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民主主義 - Wikipedia
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<td>この項目では、一般的な「democracy」の訳語について説明しています。『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="社会契約論">社会契約論</a>』などにおける「democracy」の訳語については「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a>」をご覧ください。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101384370">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:auto;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:75%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101384370"> <p><b>民主主義</b>(みんしゅしゅぎ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="英語">英</a>: <span lang="en">Democracy</span>、<b>デモクラシー</b>)とは、法律・政策、指導者、国家・その他の主要事業が直接的または間接的に「人民 (people) 」によって決定される統治システム<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEブリタニカ・ジャパン2019「民主主義」_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B32019%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%8D-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。現代民主主義国家では、人々は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="選挙権">選挙権</a>を行使して自らの代行者(代議員)を選ぶ。選ばれた各々の代行者は自己を選出した人々の意思を代行し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B0%E6%B1%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="多数決">多数決</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="法治主義">法治主義</a>の下に権力を行使する<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。日本では<b>民主制</b>、<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政体</a></b>などとも訳される<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg/433px-Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="433" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg/650px-Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg/866px-Economist_Intelligence_Unit_Democracy_Index_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2751" data-file-height="1396"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8E%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A6%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="エコノミスト・インテリジェンス・ユニット">EIU</a>による2023年民主主義指数の地図<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。濃い青が最も民主的(指数10)、濃い赤が最も非民主的(指数0) </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Democracy_claims.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Democracy_claims.svg/400px-Democracy_claims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Democracy_claims.svg/600px-Democracy_claims.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Democracy_claims.svg/800px-Democracy_claims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477"></a> <figcaption> 2022年の世界の民主主義の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="デ・ジュリ">デ・ジュリ(法律上)</a>の状態。民主主義と自称していないのは、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="サウジアラビア">サウジアラビア</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E9%A6%96%E9%95%B7%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アラブ首長国連邦">アラブ首長国連邦</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="カタール">カタール</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ブルネイ">ブルネイ</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%81%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="バチカン">バチカン</a>のみ。中国、北朝鮮、ラオスは憲法で自国を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="人民民主主義">人民民主主義国家</a>と記載。 </figcaption> </figure> <p>民主主義という用語は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="古代ギリシャ">古代ギリシャ</a>で「多数者の支配」を意味し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="君主制">君主政治</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貴族制">貴族政治</a>との対比で使用された<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEブリタニカ・ジャパン2019「民主主義」_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B32019%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%8D-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。しかしその後は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A1%86%E6%84%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="衆愚政治">衆愚政治</a>などを意味する否定的な用語として使用され続け、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="近代">近代</a>より肯定的な概念として復権して、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="第一次世界大戦">第一次世界大戦</a>後には全世界に普及した<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEブリタニカ・ジャパン2019「民主主義」_3-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B32019%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%8D-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>民主主義には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="直接民主主義">直接民主制</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="間接民主主義">間接民主制</a>があり<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEブリタニカ・ジャパン2019「民主主義」_3-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B32019%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%8D-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>的な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由民主主義">自由民主主義</a>(批判的に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AF%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ブルジョワ民主主義">ブルジョワ民主主義</a>)の他に、経済的<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="平等">平等</a>を重視する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="社会主義">社会主義</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プロレタリア民主主義">プロレタリア民主主義</a>なども登場した<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE平凡社2019「民主主義」_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B9%B3%E5%87%A1%E7%A4%BE2019%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%8D-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「自由主義国」 (存在しないページ)">自由主義国</a>が定義する民主主義と、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%A9%E5%A8%81%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「権威主義国」 (存在しないページ)">権威主義国</a>が定義する民主主義は意味合いが異なる。自由主義国による民主主義とは、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="個人">個人</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由">自由</a>を基軸とした法の支配に基づく<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%99%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="リベラル">リベラル</a>な政治形態である。一方で、権威主義国による民主主義とは、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民族主義">民族主義</a>を基軸とし、血と政治が結合した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="保守">保守</a>的な政治形態である。</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ja" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">目次</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%A6%82%E8%AA%AC"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">概説</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">デモクラシー</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF%E3%81%A8%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">民主政と民主制</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E8%AA%9E%E3%83%BB%E3%80%8Crepublic%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A9%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E6%B7%B7%E5%9C%A8"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">「民主」という語・「republic」など語義混在</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%90%86%E5%BF%B5%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E8%A9%95%E4%BE%A1%E3%83%BB%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E8%87%AA%E7%A7%B0"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">理念への評価・独裁国家における自称</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%A8%AE%E9%A1%9E"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">種類</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6%EF%BC%88direct_democracy%EF%BC%89"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">直接民主制(direct democracy)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6%EF%BC%88indirect_democracy%EF%BC%89"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">間接民主制(indirect democracy)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6%EF%BC%88Liberal_democracy%EF%BC%89"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">自由民主制(Liberal democracy)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">宗教民主主義</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">社会主義関連の民主制</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">ジェファーソン流民主主義</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">ジャクソン流民主主義</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%8D%89%E3%81%AE%E6%A0%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6%EF%BC%88Grassroots_democracy%EF%BC%89"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">草の根民主制(Grassroots democracy)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%88%A6%E3%81%86%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%EF%BC%88%E9%98%B2%E8%A1%9B%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6,Defensive_democracy%EF%BC%89"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">戦う民主主義(防衛的民主制度,Defensive democracy)</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">歴史</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">古代ギリシア</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">古代ローマ</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">中世</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%AE%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%A8%E5%95%93%E8%92%99%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">近代国家の成立と啓蒙思想</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">アメリカ独立革命</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">フランス革命</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">現代</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">日本の民主主義</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">思想</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%87%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">デマラトス</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">ペリクレス</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">プラトン</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">アリストテレス</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%93%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">ポリュビオス</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AD"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">キケロ</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%AA"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">マキャヴェッリ</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%96%E3%82%BA"><span class="tocnumber">5.8</span> <span class="toctext">ホッブズ</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF"><span class="tocnumber">5.9</span> <span class="toctext">ロック</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC"><span class="tocnumber">5.10</span> <span class="toctext">ルソー</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC"><span class="tocnumber">5.11</span> <span class="toctext">モンテスキュー</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3"><span class="tocnumber">5.12</span> <span class="toctext">リンカーン</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A0"><span class="tocnumber">5.13</span> <span class="toctext">ベンサム</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB"><span class="tocnumber">5.14</span> <span class="toctext">ミル</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%88%E3%82%AF%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB"><span class="tocnumber">5.15</span> <span class="toctext">トクヴィル</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3"><span class="tocnumber">5.16</span> <span class="toctext">ジェファーソン</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3"><span class="tocnumber">5.17</span> <span class="toctext">レーニン</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%A0%E3%83%83%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B"><span class="tocnumber">5.18</span> <span class="toctext">ムッソリーニ</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC"><span class="tocnumber">5.19</span> <span class="toctext">ヒトラー</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">制度</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%A5%E5%89%8D"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">近代以前</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">議会</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-48"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">議会主義</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B0%E6%B1%BA%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">多数決原理</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">代表制原理</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BA%8C%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">二院制</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%A8%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">権力分立</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E5%86%85%E9%96%A3%E5%88%B6"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">議院内閣制</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-54"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%88%B6"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">大統領制</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">政党</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A%E5%9B%A3%E4%BD%93"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">利益団体</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%AD%B0%E8%AB%96"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">議論</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%A7%8B%E6%88%90%E5%93%A1"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">構成員</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">代表制</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%84%8F%E6%80%9D%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">意思決定方法</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">独裁との関連</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">自由主義との関連</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B8%96%E8%AB%96%E3%81%A8%E8%A1%86%E6%84%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">7.6</span> <span class="toctext">世論と衆愚政治</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-64"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">関連項目</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-65"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">脚注</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-66"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B3%A8%E9%87%88"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">注釈</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-67"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">出典</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-68"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">参考文献</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-69"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">外部リンク</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="概説"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.AA.AC"></span>概説</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 概説" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="デモクラシー"><span id=".E3.83.87.E3.83.A2.E3.82.AF.E3.83.A9.E3.82.B7.E3.83.BC"></span>デモクラシー</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: デモクラシー" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>「デモクラシー」(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="英語">英語</a>: <span lang="en">democracy</span>)の語源は <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代ギリシア語">古代ギリシア語</a>: <span lang="grc">δημοκρατία</span>(<span lang="grc">dēmokratía</span>、デーモクラティアー)で、これは「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="人民">人民</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E8%A1%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="民衆">民衆</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大衆">大衆</a>」などを意味する <span lang="grc">δῆμος</span>(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ラテン文字化">古代ギリシア語ラテン翻字</a>: <span lang="grc-Latn">dêmos</span>、デーモス)と、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A8%A9%E5%8A%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="権力">権力</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="支配">支配</a>」などを意味する <span lang="grc">κράτος</span>(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ラテン文字化">古代ギリシア語ラテン翻字</a>: <span lang="grc-Latn">kratos</span>、クラトス)を組み合わせたもので、「人民権力」「民衆支配」「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国民主権">国民主権</a>」などの意味を持つ <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>「デモクラシー」は、優れた人(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貴族">貴族</a>)による権力・支配を意味する「アリストクラティア」(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貴族制">貴族制</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E9%A0%AD%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="寡頭制">寡頭制</a>などと訳される)との対比で使用された。両者は権力者や支配者の多寡(多数派か少数派か)に注目した用語である。なお「アリストクラティア」( <span lang="grc">ἀριστοκρατία</span>(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ラテン文字化">古代ギリシア語ラテン翻字</a>: <span lang="grc-Latn">aristokratía</span>)は「優れた人」を意味する <span lang="grc">ἄριστος</span>(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ラテン文字化">古代ギリシア語ラテン翻字</a>: <span lang="grc-Latn">aristos</span>、アリストス)と、 「権力・支配」を意味する<span lang="grc">κράτος</span> を組み合わせたものである。</p> <p>しかし、古代ギリシアの衰退以降は「デモクラシー」の語は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A1%86%E6%84%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="衆愚政治">衆愚政治</a>の意味で使われるようになり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代ローマ">古代ローマ</a>では「デモクラシー」の語は使用されず、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="王政">王政</a>を廃止して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元老院">元老院</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E9%9B%86%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="市民集会">市民集会</a>が主権を持つ体制は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共和制">共和制</a>」と呼ばれた。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="近代">近代</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%95%93%E8%92%99%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="啓蒙主義">啓蒙主義</a>により「デモクラシー」は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>思想の用語として再び使われるようになった(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由民主主義">自由民主主義</a>)。近代の政治思想上で初めて明確にデモクラシー要求を行ったのは、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清教徒革命">清教徒革命</a>でのレヴェラーズ(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levellers" class="extiw" title="en:Levellers">Levellers</a>、平等派、水平派)であり<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、更に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フランス革命">フランス革命</a>により君主制・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貴族制">貴族制</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%94%BF%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="神政政治">神政政治</a>などと対比され、また20世紀以降は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="全体主義">全体主義</a>との対比でも使用されることが増えた。なお<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政治学">政治学</a>では、非民主主義の総称は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A8%A9%E5%A8%81%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="権威主義">権威主義</a>(権威主義政体)」と呼ばれる。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="民主政と民主制"><span id=".E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E6.94.BF.E3.81.A8.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E5.88.B6"></span>民主政と民主制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 民主政と民主制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>日本語で「デモクラシー」は通常、おもに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政体">政体</a>を指す場合は「<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a></b>」、おもに制度を指す場合は「<b>民主制</b>」、おもに思想・理念・運動を指す場合は「民主主義」などと訳が分けられている。 なお<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政治学">政治学</a>では、特に思想・理念・運動を明確に指すために「民主主義」のカナ転写である「<b>デモクラティズム</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>」(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="英語">英</a>: <span lang="en">democratism</span><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)が使用される場合もある。</p> <p>なお、現代<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ギリシャ語">ギリシャ語</a>では<b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2594%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BC%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" class="extiw" title="el:Δημοκρατία">δημοκρατία</a></b>(ディモクラティア)は「民主制」を表すと同時に「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="共和国">共和国</a>(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共和制">共和制</a>)」を表す語でもあり、国名の「~共和国」と言う場合にもδημοκρατίαが用いられる。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="「民主」という語・「republic」など語義混在"><span id=".E3.80.8C.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E3.80.8D.E3.81.A8.E3.81.84.E3.81.86.E8.AA.9E.E3.83.BB.E3.80.8Crepublic.E3.80.8D.E3.81.AA.E3.81.A9.E8.AA.9E.E7.BE.A9.E6.B7.B7.E5.9C.A8"></span>「民主」という語・「republic」など語義混在</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 「民主」という語・「republic」など語義混在" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>民主という言葉は、伝統的な中国語の語義によれば「民ノ主」すなわち君主のことであり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E7%B5%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="書経">書経</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E4%BC%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="左伝">左伝</a>に見られる用法である。これをdemocracyやrepublicに対置させる最初期のものはウィリアム・マーティン(丁韪良)<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="万国公法">万国公法</a>(1863年または64年)であり、マーティンは a democratic republic を「民主之国」と対訳していた。しかしこの漢訳は、中国や日本でその後しばらく見られるようになる democracy と republic の概念に対する理解、あるいはその訳述に対する混乱の最初期の表れであった。マーティンより以前、イギリスの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3_(%E5%AE%A3%E6%95%99%E5%B8%AB)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロバート・モリソン (宣教師)">ロバート・モリソン</a>(馬礼遜)の「華英字典」(1822年)は democracy を「既不可無人統率亦不可多人乱管」(合意することができず、人が多くカオスである)という文脈で紹介し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%89%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウォルター・ヘンリー・メドハースト">ヘンリー・メドハースト</a>(麥都思)の「英華字典」(1847年)はやや踏み込み「衆人的国統、衆人的治理、多人乱管、少民弄権」(衆人の国制、衆人による統治理論、人が多く道理が乱れていることをさすことがあり、少数の愚かな者が高権を弄ぶさまをさすことがある)と解説する。さらにドイツのロブシャイド(羅存徳)「英華字典」(1866年)は「民政、衆人管轄、百姓弄権」(民の政治、多くの人が道理を通そうとしたり批判したりする、多くの名のある者が高権を弄ぶ)と解説していた。</p> <p>19世紀後半の漢語圏の理解はこの点で一つに定まっておらず、陳力衛によれば Democracy は「民(たみ)が主」という語義と「民衆の主(ぬし、すなわち民選大統領)」という語義が混在していたのである。一方で日本では democracy および republic に対しては当初はシンプルで区別なく対処しており、1862年に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A0%80%E9%81%94%E4%B9%8B%E5%8A%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="堀達之助">堀達之助</a>が作成した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%AF%BE%E8%A8%B3%E8%A2%96%E7%8F%8D%E8%BE%9E%E6%9B%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="英和対訳袖珍辞書">英和対訳袖珍辞書</a>では democracy および republic いずれにも「共和政治」の邦訳を充てていた。これが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="万国公法">万国公法</a>の渡来とその強力な受容により「民主」なる語の併用と混用の時代を迎えることとなる。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="理念への評価・独裁国家における自称"><span id=".E7.90.86.E5.BF.B5.E3.81.B8.E3.81.AE.E8.A9.95.E4.BE.A1.E3.83.BB.E7.8B.AC.E8.A3.81.E5.9B.BD.E5.AE.B6.E3.81.AB.E3.81.8A.E3.81.91.E3.82.8B.E8.87.AA.E7.A7.B0"></span>理念への評価・独裁国家における自称</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 理念への評価・独裁国家における自称" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>民主主義(デモクラシー、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a>、民主制)は、組織の重要な意思決定を、その組織の構成員(人民、民衆、大衆、国民)が行う、即ち構成員が最終決定権(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="主権">主権</a>)を持つという<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政体">政体</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="制度">制度</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81" title="政治哲学">政治思想</a>であるが、その概念、理念、範囲、制度などは古代より多くの主張や議論がある。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代ギリシア">古代ギリシア</a>の民主主義は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E9%A0%AD%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="寡頭制">寡頭制</a>(少数派支配)に対する人民支配(民衆支配、多数派支配)であり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E3%81%AE%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="法の支配">法の支配</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由">自由</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="自治">自治</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%AE%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="法の下の平等">法的平等</a>などの概念と関連していた。しかしその後は長く<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A1%86%E6%84%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="衆愚政治">衆愚政治</a>を意味するようになり、17世紀以降に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%95%93%E8%92%99%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="啓蒙主義">啓蒙主義</a>による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>の立場から再評価され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="社会契約論">社会契約論</a>により<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国民主権">国民主権</a>の正統性理念となり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%AA%89%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="名誉革命">名誉革命</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国の独立">アメリカ独立革命</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フランス革命">フランス革命</a>などの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AF%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ブルジョワ革命">ブルジョワ革命</a>に大きな影響を与えた。民主主義は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="功利主義">功利主義</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%8C%E9%A8%93%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="経験主義">経験主義</a>の立場からも評価されるが、同時に古代より多数派による専制や、民衆の支持を背景に少数独裁に転じる危険性も存在する。</p> <p>とりわけ民主主義の理念に対する評価は、2つの世界大戦をきっかけとして20世紀に激変した。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="第一次世界大戦">第一次世界大戦</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B7%8F%E5%8A%9B%E6%88%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="総力戦">総力戦</a>となり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ドイツ帝国">ドイツ帝国</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="オーストリア=ハンガリー帝国">オーストリア=ハンガリー帝国</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロシア帝国">ロシア帝国</a>などでは帝政が終焉した<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p194-195_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep194-195-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="第一次世界大戦">第一次世界大戦</a>後、「世界で最も民主的な憲法」と言われた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヴァイマル憲法">ヴァイマル憲法</a>下の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヴァイマル共和政">ドイツ</a>で、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アドルフ・ヒトラー">アドルフ・ヒトラー</a>率いる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%E5%85%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="国家社会主義ドイツ労働者党">ナチス党</a>がドイツ民族の危機を訴えて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1932%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%88%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1932年7月ドイツ国会選挙">1932年7月ドイツ国会選挙</a>で大躍進し、更に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国民投票">国民投票</a>で「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B7%8F%E7%B5%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="総統">総統</a>」となった。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="第二次世界大戦">第二次世界大戦</a>では「民主主義と全体主義の対決」という意味づけが特に途中から参戦したアメリカ合衆国によって強調され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="冷戦">冷戦</a>の開始後は「全体主義」に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ソビエト連邦">ソビエト連邦</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="スターリン主義">スターリン主義</a>が加えられた<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p194-195_12-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep194-195-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。戦争中は銃後の女性を含め多くの国民が戦争に動員され、戦争に貢献する以上は政治的発言も認められるべきとして、結果として選挙権の拡大につながった<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p194-195_12-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep194-195-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="人民民主主義">人民民主主義</a>」を参照 </div> <p><br> こうして民主主義の正当性は高まり、最も独裁的な国家すら「自らこそが真の民主主義を体現している」と主張するようになり、民主主義の理念を否定する体制が事実上なくなった反面、「民主主義とは何か」が曖昧ともなっている<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p194-195_12-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep194-195-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96NPO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="言論NPO">言論NPO</a>によると、アジアでは民主主義が後退している。2021年時点のエコノミスト・インテリジェンス・ユニット(EIU)の「民主主義指数」によると、完全な民主主義国家(Full democracies)に分類される国は、日本と台湾、韓国のみとなっている<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="種類"><span id=".E7.A8.AE.E9.A1.9E"></span>種類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 種類" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>民主主義の代表的な種類・分類には以下があるが、その分類や呼称は時代・立場・観点などにもよって異り、多くの議論が存在している。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="直接民主制(direct_democracy)"><span id=".E7.9B.B4.E6.8E.A5.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E5.88.B6.EF.BC.88direct_democracy.EF.BC.89"></span>直接民主制(direct democracy)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 直接民主制(direct democracy)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Landsgemeinde_-_Glarus_2014_-_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Landsgemeinde_-_Glarus_2014_-_1.jpg/130px-Landsgemeinde_-_Glarus_2014_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3911" data-file-height="4262"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Landsgemeinde_-_Glarus_2014_-_1.jpg/130px-Landsgemeinde_-_Glarus_2014_-_1.jpg" data-width="130" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Landsgemeinde_-_Glarus_2014_-_1.jpg/195px-Landsgemeinde_-_Glarus_2014_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Landsgemeinde_-_Glarus_2014_-_1.jpg/260px-Landsgemeinde_-_Glarus_2014_-_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> スイス・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="グラールス州">グラールス州</a>の州民集会。2014年。 </figcaption> </figure> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="直接民主主義">直接民主主義</a>」および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC">§ ルソー</a>」を参照 </div> <p>直接民主主義は、集団の構成員による意思が集団の意思決定に、より直接的に反映されるべきと考える。直接民主主義の究極の形態は、構成員が直接的に集合し議論して決定する形態であり、高い正統性が得られる反面、特に大規模な集団では物理的な制約や、構成員に高い知見や負担が必要となる。また議員など代表者を選出する形態でも有権者の選択が重視され、議員は信任されたのではなく有権者の意思を委任された存在であり、有権者の意思に反する場合は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="リコール">リコール</a>や再選挙の対象となりうる。 </p> <p>古代<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アテナイ">アテナイ</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代ローマ">古代ローマ</a>では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民会">民会</a>が実施された。現代では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%99%BA%E6%A1%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="発案">イニシアチブ(国民発案、住民発案など)</a>、レファレンダム(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国民投票">国民投票</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="住民投票">住民投票</a>など)、リコール(罷免)が直接民主主義に基づく制度とされ、都市国家の伝統を受け継ぐ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="スイス">スイス</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国">アメリカ合衆国</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="タウンミーティング">タウンミーティング</a>などでは構成員の参加による自治が重視されている。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="間接民主制(indirect_democracy)"><span id=".E9.96.93.E6.8E.A5.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E5.88.B6.EF.BC.88indirect_democracy.EF.BC.89"></span>間接民主制(indirect democracy)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 間接民主制(indirect democracy)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Election_MG_3455.