CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Safe space - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2f2c9dae-edbd-4ba7-9a1e-57c8c12d40d6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Safe_space","wgTitle":"Safe space","wgCurRevisionId":1258882283,"wgRevisionId":1258882283,"wgArticleId":18138370,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from August 2017","All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes","Articles with excerpts","Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from May 2021","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2023","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Commons category link is locally defined", "Webarchive template wayback links","Education in the United Kingdom","Education in the United States","Social justice terminology","LGBTQ and education","LGBTQ symbols","LGBTQ and society","2010s neologisms"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Safe_space","wgRelevantArticleId":18138370,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain": false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4080972","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges": "ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Straightally.svg/1200px-Straightally.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Straightally.svg/800px-Straightally.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Straightally.svg/640px-Straightally.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Safe space - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_space"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_space"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Safe_space rootpage-Safe_space skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Safe+space" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Safe+space" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Safe+space" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Safe+space" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Safe space</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9" title="مساحة آمنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مساحة آمنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzraum_(Soziologie)" title="Schutzraum (Soziologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schutzraum (Soziologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espacio_seguro" title="Espacio seguro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espacio seguro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="فضای امن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فضای امن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_space" title="Safe space – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Safe space" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Անվտանգ տարածք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անվտանգ տարածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%98%D7%95%D7%97" title="מרחב בטוח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרחב בטוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_space" title="Safe space – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Safe space" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%A7o_seguro" title="Espaço seguro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espaço seguro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Безопасное пространство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Безопасное пространство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turvallisempi_tila" title="Turvallisempi tila – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turvallisempi tila" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizon_(tryggt_rum)" title="Frizon (tryggt rum) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frizon (tryggt rum)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Безпечна територія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Безпечна територія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4080972#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Safe_space" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Safe_space" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Safe_space"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Safe_space"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Safe_space" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Safe_space" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&oldid=1258882283" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Safe_space&id=1258882283&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSafe_space"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSafe_space"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Safe_space&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4080972" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Socially safe zone for communication</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the youth crisis support organization, see <a href="/wiki/National_Safe_Place" title="National Safe Place">National Safe Place</a>. For safe spaces for intravenous drug users, see <a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Supervised injection facilities">Supervised injection facilities</a>. For the South Park episode, see <a href="/wiki/Safe_Space_(South_Park)" title="Safe Space (South Park)">Safe Space (South Park)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Safe zone" redirects here. For the 21st-century Syrian Civil War zones, see <a href="/wiki/Safe_Zone_(Syria)" title="Safe Zone (Syria)">Safe Zone (Syria)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-undue-weight" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a></b> that contextualizes different points of view.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Straightally.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Straightally.svg/220px-Straightally.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Straightally.svg/330px-Straightally.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Straightally.svg/440px-Straightally.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>An inverted <a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">pink triangle</a>, surrounded by a green circle symbolising universal acceptance, to indicate <a href="/wiki/Straight_ally" title="Straight ally">alliance</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> and spaces free from <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>. This symbol was introduced at anti-<a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a> workshops from the Gay & Lesbian Urban Explorers in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Raeburn2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raeburn2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <b>safe space</b> refers to places "intended to be free of bias, conflict, criticism, or potentially threatening actions, ideas, or conversations", according to Merriam-Webster.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a place where <a href="/wiki/Marginalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalization">marginalized</a> groups can discuss issues pertinent to them without having to address questions or remarks that might be directed at them from majority groups in society who are not familiar with certain issues. The term originated in <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> culture,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has since expanded to include any place where a marginalized minority (e.g., gender, racial, religious, ethnic) can come together to communicate regarding their shared experiences. Safe spaces are most commonly located on university campuses in the western world,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also are at workplaces, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms <b>safe space</b> (or <b>safe-space</b>), <b>safer space</b>, and <b>positive space</b> may also indicate that a <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teacher</a>, educational institution or student body does not tolerate <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a>, thereby creating a <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safe</a> place for marginalized people.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countries">Countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Council_of_Victoria" title="Islamic Council of Victoria">Islamic Council of Victoria</a> (ICV) which says it represents 200,000 Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> stated that the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia" title="Islam in Australia">Muslim community</a> suffered mental health and other problems due to the suspicions to which it is subjected. The ICV proposed that Islamic community groups be given funds to create "safe spaces" where "inflammatory" issues could be discussed without being judged.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government rejected the proposal and instigated a review of government funding towards the ICV.