrimeric_G_protein" title="Heterotrimeric G protein">heterotrimeric G protein</a> complex. The <a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">G<sub>s</sub> alpha subunit</a> of the stimulated G protein complex exchanges <a href="/wiki/Guanosine_diphosphate" title="Guanosine diphosphate">GDP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Guanosine_triphosphate" title="Guanosine triphosphate">GTP</a> and is released from the complex.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a cAMP-dependent pathway, the activated G<sub>s</sub> alpha subunit binds to and activates an enzyme called <a href="/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase" title="Adenylyl cyclase">adenylyl cyclase</a>, which, in turn, catalyzes the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> into <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cyclic adenosine monophosphate</a> (cAMP).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11264454_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11264454-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increases in concentration of the <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Second messenger">second messenger</a> cAMP may lead to the activation of </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel">cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12087135_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12087135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>exchange proteins activated by cAMP (EPAC)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17084085_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17084085-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/RAPGEF3" title="RAPGEF3">RAPGEF3</a></li> <li>popeye domain containing proteins (Popdc) <sup id="cite_ref-pmid23562093_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23562093-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>an enzyme called <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_A" title="Protein kinase A">protein kinase A</a> (PKA).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7935349_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7935349-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The PKA enzyme is also known as cAMP-dependent enzyme because it gets activated only if cAMP is present. Once PKA is activated, it <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorylates">phosphorylates</a> a number of other proteins including:<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8001734_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8001734-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>enzymes that convert <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> into <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a></li> <li>enzymes that promote muscle contraction in the heart leading to an increase in heart rate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a>, which regulate gene expression</li> <li>also phosphorylate AMPA receptors<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Specificity of signaling between a GPCR and its ultimate molecular target through a cAMP-dependent pathway may be achieved through formation of a multiprotein complex that includes the GPCR, adenylyl cyclase, and the effector protein.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11441182_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11441182-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAMP-dependent_pathway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Function_of_cAMP-dependent_protein_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Function of cAMP-dependent protein kinase">function of cAMP-dependent protein kinase</a></div> <p>In humans, cAMP works by activating protein kinase A (PKA, <a href="/wiki/CAMP-dependent_protein_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMP-dependent protein kinase">cAMP-dependent protein kinase</a>), one of the first few kinases discovered. It has four sub-units two catalytic and two regulatory. cAMP binds to the regulatory sub-units.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It causes them to break apart from the catalytic sub-units. The catalytic sub-units make their way in to the nucleus to influence transcription. Further effects mainly depend on <a href="/wiki/Function_of_cAMP-dependent_protein_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Function of cAMP-dependent protein kinase">cAMP-dependent protein kinase</a>, which vary based on the type of cell. </p><p>cAMP-dependent pathway is necessary for many living organisms and life processes. Many different cell responses are mediated by cAMP; these include increase in heart rate, cortisol secretion, and breakdown of glycogen and fat. cAMP is essential for the maintenance of memory in the brain, relaxation in the heart, and water absorbed in the kidney.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pathway can <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activator" title="Enzyme activator">activate enzymes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">regulate gene expression</a>. The activation of preexisting enzymes is a much faster process, whereas regulation of gene expression is much longer and can take up to hours. The cAMP pathway is studied through loss of function (inhibition) and gain of function (increase) of cAMP. </p><p>If cAMP-dependent pathway is not controlled, it can ultimately lead to hyper-proliferation, which may contribute to the development and/or progression of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activation">Activation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAMP-dependent_pathway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Activation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Activated GPCRs cause a conformational change in the attached G protein complex, which results in the G<sub>s</sub> alpha subunit's exchanging GDP for GTP and separation from the beta and gamma subunits. The G<sub>s</sub> alpha subunit, in turn, activates adenylyl cyclase, which quickly converts ATP into cAMP. This leads to the activation of the cAMP-dependent pathway. This pathway can also be activated downstream by directly activating adenylyl cyclase or PKA. </p><p>Molecules that activate cAMP pathway include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_toxin" title="Cholera toxin">cholera toxin</a> - increases cAMP levels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forskolin" title="Forskolin">forskolin</a> - a <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">diterpene</a> natural product that activates adenylyl cyclase</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">theophylline</a> inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase, which degrades cAMP - thus enabling higher levels of cAMP than would otherwise be had.