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Election_MG_3455.JPG/130px-Election_MG_3455.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 87px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Election_MG_3455.JPG/130px-Election_MG_3455.JPG" data-width="130" data-height="87" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Election_MG_3455.JPG/195px-Election_MG_3455.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Election_MG_3455.JPG/260px-Election_MG_3455.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2007%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2007年フランス大統領選挙">2007年フランス大統領選挙</a>で投票する女性 </figcaption> </figure> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="間接民主主義">間接民主主義</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86">§ 代表制原理</a>」、および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6">§ 代表制</a>」を参照 </div> <p>間接民主主義(代表民主主義、代議制民主主義)は、主権者である集団の構成員が自分の代表者(議員、大統領など)を選出し、実際の意思決定を任せる方法・制度である。主権者による意思決定は間接的となるが、知識や意識が高く政治的活動が可能な時間や費用に耐えられる人物を選出することが可能となる。選挙制度にもより、議員の位置づけ(支持者や選挙区の代表か、全体の代表か)、選挙の正当性(投票価値の平等性、区割りなどの適正性、投票集計の検証性など)、代表者(達)による決定の正当性(主権者の意思(世論、民意)が反映されているか)などが常に議論となる。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="自由民主制(Liberal_democracy)"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E5.88.B6.EF.BC.88Liberal_democracy.EF.BC.89"></span>自由民主制(Liberal democracy)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 自由民主制(Liberal democracy)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由民主主義">自由民主主義</a>」および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AF%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ブルジョワ民主主義">ブルジョワ民主主義</a>」を参照 </div> <p>自由民主主義(自由主義的民主主義、立憲民主主義)は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>による民主主義。人間は理性を持ち判断が可能であり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由権">自由権</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="私的所有権">私的所有権</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="参政権">参政権</a>などの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="基本的人権">基本的人権</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自然権">自然権</a>であるとして、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="立憲主義">立憲主義</a>による権力の制限、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A8%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="権力分立">権力分立</a>による権力の区別分離と抑制均衡を重視する。古典的には、選出された議員は全員の代表であり、理性に従い議論と交渉を行い決定する自由を持つと考える。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="宗教民主主義"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>宗教民主主義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 宗教民主主義" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宗教">宗教</a>における民主主義。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="キリスト教民主主義">キリスト教民主主義</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E8%A1%86%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="会衆制">会衆制</a>、仏教民主主義、<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic democracy">イスラム民主主義</a>など。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="社会主義関連の民主制"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9.E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3.E3.81.AE.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E5.88.B6"></span>社会主義関連の民主制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 社会主義関連の民主制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="社会主義">社会主義</a>における民主主義には、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フェビアン協会">フェビアン協会</a>等による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="社会民主主義">社会民主主義</a>の潮流、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主社会主義">民主社会主義</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マルクス・レーニン主義">マルクス・レーニン主義</a>(いわゆる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共産主義">共産主義</a>)による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プロレタリア民主主義">プロレタリア民主主義</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="人民民主主義">人民民主主義</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新民主主義">新民主主義</a>などがある。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ジェファーソン流民主主義"><span id=".E3.82.B8.E3.82.A7.E3.83.95.E3.82.A1.E3.83.BC.E3.82.BD.E3.83.B3.E6.B5.81.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>ジェファーソン流民主主義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ジェファーソン流民主主義" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジェファーソン流民主主義">ジェファーソン流民主主義</a>」を参照 </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国大統領">アメリカ合衆国大統領</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="トーマス・ジェファーソン">トーマス・ジェファーソン</a>等による民主主義。共和制、自立を重視し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="エリート主義">エリート主義</a>に反対し、政党制と弱い連邦制(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E3%81%95%E3%81%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="小さな政府">小さな政府</a>)を主張した。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ジャクソン流民主主義"><span id=".E3.82.B8.E3.83.A3.E3.82.AF.E3.82.BD.E3.83.B3.E6.B5.81.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>ジャクソン流民主主義</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ジャクソン流民主主義" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャクソン流民主主義">ジャクソン流民主主義</a>」を参照 </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国大統領">アメリカ合衆国大統領</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アンドリュー・ジャクソン">アンドリュー・ジャクソン</a>等による民主主義。選挙権を土地所有者から全白人男性に拡大し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8C%9F%E5%AE%98%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="猟官制">猟官制</a>や領土拡張を進めた。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="草の根民主制(Grassroots_democracy)"><span id=".E8.8D.89.E3.81.AE.E6.A0.B9.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E5.88.B6.EF.BC.88Grassroots_democracy.EF.BC.89"></span>草の根民主制(Grassroots democracy)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 草の根民主制(Grassroots democracy)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E3%81%AE%E6%A0%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="草の根民主主義">草の根民主主義</a>」を参照 </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="市民運動">市民運動</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="住民運動">住民運動</a>など一般民衆による民主主義。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジェファーソン流民主主義">ジェファーソン流民主主義</a>を源泉とし、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フランクリン・ルーズベルト">フランクリン・ルーズベルト</a>が提唱した<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="戦う民主主義(防衛的民主制度,Defensive_democracy)"><span id=".E6.88.A6.E3.81.86.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9.EF.BC.88.E9.98.B2.E8.A1.9B.E7.9A.84.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6.2CDefensive_democracy.EF.BC.89"></span>戦う民主主義(防衛的民主制度,Defensive democracy)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 戦う民主主義(防衛的民主制度,Defensive democracy)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E3%81%86%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戦う民主主義">戦う民主主義</a>」を参照 </div> <p>「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E8%A1%9B%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="防衛的民主制">防衛的民主制</a>」とは、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="第二次世界大戦">第二次世界大戦</a>後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ドイツ">ドイツ</a>等、共産主義(コミュニズム)やファシズムなど自由民主制を否定する言動の自由や権利までは認めない民主制度。(西)ドイツ連邦憲法裁判所は判決の中で「自由の敵には無制限の自由は認めない」と断じて、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ドイツ共産党">ドイツ共産党</a>を1956年から強制解散させている<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="歴史"><span id=".E6.AD.B4.E5.8F.B2"></span>歴史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 歴史" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代">古代</a>より多くの時代や地域あるいは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共同体">共同体</a>で、多様な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%88%E8%AD%B0%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="合議制">合議制</a>や、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B3%95_(%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="法 (法学)">法</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="規則">ルール</a>に基づいた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%84%8F%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="合意形成">合意形成</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E6%80%9D%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="意思決定">意思決定</a>が存在したが、一般的には民主主義(デモクラシー、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a>、民主制)の起源は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="古代ギリシャ">古代ギリシャ</a>および<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代ローマ">古代ローマ</a>とされ、また近代的な意味での民主主義は17世紀以降の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%95%93%E8%92%99%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="啓蒙思想">啓蒙思想</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>、それらの影響を受けた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フランス革命">フランス革命</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国の独立">アメリカ独立革命</a>などを経て形成され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20世紀">20世紀</a>に多くの諸国や地域に拡大した。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="古代ギリシア"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3.E3.82.AE.E3.83.AA.E3.82.B7.E3.82.A2"></span>古代ギリシア</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 古代ギリシア" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Cleisthenes.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cleisthenes.jpg/120px-Cleisthenes.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="1372"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cleisthenes.jpg/120px-Cleisthenes.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cleisthenes.jpg/180px-Cleisthenes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cleisthenes.jpg/240px-Cleisthenes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アテナイ">アテナイ</a>民主主義の父」と呼ばれる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="クレイステネス">クレイステネス</a>の像(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="オハイオ州">オハイオ州</a>議事堂) </figcaption> </figure> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アテナイ">アテナイ</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民会">民会</a>」、および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アテナイの民主主義">アテナイの民主主義</a>」を参照 </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代ギリシア">古代ギリシア</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アテナイ">アテナイ</a>では、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民会">民会</a>による<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="直接民主主義">直接民主主義</a></b>が行われた。民会の参加はアテナイ市民権を持つ全成人男性で、奴隷・女性・移住者は対象外であり、議論の後に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B0%E6%B1%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="多数決">多数決</a>で決定された。</p> <p>アテナイでは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="王制">王制</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貴族制">貴族制</a>に移行後は、貴族の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%91%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B9%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アレオパゴス会議">アレオパゴス会議</a>(元老院)による支配が行われ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民会">民会</a>の権限は限定的であった。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前">紀元前</a>7世紀に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3_(%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E8%80%85)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ドラコン (立法者)">ドラコン</a>が従来の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="不文法">不文法</a>を成文化し、貴族による法知識の独占が崩された。紀元前6世紀、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ソロン">ソロン</a>は市民の奴隷への転落を禁止し、全ての市民が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民会">民会</a>に参加することを認める法律を制定した(ソロンの改革)ため、市民と奴隷が明確に二分され、以後は市民間における自由と平等が保証された<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p28-29_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep28-29-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。続いて紀元前5世紀、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="クレイステネス">クレイステネス</a>が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%83%AD%E4%B8%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="僭主">僭主</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%83%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="ヒッピアス">ヒッピアス</a>を追放し、従来の血縁による部族制から居住区(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="デモス">デーモス</a>、デモクラシーの語源となった)制への移行、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%BA%E8%A9%95%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五百人評議会">五百人評議会</a>の設置、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%89%87%E8%BF%BD%E6%94%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陶片追放">陶片追放</a>の創設など、民主制の基礎を確立した。更に紀元前462年、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ペリクレス">ペリクレス</a>等が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%91%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B9%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アレオパゴス会議">アレオパゴス会議</a>の権限を剥奪した。</p> <p>しかし<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ペルシア戦争">ペルシア戦争</a>後、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ソフィスト">ソフィスト</a>等の批判で市民裁判により<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ソクラテス">ソクラテス</a>が処刑されると、弟子の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プラトン">プラトン</a>は民主主義は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A1%86%E6%84%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="衆愚政治">衆愚政治</a>に陥る危険があると考え<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E4%BA%BA%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="哲人政治">哲人政治</a>を主張した。また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アリストテレス">アリストテレス</a>は六政体論を主張し、ポリテイア(国制)では「等しいものを等しく扱う」ことが正義の本質とし、市民間の平等と相互支配(政治的支配)を重視したが、主人の奴隷に対する支配(主人的支配)や親の子に対する支配(王政的支配)は擁護した<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p15-43_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep15-43-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。これに対して後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A2%E6%B4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ストア派">ストア派</a>は<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自然法">自然法</a></b>による奴隷を含めた全ての人間の平等を説いた<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p15-43_17-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep15-43-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>アテナイを含む古代ギリシア衰退後は、民主主義(大衆支配)は合理的な統治形態ではないと考える時代が長く続いた。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="古代ローマ"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3.E3.83.AD.E3.83.BC.E3.83.9E"></span>古代ローマ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 古代ローマ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Stemma_reggio_emilia_municipio.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Stemma_reggio_emilia_municipio.jpg/120px-Stemma_reggio_emilia_municipio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="783"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 78px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Stemma_reggio_emilia_municipio.jpg/120px-Stemma_reggio_emilia_municipio.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="78" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Stemma_reggio_emilia_municipio.jpg/180px-Stemma_reggio_emilia_municipio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Stemma_reggio_emilia_municipio.jpg/240px-Stemma_reggio_emilia_municipio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="レッジョ・エミリア">レッジョ・エミリア</a>にある<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SPQR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SPQR">SPQR</a>の紋章。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="共和制ローマ">共和制ローマ</a>の主権者である「元老院とローマの人民(市民)」を表す。 </figcaption> </figure> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共和政ローマ">共和政ローマ</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元老院">元老院</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民会 (ローマ)">民会 (ローマ)</a>」、および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="執政官">執政官</a>」を参照 </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代ローマ">古代ローマ</a>では、古代ギリシアで使われたデモクラシーという言葉は衆愚政治を意味すると考え使用しなかったが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共和制">共和制</a>移行後は貴族中心の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元老院">元老院</a>と平民の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民会 (ローマ)">民会</a>が意思決定機関となり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ローマ法">ローマ法</a>が整備され、王政復活や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="独裁">独裁</a>を防止するために<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="執政官">執政官</a>などの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%8B%99%E5%AE%98_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政務官 (ローマ)">政務官</a>は任期等が制限された。いわゆる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%94%BF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="帝政ローマ">帝政ローマ</a>への移行後も、名目上は共和制で、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ローマ皇帝">ローマ皇帝</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元首">元首</a>(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プリンケプス">プリンケプス</a>)であった。</p> <p>紀元前509年、古代ローマは王を追放し<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共和政ローマ">共和政ローマ</a>となったが、貴族と平民の身分闘争が続き、紀元前494年 平民を保護する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E6%B0%91%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="護民官">護民官</a>が創設されて拒否権が与えられ、紀元前287年 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ホルテンシウス法">ホルテンシウス法</a>で民会が独自の立法機関となったが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="グラックス兄弟">グラックス兄弟</a>などの改革は失敗した。また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ローマ市民権">ローマ市民権</a>は被征服民族などに拡大され、212年の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9%E5%8B%85%E4%BB%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アントニヌス勅令">アントニヌス勅令</a>で帝国内の全自由民(成人男性)に拡大された。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%83%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マルクス・トゥッリウス・キケロ">キケロ</a>は元老院(統治機関)、執政官(元首)、民会(議会)を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A8%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="権力分立">権力分立</a>と考えた。近代以降、元老院は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="上院">上院</a>、民会は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="下院">下院</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プリンケプス">プリンケプス</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元首">元首</a>となり、ローマ法はヨーロッパ法(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="普通法">普通法</a>、ユス・コムーネ)に影響を与えた。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="中世"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E4.B8.96"></span>中世</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 中世" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中世">中世</a>では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="ローマ教会">ローマ教会</a>など宗教的権威や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%A8%A9%E7%A5%9E%E6%8E%88%E8%AA%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王権神授説">王権神授説</a>など<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%B6%E5%AF%BE%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="絶対王政">絶対王政</a>が支配的となったが、ヨーロッパでは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="都市国家">都市国家</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代ローマ">古代ローマ</a>の影響、各地の商業都市発達などもあり、多様な場所や形態で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="選挙君主制">選挙君主制</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="議会">議会</a>、自治など民主的な概念や制度も存在した。古代からのものも含め、主な例には以下がある。</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="カトリック教会">カトリック教会</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="コンクラーヴェ">コンクラーヴェ</a>(教皇選挙)</li> <li>古代ゲルマン社会の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ディング">ディング</a></li> <li>中世<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イタリア">イタリア</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8D%E3%83%84%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヴェネツィア共和国">ヴェネツィア共和国</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジェノヴァ共和国">ジェノヴァ共和国</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84%E3%82%A7%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フィレンツェ共和国">フィレンツェ共和国</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%B5%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ピサ共和国">ピサ共和国</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ルッカ共和国">ルッカ共和国</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アマルフィ">アマルフィ</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="サンマリノ">サンマリノ</a>などの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="都市国家">都市国家</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="コムーネ">コムーネ</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="スイス">スイス</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E7%94%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="スイスの地方行政区画">各州(カントン)</a>(19世紀の連邦制移行迄は各州が主権国家)</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%88%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ポーランド・リトアニア共和国">ポーランド・リトアニア共和国</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国王自由選挙">国王自由選挙</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アイスランド">アイスランド</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アルシング">アルシング</a>(930年、世界初の近代議会)</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="神聖ローマ帝国">神聖ローマ帝国</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="帝国議会 (神聖ローマ帝国)">帝国議会</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イングランド王国">イングランド王国</a>の議会(1066年)</li> <li>日本の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="堺">堺</a>などの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由都市">自由都市</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="近代国家の成立と啓蒙思想"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E4.BB.A3.E5.9B.BD.E5.AE.B6.E3.81.AE.E6.88.90.E7.AB.8B.E3.81.A8.E5.95.93.E8.92.99.E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3"></span>近代国家の成立と啓蒙思想</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 近代国家の成立と啓蒙思想" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/130px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 87px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/130px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg" data-width="130" data-height="87" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/195px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/260px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1215%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1215年">1215年</a>に作られた、マグナ・カルタの認証付写本 </figcaption> </figure> <p>13世紀、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イングランド王国">イングランド王国</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マグナ・カルタ">マグナ・カルタ</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="スコットランド王国">スコットランド王国</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アーブロース宣言">アーブロース宣言</a>で王権の制限が定められた。16世紀以降、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%99%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャック=ベニーニュ・ボシュエ">ジャック=ベニーニュ・ボシュエ</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロバート・フィルマー">ロバート・フィルマー</a>が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%A8%A9%E7%A5%9E%E6%8E%88%E8%AA%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王権神授説">王権神授説</a>を唱えて政治権力の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="教会">教会</a>権力からの独立を宣言し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャン・ボダン">ジャン・ボダン</a>が「国家主権論」を唱え、1648年 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヴェストファーレン条約">ヴェストファーレン条約</a>により中世とは異なる近代的な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="主権国家">主権国家</a>が成立した<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>17世紀以降、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%95%93%E8%92%99%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="啓蒙思想">啓蒙思想</a>による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>が主張され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヴォルテール">ヴォルテール</a>は自由主義や人間の平等を主張した。17世紀、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清教徒革命">清教徒革命</a>でリヴェラベーズ(平等派)が「民主主義」の用語を使用して社会契約や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="普通選挙">普通選挙</a>を要求した。また人民主権の理論として社会契約論が唱えられた。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ホッブス">ホッブス</a>の社会契約論は、権力の正統性を神ではなく被支配者である人民に求めたが、国民による統治は構想しなかった。次に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジョン・ロック">ジョン・ロック</a>の社会契約論は、更に国民の抵抗権(革命権)を認め、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国の独立">アメリカ独立革命</a>に影響を与えた<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ジャン・ジャック・ルソー">ジャン・ジャック・ルソー</a>の社会契約論は、堕落した文明社会を変革する方法として人民が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%84%8F%E6%80%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="一般意思">一般意思</a>(公共我)を創出するとし、また代表制を批判し直接民主主義の理念を提示し<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、後のフランス革命に影響を与えた。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="モンテスキュー">モンテスキュー</a>はブルジョワジー、特に知識階級の自由を権力の専制からいかに保障するかを考え、権力分立の形態として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%A8%A9%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="三権分立">三権分立</a>を構想した<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="アメリカ独立革命"><span id=".E3.82.A2.E3.83.A1.E3.83.AA.E3.82.AB.E7.8B.AC.E7.AB.8B.E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD"></span>アメリカ独立革命</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: アメリカ独立革命" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Declaration_of_Independence_(1819),_by_John_Trumbull.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/200px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1970"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/200px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/300px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/400px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80_(%E7%B5%B5%E7%94%BB)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="独立宣言 (絵画)">独立宣言</a>』(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジョン・トランブル">ジョン・トランブル</a>画) </figcaption> </figure> <p>1775年、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ独立戦争">アメリカ独立革命</a>が発生した。北アメリカのイギリス植民地では、植民地への重税や植民地からの輸入規制等への不満から、ミルトン、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジェームズ・ハリントン">ハリントン</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジョン・ロック">ロック</a>の理論を学び、基本的人権と代表制(「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8F%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8E%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="代表なくして課税なし">代表なくして課税なし</a>」)を確立した。1776年 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="トーマス・ジェファーソン">トーマス・ジェファーソン</a>が起草した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ独立宣言">アメリカ独立宣言</a>では社会契約論、人民主権、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="抵抗権">抵抗権(革命権)</a>が明文の政治原理として採用された。各植民地は憲法制定など共和国としての制度を整え、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="タウンミーティング">タウンミーティング</a>など<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="直接民主主義">直接民主主義</a>の伝統が形成されていった。特に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ペンシルベニア州">ペンシルベニア</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="バージニア州">バージニア</a>等の共和国憲法は、人民の意思の反映、議会の優位を強く打ち出し、連邦の強化は専制に繋がるものとして警戒された<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽p68_22-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BDp68-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>独立戦争後の財政危機、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%94%A3%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="無産階級">無産階級</a>の台頭による政治不安の中、有産階級は各植民地共和国の独立・自治を見直し、強力な中央連邦政府の樹立へ向かった。1787年採択の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国憲法">アメリカ合衆国憲法</a>は、多数派の権力もまた警戒すべしとの考えから、権力分立の徹底と社会秩序の安定を重視し、議会の二院制、議会から独立した強力な大統領による行政権、立法に優位する司法権を確立した。この結果、ブルジョワジー中心の体制が確立した<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽p68_22-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BDp68-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。その後、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジェファーソン流民主主義">ジェファーソン流民主主義</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャクソン流民主主義">ジャクソン流民主主義</a>が2大潮流となり、また大衆社会による議会制度の形骸化を受けて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E3%81%AE%E6%A0%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="草の根民主主義">草の根民主主義</a>も提唱された。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> われわれは、以下の事実を自明のことと考えている。つまりすべての人は生まれながらにして平等であり、すべての人は神より侵されざるべき権利を与えられている、その権利には、生命、自由、そして幸福の追求が含まれている。その権利を保障するものとして、政府が国民のあいだに打ち立てられ、統治されるものの同意がその正当な力の根源となる。そしていかなる政府といえどもその目的に反するときには、その政府を変更したり、廃したりして、新しい政府を打ちたてる国民としての権利をもつ。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ独立宣言">アメリカ独立宣言</a> (1776年)</cite> </div> </blockquote> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> これまで英国の王が有していたすべての憲法の権威は、社会全体の共通の利益のため契約によって人民から由来し、人民が保持するものとなった。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="バージニア憲法">バージニア憲法</a> (1776年)</cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="フランス革命"><span id=".E3.83.95.E3.83.A9.E3.83.B3.E3.82.B9.E9.9D.A9.E5.91.BD"></span>フランス革命</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: フランス革命" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Constitution_de_1793._Page_4_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-10-4.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Constitution_de_1793._Page_4_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-10-4.jpg/120px-Constitution_de_1793._Page_4_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-10-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1843"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Constitution_de_1793._Page_4_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-10-4.jpg/120px-Constitution_de_1793._Page_4_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-10-4.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Constitution_de_1793._Page_4_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-10-4.jpg/180px-Constitution_de_1793._Page_4_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-10-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Constitution_de_1793._Page_4_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-10-4.jpg/240px-Constitution_de_1793._Page_4_-_Archives_Nationales_-_AE-I-10-4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1793%E5%B9%B4%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1793年憲法">フランス1793年憲法</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>1789年からの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フランス革命">フランス革命</a>では、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1791%E5%B9%B4%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1791年憲法">1791年憲法</a>で人民主権、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%84%8F%E6%80%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="一般意思">一般意思</a>、主権の分割譲渡不可が明記された。更に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1793%E5%B9%B4%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1793年憲法">1793年憲法</a>(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ジャコバン">ジャコバン</a>憲法)で、抵抗権、直接民主主義的要素などルソーの影響を強く受けた憲法が制定されたが、施行されずに終わった。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> <p>(人および市民の権利の宣言)</p> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>第1条 人間は、自由かつ権利において平等として生まれ、かつ生存する。(後略)</li> <li>第3条 すべての主権の根源は、本質的に国民にある。(後略)</li> <li>第6条 法律は一般意思の表明である。すべての市民は、個人的、または彼らの代表者によって、その作成に協力する権利を持つ。(後略)</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <p>(憲法<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</p> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>第11条 主権は1つで、分割できず、譲り渡すことができず、かつ時効にもかからない。