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class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Noten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanena_knjiga_%28Liber_linteus_Zagrebiensis%29.jpg/450px-Lanena_knjiga_%28Liber_linteus_Zagrebiensis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lanena_knjiga_%28Liber_linteus_Zagrebiensis%29.jpg/600px-Lanena_knjiga_%28Liber_linteus_Zagrebiensis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1539" /></a><figcaption>De <i>Liber linteus Zagrabiensis</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Etruscologie</b> (samenst. <a href="/wiki/Latijn" title="Latijn">Lat.</a> <i>Etrusci</i> en <a href="/wiki/Oudgrieks" title="Oudgrieks">Gr.</a> <span lang="grc" title="Oudgrieks">λόγος</span>: "leer der Etrusken") is de <a href="/wiki/Wetenschap" title="Wetenschap">wetenschap</a> die zich toelegt op de studie naar de <a href="/wiki/Etrusken" title="Etrusken">Etrusken</a>, wier beschaving zich van de 9e tot en met de 1e eeuw v.Chr. in Italië manifesteerde. </p><p>De Romeinse keizer <a href="/wiki/Claudius_I" title="Claudius I">Claudius</a> had een grote belangstelling voor de Etruskische cultuur, beheerste zelfs de <a href="/wiki/Etruskisch" title="Etruskisch">taal</a> en schreef een omvangrijk werk getiteld <i>Tyrrhenica</i>, gesteld in het Grieks, dat handelde over de geschiedenis van de Etrusken.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit werk is helaas verloren gegaan. De Schotse geleerde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Dempster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Dempster (de pagina bestaat niet)">Thomas Dempster</a> (1579-1625) schreef een boek, <i>De Etruria regali libri septem</i>, dat in 1723 gepubliceerd werd. Dit werk stimuleerde het onderzoek naar de Etruskische cultuur. </p><p>De Italiaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Lanzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Lanzi (de pagina bestaat niet)">Luigi Lanzi</a> publiceerde in 1789 een baanbrekend werk <i>Saggio di lingua Etrusca</i>, gevolgd door <i>Saggio delle lingue d' Italia</i> in 1806. In een studie over de zogenaamde Etruskische vasen, concludeerde Lanzi terecht dat het Griekse vazen waren, die de Etrusken hadden geïmporteerd. In 1848 verscheen de studie <i>The cities and cemeteries of Etruria</i> (1848) van de Britse reiziger-archeoloog <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Dennis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Dennis (de pagina bestaat niet)">George Dennis</a> (1814-1898). Het boek wordt nog steeds gebruikt. </p><p>De Italiaanse hoogleraar <a href="/wiki/Klassieke_archeologie" title="Klassieke archeologie">Klassieke archeologie</a> <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pallottino" title="Massimo Pallottino">Massimo Pallottino</a> (1909-1995) was de eerste die de Etruskische beschaving op een systematische en wetenschappelijke wijze beschreven heeft en wordt beschouwd als de echte grondlegger van de Etruscologie. Zijn <i>Etruscologia</i> uit 1942 (voor het laatst herzien in 1984) is nog steeds een van de belangrijkste etruscologische handboeken. Pallottino's leerlingen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauro_Cristofani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauro Cristofani (de pagina bestaat niet)">Mauro Cristofani</a> (1941-1997) en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Colonna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Colonna (de pagina bestaat niet)">Giovanni Colonna</a> (1934-) hebben zijn werk verdergezet. Ook Giovannangelo Camporeale, voorzitter van het <i>Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici</i> en auteur van verschillende baanbrekende publicaties leverde een grote bijdrage. </p><p>In Frankrijk schreef <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Heurgon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Heurgon (de pagina bestaat niet)">Jacques Heurgon</a>, professor aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Parijs" title="Universiteit van Parijs">Sorbonne</a> te Parijs in 1981 <i>La vie quotidienne chez les Étrusques</i> . </p><p>Belangrijke aandachtspunten van de etruscologie zijn de materiële overblijfselen (<a href="/wiki/Archeologie" title="Archeologie">archeologie</a>) en de taal. Het <a href="/wiki/Etruskisch" title="Etruskisch">Etruskisch</a> was, in tegenstelling tot de <a href="/wiki/Italische_talen" title="Italische talen">Italische talen</a>, geen <a href="/wiki/Indo-Europese_talen" title="Indo-Europese talen">Indo-Europese taal</a> en heeft buiten het Italisch schiereiland alleen verwantschap met het <a href="/wiki/Lemnisch" title="Lemnisch">Lemnisch</a>. Hoewel het Etruskisch zich vrij gemakkelijk laat lezen (het is gebaseerd op het <a href="/wiki/Oudgrieks" title="Oudgrieks">Oudgriekse</a> alfabet), is de betekenis van vele woorden ons nog onbekend. Er zijn namelijk weinig lange teksten overgeleverd. Wij hebben wel zo'n 11.000 korte inscripties op beelden, vazen, enz., maar deze zijn te kort om de kennis van de Etruskische taal aanzienlijk te vergroten. Uitkomst kunnen zogeheten bilinguen bieden: teksten waarvan een vertaling bestaat in een taal die wij wel beheersen (vgl. de <a href="/wiki/Steen_van_Rosetta" title="Steen van Rosetta">Steen van Rosetta</a>, waarmee <a href="/wiki/Champollion" class="mw-redirect" title="Champollion">Champollion</a> de Oud-Egyptische <a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%ABroglief" title="Hiëroglief">hiërogliefen</a> kon ontcijferen). Het aantal bilinguen is echter beperkt en meestal gaat het ook hier om korte teksten. De Etruskische tegenhanger van de Steen van Rosetta dacht men in de drie gouden <a href="/wiki/Plaatjes_van_Pyrgi" title="Plaatjes van Pyrgi">plaatjes van Pyrgi</a> gevonden te hebben; deze dragen een tekst die zowel in het <a href="/wiki/Punisch" title="Punisch">Punisch</a> als in het Etruskisch is gesteld. De teksten bleken helaas geen nauwkeurige vertalingen. De langste overgeleverde tekst is momenteel de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liber_Linteus_Zagrabiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis (de pagina bestaat niet)">Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis</a></i> (ca. 1300 woorden), een tekst op de windselen van een Egyptische <a href="/wiki/Mummie" title="Mummie">mummie</a>. In 2007 is daarover een nieuwe, uitgebreidere studie verschenen van de hand van een Nederlandse etruscoloog.