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucladesine" title="Bucladesine">bucladesine</a> (dibutyryl cAMP, db cAMP) - also a phosphodiesterase inhibitor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_toxin" title="Pertussis toxin">pertussis toxin</a>, which increases cAMP levels by inhibiting Gi to its GDP (inactive) form. This leads to an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity, thereby increasing cAMP levels, which can lead to an increase in insulin and therefore hypoglycemia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deactivation">Deactivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAMP-dependent_pathway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Deactivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The G<sub>s</sub> alpha subunit slowly catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, which in turn deactivates the G<sub>s</sub> protein, shutting off the cAMP pathway. The pathway may also be deactivated downstream by directly inhibiting adenylyl cyclase or dephosphorylating the proteins phosphorylated by PKA. </p><p>Molecules that inhibit the cAMP pathway include: </p> <ul><li>cAMP <a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase" title="Phosphodiesterase">phosphodiesterase</a> converts cAMP into AMP by breaking the phosphodiester bond, in turn reducing the cAMP levels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gi_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Gi protein">G<sub>i</sub> protein</a>, which is a G protein that inhibits adenylyl cyclase, reducing cAMP levels.</li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAMP-dependent_pathway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-8153-3480-X-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8153-3480-X_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBruce_AlbertsAlexander_JohnsonJulian_LewisMartin_Raff2004" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Alberts; Alexander Johnson; Julian Lewis; Martin Raff; Dennis Bray; Karen Hopkin; Keith Roberts; Peter Walter (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialcellbio00albe"><i>Essential cell biology</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). 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id="CITEREFKamenetskyMiddelhaufeBankLevin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kamenetsky, Margarita; Middelhaufe, Sabine; Bank, Erin M.; Levin, Lonny R.; Buck, Jochen; Steegborn, Clemens (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662476">"Molecular Details of cAMP Generation in Mammalian Cells: A Tale of Two Systems"</a>. <i>Journal of Molecular Biology</i>. <b>362</b> (4): 623–639. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2006.07.045">10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662476">3662476</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16934836">16934836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Molecular+Details+of+cAMP+Generation+in+Mammalian+Cells%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Systems&rft.volume=362&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=623-639&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3662476%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16934836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2006.07.045&rft.aulast=Kamenetsky&rft.aufirst=Margarita&rft.au=Middelhaufe%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Bank%2C+Erin+M.&rft.au=Levin%2C+Lonny+R.&rft.au=Buck%2C+Jochen&rft.au=Steegborn%2C+Clemens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3662476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACAMP-dependent+pathway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intracellular_signaling_peptides_and_proteins" title="Template:Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intracellular_signaling_peptides_and_proteins" title="Template talk:Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intracellular_signaling_peptides_and_proteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intracellular_signaling_peptides_and_proteins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intracellular_signaling_peptides_and_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins">Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;width:1%">MAP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:MAP_kinase_pathway" title="Template:MAP kinase pathway">MAP kinase pathway</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;width:1%">Calcium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracellular_calcium-sensing_proteins" title="Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins">Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcineurin" title="Calcineurin">Calcineurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca2%2B/calmodulin-dependent_protein_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase">Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G protein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Heterotrimeric_G_protein" title="Heterotrimeric G protein">Heterotrimeric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">cAMP</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrimeric_G_protein" title="Heterotrimeric G protein">Heterotrimeric G protein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">Gs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">Gi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenylate_cyclase" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenylate cyclase">Adenylate cyclase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,5%27-cyclic-AMP_phosphodiesterase" title="3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase">3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_A" title="Protein kinase A">Protein kinase A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic guanosine monophosphate">cGMP</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transducin" title="Transducin">Transducin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustducin" title="Gustducin">Gustducin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanylate_cyclase" title="Guanylate cyclase">Guanylate cyclase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic guanosine monophosphate">cGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%27,5%27-cyclic-GMP_phosphodiesterase" title="3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase">3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGMP-dependent_protein_kinase" title="CGMP-dependent protein kinase">Protein kinase G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_alpha_subunit" title="G alpha subunit">G alpha subunit</a> G<sub>α</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNAO1" title="GNAO1">GNAO1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAI1" title="GNAI1">GNAI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAI2" title="GNAI2">GNAI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAI3" title="GNAI3">GNAI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAT1" title="GNAT1">GNAT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAT2" title="GNAT2">GNAT2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAT3" title="GNAT3">GNAT3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAZ" title="GNAZ">GNAZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAS_complex_locus" title="GNAS complex locus">GNAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAL" title="GNAL">GNAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAQ" title="GNAQ">GNAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNA11" title="GNA11">GNA11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNA12" title="GNA12">GNA12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNA13" title="GNA13">GNA13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNA14" title="GNA14">GNA14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNA15/GNA16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNA15/GNA16 (page does