<b>主権は国民に属する</b>。(後略)</li> <li>第56条 フランスには、法律の権威に優越する権利は存在しない。国王は、法律によってのみ統治し、かつ国王が服従を強要することができるのは、ただ法律の名においてのみである。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1791%E5%B9%B4%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1791年憲法">フランス1791年憲法</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </div> </blockquote> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> <p>(人間および市民の権利の宣言)</p> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>第33条 <b>圧政にたいする抵抗は、人間のほかの権利の当然の結果である。</b></li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <p>(憲法)</p> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>第7条 主権者人民は、フランス市民の総体である。</li> <li>第10条 主権者人民は、法律を審議する。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1793%E5%B9%B4%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1793年憲法">フランス1793年憲法</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="現代"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3"></span>現代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 現代" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png/220px-Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="561"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png/220px-Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png/330px-Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png/440px-Number_of_nations_1800-2003_scoring_8_or_higher_on_Polity_IV_scale.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Polity IV プロジェクトの評価で8点以上となった国の数(人口50万人以上)、1800年から2003年まで<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="普通選挙">普通選挙</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%82%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="女性参政権">女性参政権</a>」、および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%A8%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="公民権運動">公民権運動</a>」も参照 </div> <p>18世紀から20世紀にかけて、主要各国で男性普通選挙や、女性も含めた完全普通選挙が普及した。特に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="第一次世界大戦">第一次世界大戦</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="第二次世界大戦">第二次世界大戦</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B7%8F%E5%8A%9B%E6%88%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="総力戦">総力戦</a>となり女性の社会進出が進み、また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民族自決">民族自決</a>を掲げて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="植民地">植民地</a>の独立が続き、多数の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="主権国家">主権国家</a>が誕生した。</p> <p>19世紀以降、社会主義の潮流の中より、従来のブルジョワ民主主義を欺瞞として暴力革命を唱える<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共産主義">共産主義</a>(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マルクス・レーニン主義">マルクス・レーニン主義</a>)が登場すると、共産主義陣営は資本主義陣営を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="帝国主義">帝国主義</a>と批判し、資本主義陣営は共産主義陣営の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共産党">共産党</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="一党独裁">一党独裁</a>を批判した。更に第一次世界大戦後、イタリアでは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ファシズム">ファシズム</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ドイツ">ドイツ</a>では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%81%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ナチズム">ナチズム</a>が台頭し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国家主義">国家主義</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民族主義">民族主義</a>を掲げて民主主義を批判した。</p> <p>2007年、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E7%B7%8F%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国際連合総会">国際連合総会</a>は9月15日を「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国際民主主義デー">国際民主主義デー</a>」とし、すべての加盟国および団体に対して公的意識向上のための貢献を感謝する決議を行った<sup id="cite_ref-UN_ARES627_page3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UN_ARES627_page3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="日本の民主主義"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E3.81.AE.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>日本の民主主義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 日本の民主主義" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>日本の民主主義は幕末の「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%AD%B0%E8%BC%BF%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="公議輿論">公議輿論</a>」に始まり<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE文部省2020153_28-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020153-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、その理想の下に「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="公議政体論">公議政体</a>」を目指して立てられたのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="明治政府">明治政府</a>であり、その指導方針は慶応四年三月の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%AE%87%E6%9D%A1%E3%81%AE%E5%BE%A1%E8%AA%93%E6%96%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五箇条の御誓文">五箇条の御誓文</a>に掲げられた「広く会議を興し万機公論に決すべし」という原則に現れていた<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE文部省2020153_28-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020153-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 明治政府は公論の尊重と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%91%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="四民平等">四民平等</a>を二大方針とし、徳川時代の封建時代から民主主義的な時代へと前進した<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE文部省2020154_29-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020154-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Go_seimon_u.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Go_seimon_u.png/220px-Go_seimon_u.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="391"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 246px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Go_seimon_u.png/220px-Go_seimon_u.png" data-width="220" data-height="246" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Go_seimon_u.png/330px-Go_seimon_u.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Go_seimon_u.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 明治元年、京都御所紫宸殿にて<b>五箇条の御誓文</b>を神前に奉告した。 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%BE%B3%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E7%B5%B5%E7%94%BB%E9%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="聖徳記念絵画館">聖徳記念絵画館</a>蔵 </figcaption> </figure> <p>自由民権派による運動(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E6%A8%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由民権運動">自由民権運動</a>)を経て、明治政府は五箇条の御誓文の精神に基づき、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大日本帝国憲法">大日本帝国憲法</a>」を明治22(1889)年に発布し、明治23(1890)年には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="帝国議会">帝国議会</a>を開催した<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE文部省2020154-161_30-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020154-161-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>明治31(1898)年には憲政党の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9A%88%E9%87%8D%E4%BF%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大隈重信">大隈重信</a>を総理大臣とする<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E5%86%85%E9%96%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政党内閣">政党内閣</a>が成立し<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE文部省2020169_31-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020169-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、 大正七(1918)年には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="平民">平民</a>出身の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%95%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="原敬">原敬</a>を首班とする政党内閣が実現し<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE文部省2020170_32-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020170-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、大正14(1925)年には25歳以上の男子全員に選挙権を認める<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="普通選挙">普通選挙</a>が成立した<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE文部省2020171_33-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020171-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 しかし、政党間の争いが激しくなり政党政治が腐敗したことと<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="左翼思想">左翼思想</a>が台頭してきたことにより、軍部が力を持つようになったこと、「問答無用」の暴力行為が相次ぎ日本の民主主義は衰退に向かった<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE文部省2020172-176_34-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020172-176-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>昭和七(1931)年には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E9%A4%8A%E6%AF%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="犬養毅">犬養毅</a>首相が海軍青年将校に暗殺されるというテロが発生し(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%94%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五・一五事件">五・一五事件</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE文部省2020176_35-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020176-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、昭和11(1936)年には陸軍青年将校らが主要閣僚を襲撃し、内大臣<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%8E%E8%97%A4%E5%AE%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="斎藤実">斎藤実</a>、大蔵大臣<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A9%8B%E6%98%AF%E6%B8%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高橋是清">高橋是清</a>が暗殺される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E3%83%BB%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%AD%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二・二六事件">二・二六事件</a>が発生し<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE文部省2020176-177_36-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020176-177-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、昭和12(1937)年に日華事変(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%AD%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="日中戦争">日中戦争</a>)が始まると、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E9%96%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="軍閥">軍閥</a>が政治を掌握し、独裁的な制度を確立し、政党も議会も無力となった。戦争は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太平洋戦争">太平洋戦争</a>にまで拡大され日本は滅亡のふちにまで追い込まれた<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE文部省2020177_37-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020177-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>終戦後、明治憲法はある点までは民主的な政治を行い得たが、民主主義的に様々な問題を含んでいたために、これを根本的に改正するとし、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="連合国 (第二次世界大戦)">連合国</a>の占領下の昭和21(1946)年に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="日本国憲法">日本国憲法</a>が公布され、翌昭和22(1947)年の5月3日に施行された<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE文部省2020180-181_38-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020180-181-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p><br></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="思想"><span id=".E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3"></span>思想</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 思想" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>民主主義に関する思想、見解、発言には多数のものがあるが、世界的に著名なものには以下がある。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="デマラトス"><span id=".E3.83.87.E3.83.9E.E3.83.A9.E3.83.88.E3.82.B9"></span>デマラトス</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: デマラトス" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D5%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前5世紀">紀元前5世紀</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ペルシア戦争">ペルシア戦争</a>の際、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B1%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アケメネス朝">ペルシャ</a>大王の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B91%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="クセルクセス1世">クセルクセス1世</a>と、ペルシャに亡命中の元<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="スパルタ">スパルタ</a>王の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="デマラトス">デマラトス</a>の対話より。当時は一般的な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%82%E5%88%B6%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="専制政治">専制政治</a>のペルシャ王は統治の基本原則は恐怖であり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由">自由</a>とは放任状態で統制のとれない状態と考えるが、例外的に<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ノモス">法(ノモス)</a></b>の権威の下に団結して<b>自由</b>を唱える市民団からなる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ポリス">ポリス</a>では、法の下での平等な関係を踏まえた自治があり、言論が人を動かす道具で、ポリスの自由により市民が政治に参加できていた<sup id="cite_ref-佐々木p15-25_39-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8p15-25-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> (クセルクセス1世)デマラトスよ、一千の兵がこれほどの大軍を相手に戦うなど、そなたは何という笑止なことを申すのか。(中略)それたの者たちが一人の指揮者の采配の元にあるのではなく、ことごとくが一様に自由であるとするならば、どうしてこれほどの大軍に向かって対抗し得ようか。(中略)一人の統率下にあれば、指揮官を恐れる心から実力以上の力も出そうし、鞭に脅かされて寡勢を顧みず大軍に向かって突撃もしよう。しかしながら自由に放任しておけば、そのいずれもするはずがなかろう。<br> (デマラトス)彼らは自由であるとはいえ、いかなる点においても自由であると申すのではありません。彼らは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ノモス">法(ノモス)</a>と申す主君を頂いておりまして、彼らがこれを怖れることは、殿のご家来が殿を怖れるどころではないのでございます。いずれにせよ彼らはこの主君の命じるままに行動いたしますが、この主君の命じますことは常に一つ、すなわちいかなる大軍を迎えても決して敵に後ろを見せることを許さず、あくまでも己の部署にふみとどまって敵を制するか自ら討たれるかせよ、ということでございます。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AD%E3%83%89%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヘロドトス">ヘロドトス</a>「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2_(%E3%83%98%E3%83%AD%E3%83%89%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="歴史 (ヘロドトス)">歴史</a>」<sup id="cite_ref-佐々木p15-25_39-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8p15-25-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ペリクレス"><span id=".E3.83.9A.E3.83.AA.E3.82.AF.E3.83.AC.E3.82.B9"></span>ペリクレス</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ペリクレス" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg/120px-Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1970"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 182px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg/120px-Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="182" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg/180px-Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg/240px-Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ペリクレス">ペリクレス</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D5%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前5世紀">紀元前5世紀</a>、古代<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アテナイ">アテナイ</a>の指導者<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ペリクレス">ペリクレス</a>による葬送演説より。多数者の<b>公平</b>、<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%AE%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="法の下の平等">法的平等</a></b>、私生活の自由、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E3%81%AE%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="法の支配">法の支配</a>などをポリスの理想と主張した。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> われらの政体は他国の制度を追従するものではない。ひとの理想を追うのではなく、ひとをしてわが範を習わしめるものである。その名は、少数者の独占を排し多数者の公平を守ることを旨として、<b>民主政治</b>と呼ばれる。わが国においては、個人間に紛争が生ずれば、法律の定めによってすべての人に平等な発言が認められる。だが一個人が才能の秀でていることが世に分かれば、無分別なる平等の理を排し世人の認めるその人の能力に応じて、公の高い地位を授けられる。またたとえ貧窮に身を起こそうとも、ポリスに益をなす力を持つ人ならば、貧しさゆえに道を閉ざされることはない。われらはあくまで自由に公に尽くす道を持ち、また日々互いに猜疑の目を恐れることなく自由な生活を享受している。(中略)私の生活においてわれらは互いに掣肘を加えることはしない、だが事公に関するときは、法を犯す振る舞いを深く恥じおそれる。時の政治をあずかるものに従い、法を敬い、とくに侵された者を救う掟と、万人に廉恥の心を呼ぶさます不文の掟とを、熱く尊ぶことを忘れない。<br> まとめて言えば、我等のポリス全体はギリシア人が追うべき理想の顕現であり、われら一人一人の市民は、人生の広い諸活動に通暁し、自由人の品位を持し、己の治世の円熟を期することができると思う。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%AD%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="トゥキディデス">トゥキディデス</a>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E5%8F%B2_(%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%AD%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="戦史 (トゥキディデス)">戦史</a>』<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="プラトン"><span id=".E3.83.97.E3.83.A9.E3.83.88.E3.83.B3"></span>プラトン</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: プラトン" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D4%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前4世紀">紀元前4世紀</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プラトン">プラトン</a>は著作『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6_(%E5%AF%BE%E8%A9%B1%E7%AF%87)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国家 (対話篇)">国家</a>』で、国家の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E9%A0%AD%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="寡頭制">寡頭制</a>の次の段階は民主制だが、行き過ぎた自由により崩壊して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%83%AD%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="僭主制">僭主制</a>になるとし、理想を「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E4%BA%BA%E7%8E%8B_(%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="哲人王 (プラトン)">哲人政治</a>」と記した<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。自由の風潮がその極みに至ると無政府状態がはびこり、民衆指導者の中から独裁者が生まれる<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> (民主制国家の)人々は自由であり、その国家は行動の自由と言論の自由に満ちている。そこでは何人(なんぴと)も、自分のしたい放題のことをすることが許されている、ということになるのではないか。(中略)あまりに行き過ぎた自由は、個人と国家を問わず、行き過ぎた隷属以外のどこへも変化しない。僭主制とは、民主制以外の国制から生まれてくるものではないようだ。思うに、極端な自由から、最も大きく最も激しい隷属があらわれてくるようだ。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プラトン">プラトン</a>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6_(%E5%AF%BE%E8%A9%B1%E7%AF%87)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国家 (対話篇)">国家</a>』第八巻<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="アリストテレス"><span id=".E3.82.A2.E3.83.AA.E3.82.B9.E3.83.88.E3.83.86.E3.83.AC.E3.82.B9"></span>アリストテレス</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: アリストテレス" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/120px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/120px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/180px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/240px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アリストテレス">アリストテレス</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D4%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紀元前4世紀">紀元前4世紀</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アリストテレス">アリストテレス</a>は著作『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政治学 (アリストテレス)">政治学</a>』で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政治体制">政治体制</a>を支配者の数と、共通の利益にかなうかどうかで6政体に分類した<sup id="cite_ref-佐々木p31-36_43-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8p31-36-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。アリストテレスは現実に最善な政体はポリティア(ポリスの国制)と考え、それは寡頭政と民主政を混合したもので、富者と貧者の対立調停を主眼に置いて選挙と抽選を併用し、また支配と服従の両方を経験した中間階層の役割が安定の基礎と説いた<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p15-22_44-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep15-22-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他方で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a>は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="自由人">自由人</a>の生まれで財産の無い者が多数であって支配者である」政体だが、「悪い政体」の中では「最も悪くないもの」で、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a>では法の支配が確保されるために<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民会">民会</a>は例外的にのみ開かれることが大事で、民衆が農民ならば権利はあっても政治に参加する閑暇が無いため<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a>は穏健なものとなるが、民衆が職人・商人・日雇いから成る場合は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a>は極端な形態に陥りやすい、と記した<sup id="cite_ref-佐々木p31-36_43-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8p31-36-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。また民主政治の前提条件に「自由」、「政権や権力の交代」、「平等」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B0%E6%B1%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="多数決">多数決</a>原理」などを挙げた<sup id="cite_ref-野上p148-150_45-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8Ap148-150-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <dl> <dd> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%;"> <caption> アリストテレスの六政体論 <sup id="cite_ref-宇野p15-22_44-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep15-22-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th>一人による支配</th> <th>少数者による支配</th> <th>多数者による支配<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> </tr> <tr> <th>共通の利益にかなう(良い)政体</th> <td>バシレイア(basileia <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="君主制">王政</a>)</td> <td>アリストクラティア(aristokratia <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貴族制">貴族政</a>)</td> <td>ポリテイア(politeia ポリスの国制、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共和制">共和制</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th>共通の利益にかなわない(悪い)政体</th> <td>テュランニス(tyrannis <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%83%AD%E4%B8%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="僭主">僭主政</a>)</td> <td>オリガルキア(oligarchia <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E9%A0%AD%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="寡頭制">寡頭政</a>)</td> <td>デモクラティア(demokratia <b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a></b>)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> </dl> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> 民主制的国制の根本原理は自由である。そして自由の一つは順番に支配されたり、支配することである。というのは民主制的「正」は、人の値打ちに応じてではなくて、人の数に応じて等しきものを持つことであるが、(中略)大衆は必然的に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="主権">主権</a>者であり、また何事によらず、より多数の者が決定することが最終的なものであり、またそれが正しいことである。(中略)次のようなことが民主制的なことである - すなわちすべての人々がもろもろの役人をすべての人から選挙すること、すべての人々が一方において個々の人を支配し、他方において個々の人が順番にすべての人を支配すること、もろもろの役は財産を全然その資格としないこと、あるいはできるだけ小額を資格とすること、同一人がどんな役にも二度と就かないこと...(中略)貧乏な人々が裕福な人々よりも少しも多く支配に与らないこと、あるいはただ貧乏人だけ主権者であることなく、すべての人々が数に応じて等しくそうであることが、(中略)そうであってこそ国制には平等と自由が存在すると人々は信ずるだろうからである。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アリストテレス">アリストテレス</a>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政治学 (アリストテレス)">政治学</a>』第6章<sup id="cite_ref-野上p148-150_45-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8Ap148-150-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </div> </blockquote> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> 国家共同体でも中間的な人々によって支配されているものが最善であり、(中略)未熟粗暴な民主制からも寡頭制からも独裁制は生じてくるものであるが、中間的な国制やそれにちかいものから生じることははるかに少ない。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アリストテレス">アリストテレス</a>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政治学 (アリストテレス)">政治学</a>』第4巻 第11章<sup id="cite_ref-野上p131-132_47-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8Ap131-132-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ポリュビオス"><span id=".E3.83.9D.E3.83.AA.E3.83.A5.E3.83.93.E3.82.AA.E3.82.B9"></span>ポリュビオス</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ポリュビオス" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%93%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ポリュビオス">ポリュビオス</a>は『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2_(%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%93%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="歴史 (ポリュビオス)">歴史</a>』を執筆し、ローマが短期間に覇権を確立した理由を分析した。王政・貴族政・民主政は、長く続くと腐敗や制度老朽化によりそれぞれ僭主政・寡頭政・衆愚政へ堕落し、僭主政は貴族により打倒され、衆愚政は独裁者を招き寄せるため、この六政体は永遠に循環する(政体循環論)。しかしローマ人は、単一の原理に基づく限りいかなる国制も衰えると考え、執政官・元老院・民会の三機関にそれぞれ王政的要素・貴族政的要素・民主政的要素を担わせた政治体制を構築することで政治の安定を実現した、と考えた。アリストテレスは富者と貧者の均衡を重視して寡頭政と民主政を混合させた国制(ポリテイア)を構想したが、ポリュビオスは諸機関の均衡を強調した。この混合政体論(<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A8%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="権力分立">権力分立論</a></b>)は以後の政治論の重要なモデルとなった<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p28-29_16-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep28-29-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="キケロ"><span id=".E3.82.AD.E3.82.B1.E3.83.AD"></span>キケロ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: キケロ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG/120px-Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1636"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG/120px-Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG" data-width="120" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG/180px-Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG/240px-Cicero_-_Musei_Capitolini.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%83%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マルクス・トゥッリウス・キケロ">マルクス・トゥッリウス・キケロ</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>紀元前1世紀、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共和政ローマ">共和政ローマ</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%83%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マルクス・トゥッリウス・キケロ">マルクス・トゥッリウス・キケロ</a>は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ガイウス・ユリウス・カエサル">カエサル</a>による独裁を警戒し、法治理念を中心とした共和制を目指した。キケロは著作『法律』で、失われつつある共和制の理念を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A2%E6%B4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ストア派">ストア派</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自然法">自然法</a>思想によって補強し、個々の国家ではなく全人類を包括する理性の共同体こそが法や社会の基盤となると説いた<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p32-36_48-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep32-36-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。市民の直接的な政治参加を重視したギリシアのデモクラシーに対し、共和制ローマにおける法を通じての社会参加を示した<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p32-36_48-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep32-36-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="マキャヴェッリ"><span id=".E3.83.9E.E3.82.AD.E3.83.A3.E3.83.B4.E3.82.A7.E3.83.83.E3.83.AA"></span>マキャヴェッリ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: マキャヴェッリ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16世紀">16世紀</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ニッコロ・マキャヴェッリ">ニッコロ・マキャヴェッリ</a>は著作『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="君主論">君主論</a>』で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%AE%9F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="現実主義">現実主義</a>的な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="政治理論">政治理論</a>を主張した。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> 大衆は常に、外見だけを見て、また出来事の結果だけで判断してしまうものだ。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ニッコロ・マキャヴェッリ">ニッコロ・マキャヴェッリ</a>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="君主論">君主論</a>』第18章<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ホッブズ"><span id=".E3.83.9B.E3.83.83.E3.83.96.E3.82.BA"></span>ホッブズ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ホッブズ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Thomas_Hobbes_(portrait).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg/120px-Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="1169"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg/120px-Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg/180px-Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg/240px-Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%96%E3%82%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="トマス・ホッブズ">トマス・ホッブズ</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17世紀">17世紀</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清教徒革命">清教徒革命</a>の時代に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%96%E3%82%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="トマス・ホッブズ">トマス・ホッブズ</a>は従来の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%A8%A9%E7%A5%9E%E6%8E%88%E8%AA%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王権神授説">王権神授説</a>に対して<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="社会契約">社会契約論</a></b>を唱え、権力の正統性を人民に求めた。ホッブスは著作『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3_(%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%96%E3%82%BA)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="リヴァイアサン (ホッブズ)">リヴァイアサン</a>』で「人間の人間としての権利」として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自然権">自然権</a>を主張し、全ての人間は生まれながらにして自由平等だが、自然状態は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AB%E5%AF%BE%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E9%97%98%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="万人の万人に対する闘争">万人の万人に対する闘争</a>のため、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E3%81%AE%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="法の支配">法の支配</a>を実現するために支配服従契約を結んだと主張し、後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="基本的人権">基本的人権</a>に繋がった<sup id="cite_ref-佐々木P40_50-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8P40-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。ただしホッブスは、各個人は自然権行使権の全てを放棄して国家主権者(国王)に委ねたとし、契約により成立した国家への<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="抵抗権">抵抗権</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="参政権">参政権</a>は否定した<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> 自然権とは、各人が、彼自身の自然すなわち彼自身の生命を維持するために、彼自身の欲するままに彼自身の力を用いるという、各人の自由である。従って、かれ自身の判断と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="理性">理性</a>において、そのために最も適当と思われるあらゆる事を、行う自由である。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%96%E3%82%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="トマス・ホッブズ">トマス・ホッブズ</a>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3_(%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%96%E3%82%BA)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="リヴァイアサン (ホッブズ)">リヴァイアサン</a>』第14章<sup id="cite_ref-佐々木P40_50-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8P40-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ロック"><span id=".E3.83.AD.E3.83.83.E3.82.AF"></span>ロック</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ロック" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Locke-John-LOC.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Locke-John-LOC.jpg/120px-Locke-John-LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1140"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Locke-John-LOC.jpg/120px-Locke-John-LOC.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Locke-John-LOC.jpg/180px-Locke-John-LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Locke-John-LOC.jpg/240px-Locke-John-LOC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジョン・ロック">ジョン・ロック</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17世紀">17世紀</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%AA%89%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="名誉革命">名誉革命</a>時代に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジョン・ロック">ジョン・ロック</a>は著作『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%8C%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="統治二論">統治二論</a>』等で、人間は自然権を持つが、社会の秩序を守るために国民の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E8%A8%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="信託">信託</a>により<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政府">政府</a>を設立したのであり、仮に政府が国民の意思に反する場合には<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="抵抗権">抵抗権(革命権)</a></b>を行使して政府を変えることを可能とした<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。ロックは人間は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="理性">理性</a>により<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自然法">自然法</a>に従って生きることが可能であり、社会契約により自然権の一部(解釈権)を国家に委ねたが、それ以外の自然権は留保しており、公権力が私人の生命・自由・財産を侵害する場合には統治契約違反として抵抗して戦う権利を肯定した<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-3_53-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジェームズ・ハリントン">ハリントン</a>の提唱した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A8%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="権力分立">権力分立</a>制を発展させ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="立法">立法</a>権と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="行政">行政</a>権を分離し、立法権を有する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="国会">国会</a>が最高権を有すると主張し、イギリスで伝統的に形成されてきた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="立憲主義">立憲主義</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A8%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="権力分立">権力分立</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="議会主義">議会主義</a>を社会契約論から理論づけた<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-3_53-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ルソー"><span id=".E3.83.AB.E3.82.BD.E3.83.BC"></span>ルソー</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ルソー" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_(painted_portrait).