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Een probleem dat de etruscologie lang heeft beziggehouden is de etnische formatie van de Etrusken. Sommige wetenschappers (met name taalkundigen) geloven in een oosterse herkomst, in navolging van <a href="/wiki/Herodotos" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodotos">Herodotos</a>. Anderen (veelal archeologen) zijn van mening dat de Etrusken autochtoon waren (naar het idee van <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_van_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius van Halicarnassus">Dionysius van Halicarnassus</a>). Voor een oosterse herkomst zijn veel taalkundige aanwijzingen, maar géén archeologische (misschien de <a href="/wiki/Stele_van_Kaminia" title="Stele van Kaminia">stele van Kaminia</a> uitgezonderd); de Etruskische archaeologica wijzen op een zeer lange geschiedenis op het Italisch schiereiland. Het probleem staat tegenwoordig vrijwel niet meer op de Etruscologische agenda, hoewel de discussie nog niet geheel is beëindigd.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Het belangrijkste wetenschappelijke etruscologische instituut is het <i>Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici</i> te <a href="/wiki/Florence_(stad)" title="Florence (stad)">Florence</a>. Het instituut is verantwoordelijk voor belangrijke publicaties, zoals de reeksen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpus_Speculorum_Etruscorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (de pagina bestaat niet)">Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum</a> en <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Etruscarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum</a> (corpora respectievelijk betrekking hebbend op Etruskische spiegels en inscripties) en het gezaghebbende wetenschappelijke tijdschrift <i>Studi Etruschi</i> (1927 - heden). Een ander wetenschappelijk tijdschrift is <i>Etruscan Studies</i> (1994 - heden), dat onder auspiciën van de Amerikaanse <i>Etruscan Foundation</i> wordt uitgegeven. Bekend is ook de <i>Accademia Etrusca</i> te <a href="/wiki/Cortona" title="Cortona">Cortona</a>, die werd gesticht in 1727. De academie heeft een archeologisch museum (<i>Museo dell'Accademia Etrusca e della Città di Cortona</i>) en een omvangrijke bibliotheek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noten">Noten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etruscologie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Noten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etruscologie&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Noten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></span>, <i>Divus Claudius</i> 42.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">L.B. van der Meer</span>, <i>Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The linen book of Zagreb. A comment on the longest Etruscan text</i>. Leuven 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Voor de details omtrent dit probleem zie het lemma <a href="/wiki/Etrusken" title="Etrusken">Etrusken</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etruscologie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etruscologie&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">G. Bartoloni</span> (red.), <i>Introduzione all'etruscologia</i>, Milaan 2012.</li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pallottino" title="Massimo Pallottino">M. Pallottino</a></span>, <i>Etruscologia</i>, Milaan 1984<sup>7</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/8820314282" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 8820314282</a></li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A.J. Pfiffig</span>, <i>Einführung in die Etruskologie: Probleme, Methoden, Ergebnisse</i>, Darmstadt 1972.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etruscologie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etruscologie&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Italiaans">(<span>it</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studietruschi.it/">Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etruscanfoundation.org/">Etruscan Foundation</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etruscologie&oldid=68389284">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etruscologie&oldid=68389284</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Archeologisch_vakgebied" title="Categorie:Archeologisch vakgebied">Archeologisch vakgebied</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Taalkunde" title="Categorie:Taalkunde">Taalkunde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Etruskische_oudheid" title="Categorie:Etruskische oudheid">Etruskische oudheid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Etruscoloog" title="Categorie:Etruscoloog">Etruscoloog</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina%27s_die_ISBN_magische_links_gebruiken" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken">Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 16 nov 2024 om 15:36.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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