not exist)">GNA15/GNA16</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_beta-gamma_complex" title="G beta-gamma complex">G beta-gamma complex</a> G<sub>β</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNB1" title="GNB1">GNB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNB2" title="GNB2">GNB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNB3" title="GNB3">GNB3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNB4" title="GNB4">GNB4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNB5" title="GNB5">GNB5</a></li></ul></li> <li>G<sub>γ</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNGT1" title="GNGT1">GNGT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNGT2" title="GNGT2">GNGT2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNG2" title="GNG2">GNG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNG3" title="GNG3">GNG3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNG4" title="GNG4">GNG4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNG5" title="GNG5">GNG5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNG7" title="GNG7">GNG7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNG8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNG8 (page does not exist)">GNG8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNG10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNG10 (page does not exist)">GNG10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNG11" title="GNG11">GNG11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNG12" title="GNG12">GNG12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNG13" title="GNG13">GNG13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSCL2" title="BSCL2">BSCL2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor_kinase" title="G protein-coupled receptor kinase">G protein-coupled receptor kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMP-activated_protein_kinase" title="AMP-activated protein kinase">AMP-activated protein kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Small_GTPase" title="Small GTPase">Monomeric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor" title="ADP ribosylation factor">ARFs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_(G-protein)" title="Rab (G-protein)">Rabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_subfamily" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras subfamily">Ras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HRAS" title="HRAS">HRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRAS" title="KRAS">KRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroblastoma_RAS_viral_oncogene_homolog" title="Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog">NRAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_family_of_GTPases" title="Rho family of GTPases">Rhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor" title="ADP ribosylation factor">Arfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ran_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ran (gene)">Ran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RHEB" title="RHEB">Rhebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_GTP-binding_protein" title="Rap GTP-binding protein">Raps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRAD_(gene)" title="RRAD (gene)">RGKs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;width:1%">Cyclin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_inhibitor_protein" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein">Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase" title="Cyclin-dependent kinase">Cyclin-dependent kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclin" title="Cyclin">Cyclin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;width:1%">Lipid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoinositide_phospholipase_C" title="Phosphoinositide phospholipase C">Phosphoinositide phospholipase C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_C" title="Phospholipase C">Phospholipase C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase" title="Protein kinase">protein kinase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinase" title="Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase">Serine/threonine</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casein_kinase" title="Casein kinase">Casein kinase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casein_kinase_1" title="Casein kinase 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casein_kinase_2" title="Casein kinase 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIF-2_kinase" title="EIF-2 kinase">eIF-2 kinase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EIF2AK3" title="EIF2AK3">EIF2AK3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_synthase_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycogen synthase kinase">Glycogen synthase kinase</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK1 (page does not exist)">GSK1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK2 (page does not exist)">GSK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK-3" title="GSK-3">GSK-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK3A" title="GSK3A">GSK3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK3B" class="mw-redirect" title="GSK3B">GSK3B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%CE%BAB_kinase" title="IκB kinase">IκB kinase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHUK" title="CHUK">CHUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKK2" title="IKK2">IKK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKBKG" title="IKBKG">IKBKG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-1_receptor_associated_kinase" title="Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase">Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRAK1" title="IRAK1">IRAK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAK2" title="IRAK2">IRAK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAK3" title="IRAK3">IRAK3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAK4" title="IRAK4">IRAK4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lim_kinase" title="Lim kinase">Lim kinase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LIMK1" title="LIMK1">LIMK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIMK2" title="LIMK2">LIMK2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P21-activated_kinases" title="P21-activated kinases">p21-activated kinases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAK1" title="PAK1">PAK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAK2" title="PAK2">PAK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAK3" title="PAK3">PAK3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAK4" title="PAK4">PAK4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho-associated_protein_kinase" title="Rho-associated protein kinase">Rho-associated protein kinase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROCK1" title="ROCK1">ROCK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROCK2" title="ROCK2">ROCK2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_s6_kinase" title="Ribosomal s6 kinase">Ribosomal s6 kinase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RPS6KA1" title="RPS6KA1">RPS6KA1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Non-receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Non-receptor tyrosine