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/120px-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="2016"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/120px-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/180px-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg/240px-Jean-Jacques_Rousseau_%28painted_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャン=ジャック・ルソー">ジャン=ジャック・ルソー</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18世紀">18世紀</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャン=ジャック・ルソー">ジャン=ジャック・ルソー</a>は著作『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="人間不平等起源論">人間不平等起源論</a>』、『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB_(%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="エミール (ルソー)">エミール (ルソー)</a>』、『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="社会契約論">社会契約論</a>』などで、人間は生来自由であるが、社会秩序のために社会契約を結んで国家成立したため、その政府は人民の<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%84%8F%E6%80%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="一般意思">一般意思</a></b>に従う必要があるとした。一般意思とは「ただ共通の利益だけを考慮する」もので、特殊意思の総和である全体意思とは異なり、「常に公明正大であり、公共的な功利に向かっている」ものとした<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="主権">主権</a>は一般意思の行使であり、譲渡や分割や、一般意思からの逸脱はできない。ルソーは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="主権">主権者</a>である人民は立法権を行使し続けるべきと主張し、代表者(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E5%93%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="議員">議員</a>)という発想を、中世以来の政治的堕落の産物として批判した<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-4_55-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。また、すべての政体には特色と欠点があるが、最低限執行権と立法権の分離が必要で、定期的集会により政府の形態や執行者について投票で決めるべきとした<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。ルソーの社会契約論はホッブスやロックとは大幅に異なり、ギリシャのポリスを理想とし、社会契約による変革が不可能な時は天才的立法者の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="独裁">独裁</a>による一般意思の強制的創出をも提唱しているが、代表制の欺瞞を指摘し<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="直接民主主義">直接民主主義</a></b>の理念を提示した<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-5_57-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-5-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> 人間は生まれながらにして自由であるが、しかしいたるところで鉄鎖につながれている。あるものは他人の主人と信じているが、事実は彼ら以上に奴隷である。国家的秩序は神聖な権利で、他のあらゆる権利の基礎をなしている。それにもかかわらず、この権利は自然から由来するものでなく、したがっていくつかの合意にもとづくものである。(中略)最強者であっても、自己の力を権利に、彼に対する服従を義務に変えなかったならば、いつでも支配者でいられるほど強力なわけではない。(中略)自己保存のためには、力を集合して力の総和をつくって、障害の抵抗を克服できるようにし、ただ一つの原動力でこれらの力を動かし、そろって作用させるよりほかに方法はない。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャン=ジャック・ルソー">ジャン=ジャック・ルソー</a>『社会契約論』第1編<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </div> </blockquote> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> (イギリス人は)自らが自由だと思っているが、それは大間違いだ。彼らが自由なのは、議員を選挙する間だけのことで、議員が選ばれるや否や、彼らは奴隷となる。(中略)主権が譲り渡すことができないと同じ理由で、主権は代表されることはできない。それは本質的に一般意思に存する。そして意思は代表されない。意思は自分のものか、あるいは他人のものである。その中間はない。それゆえに、人民の代議士は一般意思を代表しているものでもないし、代表することもできない。彼らはその用達人でしかない。彼らは決定的に何ものも決めることはできない。人民が誰も批准しなかった一切の法律は無効である。それは法律ではない。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — ジャン=ジャック・ルソー<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-4_55-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="モンテスキュー"><span id=".E3.83.A2.E3.83.B3.E3.83.86.E3.82.B9.E3.82.AD.E3.83.A5.E3.83.BC"></span>モンテスキュー</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: モンテスキュー" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Montesquieu_1.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Montesquieu_1.png/120px-Montesquieu_1.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="1447"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Montesquieu_1.png/120px-Montesquieu_1.png" data-width="120" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Montesquieu_1.png/180px-Montesquieu_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Montesquieu_1.png/240px-Montesquieu_1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="シャルル・ド・モンテスキュー">シャルル・ド・モンテスキュー</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18世紀">18世紀</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="シャルル・ド・モンテスキュー">シャルル・ド・モンテスキュー</a>は多くの統治制度を比較研究し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ブルジョワジー">ブルジョワジー</a>特に知識階級の自由を権力の専制から保障するために立法・行政・司法を同一人物または団体に独占させない権力分立(<b>三権分立</b>)を構想した。更に立法を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B6%E6%B0%91%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="庶民院">庶民院</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="貴族院">貴族院</a>に分け、行政は国王が担い、司法は恣意を排した純粋に理論的操作であり権力性は無いと考えたため、庶民院・貴族院・君主の三権に当時のブルジョワジー・貴族階級・絶対王権の三階級が対応した<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-5_57-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-5-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="リンカーン"><span id=".E3.83.AA.E3.83.B3.E3.82.AB.E3.83.BC.E3.83.B3"></span>リンカーン</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: リンカーン" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Abraham_Lincoln_November_1863.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Abraham_Lincoln_November_1863.jpg/120px-Abraham_Lincoln_November_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1644"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Abraham_Lincoln_November_1863.jpg/120px-Abraham_Lincoln_November_1863.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Abraham_Lincoln_November_1863.jpg/180px-Abraham_Lincoln_November_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Abraham_Lincoln_November_1863.jpg/240px-Abraham_Lincoln_November_1863.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="エイブラハム・リンカーン">エイブラハム・リンカーン</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="エイブラハム・リンカーン">エイブラハム・リンカーン</a>は1863年の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E6%BC%94%E8%AA%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ゲティスバーグ演説">ゲティスバーグ演説</a>で有名な以下の演説を行った。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> これらの勇敢な父祖たちの死を無駄にしないために、神のもとで新しい自由を生み出し、そして、<b>人民の人民による人民のための政治・統治</b>がこの地上から失われてしまわないよう高らかに決意しなければならない。 <cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="エイブラハム・リンカーン">エイブラハム・リンカーン</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ベンサム"><span id=".E3.83.99.E3.83.B3.E3.82.B5.E3.83.A0"></span>ベンサム</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ベンサム" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>18世紀後半から19世紀前半にかけて、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジェレミ・ベンサム">ジェレミ・ベンサム</a>は自然権や社会契約などの抽象的理論を斥け、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="功利主義">功利主義</a>の立場から政治の目標を「<b>最大多数の最大幸福</b>」に置き、国家は個人の安全に必要な限度で存在すべき<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E6%82%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="必要悪">必要悪</a>として、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="普通選挙">男子普通選挙</a>などを提案した<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ミル"><span id=".E3.83.9F.E3.83.AB"></span>ミル</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ミル" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19世紀">19世紀</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジョン・スチュアート・ミル">ジョン・スチュアート・ミル</a>は、ベンサムと同じく功利主義に立ったが個人の精神的自由を重視し、少数者の自由を抑圧する<b>多数者による専制</b>に危惧を抱き、教養ある人々に複数の投票権を与える不平等選挙や、少数者も代表を選出しうる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="比例代表制">比例代表制</a>を提案した<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="トクヴィル"><span id=".E3.83.88.E3.82.AF.E3.83.B4.E3.82.A3.E3.83.AB"></span>トクヴィル</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: トクヴィル" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg/120px-Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg/120px-Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg/180px-Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg/240px-Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AF%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アレクシ・ド・トクヴィル">アレクシ・ド・トクヴィル</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19世紀">19世紀</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AF%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アレクシ・ド・トクヴィル">アレクシ・ド・トクヴィル</a>は、自由主義的政治家として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="社会主義">社会主義</a>や急進的共和主義に反対し、著作『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%81%AE%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカのデモクラシー">アメリカのデモクラシー</a>』で民主政治の平等性を評価する半面、個人の平等化が集団的匿名的専制主義につながるという<b>大衆デモクラシー</b>の傾向を指摘した<sup id="cite_ref-野上p55-58_61-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8Ap55-58-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> 合衆国においては誰でも法に遵う(したがう)ことに一種の個人的利益を見出しているという事実がある。今日、多数(派)に属さない人も、おそらく明日にはその列にあるだろうという期待があるからである。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AF%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アレクシ・ド・トクヴィル">アレクシ・ド・トクヴィル</a>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%81%AE%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカのデモクラシー">アメリカのデモクラシー</a>』第6章<sup id="cite_ref-野上p95_62-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8Ap95-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</cite> </div> </blockquote> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> (アメリカ合衆国では)多数が疑念を抱いている限り議論があるが、しかしいったん断固として多数が意見を表明すれば、各人は沈黙する。(中略)(アメリカを支配する力は)僅かの非難にさえ傷つき、少しでも痛いところをつかれると猛り立つ。(中略)多数は常に自讃の中に生きている。(中略)精神の自由がアメリカにはないからである。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AF%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アレクシ・ド・トクヴィル">アレクシ・ド・トクヴィル</a>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%81%AE%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカのデモクラシー">アメリカのデモクラシー</a>』第7章<sup id="cite_ref-野上p55-58_61-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8Ap55-58-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ジェファーソン"><span id=".E3.82.B8.E3.82.A7.E3.83.95.E3.82.A1.E3.83.BC.E3.82.BD.E3.83.B3"></span>ジェファーソン</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ジェファーソン" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジェファーソン流民主主義">ジェファーソン流民主主義</a>」を参照 </div> <p>第3代<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国大統領">アメリカ合衆国大統領</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="トーマス・ジェファーソン">トーマス・ジェファーソン</a>は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共和制">共和制</a>を発展させ、民主主義と政治的機会の平等を唱え、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%A8%A9%E9%99%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="州の権限">州の権限</a>を重視して連邦政府の権限制限に賛成した。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> われわれの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%89%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="選良">選良</a>を信頼して、われわれの権利の安全に対する懸念を忘れるようなことがあれば、それは危険な考え違いである。信頼はいつも専制の親である。自由な政府は、信頼ではなく、猜疑にもとづいて建設せられる。われわれが権力を信託するを要する人々を、制限政体によって拘束するのは、信頼ではなく猜疑に由来するのである。われわれ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国憲法">連邦憲法</a>は、したがって、われわれの信頼の限界を確定したものにすぎない。権力に関する場合は、それゆえ、人に対する信頼に耳をかさず、憲法の鎖によって、非行を行わぬように拘束する必要がある。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%83%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E5%B7%9E%E3%81%8A%E3%82%88%E3%81%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ケンタッキー州およびバージニア州決議">ケンタッキー州およびバージニア州決議</a>、1776年</cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="レーニン"><span id=".E3.83.AC.E3.83.BC.E3.83.8B.E3.83.B3"></span>レーニン</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: レーニン" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マルクス主義">マルクス主義</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="レーニン主義">レーニン主義</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マルクス・レーニン主義">マルクス・レーニン主義</a>」、および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プロレタリア独裁">プロレタリア独裁</a>」を参照 </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウラジーミル・レーニン">ウラジーミル・レーニン</a>は、著作『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国家と革命">国家と革命</a>』で、国家は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E5%AF%BE%E7%AB%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="階級対立">階級対立</a>とともに発生した支配階級の被支配階級抑圧のための機関で、ブルジョワ議会主義などの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="小ブルジョア">小ブルジョア</a>民主主義は欺瞞であり、社会主義の実現のためにはブルジョア国家を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="暴力革命">暴力革命</a>によって粉砕して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プロレタリア独裁">プロレタリア独裁</a>を行う必要があり、その後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="社会主義国">社会主義国家</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="コミューン">コミューン</a>型国家で、そのもとで民主主義はいっそう発展し、更に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共産主義">共産主義</a>社会への移行とともに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%AD%BB%E6%BB%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国家死滅">国家は死滅する</a>と主張した<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> <ul> <li>支配階級のどの成員が議会で人民を抑圧し、蹂躙するかを、数年にただ一度決めること - この点に議会制立憲国をはじめ最も民主的な共和国においてもブルジョア議会主義の真の本質がある。(中略)議会制度からの活路は、もちろん、代議機関と選挙制の廃棄にあるのではなく、代議機関をおしゃべり小屋から「行動的」団体へ転化することにある。「コンミューンは、議会ふうの団体ではなくて、執行府であると同時に立法府でもある行動的」団体でなければならなかった。<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>(国家が社会の名において<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A3%E6%89%8B%E6%AE%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="生産手段">生産手段</a>を掌握した後の、すなわち<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主義革命">社会主義革命</a>後の時代では)この時期の「国家」の政治形態がもっとも完全な民主主義であることを、われわれはみな知っている。(中略)民主主義もまた国家であり、したがって、国家が死滅するときには民主主義もまた消滅する。(中略)あらゆる国家は、被抑圧階級を「抑圧するための特殊な力」である。だから、あらゆる国家は不自由で、非人民的である<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウラジーミル・レーニン">ウラジーミル・レーニン</a>『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国家と革命">国家と革命</a>』</cite></li> </ul> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ムッソリーニ"><span id=".E3.83.A0.E3.83.83.E3.82.BD.E3.83.AA.E3.83.BC.E3.83.8B"></span>ムッソリーニ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ムッソリーニ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%83%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ベニート・ムッソリーニ">ベニート・ムッソリーニ</a>は自由主義と社会主義の両方を批判し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ファシズム">ファシズム</a>を提唱した。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> 民主主義は理論上は美しく、実践上は誤り。諸君はいつかそのようなアメリカの姿を見るだろう。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%83%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ベニート・ムッソリーニ">ベニート・ムッソリーニ</a> - 1928年</cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ヒトラー"><span id=".E3.83.92.E3.83.88.E3.83.A9.E3.83.BC"></span>ヒトラー</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ヒトラー" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アドルフ・ヒトラー">アドルフ・ヒトラー</a>は著書『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%91%E3%81%8C%E9%97%98%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="我が闘争">我が闘争</a>』で、大衆は理性的ではなく、効果的な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%91%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プロパガンダ">プロパガンダ</a>によって操作できる存在で、議会制民主主義は欺瞞であり、ドイツには<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%B0%8E%E8%80%85%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="指導者原理">指導者原理</a>による指導者が必要と主張した。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%81%E5%85%9A%E3%81%AE%E6%A8%A9%E5%8A%9B%E6%8E%8C%E6%8F%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ナチ党の権力掌握">権力掌握</a>後は独裁を行い、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国民投票">国民投票</a>による事後承認を多用した。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> 大衆の圧倒的多数は、冷静な熟慮でなく、むしろ感情的な感覚で考えや行動を決めるという、女性的な素質と態度の持ち主である。だが、この感情は複雑なものではなく、非常に単純で閉鎖的なものなのだ。そこには、物事の差異を識別するのではなく、肯定か否定か、愛か憎しみか、正義か悪か、真実か嘘かだけが存在するのであり、半分は正しく、半分は違うなどということは決してあり得ないのである。 <cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アドルフ・ヒトラー">アドルフ・ヒトラー</a>『我が闘争』</cite> </div> </blockquote> <p><br></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="制度"><span id=".E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6"></span>制度</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 制度" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>少数者支配の集団では制度は支配者の効率や都合次第でも良いが、多数者支配である民主主義では多数者による支配(意思決定)を実現し、独裁や専制の発生を抑止するための制度が必要となるため、歴史的にも多数の理念・制度・議論が存在している。近代国家の政治制度論は近代政治思想の影響を受けて、国民の自由を妨げないための相互牽制(権力分立)、国民のための機関であるという正統性、国民の統合などを目指しているが、具体的な制度は必ずしも理論的産物ではなく、多様な伝統・歴史の産物でもある<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-6_66-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-6-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="近代以前"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E4.BB.A3.E4.BB.A5.E5.89.8D"></span>近代以前</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 近代以前" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG/200px-Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="573"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG/200px-Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG" data-width="200" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG/300px-Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG/400px-Discurso_funebre_pericles.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アテナイ">アテナイ</a>で有名な葬送演説をする<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ペリクレス">ペリクレス</a>を描いた絵(19世紀、Philipp Foltz) </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代ギリシア">古代ギリシア</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アテナイ">アテナイ</a>では、市民が主権者で、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民会">民会</a>を中心とした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="直接民主主義">直接民主主義</a>が行われた。また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%83%AD%E4%B8%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="僭主">僭主</a>など独裁の発生防止に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%89%87%E8%BF%BD%E6%94%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陶片追放">陶片追放</a>などが行われた。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="共和制ローマ">共和制ローマ</a>では、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ローマ市民権">ローマ市民</a>が主権者で、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元老院">元老院</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民会 (ローマ)">ローマ民会</a>が意思決定機関となり、独裁の発生防止に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9F%B7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="執政官">執政官</a>や非常時の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="独裁官">独裁官</a>等は任期制とされた。13世紀 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イングランド王国">イングランド王国</a>では王権制限のため<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マグナ・カルタ">マグナ・カルタ</a>が制定され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="立憲主義">立憲主義</a>の先駆となった。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="議会"><span id=".E8.AD.B0.E4.BC.9A"></span>議会</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 議会" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="議会主義"><span id=".E8.AD.B0.E4.BC.9A.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9"></span>議会主義</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=48&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 議会主義" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="議会主義">議会主義</a>は政治的主導権が議会に与えられる政治運営の体制で、この場合の議会とは「国民の代表」とされる選挙された議員から成る会議体であり、政治的主導権とは立法権更には行政監督権限である<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-6_66-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-6-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。中世身分制議会は、国民代表ではなく諮問機関にすぎないため、議会主義における議会ではない。また、憲法上で議会の主導権が認められていても、実際の運用上で行政権を制御できない<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="独裁国家">独裁国家</a>などは議会主義と言えず、逆に制度上は諮問機関でも議会が内閣を選出する慣習ができれば議会主義が成り立っているといえる<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽80_67-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。議会は中世ヨーロッパの各国で貴族・僧侶・平民などの身分制議会が定期的に招集されるようになった事に始まり、中世<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="封建制度">封建制度</a>が崩壊と絶対王政確立により廃止され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AF%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ブルジョワ革命">ブルジョワ革命</a>による王政打倒後に近代議会が誕生した。但しイギリスではブルジョワ革命の比較的穏やかな進展により、身分制議会が国民を代表する近代議会に成長した<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽80_67-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="多数決原理"><span id=".E5.A4.9A.E6.95.B0.E6.B1.BA.E5.8E.9F.E7.90.86"></span>多数決原理</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=49&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 多数決原理" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>近代議会は個々人の政治的主張を調整することにより社会を統合する機関であり、その統合は社会全体の代表者である議員達の自由で理性的な討論と説得、そして妥協の積み重ねによるが、現実に解決すべき政治的課題の緊急性から意見の一致が得られぬ場合には、集団的意思決定手段として、相対的多数者の意見が暫定的に議会の意思とされる<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽80_67-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。しかし議会による統合の観点より、多数派と少数派の差異は常に相対的とされて将来の状況変化や討論進展による逆転可能性が留保されている必要がある。議会制を採用していても、(a)<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%BE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="相対主義">相対主義</a>的価値観の社会への浸透(複数の価値観が承認されうる社会) (b)議員とその背後の社会構成員の一体的同質性(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="階級">階級</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宗教">宗教</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イデオロギー">イデオロギー</a>等の対立が激しくない社会) (c)理性的かつ客観的な判断ができる議員 (d)意見発表の自由とその機会の均等、などの条件が揃わない場合には議会主義は変質または形式化する<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽80_67-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="代表制原理"><span id=".E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E5.88.B6.E5.8E.9F.E7.90.86"></span>代表制原理</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=50&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 代表制原理" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>近代議会を構成する議員は「国民の代表」のため、彼らの意思が国民全体の意思とされるが、この「代表」の意味はブルジョワ革命期より根本的な思想的対立がある<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽80_67-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国民">国民</a>(ナシオン)代表原理 - 自由<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E4%BB%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="委任">委任</a>制(信託制)、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="間接民主主義">間接民主制</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <dl> <dd> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ホイッグ党 (イギリス)">イギリスのホイッグ党</a>の主張、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="エマニュエル=ジョゼフ・シエイエス">エマニュエル=ジョゼフ・シエイエス</a>らによる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1791%E5%B9%B4%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1791年憲法">フランス1791年憲法</a>などが起源。各議員は全国民の代表として全国民のために政治活動し、自分の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E5%8C%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="選挙区">選挙区</a>や出身階級などの利害のためには活動してはならないと考え、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="リコール">リコール</a>などの直接民主主義的制度は禁止される。この原理の代表は、具体的に現実の国民の意思と結びついている必要は無いため、身分制選挙や制限選挙により選出された議員でも国民を代表できる<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽80_67-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="人民">人民</a>(プープル)代表原理 - 拘束<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E4%BB%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="委任">委任</a>制、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="直接民主主義">直接民主制</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <dl> <dd> 起源は中世身分制議会の諸身分代表で、議員の地方代表性を強調した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="トーリー党 (イギリス)">イギリスのトーリー党</a>、道徳的市民が直接民主制の人民集会で一般意思を表示すべしとしたルソー、その思想を反映した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1793%E5%B9%B4%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1793年憲法">フランスの1793年憲法</a>などに例が見られる。各議員は現実に存在する一定の人民から委託を受けた代表で、議会は社会全体の縮図と捉える。議員は全て直接普通選挙で選ばれ、選出母体の意思を忠実に議会で代弁し主張すべきため、選出母体の意思に反した場合はリコールが認められる。討論による説得や妥協は困難なため、同質性の高い小共同体など以外では採用が難しいが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国">アメリカ合衆国</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="タウンミーティング">タウンミーティング</a>などが精神を受け継いでいる<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽80_67-6" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="二院制"><span id=".E4.BA.8C.E9.99.A2.E5.88.B6"></span>二院制</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=51&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 二院制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>議会政治の母国とされるイギリスでは、中世身分制議会が連続的に近代議会に発展した歴史より<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E9%99%A2_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貴族院 (イギリス)">貴族院</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B6%E6%B0%91%E9%99%A2_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="庶民院 (イギリス)">庶民院</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%A1%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="両院制">二院制</a>だが、二院制の目的や性格は各国により異なる<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽86_68-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD86-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <ul> <li>階級別 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イギリス">イギリス</a>、かつての<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プロイセン">プロイセン</a>など</li> <li>連邦の各邦の代表による一院を加える - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国">アメリカ合衆国</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="スイス">スイス</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロシア連邦議会">ロシア</a>など</li> <li>選出方法に差を設けて「数」と「理」を各院に代表させる - フランス、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イタリア">イタリア</a>、日本など</li> <li>立法作用を慎重にする - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ノルウェー">ノルウェー</a>(下院議員間の互選で4分の1が上院議員となる)</li> </ul> <p>二院制は権力分立、自由主義を背景とした制度であり、フランス革命や社会主義の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="コミューン">コミューン</a>理論など自由主義よりも民主主義を代表する立場からは批判される。また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政党">政党</a>の発達による両院の性格相違の減少もあり、新たに二院制を採用する国は少ない<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽86_68-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD86-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> 一院と同じ決議をするなら無用、違う決議をするなら有害<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="エマニュエル=ジョゼフ・シエイエス">エマニュエル=ジョゼフ・シエイエス</a> (1789年)<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽86_68-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD86-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="権力分立"><span id=".E6.A8.A9.E5.8A.9B.E5.88.86.E7.AB.8B"></span>権力分立</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=52&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 権力分立" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>近代国家はブルジョワ革命の産物のため、自由主義の理念と専制的な権力に対する警戒から何らかの権力分立制度が採用されているが、国家の運営と行政の効率上は立法権と行政権の協働も要請され、その調和が課題となるが、各国の沿革や事情により複数のパターンがある<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽89_69-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2%E5%86%85%E9%96%A3%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="議院内閣制">議院内閣制</a> - 行政府(内閣)を議会の信任により成立・存立させ、議会に対して責任を負わせる<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽89_69-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大統領制">大統領制</a> - 行政府(大統領)を独立して選挙し、直接国民に対して責任を負わせる<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽89_69-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="議会統治制">議会統治制</a> - 行政府を完全に議会に従属させ、その責任を認めない (スイスなど)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="議院内閣制"><span id=".E8.AD.B0.E9.99.A2.E5.86.85.E9.96.A3.E5.88.B6"></span>議院内閣制</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=53&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 議院内閣制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg/120px-Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1351"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg/120px-Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg/180px-Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg/240px-Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イギリスの議会">イギリスの議会</a>が設置されている<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E5%AE%AE%E6%AE%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウェストミンスター宮殿">ウェストミンスター宮殿</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>18世紀のイギリスで形成された。国王の行政権が次第に大臣に移り、1742年に国王の信認を得ていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロバート・ウォルポール">ロバート・ウォルポール</a>首相が議会の不信任により辞職し、大臣も議会の信任なくしては在職できない慣習が確立した。その後に連帯責任の原則、議会の首相指名による内閣成立制度などが整備された<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽89_69-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。議院内閣制では内閣成立の指名と内閣の責任追及において議会が内閣をコントロールし、内閣は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%95%A3_(%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="解散 (議会)">議会の解散</a>により議会に対する選挙民の信任を問いうることで、両者間に抑制と均衡が成立する<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽89_69-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。このようなイギリス型の議会制度は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウェストミンスター">ウェストミンスター</a>モデルとも呼ばれる。</p> <ul> <li>長所 - (1)議会主義の貫徹が達成できる (2)議会と内閣の共働で政策を推進できる (3)内閣の責任 = 議会の多数派の責任が明瞭で国民の選挙による責任追及が容易<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽89_69-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>短所 - 議会の多数派が内閣を組織するため、内閣の予算や法案が容易に通過し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E5%85%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="野党">野党</a>の追及が困難(権力分立が不十分。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="二大政党制">二大政党制</a>では政権交代による権力分立でこの弊害を緩和)<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽89_69-6" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="大統領制"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E7.B5.B1.E9.A0.98.E5.88.B6"></span>大統領制</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=54&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 大統領制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Whitehousetour_cropped.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Whitehousetour_cropped.jpg/120px-Whitehousetour_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="1718"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Whitehousetour_cropped.jpg/120px-Whitehousetour_cropped.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Whitehousetour_cropped.jpg/180px-Whitehousetour_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Whitehousetour_cropped.jpg/240px-Whitehousetour_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アメリカ合衆国">アメリカ合衆国</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ホワイトハウス">ホワイトハウス</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>アメリカ合衆国の政治体制として創始された。大統領は国民の間接選挙(実質的には直接選挙)により選出され、任期の間は弾劾決議成立を除き免職は無い。議会は大統領の責任を追及できない反面、大統領は議会を解散できない。また大統領は議会への法案提出権が無いが、議会で成立した法案の施行への<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8B%92%E5%90%A6%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="拒否権">拒否権</a>がある(両院が3分の2以上の多数で再可決すれば拒否にかかわらず成立)。</p> <ul> <li>長所 - 徹底した権力分立(全国民から直接選ばれるとの強い正統性を背景にした、大統領への強力な行政権限の集中)<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽89_69-7" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>短所 - (1)立法府と行政府の対立による非効率 (2)失政責任を大統領と議会多数派が押しつけ合うことが可能 (3)民主主義の未定着国で大統領が独裁者と化す危険性<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽89_69-8" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <p>アメリカ型の純粋な大統領制を採用する国は少ないが、儀礼象徴的な大統領制はドイツ、イタリア、スイスなど多数ある。フランスは直接国民投票によって選ばれ、首相任命権、議会解散権などの強大な権力を持ち、議院内閣制と大統領制の混合形態と考えられる<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽89_69-9" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="政党"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E5.85.9A"></span>政党</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=55&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 政党" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政党">政党</a>」および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政党制">政党制</a>」を参照 </div> <p>政党は、17世紀のイギリス<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%AA%89%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="名誉革命">名誉革命</a>の前後に生まれた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="トーリー党 (イギリス)">トーリー党</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%82%B0%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ホイッグ党 (イギリス)">ホイッグ党</a>が最初とされるが、19世紀後半迄の政党はいわゆる貴族政党(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E6%9C%9B%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="名望家政党">名望家政党</a>)で、「財産と教養」ある階層によるサロン的なグループで、特に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B6%B1%E9%A0%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="綱領">綱領</a>や組織を持たず、個々の議員に対する拘束力は非常に緩かった<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽122_70-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD122-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="普通選挙">普通選挙</a>実施後の現代の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%86%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大衆政党">大衆政党</a>(組織政党)は、議員以外にも多数の一般党員を全国的に組織し、綱領や役割組織も備え、党費により財政を賄い、議員や党員は党議に拘束され違反には除名などの罰則が設けられているが、これら拘束は「議員は全く自由な個人として討議し議決する」との近代議会主義の原則からは本来は認められないため、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャン=ジャック・ルソー">ルソー</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジョージ・ワシントン">ワシントン</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="トーマス・ジェファーソン">ジェファーソン</a>らは政党否定論を唱えた<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽122_70-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD122-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>普通選挙が進み近代ブルジョワ国家から現代<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大衆国家">大衆国家</a>へ変質すると、従来の「理性的な個人」とされた財産と教養あるブルジョワジーによる議会主義が形骸化し、有権者と候補者を政治的に組織する媒体として政党(大衆政党)が登場した。政党は私的結社として生まれたが、一定の条件((1)普通選挙制と議会主義 (2)<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E6%95%B0%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="複数政党制">複数政党制</a>の存在 (3)党内民主主義)を満たす場合には公的役割を果たしていると言える<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽122_70-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD122-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。また近代議会制民主主義の自由委任制は大衆社会では修正を余儀なくされ、有権者の意思を正しく議会に反映させるために選挙制度における人口比例が重要となった<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽122_70-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD122-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; display:table; border: 1px solid #aaa;"> <div style="padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px;"> 政党は混沌たる候補者群の中に秩序をもたらす。<cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジェームズ・ブライス">ジェームズ・ブライス</a>『近代民主政治』<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽122_70-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD122-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="利益団体"><span id=".E5.88.A9.E7.9B.8A.E5.9B.A3.E4.BD.93"></span>利益団体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=56&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 利益団体" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/120px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1403"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/120px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/180px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg/240px-Martin_Luther_King_-_March_on_Washington.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 20世紀の著名な社会運動である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E7%B3%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%A8%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アフリカ系アメリカ人公民権運動">アメリカ公民権運動</a>を指導した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マーティン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニア">マーティン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニア</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A%E5%9B%A3%E4%BD%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="利益団体">利益団体</a>」を参照 </div> <p>利益団体(圧力団体)は、政党以上に近代的な議会主義から離れており、特定の利益集団により民意や政治を歪める存在とも批判されるが、議会の統合機関としての役割低下に伴い大衆の直接的な要求を議会や行政府に働きかける側面も持つ。利益団体の発生は19世紀のアメリカでの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロビー活動">ロビイスト</a>で、利益団体の機能には、職能代表的機能、政策に対するチェック機能、政治家養成機能、団体構成員への教育機能、などがある。利益団体の分類はR・T・マッケンジーによる以下の3分類が一般的である<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽149_71-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD149-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <ul> <li>部分利益集団 - 社会の一部を構成する、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A3%E4%BD%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="職能団体">職能団体</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%9B%A3%E4%BD%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宗教団体">宗教団体</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="少数民族">少数民族</a>などの諸集団による共通利益の擁護(例:<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="労働組合">労働組合</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%8D%94?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="農協">農協</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A5%AD%E7%95%8C%E5%9B%A3%E4%BD%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="業界団体">経営者団体</a>、消費者団体、等)</li> <li>促進的団体 - 一定の社会的主張の実現を目指す団体(例:人権擁護団体、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9B%A3%E4%BD%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="環境保護団体">環境保護団体</a>、等)</li> <li>潜在的集団 - 社会的にたまたま共通の利益に立った者たちが結集した団体(例:<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="公害">公害</a>反対などの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="住民運動">住民運動</a>、被害者同盟、等)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="議論"><span id=".E8.AD.B0.E8.AB.96"></span>議論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=57&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 議論" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>民主主義(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a>、民主制)に関する議論は、その用語や概念自体に関する解釈を含めて多数の議論が存在するが、主な議論の要素には以下があり、各要素は相互に関連している。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="構成員"><span id=".E6.A7.8B.E6.88.90.E5.93.A1"></span>構成員</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=58&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 構成員" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="市民">市民</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="公民権">公民権</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E9%99%90%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="制限選挙">制限選挙</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="普通選挙">普通選挙</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%82%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="女性参政権">女性参政権</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%82%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="外国人参政権">外国人参政権</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%A8%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="公民権運動">公民権運動</a>」、および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="差別">差別</a>」も参照 </div> <p>民主主義では集団の重要な意思決定を構成員が行うため、構成員の正統性や範囲などが議論となる。民主主義は特定の範囲のもの(同質性)を平等に扱うため、全人類を範囲としない限り、その範囲外のもの(異質性)は区別し排除することになる<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-7_72-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-7-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代ギリシア">古代ギリシア</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ポリス">ポリス</a>では、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="市民">市民</a>はポリスの軍務を担える者とされ、そのため<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E8%A3%85%E6%AD%A9%E5%85%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="重装歩兵">重装歩兵</a>などの装備や軍務を自費で担える、一定資産を持つ成人男性の自由民のみが市民とされ、無産者、奴隷、女性、他のポリスからの移住者や子孫などは原則として除外された。しかし<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="サラミスの海戦">サラミスの海戦</a>で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E8%88%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ガレー船">ガレー船</a>の漕ぎ手が貢献すると無産市民も発言力を高めた。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="共和制ローマ">共和制ローマ</a>では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ローマ市民権">ローマ市民権</a>が被支配民族や被支配地域に徐々に拡大され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アウグストゥス">アウグストゥス</a>以降は兵役満期後の属州民の子供にも拡大され、更に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9%E5%8B%85%E4%BB%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アントニヌス勅令">アントニヌス勅令</a>でローマ帝国内の全自由民に拡大された。</p> <p>近代のブルジョワ民主主義による議会制民主主義では、「理性や教養を持つ市民」が議会で議論し決定するとされ、そのため「理性や教養を持つ市民」とされた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ブルジョワジー">有産階級</a>の成人男性のみが参政権を持つ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E9%99%90%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="制限選挙">制限選挙</a>が行われた。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E3%81%A8%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E3%81%AE%E6%A8%A9%E5%88%A9%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="人間と市民の権利の宣言">フランス人権宣言</a>では全ての人間は普遍的に人権を持ち平等とされたが、以後も無産者、女性、植民地住民などは参政権は無く、各国で徐々に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="普通選挙">普通選挙</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%82%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="女性参政権">女性参政権</a>、あるいは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="植民地">植民地</a>独立などが進んだ。またフランス革命以降、多くの時代や地域で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="言語">言語</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民族">民族</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宗教">宗教</a>などの社会的同質性による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ナショナリズム">ナショナリズム</a>を統合の理念とした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国民国家">国民国家</a>が普及したが、その反面として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="少数民族">少数民族</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="異教徒">異教徒</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="外国人">外国人</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="難民">難民</a>などへの差別や排斥も発生している。現代の現実的な民主主義は国民的な同質性原理により、国民意識が普遍的人権より上位におかれている<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-7_72-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-7-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。現代でも一部の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="植民地">植民地</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="保護国">保護国</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E9%A0%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="属領">属領</a>などでは本国に対する参政権は無い。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%82%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="外国人参政権">外国人参政権</a>の範囲は国により対応が異なる。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="代表制"><span id=".E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E5.88.B6"></span>代表制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=59&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 代表制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86">§ 代表制原理</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="直接民主主義">直接民主主義</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="間接民主主義">間接民主主義</a>」、および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="議会">議会</a>」も参照 </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="議会制民主主義">議会制民主主義</a>(代表制民主主義、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="間接民主主義">間接民主主義</a>)では、選挙や議員の位置づけについて複数の潮流がある<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽80_67-7" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アテナイ">アテナイ</a>では、市民全員参加の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民会">民会</a>や、選出された評議員による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%BA%E8%A9%95%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五百人評議会">五百人評議会</a>などがあった。共和制ローマでは、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元老院">元老院</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民会 (ローマ)">民会</a>があり、現在の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="貴族院">貴族院</a>(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="上院">上院</a>)と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B6%E6%B0%91%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="庶民院">庶民院</a>(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="下院">下院</a>)の起源となった。</p> <p>代表制原理には多数の議論がある。間接民主主義を重視する観点からは、有権者は適切と考える人物に投票し、選出された議員や大統領は全構成員の代表として信任されたとされ、自己の理性と知見に従い自由に議論し決定する。この観点からは、次の選挙まで議員の身分は保証され、次の選挙まで民意反映の機会もなく、選挙制度や政党は重視されない。他方、直接民主主義を重視する観点からは、理想は直接参加であるが、議員を選出する場合でも信任ではなく限定的な委任であり、議員が有権者の意思に反する場合にはリコール等も認められる。</p> <p>近代の自由主義によるブルジョワ民主主義では権力による独裁を警戒し、当初の選挙は「理性と教養ある市民」とされた有産階級の成人男性のみによる制限選挙で、選出された議員は全体の代表として自由に議論でき、また権力分立として三権分立や二院制も採用された。この観点からは、普通選挙は無産階級による多数派支配が警戒された。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャン=ジャック・ルソー">ルソー</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジョージ・ワシントン">ワシントン</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="トーマス・ジェファーソン">ジェファーソン</a>らは政党否定論を唱えた<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽122_70-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD122-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。しかし普通選挙が進展した大衆社会となり、階級対立など社会の同質性が低下して議会の形骸化が進展し、支持する勢力を議会に送り込むために選挙制度や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政党">政党</a>、更には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9C%A7%E5%8A%9B%E5%9B%A3%E4%BD%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="圧力団体">圧力団体</a>の重要性が増大した。</p> <p>人民の意思の反映(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="人民主権">人民主権</a>)をより重視する立場からは、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="普通選挙">普通選挙</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%82%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="女性参政権">女性参政権</a>など公民権の拡大、議会の優越(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="議会主義">議会主義</a>)、直接民主主義的要素(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="イニシアティブ">イニシアティブ</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="リコール">リコール</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="レファレンダム">レファレンダム</a>)などが唱えられる。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャン=ジャック・ルソー">ジャン=ジャック・ルソー</a>は議会制民主主義(間接民主主義)の欺瞞を主張し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1793%E5%B9%B4%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1793年憲法">フランス1793年憲法</a>(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ジャコバン">ジャコバン</a>憲法)は直接民主主義的要素を採用した。また多くの国や組織で、特に重要な意思決定にはレファレンダムが併用されるようになった。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウラジーミル・レーニン">ウラジーミル・レーニン</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%A1%9B%E5%85%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="前衛党">前衛党</a>(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%85%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共産党">共産党</a>)が多数派の労働者・農民を代表するとして<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="一党独裁">一党独裁</a>を行った(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="レーニン主義">レーニン主義</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E3%81%AE%E6%8C%87%E5%B0%8E%E6%80%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="党の指導性">党の指導性</a>)。また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アドルフ・ヒトラー">アドルフ・ヒトラー</a>は自己をドイツ民族の指導者と主張して独裁を行い(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%B0%8E%E8%80%85%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="指導者原理">指導者原理</a>)、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="カール・シュミット">カール・シュミット</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アドルフ・ヒトラー">アドルフ・ヒトラー</a>を最も民主主義的と評価した。これらの独裁を批判する立場や理念には、自由主義、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="多元主義">多元主義</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%8C%E9%A8%93%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="経験主義">経験主義</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="保守主義">保守主義</a>や、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E3%81%AE%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="法の支配">法の支配</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A8%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="権力分立">権力分立</a>などがある。</p> <p>デモクラシーは古代ギリシアの政体論の一分類として生れ、自由で平等な市民による相互支配が本質で、全市民による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民会">民会</a>での意思決定だけではなく、公職は抽選により、民衆裁判への市民参加が重視された<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p20_73-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep20-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アリストテレス">アリストテレス</a>は、デモクラシーでは支配と服従の両方を経験することが重要とした<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p20_73-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep20-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。これに対して選挙は貴族政的な制度であり、選挙によって選出された代表者の意思決定を大幅に取り入れて、市民が代議士に政治を委ねる近代のデモクラシーは「自由な寡頭制」の面もあり、同じくデモクラシーと呼べるかは問題が残るが、しかし市民による自己統治の理念は現代でも重要な意味を持っている<sup id="cite_ref-宇野p20_73-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep20-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="意思決定方法"><span id=".E6.84.8F.E6.80.9D.E6.B1.BA.E5.AE.9A.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>意思決定方法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=60&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 意思決定方法" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="全会一致">全会一致</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B0%E6%B1%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="多数決">多数決</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E6%B1%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="少数決">少数決</a>」、および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%86%9F%E8%AD%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="熟議民主主義">熟議民主主義</a>」も参照 </div> <p>民主主義は構成員全体による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E6%80%9D%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="意思決定">意思決定</a>のため、全構成員による集会や、代表者による議会のいずれの場合でも、合意形成方法が議論となる。</p> <p>大別して以下の決定方式がある。</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="全会一致">全会一致</a> - 全構成員または全出席者の賛成をもって決する。民主主義の理念上、最大の正統性が得られる。各構成員が拒否権を持つことと同等で多数派による専制の懸念が無いが、説得や調整が重要となり、対立を含む議案では合意形成の困難性が高い。(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E7%9B%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国際連盟">国際連盟</a>の総会・理事会、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%B8%B8%E4%BB%BB%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国際連合安全保障理事会常任理事国">国連安保理常任理事国</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%8B%92%E5%90%A6%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国際連合安全保障理事会における拒否権">拒否権</a>など)</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B0%E6%B1%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="多数決">多数決</a>(過半数) - 全構成員または全出席者の、過半数をもって決する。効率的な意思決定が可能だが、多数派による専制となり議会が形骸化する、過半数で勝敗が分かれるため僅かな状況変化により結論が二転三転する、過半数形成のための駆け引きや取引が重要となる、などの懸念もある。(古代アテナイの民会、多くの近代議会における通常の立法など)</li> <li>多数決(特別多数) - 全構成員または全出席者の、過半数よりも更に多い特定の数などをもって決する。特に重要な意思決定を慎重に行う目的で採用される(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E6%86%B2%E7%AB%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国際連合憲章">国際連合憲章</a>改正の発議<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E6%80%A7%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="硬性憲法">硬性憲法</a>の改正など)</li> </ul> <p>一般的には、議論による説得・妥協・交渉などを続けて全会一致となるまで合意形成を図る事が理想的だが、意見集約が困難で期限が求められる場合には多数決も採用される。しかし多数決は「多数派による専制」(トグウィル)ともなり、特に階級や民族など同質性が低い集団では、多数派と少数派が固定化し、議会における実質的な審議機能が低下すると、民主主義による全体の統合機能が形骸化する。</p> <p>また自由な議論には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96%E3%81%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="言論の自由">言論の自由</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="多元主義">多元主義</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%85%AC%E9%96%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="情報公開">情報公開</a>などが前提となるため、形式的には民主主義でもこれら前提が実質的には不十分な場合には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="非自由主義的民主主義">非自由主義的民主主義</a>などとも呼ばれる。自由主義や多元主義の観点からは、複数の意見が存在して議論や選択の余地があること自体が健全であり、説得や状況によって現在の少数派も将来は多数派になる可能性が確保されていることが、議会や民主主義の統合機能には必要となる。</p> <p>古代アテナイでは議論を行った後に、決着しない場合には多数決が行われた。モンテスキューは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="二院制">二院制</a>による慎重な審議を主張し、ルソーは人民主権を重視して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="一院制">一院制</a>を主張した。多くの近代憲法では、憲法改正など重要な意思決定には単純過半数より厳しい、半数を超える成立要件やレファレンダム要件などが定められている。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="独裁との関連"><span id=".E7.8B.AC.E8.A3.81.E3.81.A8.E3.81.AE.E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3"></span>独裁との関連</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=61&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 独裁との関連" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="独裁官">独裁官</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="独裁">独裁</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%82%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="専制">専制</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国家緊急権">国家緊急権</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%B8%B8%E4%BA%8B%E6%85%8B%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="非常事態宣言">非常事態宣言</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%92%E5%8E%B3%E4%BB%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="戒厳令">戒厳令</a>」、および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開発独裁">開発独裁</a>」も参照 </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Ingres,_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg/120px-Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="3364"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg/120px-Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg/180px-Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg/240px-Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E5%BA%A7%E3%81%AE%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="玉座のナポレオン">玉座のナポレオン1世</a>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%8A%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ナポレオン・ボナパルト">ナポレオン・ボナパルト</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フランス革命戦争">フランス革命戦争</a>に際して軍事独裁政権を樹立し、国会の議決と国民投票を経て<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フランス皇帝">フランス人民の皇帝</a>に即位した。 </figcaption> </figure> <p>民主主義と独裁や専制は、歴史的にも多数の議論が存在している。古代より<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a>の一部では非常時における独裁の制度があり、また人民の意思の実現には革命や独裁なども含めた強権が必要との主張も存在する。他方で独裁の実施者の多くは、非常事態における民主主義の防衛などを独裁の理由として主張している。</p> <p>古代<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アテナイ">アテナイ</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a>では、独裁の発生を防ぐため公職の抽選や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%89%87%E8%BF%BD%E6%94%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陶片追放">陶片追放</a>が行われた。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ソクラテス">ソクラテス</a>が市民による公開裁判で死刑になった後、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プラトン">プラトン</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A1%86%E6%84%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="衆愚政治">衆愚政治</a>に陥ると考えて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E4%BA%BA%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="哲人政治">哲人政治</a>を主張し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アリストテレス">アリストテレス</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a>(共和制、国政)が堕落すると王政(僭主政)になると考えた。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="共和制ローマ">共和制ローマ</a>では非常時に任期限定の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="独裁官">独裁官</a>を設置できたが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ガイウス・ユリウス・カエサル">カエサル</a>が民衆人気を背景に終身独裁官となり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%94%BF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="帝政ローマ">帝政ローマ</a>の基礎を築いた。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジョン・ロック">ロック</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="シャルル・ド・モンテスキュー">モンテスキュー</a>らは独裁を防ぐため<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A8%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="権力分立">権力分立</a>を主張したが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャン=ジャック・ルソー">ルソー</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="人民主権">人民主権</a>のためには強制的な力の創出が必要とも主張した。フランス革命では民衆を支持基盤とする<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E6%B4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャコバン派">ジャコバン派</a>が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="恐怖政治">恐怖政治</a>を行い、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%8A%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ナポレオン・ボナパルト">ナポレオン・ボナパルト</a>は国会の議決と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国民投票">国民投票</a>を経て「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フランス皇帝">フランス人民の皇帝</a>」となった。また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フランソワ・ノエル・バブーフ">バブーフ</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="平等主義">完全平等</a>社会の実現のため<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E7%9A%84%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="私的所有権">私有財産制</a>の廃止と独裁を主張し、後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ルイ・オーギュスト・ブランキ">ブランキ</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="カール・マルクス">カール・マルクス</a>に影響を与えた。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="エドマンド・バーク">エドマンド・バーク</a>らはフランス革命を批判し<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="保守">保守主義</a>の潮流となった。</p> <p>マルクスは資本主義社会から社会主義社会への過渡期には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="プロレタリア独裁">プロレタリア独裁</a>が必要として独裁を肯定したが、その独裁は短期間で激しくないと考えていた<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-8_75-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-8-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。レーニンはブルジョワ民主主義を欺瞞と批判し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="社会主義革命">社会主義革命</a>後に「最も完全な民主主義」が実現すると記し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロシア革命">ロシア革命</a>後に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="一党独裁">一党独裁</a>を行い、約10年で共産主義社会は実現すると約束したが、1年後に約束を撤回した<sup id="cite_ref-名前なし-8_75-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-8-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。レーニンの後継者となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B7%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヨシフ・スターリン">ヨシフ・スターリン</a>は「社会主義建設が進むほど階級闘争も激化する」との階級闘争激化論を掲げた(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="スターリニズム">スターリニズム</a>)。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マルクス・レーニン主義">マルクス・レーニン主義</a>を掲げる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="社会主義国">社会主義国</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%9A%E3%81%AE%E6%8C%87%E5%B0%8E%E6%80%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="党の指導性">共産党を指導政党</a>を憲法等に明記し、事実上の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="一党独裁">一党独裁</a>と呼ばれる。なおソ連などの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="一党制">一党制</a>に対し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華人民共和国">中華人民共和国</a>などは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%88%A6%E7%B7%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="統一戦線">統一戦線</a>理論に基づく複数政党制(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%82%B2%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヘゲモニー政党制">ヘゲモニー政党制</a>)を採用し<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="人民民主主義">人民民主主義</a>(または<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新民主主義">新民主主義</a>)と称した<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="第一次世界大戦">第一次世界大戦</a>後、「世界で最も民主的な憲法」と言われた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヴァイマル憲法">ヴァイマル憲法</a>下の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヴァイマル共和政">ドイツ</a>で、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アドルフ・ヒトラー">アドルフ・ヒトラー</a>率いる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%E5%85%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="国家社会主義ドイツ労働者党">ナチス党</a>がドイツ民族の危機を訴えて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1932%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%88%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1932年7月ドイツ国会選挙">1932年7月ドイツ国会選挙</a>で大躍進し、更に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国民投票">国民投票</a>で「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B7%8F%E7%B5%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="総統">総統</a>」となった。法学者の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="カール・シュミット">カール・シュミット</a>は、独自の法学思想によむて、第一次大戦後のヴァイマル共和政、議会制民主主義、自由主義を批判した。民衆の望む政治を行うことこそが民主主義と考え、アドルフ・ヒトラーを最も民主主義的と評価した。ユダヤ系ドイツ人<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="エーリヒ・フロム">エーリヒ・フロム</a>は1941年に亡命地アメリカで、「近代社会は、前近代的な社会の絆から個人を解放して一応の安定を与えたが、同時に個人的自我の実現、すなわち個人の知的、感情的、また感覚的な諸能力の表現という積極的な意味における自由は、まだ獲得できず、かえって不安をつくり上げた」とし、ドイツの世論・民衆が自由民主主義体制の否定を支持していった様相を「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%AE%E9%80%83%E8%B5%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由からの逃走">自由からの逃走</a>」と呼んだ<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。戦後のドイツ連邦共和国ではファシズム・共産主義という自由民主制度を否定する政党を禁止にしている<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="自由主義との関連"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9.E3.81.A8.E3.81.AE.E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3"></span>自由主義との関連</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=62&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 自由主義との関連" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由主義">自由主義</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由民主主義">自由民主主義</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="非自由主義的民主主義">非自由主義的民主主義</a>」、および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E3%81%AE%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="数の暴力">数の暴力</a>」も参照 </div> <p>多数派による支配を意味する民主主義と、個人の自由を最大限に尊重する自由主義が緊張関係にあることは、フランス革命以来、繰り返し強調されてきた<sup id="cite_ref-シュミットp114-125_79-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88p114-125-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="バンジャマン・コンスタン">バンジャマン・コンスタン</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AF%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アレクシ・ド・トクヴィル">アレクシ・ド・トクヴィル</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジョン・スチュアート・ミル">ジョン・スチュアート・ミル</a>等は、次第に権力を増大させ、道徳的・知的な権威さえも確保しつつあった「民主主義」(の名の下に政治を支配する多数派)の圧力から、個人の自由を守る自由主義の視点より議論を展開した(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由民主主義">自由民主主義</a>)。他方で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="カール・シュミット">カール・シュミット</a>は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャン=ジャック・ルソー">ジャン=ジャック・ルソー</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%84%8F%E6%80%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="一般意思">一般意思</a>論を踏まえ、民主主義は最終的には一連の同一性(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ドイツ語">ドイツ語</a>: <span lang="de">Identität</span>)の承認により成り立つため、価値の多元性を前提とする自由主義や議会は民主主義の妨害要素で、官僚化により形骸化した議会よりも、人民の喝采により支持を受けた独裁者による民主主義(人民の主権的決断・独裁)を提示し、議会制(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="間接民主主義">間接民主主義</a>)を補う<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国民投票">国民票決</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%99%BA%E6%A1%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="発案">国民発案</a>(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="直接民主主義">直接民主主義</a>)を主張した<sup id="cite_ref-シュミットp114-125_79-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88p114-125-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="世論と衆愚政治"><span id=".E4.B8.96.E8.AB.96.E3.81.A8.E8.A1.86.E6.84.9A.