kinase">Tyrosine</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZAP70" title="ZAP70">ZAP70</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_adhesion_protein-tyrosine_kinase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase (page does not exist)">Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PTK2" title="PTK2">PTK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTK2B" title="PTK2B">PTK2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruton%27s_tyrosine_kinase" title="Bruton's tyrosine kinase">BTK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Serine/threonine/tyrosine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-specificity_kinase" title="Dual-specificity kinase">Dual-specificity kinase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DYRK1A" title="DYRK1A">DYRK1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYRK1B" title="DYRK1B">DYRK1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYRK2" title="DYRK2">DYRK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DYRK3" title="DYRK3">DYRK3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DYRK4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DYRK4 (page does not exist)">DYRK4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Arginine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_kinase" title="Arginine kinase">Arginine kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McsB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McsB (page does not exist)">McsB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Protein_phosphatase" title="Protein phosphatase">protein phosphatase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Protein_serine/threonine_phosphatase" title="Protein serine/threonine phosphatase">Serine/threonine</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein_phosphatase_2" title="Protein phosphatase 2">Protein phosphatase 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Protein_tyrosine_phosphatase" title="Protein tyrosine phosphatase">Tyrosine</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein_tyrosine_phosphatase" title="Protein tyrosine phosphatase">protein tyrosine phosphatase</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor-like_protein_tyrosine_phosphatase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (page does not exist)">Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh2_domain-containing_protein_tyrosine_phosphatase" class="mw-redirect" title="Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase">Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">both:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-specificity_phosphatase" title="Dual-specificity phosphatase">Dual-specificity phosphatase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Apoptosis_signaling_pathway" title="Template:Apoptosis signaling pathway">apoptosis signaling pathway</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GTP-binding_protein_regulators" title="GTP-binding protein regulators">GTP-binding protein regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:GTP-binding_protein_regulators" title="Template:GTP-binding protein regulators">GTP-binding protein regulators</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATF6" title="ATF6">Activating transcription factor 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_transducing_adaptor_protein" title="Signal transducing adaptor protein">Signal transducing adaptor protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%CE%BAB%CE%B1" title="IκBα">I-kappa B protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC4" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC4">Mucin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_marker_protein" title="Olfactory marker protein">Olfactory marker protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine_binding_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein">Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDARADD" title="EDARADD">EDARADD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRKCSH" title="PRKCSH">PRKCSH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Deficiencies_of_intracellular_signaling_peptides_and_proteins" title="Template:Deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins">deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enzymes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzymes" title="Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Enzymes" title="Template talk:Enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enzymes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">Active site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_site" title="Binding site">Binding site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_triad" title="Catalytic triad">Catalytic triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyanion_hole" title="Oxyanion hole">Oxyanion hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_promiscuity" title="Enzyme promiscuity">Enzyme promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion-limited_enzyme" title="Diffusion-limited enzyme">Diffusion-limited enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">Enzyme catalysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">Allosteric regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperativity" title="Cooperativity">Cooperativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activator" title="Enzyme activator">Enzyme activator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_superfamily" title="Protein superfamily">Enzyme superfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_family" title="Protein family">Enzyme family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enzymes" title="List of enzymes">List of enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kinetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics" title="Enzyme kinetics">Enzyme kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadie%E2%80%93Hofstee_diagram" title="Eadie–Hofstee diagram">Eadie–Hofstee diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanes%E2%80%93Woolf_plot" title="Hanes–Woolf plot">Hanes–Woolf plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineweaver%E2%80%93Burk_plot" title="Lineweaver–Burk plot">Lineweaver–Burk plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics" title="Michaelis–Menten kinetics">Michaelis–Menten kinetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>EC1 <a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">Oxidoreductases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC2 <a href="/wiki/Transferase" title="Transferase">Transferases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 2)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC3 <a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">Hydrolases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC4 <a href="/wiki/Lyase" title="Lyase">Lyases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 4)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC5 <a href="/wiki/Isomerase" title="Isomerase">Isomerases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 5)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC6 <a href="/wiki/Ligase" title="Ligase">Ligases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 6)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC7 <a href="/wiki/Translocase" title="Translocase">Translocases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 7)">list</a>)</li></ul> 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