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB"></span>世論と衆愚政治</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=63&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 世論と衆愚政治" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="世論">世論</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BC%BF%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="輿論">輿論</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="一般意志">一般意志</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="世論調査">世論調査</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%AB%96%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="世論操作">世論操作</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E7%95%A5%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戦略投票">戦略投票</a>」、および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E8%AA%BF%E5%9C%A7%E5%8A%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="同調圧力">同調圧力</a>」も参照 </div> <p>民主主義は構成員(人民、民衆、国民)による意思決定であるため、構成員全体の意思(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="世論">世論</a>、輿論、民意、人民の意思)が反映されるべきだが、それが正しいまたは適切であるか、更には世論とは存在し提示可能なものか、などの議論がある。</p> <p>プラトンは民主主義は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A1%86%E6%84%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="衆愚政治">衆愚政治</a>に陥ると考えた。マキャベリやヒトラーは、大衆は愚かであると考えた。ロック、モンテスキュー、ジェファーソンなどは自由主義の観点から多数派による専制を警戒し、権力分立が必要と主張した。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジェームズ・ブライス">ジェームズ・ブライス</a>は著書『近代民主政治』で、近代デモクラシーでは「世論」こそ政治が従わねばならない基準とした。また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ジャン=ジャック・ルソー">ジャン=ジャック・ルソー</a>による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%84%8F%E6%80%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="一般意思">一般意思</a>も理想化された世論と言える<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽159_80-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD159-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>しかしアメリカ合衆国で選挙予測から始まった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="世論調査">世論調査</a>の進歩もあり、1922年 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウォルター・リップマン">ウォルター・リップマン</a>は著作『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%AB%96_(%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="世論 (リップマン)">世論</a>』で、世論は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%85%A5%E8%A6%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="先入観">先入観</a>による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ステレオタイプ">ステレオタイプ</a>的思考に影響され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マスメディア">マスメディア</a>が現実には情報を意識的・無意識的に取捨選択して大衆のステレオタイプ的思考を促進しており、世論は容易に操作され、変化されると述べた<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽159_80-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD159-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他方で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ポール・ラザースフェルド">ポール・ラザースフェルド</a>は著書『人々の選択』で、マスメディアによる投票者への影響は直接的ではなく間接的で、有権者は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="オピニオンリーダー">オピニオンリーダー</a>とのパーソナル・コミュニケーションにより自らの意思を形成していく、と述べた<sup id="cite_ref-浅羽159_80-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD159-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p><br></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="関連項目"><span id=".E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE"></span>関連項目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=64&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 関連項目" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-" style="-moz-column-count:; -webkit-column-count:; column-count:; -moz-column-width: 18em; -webkit-column-width: 18em; column-width: 18em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="個人主義">個人主義</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="平等主義">平等主義</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="立憲主義">立憲主義</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主化">民主化</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="政党政治">政党政治</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A1%86%E6%84%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="衆愚政治">衆愚政治</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E-%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="E-デモクラシー">E-デモクラシー</a>(デジタル民主主義) <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="インターネット民主主義">インターネット民主主義</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大正デモクラシー">大正デモクラシー</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政治">政治</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国家">国家</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ポリアーキー">ポリアーキー</a>(多数支配)</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="カキストクラシー">カキストクラシー</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主主義指数">民主主義指数</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国際民主主義デー">国際民主主義デー</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政治体制">政治体制</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%81%AE%E8%B5%A4%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主主義の赤字">民主主義の赤字</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6%E3%81%AE%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由度の指数">自由度の指数</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B9%84%E9%89%84%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="蹄鉄理論">蹄鉄理論</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民本主義">民本主義</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="脚注"><span id=".E8.84.9A.E6.B3.A8"></span>脚注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=65&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 脚注" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="noprint" style="float:right; font-size:90%;"> [<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8/%E8%AA%AD%E8%80%85%E5%90%91%E3%81%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:脚注/読者向け"><span title="この欄の操作法">脚注の使い方</span></a>] </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="注釈"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.88"></span>注釈</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=66&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 注釈" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">条文番号は編別ではなく通番。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">意訳を含め、良い政体を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="民主政">民主政</a>、悪い政体を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A1%86%E6%84%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="衆愚政治">衆愚政治</a>とする出典も存在する(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽</a> p57、など)。</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="出典"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E5.85.B8"></span>出典</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=67&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 出典" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:3; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3; -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2023/">Democracy Index 2023 - Economist Intelligence</a>”. <i>www.eiu.com</i>. <span title="">2024年2月15日</span>閲覧。</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/democracy">Democracy | Definition, History, Meaning, Types, Examples, & Facts | Britannica</a>” (英語). <i>www.britannica.com</i> (2024年4月3日). <span title="">2024年4月13日</span>閲覧。</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEブリタニカ・ジャパン2019「民主主義」-3">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B32019%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%8D_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B32019%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%8D_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B32019%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%8D_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B32019%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%8D_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B32019">ブリタニカ・ジャパン 2019</a>, p. 「民主主義」.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kohokyo.or.jp/">公益財団法人 公益法人協会</a>”. <i>公益財団法人 公益法人協会</i> (2021年10月1日). <span title="">2024年4月13日</span>閲覧。</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/democracy">weblio - democracy</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE平凡社2019「民主主義」-6"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B9%B3%E5%87%A1%E7%A4%BE2019%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%8D_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B9%B3%E5%87%A1%E7%A4%BE2019">平凡社 2019</a>, p. 「民主主義」.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914202111/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc%3DPerseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry%253d%252324422">Demokratia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%9D%89%E7%94%B0">杉田</a> p14</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.onekoreanews.net/detail.php?number%3D71267">統一日報 : 歴史を変えた誤訳-‘民主主義’</a>”. <i><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="統一日報">統一日報</a></i>. <span title="">2022年7月3日</span>閲覧。</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.kinokuniya.co.jp/f/dsg-02-9781802204247">Democratism : Explaining International Politics with Democracy Beyond the State (New Horizons in International Relations series)</a>”. <i>紀伊國屋書店ウェブストア|オンライン書店|本、雑誌の通販、電子書籍ストア</i>. <span title="">2022年7月3日</span>閲覧。</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">この項、(<cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal" id="CITEREF陳力衛2011">陳力衛「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://id.nii.ac.jp/1109/00002948/">「民主」と「共和」 : 近代日中概念の形成とその相互影響</a>」『成城大学経済研究』第194号、成城大学経済学会、2011年11月、9-35頁、<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101121245">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:var(--color-success,#3a3);margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/ja/search?fq%3Dx0:jrnl%26q%3Dn2:03874753">03874753</a>、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NAID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NAID (識別子)">NAID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110009557639">110009557639</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A8%E3%80%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E3%80%8D+%3A+%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%AD%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E3%81%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90%E3%81%A8%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF&rft.jtitle=%E6%88%90%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.aulast=%E9%99%B3%E5%8A%9B%E8%A1%9B&rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E5%8A%9B%E8%A1%9B&rft.date=2011-11&rft.issue=194&rft.pages=9-35%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E6%88%90%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A&rft.issn=03874753&rft_dat=naid/110009557639&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.nii.ac.jp%2F1109%2F00002948%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>)から、「民主」という語の履歴について解説する目的で引用した。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-宇野p194-195-12">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep194-195_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep194-195_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep194-195_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep194-195_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E">宇野p194-195</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.genron-npo.net/future/archives/10688.html">アジアの民主主義は生き残れるのか / 会員コラム / 特定非営利活動法人 言論NPO</a>”. <i>特定非営利活動法人 言論NPO</i>. <span title="">2024年4月13日</span>閲覧。</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E8%258D%2589%25E3%2581%25AE%25E6%25A0%25B9%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9-55129">草の根民主主義 - コトバンク</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">佐瀬昌盛 『西ドイツ戦う民主主義 ワイマールは遠いか』PHP研究所、p167、1979年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4569203171?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4569203171">978-4569203171</a>。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-宇野p28-29-16">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep28-29_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep28-29_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E">宇野p28-29</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-宇野p15-43-17">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep15-43_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep15-43_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E">宇野p15-43</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽 p60-61</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽 p64</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽 p65-66</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽 p66-67</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-浅羽p68-22">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BDp68_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BDp68_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽p68-71</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">山本浩三、「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.14988/pa.2017.0000009318">一七九一年の憲法(一)訳</a>」『同志社法學』11巻 4号、同志社法學會、124-136頁、1960年1月20日、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NAID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NAID (識別子)">NAID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110000400935">110000400935</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">山本浩三、「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.14988/pa.2017.0000009332">一七九三年の憲法(訳)</a>」『同志社法學』11巻 6号、同志社法學會、103-112頁、1960年3月20日、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NAID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NAID (識別子)">NAID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110000400948">110000400948</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm">The Polity IV project</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-UN_ARES627_page3-27"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UN_ARES627_page3_27-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" class="extiw" title="en:United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> Session 62 <i>Resolution</i> <i>7</i>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol%3DA/RES/62/7"> <i>Support by the United Nations system of the efforts of Governments to promote and consolidate new or restored democracies</i> <b>A/RES/62/7</b></a> page 3. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-23.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE文部省2020153-28">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020153_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020153_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020">文部省 2020</a>, p. 153.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE文部省2020154-29"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020154_29-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020">文部省 2020</a>, p. 154.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE文部省2020154-161-30"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020154-161_30-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020">文部省 2020</a>, p. 154-161.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE文部省2020169-31"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020169_31-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020">文部省 2020</a>, p. 169.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE文部省2020170-32"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020170_32-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020">文部省 2020</a>, p. 170.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE文部省2020171-33"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020171_33-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020">文部省 2020</a>, p. 171.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE文部省2020172-176-34"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020172-176_34-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020">文部省 2020</a>, p. 172-176.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE文部省2020176-35"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020176_35-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020">文部省 2020</a>, p. 176.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE文部省2020176-177-36"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020176-177_36-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020">文部省 2020</a>, p. 176-177.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE文部省2020177-37"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020177_37-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020">文部省 2020</a>, p. 177.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE文部省2020180-181-38"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020180-181_38-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%812020">文部省 2020</a>, p. 180-181.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-佐々木p15-25-39">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8p15-25_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8p15-25_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8">佐々木</a> p15-21</span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">トゥキディデス『戦史』(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%85%E4%BF%9D%E6%AD%A3%E5%BD%B0_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="久保正彰 (西洋古典文学者)">久保正彰</a>訳、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="岩波文庫">岩波文庫</a>)第2巻37、41より</span></li> <li id="cite_note-名前なし-1-41">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-1_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-1_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8A">野上p30-46</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://globe.asahi.com/article/13741701">民主主義が独裁政治へ転落する道とは 2400年前に指摘されていたシナリオ:朝日新聞GLOBE+</a>”. <i>朝日新聞GLOBE+</i>. <span title="">2022年4月11日</span>閲覧。</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-佐々木p31-36-43">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8p31-36_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8p31-36_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8">佐々木</a> p31-36</span></li> <li id="cite_note-宇野p15-22-44">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep15-22_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep15-22_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E">宇野p15-22</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-野上p148-150-45">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8Ap148-150_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8Ap148-150_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8A">野上p148-150</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-野上p131-132-47"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8Ap131-132_47-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8A">野上p131-132</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-宇野p32-36-48">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep32-36_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep32-36_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E">宇野p32-36</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8A">野上p12</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-佐々木P40-50">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8P40_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8P40_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8">佐々木</a> p40-44</span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽</a> p62-63</span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">『ジョージ王朝時代のイギリス』 ジョルジュ・ミノワ著 手塚リリ子・手塚喬介訳 白水社文庫クセジュ 2004年10月10日発行 p.8</span></li> <li id="cite_note-名前なし-3-53">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-3_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-3_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽</a> p63-65</span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8C">#中里</a> p185-201</span></li> <li id="cite_note-名前なし-4-55">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-4_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-4_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8">佐々木</a> p45</span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8C">#中里</a> p206-211</span></li> <li id="cite_note-名前なし-5-57">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-5_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-5_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽</a> p65-66</span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8A">野上</a> p66-69</span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽</a> p75</span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽</a> p75-76</span></li> <li id="cite_note-野上p55-58-61">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8Ap55-58_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8Ap55-58_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8A">野上p55-58</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-野上p95-62"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8Ap95_62-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8A">野上p95</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E3%2581%25A8%25E9%259D%25A9%25E5%2591%25BD-65222">『国家と革命』 - 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)、世界大百科事典、他</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://redmole.m78.com/bunko/kisobunken/kokkaku3.html">ウラジーミル・レーニン『国家と革命』第3章</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://red-mole.net/bunko/kisobunken/kokkaku1.html">ウラジーミル・レーニン『国家と革命』第1章</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-名前なし-6-66">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-6_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-6_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽</a> p80-81</span></li> <li id="cite_note-浅羽80-67">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80_67-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80_67-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD80_67-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽</a> p80-89</span></li> <li id="cite_note-浅羽86-68">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD86_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD86_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD86_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽</a> p86-89</span></li> <li id="cite_note-浅羽89-69">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89_69-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89_69-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89_69-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89_69-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD89_69-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽</a> p89-97</span></li> <li id="cite_note-浅羽122-70">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD122_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD122_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD122_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD122_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD122_70-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD122_70-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽 p122-143</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-浅羽149-71"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD149_71-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽 p149-158</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-名前なし-7-72">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-7_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-7_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BD%90%E4%BC%AF">佐伯 p103-109</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-宇野p20-73">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep20_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep20_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8Ep20_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E">宇野p20</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unic.or.jp/info/un/charter/amendment/">国連憲章の改正 - 国際連合広報センター</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-名前なし-8-75">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-8_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97-8_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD2">浅羽『右翼と左翼』 p88-92</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">第2版,世界大百科事典内言及, 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ),精選版 日本国語大辞典,旺文社世界史事典 三訂版,百科事典マイペディア,デジタル大辞泉,世界大百科事典. “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%25B0%2591%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9-539070">人民民主主義とは</a>”. <i>コトバンク</i>. <span title="">2022年8月20日</span>閲覧。</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">小項目事典, 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ),ブリタニカ国際大百科事典. “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E8%2587%25AA%25E7%2594%25B1%25E3%2581%258B%25E3%2582%2589%25E3%2581%25AE%25E9%2580%2583%25E8%25B5%25B0-76808">自由からの逃走とは</a>”. <i>コトバンク</i>. <span title="">2022年8月20日</span>閲覧。</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">山岸喜久治「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/2065/2190">ドイツ連邦共和国における政党禁止の法理</a>」『早稲田法学』第67巻第3号、早稲田大学法学会、1992年2月、81-156頁、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (識別子)">hdl</a>:<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/2065%252F2190">2065/2190</a></span>、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/ja/search?fq%3Dx0:jrnl%26q%3Dn2:0389-0546">0389-0546</a>、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CRID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CRID (識別子)">CRID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1050282677444383744">1050282677444383744</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%B3%95%E7%90%86&rft.jtitle=%E6%97%A9%E7%A8%B2%E7%94%B0%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6&rft.aulast=%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%B8%E5%96%9C%E4%B9%85%E6%B2%BB&rft.au=%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%B8%E5%96%9C%E4%B9%85%E6%B2%BB&rft.date=1992-02&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=81-156%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E6%97%A9%E7%A8%B2%E7%94%B0%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=info:hdl/2065%2F2190&rft.issn=0389-0546&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2065%2F2190&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-シュミットp114-125-79">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88p114-125_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88p114-125_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88">シュミット p114-125</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-浅羽159-80">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD159_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD159_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD159_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD">浅羽 p159-164</a></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=68&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 参考文献" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal" id="CITEREF司法省調査課1935">司法省調査課「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1454952/1/105">選挙犯罪の研究 :特に買収犯罪に就て</a>」『司法研究報告書集 第19輯 8』、司法省、1935年。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E3%81%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6+%3A%E7%89%B9%E3%81%AB%E8%B2%B7%E5%8F%8E%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E3%81%AB%E5%B0%B1%E3%81%A6&rft.jtitle=%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86+%E7%AC%AC19%E8%BC%AF+8&rft.aulast=%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%9C%81%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E8%AA%B2&rft.au=%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%9C%81%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E8%AA%B2&rft.pub=%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%9C%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Fpid%2F1454952%2F1%2F105&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="浅羽2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD%E9%80%9A%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="浅羽通明">浅羽通明</a>『右翼と左翼』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E5%86%AC%E8%88%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="幻冬舎">幻冬舎</a>、2006年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/4-344-98000-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/4-344-98000-X">4-344-98000-X</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B3%E7%BF%BC%E3%81%A8%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC&rft.aulast=%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD%E9%80%9A%E6%98%8E&rft.au=%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD%E9%80%9A%E6%98%8E&rft.date=2006%E5%B9%B4&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%B9%BB%E5%86%AC%E8%88%8E%5D%5D&rft.isbn=4-344-98000-X&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="佐々木"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8%E6%AF%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="佐々木毅">佐々木毅</a>『民主主義という不思議な仕組み』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AD%91%E6%91%A9%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="筑摩書房">筑摩書房</a>、2007年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4480687654?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4480687654">978-4480687654</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E4%B8%8D%E6%80%9D%E8%AD%B0%E3%81%AA%E4%BB%95%E7%B5%84%E3%81%BF&rft.aulast=%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8%E6%AF%85&rft.au=%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8%E6%AF%85&rft.date=2007%E5%B9%B4&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E7%AD%91%E6%91%A9%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4480687654&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="浅羽"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD%E9%80%9A%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="浅羽通明">浅羽通明</a>『新書で大学の教養科目をモノにする 政治学』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%96%87%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="光文社">光文社</a>、2011年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4334036294?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4334036294">978-4334036294</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%AE%E6%95%99%E9%A4%8A%E7%A7%91%E7%9B%AE%E3%82%92%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%81%AB%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B+%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.aulast=%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD%E9%80%9A%E6%98%8E&rft.au=%E6%B5%85%E7%BE%BD%E9%80%9A%E6%98%8E&rft.date=2011%E5%B9%B4&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%85%89%E6%96%87%E7%A4%BE%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4334036294&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF芦部高橋2019"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8A%A6%E9%83%A8%E4%BF%A1%E5%96%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="芦部信喜">芦部, 信喜</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A9%8B%E5%92%8C%E4%B9%8B_(%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高橋和之 (憲法学者)">高橋, 和之(補訂)</a>『憲法』(第七版第1刷)<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="岩波書店">岩波書店</a>、2019年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4000613224?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4000613224">978-4000613224</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95&rft.aulast=%E8%8A%A6%E9%83%A8&rft.aufirst=%E4%BF%A1%E5%96%9C&rft.au=%E8%8A%A6%E9%83%A8%2C%26%2332%3B%E4%BF%A1%E5%96%9C&rft.au=%E9%AB%98%E6%A9%8B%2C%26%2332%3B%E5%92%8C%E4%B9%8B%EF%BC%88%E8%A3%9C%E8%A8%82%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2019&rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E7%89%88%E7%AC%AC1%E5%88%B7&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4000613224&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="宇野"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宇野重規">宇野重規</a>『西洋政治思想史』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%96%90%E9%96%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="有斐閣">有斐閣</a>、2013年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4-641-22001-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4-641-22001-0">978-4-641-22001-0</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2&rft.aulast=%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%8F&rft.au=%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%8F&rft.date=2013%E5%B9%B4&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E6%9C%89%E6%96%90%E9%96%A3%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4-641-22001-0&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal" id="CITEREF荻野2021">荻野, 雄「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12176/9564">政治的リテラシーを高める政治教育のために:高校生専門体験講座での実践から</a>」『教職キャリア高度化センター教育実践研究紀要』第3巻、京都教育大学教育創生リージョナルセンター機構教職キャリア高度化センター、2021年3月31日、75-83頁、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/ja/search?fq%3Dx0:jrnl%26q%3Dn2:24345156">24345156</a>、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NAID_(%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E5%AD%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NAID (識別子)">NAID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120007139923">120007139923</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%9A%84%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%92%E9%AB%98%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%81%AE%E3%81%9F%E3%82%81%E3%81%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1%E7%94%9F%E5%B0%82%E9%96%80%E4%BD%93%E9%A8%93%E8%AC%9B%E5%BA%A7%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%9F%E8%B7%B5%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89&rft.jtitle=%E6%95%99%E8%81%B7%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6%E5%8C%96%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AE%9F%E8%B7%B5%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81&rft.aulast=%E8%8D%BB%E9%87%8E&rft.aufirst=%E9%9B%84&rft.au=%E8%8D%BB%E9%87%8E%2C%26%2332%3B%E9%9B%84&rft.date=2021-03-31&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=75-83%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%89%B5%E7%94%9F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B%E6%95%99%E8%81%B7%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6%E5%8C%96%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC&rft.issn=24345156&rft_dat=naid/120007139923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F20.500.12176%2F9564&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="佐伯"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E4%BC%AF%E5%95%93%E6%80%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="佐伯啓思">佐伯啓思</a>『反・民主主義論』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%BD%AE%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新潮社">新潮社</a>、2016年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4-10-610687-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4-10-610687-3">978-4-10-610687-3</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%8D%E3%83%BB%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%AB%96&rft.aulast=%E4%BD%90%E4%BC%AF%E5%95%93%E6%80%9D&rft.au=%E4%BD%90%E4%BC%AF%E5%95%93%E6%80%9D&rft.date=2016%E5%B9%B4&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E6%96%B0%E6%BD%AE%E7%A4%BE%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4-10-610687-3&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="シュミット"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="カール・シュミット">シュミット, カール</a> 著、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BB%B2%E6%AD%A3%E6%98%8C%E6%A8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="仲正昌樹">仲正昌樹</a> 監訳・解説、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%BE%E5%B3%B6%E8%A3%95%E4%B8%80&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「松島裕一」 (存在しないページ)">松島裕一</a> 訳『国民票決と国民発案 - ワイマール憲法の解釈および直接民主制に関する一考察』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="作品社">作品社</a>、2018年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4-86182-679-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4-86182-679-5">978-4-86182-679-5</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%A5%A8%E6%B1%BA%E3%81%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%99%BA%E6%A1%88+-+%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E3%81%AE%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%88%E3%81%8A%E3%82%88%E3%81%B3%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E4%B8%80%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F&rft.aulast=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88&rft.aufirst=%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&rft.au=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%2C%26%2332%3B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&rft.date=2018%E5%B9%B4&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81%E7%A4%BE%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4-86182-679-5&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal" id="CITEREF鈴木拓溝端佐登史2018">鈴木拓、溝端佐登史「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjce/55/1/55_1_23/_pdf">移行経済諸国の倫理破綻と汚職行動</a>」『比較経済研究』2018年、23-43頁。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E7%A7%BB%E8%A1%8C%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E8%AB%B8%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E7%A0%B4%E7%B6%BB%E3%81%A8%E6%B1%9A%E8%81%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95&rft.jtitle=%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.aulast=%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E6%8B%93&rft.au=%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E6%8B%93&rft.au=%E6%BA%9D%E7%AB%AF%E4%BD%90%E7%99%BB%E5%8F%B2&rft.pages=23-43%E9%A0%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjjce%2F55%2F1%2F55_1_23%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF小学館国語辞典編集部2019a">小学館国語辞典編集部「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E8%25BF%2591%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A-161802%23E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8">近代社会</a>」『精選版 日本国語大辞典』2019年<span style="display:none;">。<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E8%25BF%2591%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A-161802%23E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8">https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A-161802#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8</a></span>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A&rft.atitle=%E7%B2%BE%E9%81%B8%E7%89%88+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.aulast=%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E9%A4%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8%E7%B7%A8%E9%9B%86%E9%83%A8&rft.au=%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E9%A4%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8%E7%B7%A8%E9%9B%86%E9%83%A8&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotobank.jp%2Fword%2F%25E8%25BF%2591%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A-161802%23E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF小学館国語辞典編集部2019b">小学館国語辞典編集部「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9-140069%23E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8">民主主義</a>」『精選版 日本国語大辞典』2019年<span style="display:none;">。<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9-140069%23E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8">https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-140069#E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8</a></span>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&rft.atitle=%E7%B2%BE%E9%81%B8%E7%89%88+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.aulast=%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E9%A4%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8%E7%B7%A8%E9%9B%86%E9%83%A8&rft.au=%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E9%A4%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8%E7%B7%A8%E9%9B%86%E9%83%A8&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotobank.jp%2Fword%2F%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9-140069%23E7.B2.BE.E9.81.B8.E7.89.88.20.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.9B.BD.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E5.85.B8&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="杉田"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%89%E7%94%B0%E6%95%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="杉田敦">杉田敦</a>『デモクラシーの論じ方』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AD%91%E6%91%A9%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="筑摩書房">筑摩書房</a>、2001年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/448005894X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/448005894X">448005894X</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E8%AB%96%E3%81%98%E6%96%B9&rft.aulast=%E6%9D%89%E7%94%B0%E6%95%A6&rft.au=%E6%9D%89%E7%94%B0%E6%95%A6&rft.date=2001%E5%B9%B4&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E7%AD%91%E6%91%A9%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF%5D%5D&rft.isbn=448005894X&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="中里"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8C%E8%89%AF%E4%BA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「中里良二」 (存在しないページ)">中里良二</a>『ルソー』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%B8%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清水書院">清水書院</a>、1969年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4334036294?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4334036294">978-4334036294</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC&rft.aulast=%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8C%E8%89%AF%E4%BA%8C&rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8C%E8%89%AF%E4%BA%8C&rft.date=1969%E5%B9%B4&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E6%B8%85%E6%B0%B4%E6%9B%B8%E9%99%A2%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4334036294&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="野上"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%A9%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="野上浩太郎">野上浩太郎</a>『現代政治がわかる古典案内 - マキャベリから漱石まで』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%AC%E8%AB%96%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中央公論新社">中央公論新社</a>、2002年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/4-12-150052-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/4-12-150052-0">4-12-150052-0</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%A1%88%E5%86%85+-+%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E6%BC%B1%E7%9F%B3%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7&rft.aulast=%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%A9%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E&rft.au=%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%A9%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E&rft.date=2002%E5%B9%B4&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%AC%E8%AB%96%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE%5D%5D&rft.isbn=4-12-150052-0&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREFブリタニカ・ジャパン2019">ブリタニカ・ジャパン「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9-140069%23E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">民主主義</a>」『ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典』2019年<span style="display:none;">。<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9-140069%23E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8">https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-140069#E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8</a></span>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&rft.atitle=%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8+%E5%B0%8F%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8&rft.aulast=%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3&rft.au=%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotobank.jp%2Fword%2F%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9-140069%23E3.83.96.E3.83.AA.E3.82.BF.E3.83.8B.E3.82.AB.E5.9B.BD.E9.9A.9B.E5.A4.A7.E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.20.E5.B0.8F.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&rft.atitle=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2&rft.aulast=%E5%B9%B3%E5%87%A1%E7%A4%BE&rft.au=%E5%B9%B3%E5%87%A1%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotobank.jp%2Fword%2F%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9-140069%23E7.99.BE.E7.A7.91.E4.BA.8B.E5.85.B8.E3.83.9E.E3.82.A4.E3.83.9A.E3.83.87.E3.82.A3.E3.82.A2&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF松村2019a"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%9D%91%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="松村明">松村, 明</a>「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803174834/https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E8%25BF%2591%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A-161802">近代社会</a>」『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E6%9E%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大辞林">大辞林</a> 第三版』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E5%A0%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三省堂">三省堂</a>、2019年<span style="display:none;">。<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803174834/https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E8%25BF%2591%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A-161802">https://web.archive.org/web/20200803174834/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A-161802</a></span>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A&rft.atitle=%5B%5B%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E6%9E%97%5D%5D+%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%89%88&rft.aulast=%E6%9D%BE%E6%9D%91&rft.aufirst=%E6%98%8E&rft.au=%E6%9D%BE%E6%9D%91%2C%26%2332%3B%E6%98%8E&rft.date=2019&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E5%A0%82%5D%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20200803174834%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fkotobank.jp%2Fword%2F%25E8%25BF%2591%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A-161802&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF松村2019b"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%9D%91%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="松村明">松村, 明</a>「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E5%25B8%2582%25E6%25B0%2591%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A-75239%23E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89">市民社会</a>」『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E6%B3%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="デジタル大辞泉">デジタル大辞泉</a>』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E9%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="小学館">小学館</a>、2019年<span style="display:none;">。<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E5%25B8%2582%25E6%25B0%2591%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A-75239%23E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89">https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A-75239#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89</a></span>。</cite><span class="Z3988" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9-140069%23E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89">民主主義</a>」『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E6%B3%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="デジタル大辞泉">デジタル大辞泉</a>』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%A6%E9%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="小学館">小学館</a>、2019年<span style="display:none;">。<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9-140069%23E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89">https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9-140069#E3.83.87.E3.82.B8.E3.82.BF.E3.83.AB.E5.A4.A7.E8.BE.9E.E6.B3.89</a></span>。</cite><span class="Z3988" 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style="display:none;">。<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/democracy">https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/democracy</a></span>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=democracy&rft.atitle=Weblio%E8%8B%B1%E5%92%8C%E3%83%BB%E5%92%8C%E8%8B%B1%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.aulast=Weblio&rft.au=Weblio&rft.date=2019&rft.pub=%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E6%A0%AA%E5%BC%8F%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejje.weblio.jp%2Fcontent%2Fdemocracy&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREF文部省2020">文部省『民主主義』幻冬舎〈幻冬舎新書〉、2020年11月5日。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&rft.aulast=%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%81&rft.au=%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%9C%81&rft.date=2020-11-5&rft.series=%E5%B9%BB%E5%86%AC%E8%88%8E%E6%96%B0%E6%9B%B8&rft.pub=%E5%B9%BB%E5%86%AC%E8%88%8E&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li>前田なお『本当の声を求めて 野蛮な常識を疑え』SIBAA BOOKS、2024年。</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="外部リンク"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E3.83.AA.E3.83.B3.E3.82.AF"></span>外部リンク</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&section=69&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 外部リンク" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r94202605">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウィキクォート">ウィキクォート</a>に<b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikiquote.org/wiki/%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9" class="extiw" title="q:民主主義">民主主義</a></b>に関する引用句集があります。 </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r94202605"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 38px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="38" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウィクショナリー">ウィクショナリー</a>に関連の辞書項目があります。 <div style="margin-left:10px;"> <b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/民主主義">民主主義</a></b> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://web.kyoto-inet.or.jp/people/tiakio/xenophon/athe.html">アテナイ人の国制</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy/">Democracy</a> <span class="tmpl-language-icon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555">(英語)</span> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="スタンフォード哲学百科事典">スタンフォード哲学百科事典</a>「民主主義」の項目。</li> <li>『<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9">民主主義</a>』 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="コトバンク">コトバンク</a></li> </ul><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐849f99967d‐jchz4 Cached time: 20241124121708 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.253 seconds Real time usage: 1.526 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 33072/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 361998/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 67202/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 25/100 Expensive parser function count: 31/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 100361/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.281/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3206114/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1121.567 1 -total 21.44% 240.444 2 Template:Reflist 20.81% 233.407 19 Template:Citation/core-ja-jp 20.77% 232.937 18 Template:Cite_book 17.49% 196.159 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists 17.23% 193.272 1 Template:民主主義 12.90% 144.696 5 Template:Cite_journal 12.22% 137.084 5 Template:Cite_journal/和書 11.44% 128.329 16 Template:Citation/identifier 6.42% 72.039 9 Template:Cite_web --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key jawiki:pcache:idhash:9997-0!canonical and timestamp 20241124121708 and revision id 102504155. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.054 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> 「<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%26oldid%3D102504155">https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=民主主義&oldid=102504155</a>」から取得 </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Momotanaoki" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1731129387"> <span>最終更新: 2024年11月9日 (土) 05:16</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>言語</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasie" title="アフリカーンス語: Demokrasie" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Demokrasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="アフリカーンス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="スイスドイツ語: Demokratie" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="スイスドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258B%25B4%25E1%2588%259E%25E1%258A%25AD%25E1%2588%25AB%25E1%2588%25B2" title="アムハラ語: ዴሞክራሲ" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዴሞክራሲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="アムハラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia" title="アラゴン語: Democracia" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Democracia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="アラゴン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="アンギカ語: प्रजातंत्र" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्रजातंत्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="アンギカ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="アラビア語: ديمقراطية" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديمقراطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="モロッコ・アラビア語: ديموقراطية" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ديموقراطية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="モロッコ・アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D9%2587" title="エジプト・アラビア語: ديموقراطيه" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديموقراطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="エジプト・アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A6%25A3%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A7%25B0" title="アッサム語: গণতন্ত্ৰ" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গণতন্ত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="アッサム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia" title="アストゥリアス語: Democracia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Democracia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="アストゥリアス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="アヴァル語: Демократия" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="アヴァル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiya" title="アゼルバイジャン語: Demokratiya" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Demokratiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="アゼルバイジャン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="South Azerbaijani: دموکراسی" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="バシキール語: Демократия" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="バシキール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="バイエルン・オーストリア語: Demokratie" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="バイエルン・オーストリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demuokrat%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="サモギティア語: Demuokratėjė" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Demuokratėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="サモギティア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasya" title="ビコール語: Demokrasya" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Demokrasya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="ビコール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%258D%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="ベラルーシ語: Дэмакратыя" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэмакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ベラルーシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%258D%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography): Дэмакратыя" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэмакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="ブルガリア語: Демокрация" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Демокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ブルガリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="Bhojpuri: लोकतंत्र" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लोकतंत्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2592%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AE" title="Pa'O: ဒီမိုကရေသီ" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒီမိုကရေသီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A6%25A3%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0" title="ベンガル語: গণতন্ত্র" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গণতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ベンガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A6%25A3%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0" title="ビシュヌプリヤ・マニプリ語: গণতন্ত্র" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গণতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="ビシュヌプリヤ・マニプリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratelezh" title="ブルトン語: Demokratelezh" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Demokratelezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ブルトン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratija" title="ボスニア語: Demokratija" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Demokratija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ボスニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="Batak Mandailing: Demokrasi" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB" title="ブリヤート語: Арадшалал" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Арадшалал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="ブリヤート語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democr%25C3%25A0cia" title="カタロニア語: Democràcia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Democràcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="カタロニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25ACng-ci%25C5%258D" title="閩東語: Mìng-ciō" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mìng-ciō" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="閩東語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8" title="チェチェン語: Демократи" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Демократи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="チェチェン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasya" title="セブアノ語: Demokrasya" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Demokrasya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="セブアノ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="中央クルド語: دیموکراسی" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیموکراسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中央クルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiya" title="クリミア・タタール語: Demokratiya" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Demokratiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="クリミア・タタール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracie" title="チェコ語: Demokracie" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Demokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="チェコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8" title="チュヴァシ語: Демократи" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Демократи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="チュヴァシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratiaeth" title="ウェールズ語: Democratiaeth" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Democratiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ウェールズ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="おすすめ記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrati" title="デンマーク語: Demokrati" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Demokrati" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="デンマーク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="ドイツ語: Demokratie" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%25C9%259Bmk%25C9%2594ckedhi%25C9%259B" title="ディンカ語: Agɛmkɔckedhiɛ" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Agɛmkɔckedhiɛ" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="ディンカ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasiye" title="ザザキ語: Demokrasiye" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Demokrasiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="ザザキ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%258B%25DE%25A8%25DE%2589%25DE%25A8%25DE%25A4%25DE%25B0%25DE%2583%25DE%25A7%25DE%25A0%25DE%25A9" title="ディベヒ語: ދިމިޤްރާޠީ" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދިމިޤްރާޠީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="ディベヒ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2594%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BC%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="ギリシャ語: Δημοκρατία" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ギリシャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" title="英語: Democracy" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Democracy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratio" title="エスペラント語: Demokratio" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Demokratio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="エスペラント語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia" title="スペイン語: Democracia" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Democracia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="スペイン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraatia" title="エストニア語: Demokraatia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Demokraatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="エストニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrazia" title="バスク語: Demokrazia" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Demokrazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="バスク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="ペルシア語: دموکراسی" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ペルシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratia" title="フィンランド語: Demokratia" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Demokratia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="フィンランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraatia" title="ヴォロ語: Demokraatia" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Demokraatia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="ヴォロ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%25C3%25B3lkar%25C3%25A6%25C3%25B0i" title="フェロー語: Fólkaræði" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fólkaræði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="フェロー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A9mocratie" title="フランス語: Démocratie" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démocratie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="フランス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratii" title="北フリジア語: Demokratii" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Demokratii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北フリジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasy" title="西フリジア語: Demokrasy" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Demokrasy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西フリジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daonlathas" title="アイルランド語: Daonlathas" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daonlathas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="アイルランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A9mokrasi" title="Guianan Creole: Démokrasi" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Démokrasi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamocrasaidh" title="スコットランド・ゲール語: Deamocrasaidh" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Deamocrasaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="スコットランド・ゲール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia" title="ガリシア語: Democracia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Democracia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ガリシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekopytyjoja" title="グアラニー語: Jekopytyjoja" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jekopytyjoja" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="グアラニー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25B2%25E0%25AB%258B%25E0%25AA%2595%25E0%25AA%25B6%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25B9%25E0%25AB%2580" title="グジャラート語: લોકશાહી" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લોકશાહી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="グジャラート語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimokara%25C9%2597iyya" title="ハウサ語: Dimokaraɗiyya" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dimokaraɗiyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="ハウサ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25ACn-ts%25C3%25BA_Ts%25C3%25BA-ngi" title="客家語: Mìn-tsú Tsú-ngi" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mìn-tsú Tsú-ngi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2593%25D7%259E%25D7%2595%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A8%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="ヘブライ語: דמוקרטיה" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמוקרטיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ヘブライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="ヒンディー語: लोकतंत्र" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोकतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajatantr" title="フィジー・ヒンディー語: Prajatantr" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Prajatantr" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="フィジー・ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracija" title="クロアチア語: Demokracija" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Demokracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="ハイチ・クレオール語: Demokrasi" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ハイチ・クレオール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokr%25C3%25A1cia_(politikai_rendszer)" title="ハンガリー語: Demokrácia (politikai rendszer)" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Demokrácia (politikai rendszer)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ハンガリー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BA%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B2%25D5%25B8%25D5%25BE%25D6%2580%25D5%25A4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BE%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="アルメニア語: Ժողովրդավարություն" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժողովրդավարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="アルメニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratia" title="インターリングア: Democratia" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Democratia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="インターリングア" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="インドネシア語: Demokrasi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="インドネシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratie" title="インターリング: Democratie" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Democratie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="インターリング" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasia" title="イロカノ語: Demokrasia" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Demokrasia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="イロカノ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratio" title="イド語: Demokratio" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Demokratio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="イド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25BD%25C3%25B0r%25C3%25A6%25C3%25B0i" title="アイスランド語: Lýðræði" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lýðræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="アイスランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia" title="イタリア語: Democrazia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Democrazia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="イタリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimakrasi" title="ジャマイカ・クレオール語: Dimakrasi" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Dimakrasi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="ジャマイカ・クレオール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/roltrusi%2527o" title="ロジバン語: roltrusi'o" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="roltrusi'o" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ロジバン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dh%25C3%25A9mokrasi" title="ジャワ語: Dhémokrasi" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhémokrasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ジャワ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="ジョージア語: დემოკრატია" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დემოკრატია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ジョージア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiya" title="カラカルパク語: Demokratiya" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Demokratiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="カラカルパク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temokraasii" title="Kabiye: Temokraasii" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Temokraasii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%25CC%25B1moki%25CC%25B1rasi" title="カタブ語: Di̱moki̱rasi" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Di̱moki̱rasi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="カタブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimokalasi" title="コンゴ語: Dimokalasi" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Dimokalasi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="コンゴ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndemookirath%25C4%25A9" title="キクユ語: Ndemookirathĩ" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ndemookirathĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="キクユ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="カザフ語: Демократия" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="カザフ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratii" title="グリーンランド語: Demokratii" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Demokratii" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="グリーンランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2594%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%2587%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2592%25E1%259E%25B7%25E1%259E%2594%25E1%259E%258F%25E1%259F%2581%25E1%259E%2599%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%2599" title="クメール語: ប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="クメール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AA%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25AA%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25AD%25E0%25B3%2581%25E0%25B2%25A4%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B5" title="カンナダ語: ಪ್ರಜಾಪ್ರಭುತ್ವ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಜಾಪ್ರಭುತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="カンナダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25AF%25BC%25EC%25A3%25BC%25EC%25A3%25BC%25EC%259D%2598" title="韓国語: 민주주의" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민주주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="カラチャイ・バルカル語: Демократия" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="カラチャイ・バルカル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="ケルン語: Demokratie" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="ケルン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokras%25C3%25AE" title="クルド語: Demokrasî" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Demokrasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="クルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwerinieth" title="コーンウォール語: Gwerinieth" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwerinieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="コーンウォール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="キルギス語: Демократия" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="キルギス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratia" title="ラテン語: Democratia" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Democratia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ラテン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="ルクセンブルク語: Demokratie" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ルクセンブルク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="レズギ語: Демократия" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="レズギ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratia" title="リングア・フランカ・ノバ: Democratia" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Democratia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="リングア・フランカ・ノバ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratie" title="リンブルフ語: Democratie" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Democratie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="リンブルフ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democra%25C3%25A7ia" title="リグリア語: Democraçia" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Democraçia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="リグリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia" title="ロンバルド語: Democrazia" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Democrazia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ロンバルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="リンガラ語: Demokrasi" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="リンガラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%259A%25E0%25BA%25AD%25E0%25BA%259A%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%258A%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2584%25E0%25BA%2595" title="ラオ語: ລະບອບປະຊາທິປະໄຕ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລະບອບປະຊາທິປະໄຕ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ラオ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratija" title="リトアニア語: Demokratija" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Demokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="リトアニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokr%25C4%2581tija" title="ラトビア語: Demokrātija" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Demokrātija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ラトビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="マイティリー語: लोकतन्त्र" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लोकतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="マイティリー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem%25C3%25B4krasia" title="マダガスカル語: Demôkrasia" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Demôkrasia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="マダガスカル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9" title="東部マリ語: Демократий" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Демократий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="東部マリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="マケドニア語: Демократија" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Демократија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="マケドニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25A7%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%2582" title="マラヤーラム語: ജനാധിപത്യം" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജനാധിപത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="マラヤーラム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB" title="モンゴル語: Ардчилал" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ардчилал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="モンゴル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2592%25E1%2580%25B3%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25B3" title="Mon: ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဒဳမဝ်ကရေသဳ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A5%2580" title="マラーティー語: लोकशाही" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोकशाही" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="マラーティー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="マレー語: Demokrasi" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="マレー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracie" title="ミランダ語: Democracie" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Democracie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="ミランダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2592%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%25AE" title="ミャンマー語: ဒီမိုကရေစီ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒီမိုကရေစီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ミャンマー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="マーザンダラーン語: دموکراسی" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="マーザンダラーン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tl%25C4%2581cat%25C4%2593pacholiztli" title="Nahuatl: Tlācatēpacholiztli" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlācatēpacholiztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="低地ドイツ語: Demokratie" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokraty" title="オランダ低ザクセン語: Demokraty" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Demokraty" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="オランダ低ザクセン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="ネパール語: लोकतन्त्र" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लोकतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ネパール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="ネワール語: लोकतन्त्र" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लोकतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="ネワール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratie" title="オランダ語: Democratie" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Democratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="オランダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestyre" title="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク): Folkestyre" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folkestyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrati" title="ノルウェー語(ブークモール): Demokrati" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Demokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ブークモール)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temokrasi" title="北部ソト語: Temokrasi" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Temokrasi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北部ソト語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokilase" title="ニャンジャ語: Demokilase" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Demokilase" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="ニャンジャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia" title="オック語: Democracia" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Democracia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="オック語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvahanvaldu" title="Livvi-Karelian: Rahvahanvaldu" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Rahvahanvaldu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimookiraasii" title="オロモ語: Dimookiraasii" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dimookiraasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="オロモ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%259C" title="パンジャブ語: ਲੋਕਰਾਜ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਕਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="パンジャブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasia" title="パピアメント語: Demokrasia" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Demokrasia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="パピアメント語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="ペンシルベニア・ドイツ語: Demokratie" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="ペンシルベニア・ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="プファルツ語: Demokratie" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="プファルツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracja" title="ポーランド語: Demokracja" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Demokracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ポーランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrass%25C3%25ACa" title="ピエモンテ語: Democrassìa" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Democrassìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="ピエモンテ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9_%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC" title="Western Punjabi: لوک راج" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوک راج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D9%258A" title="パシュトゥー語: ولسواکي" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ولسواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="パシュトゥー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia" title="ポルトガル語: Democracia" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Democracia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ポルトガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaqta_kallpay" title="ケチュア語: Llaqta kallpay" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llaqta kallpay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ケチュア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia" title="ロマンシュ語: Democrazia" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Democrazia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="ロマンシュ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democra%25C8%259Bie" title="ルーマニア語: Democrație" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Democrație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ルーマニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="ロシア語: Демократия" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ロシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="ルシン語: Демокрація" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Демокрація" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ルシン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D" title="サンスクリット語: प्रजातन्त्रम्" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्रजातन्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="サンスクリット語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="サハ語: Демократия" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="サハ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratzia" title="サルデーニャ語: Democratzia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Democratzia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="サルデーニャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimucrazz%25C3%25ACa" title="シチリア語: Dimucrazzìa" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dimucrazzìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="シチリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" title="スコットランド語: Democracy" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Democracy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="スコットランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25DA%25BE%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA" title="シンド語: جمھوريت" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جمھوريت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="シンド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracija" title="セルボ・クロアチア語: Demokracija" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Demokracija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="セルボ・クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2581%25B6%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2582%2587" title="シャン語: တီႇမူဝ်ႇၶရေႇသီႇ" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="တီႇမူဝ်ႇၶရေႇသီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="シャン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B4%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25AF%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="シンハラ語: ප්රජාතන්ත්රවාදය" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්රජාතන්ත්රවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="シンハラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" title="シンプル英語: Democracy" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Democracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="シンプル英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracia" title="スロバキア語: Demokracia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Demokracia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="スロバキア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracija" title="スロベニア語: Demokracija" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Demokracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="スロベニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatemabanze" title="ショナ語: Chatemabanze" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chatemabanze" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="ショナ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimoqraadi" title="ソマリ語: Dimoqraadi" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dimoqraadi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="ソマリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracia" title="アルバニア語: Demokracia" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Demokracia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="アルバニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="セルビア語: Демократија" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Демократија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="セルビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratie" title="ザーターフリジア語: Demokratie" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="ザーターフリジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A9mokrasi" title="スンダ語: Démokrasi" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Démokrasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="スンダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrati" title="スウェーデン語: Demokrati" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Demokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="スウェーデン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasia" title="スワヒリ語: Demokrasia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Demokrasia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="スワヒリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="タミル語: மக்களாட்சி" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்களாட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="タミル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AA%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%259C%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B5%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B0%2582" title="テルグ語: ప్రజాస్వామ్యం" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రజాస్వామ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="テルグ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D3%25A3" title="タジク語: Мардумсолорӣ" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мардумсолорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="タジク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B9%2584%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25A2" title="タイ語: ประชาธิปไตย" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประชาธิปไตย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="タイ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258B%25B2%25E1%2588%259E%25E1%258A%25AD%25E1%2588%25AB%25E1%2588%25B2" title="ティグリニア語: ዲሞክራሲ" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ዲሞክራሲ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="ティグリニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrati%25C3%25BDa" title="トルクメン語: Demokratiýa" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Demokratiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="トルクメン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasya" title="タガログ語: Demokrasya" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Demokrasya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="タガログ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi" title="トルコ語: Demokrasi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="トルコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokhrasi" title="ツォンガ語: Demokhrasi" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Demokhrasi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="ツォンガ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="タタール語: Демократия" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="タタール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="トゥヴァ語: Демократия" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Демократия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="トゥヴァ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25DB%2590%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25DB%2595" title="ウイグル語: دېموكراتىيە" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دېموكراتىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ウイグル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="ウクライナ語: Демократія" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Демократія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ウクライナ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585%25DB%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="ウルドゥー語: جمہوریت" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جمہوریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ウルドゥー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratiya" title="ウズベク語: Demokratiya" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Demokratiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ウズベク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrasia" title="ヴェネト語: Democrasia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Democrasia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="ヴェネト語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratii" title="ヴェプス語: Demokratii" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Demokratii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="ヴェプス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A2n_ch%25E1%25BB%25A7" title="ベトナム語: Dân chủ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dân chủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ベトナム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasya" title="ワライ語: Demokrasya" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Demokrasya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ワライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB" title="呉語: 民主" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="民主" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="呉語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Democracy" title="コサ語: I-Democracy" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Democracy" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="コサ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="メグレル語: დემოკრატია" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დემოკრატია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="メグレル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2593%25D7%25A2%25D7%259E%25D7%2590%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%25A2" title="イディッシュ語: דעמאקראטיע" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דעמאקראטיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="イディッシュ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2592%25E1%25B9%25A3%25C3%25A8l%25C3%25BA" title="ヨルバ語: Òṣèlú" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òṣèlú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ヨルバ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minzcuj" title="チワン語: Minzcuj" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Minzcuj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="チワン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B4%25B7%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B5%258E%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B5%2587%25E2%25B5%2595%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%259F%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B5%259C" title="標準モロッコ タマジクト語: ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="標準モロッコ タマジクト語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB" title="中国語: 民主" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="民主" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB" title="漢文: 民主" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="民主" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="漢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25AEn-ch%25C3%25BA" title="閩南語: Bîn-chú" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bîn-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25B8%25BB" title="広東語: 民主" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="民主" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="広東語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbuso_wabantu" title="ズールー語: Umbuso wabantu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umbuso wabantu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="ズールー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ja.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="20" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">最終更新 2024年11月9日 (土) 05:16 (日時は<a 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