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Positive Space campaign was developed at the University of Toronto in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Positive Space initiatives have become prevalent in post-secondary institutions across Canada, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-queermcgill.ca_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-queermcgill.ca-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_College" title="Algonquin College">Algonquin College</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government of Canada also has a positive spaces initiative that began in 2009 to support LGBTQIA+ immigrants, refugees, and newcomers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lametti" title="David Lametti">David Lametti</a> sought to legislate the internet to be a safe space by introducing Bill C-36, which would remove <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_Canada" title="Hate speech laws in Canada">hateful</a> online content and issue fines to those who spread it, stating that the internet has become the new public square and "that public square should be a safe space".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">Ontario New Democratic Party</a> proposed legally enforced safe spaces in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, with Bill 94 <i>(2SLGBTQI+ Community Safety Zones Act)</i>. The legislation would make "offensive remarks" an offense subject to a fine up to $25,000 if done within 100 metres of an <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> event designated by an attorney general.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commission_on_Women#Safe_Spaces_Act" title="Philippine Commission on Women">Philippine Commission on Women § Safe Spaces Act</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Commission_on_Women&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> Republic Act No. 11313, known as the Safe Spaces Act or the "<span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">Bawal Bastos</i></span> Law", authored by Senator <a href="/wiki/Risa_Hontiveros" title="Risa Hontiveros">Risa Hontiveros</a>, was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> on April 17, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its implementing rules and regulations was signed by Hontiveros in October that year. The act aims to reform laws and policies surrounding <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>-based street and public spaces <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>, both offline and online.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 2015, the increasing adoption of safe spaces in UK universities aroused controversy due to accusations that they were used to stifle <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a> and differing political views.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2016, the then-Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>, criticized universities for implementing "safe space" policies amid concerns that self-censorship was curtailing freedom of speech on campuses. The Prime Minister said it was "quite extraordinary" for universities to ban the discussion of certain topics that could cause offence. She warned that stifling free speech could have a negative impact on Britain's economic and social success.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the concept originated in the <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay liberation movement">gay liberation movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hanhardt_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanhardt-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">women's movement</a>, where it "implies a certain license to speak and act freely, form collective strength, and generate strategies for resistance...a means rather than an end and not only a physical space but also a space created by the coming together of women searching for community." The first safe spaces were <a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">gay bars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_raising" title="Consciousness raising">consciousness raising</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenney_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenney-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989 Gay & Lesbian Urban Explorers (GLUE) developed a safe spaces program. During their events including <a href="/wiki/Diversity-training" class="mw-redirect" title="Diversity-training">diversity-training</a> sessions and <a href="/wiki/Antihomophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihomophobia">antihomophobia</a> workshops, they passed out magnets with an inverted <a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">pink triangle</a>, "<a href="/wiki/AIDS_Coalition_to_Unleash_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power">ACT UP</a>'s...symbol", surrounded by a green circle to "symbolize universal acceptance," and asked "allies to display the magnets to show support for gay rights and to designate their work spaces free from homophobia."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Advocates_for_Youth" title="Advocates for Youth">Advocates for Youth</a> states on their website that a safe-space is "A place where anyone can relax and be fully self-expressed, without fear of being made to feel uncomfortable, unwelcome or challenged on account of biological sex, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, cultural background, age, or physical or mental ability; a place where the rules guard each person's self-respect, dignity and feelings and strongly encourage everyone to respect others."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some people consider safe space culture as a violation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> and a mechanism for retreating from opinions which contrast with one's own.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, "safe space culture" may be individuals or institutions which support a safe space for LGBT+ students and employees. They may offer or mandate staff training on diversity, include being a safe space in the organization's <a href="/wiki/Mission_statement" title="Mission statement">mission statement</a>, develop and post a value statement in the organization's office, online, or on printed documents, or, if part of a <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a>, encourage the coalition to include being a safe space in its mission and values.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Criticism_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-criticism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criticism#Avoid_sections_and_articles_focusing_on_criticisms_or_controversies" title="Wikipedia:Criticism">"criticism" or "controversy" section</a> <b>may compromise the article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Article_structure" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">through discussion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Safe_space" title="Talk:Safe space">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Opponents of safe spaces argue that the idea stifles <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spiked_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiked-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or blurs the line between <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> against physical harm and giving offense.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, advocates for safe spaces assert that people subject to hate speech are directly affected by it.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In their 2015 essay in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>, "The Coddling of The American Mind", <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Lukianoff" title="Greg Lukianoff">Greg Lukianoff</a> warn of the rise of college campuses as safe spaces, and argue that valuing "emotional safety" as a sacred cause ignores practical and moral tradeoffs, exacerbates political polarization, and can stunt the emotional and intellectual development of students.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> in 2015, journalist <a href="/wiki/Judith_Shulevitz" title="Judith Shulevitz">Judith Shulevitz</a> distinguished between meetings where participants consent to provide a safe space and attempts to make entire dormitories or student newspapers safe spaces. According to Shulevitz, the latter is a logical consequence of the former: "Once you designate some spaces as safe, you imply that the rest are unsafe. It follows that they should be made safer." She gave the example of a safe space at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, when libertarian <a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a>, who was known for criticizing the term "<a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">rape culture</a>" was invited to give a speech: "The safe space ... was intended to give people who might find comments 'troubling' or 'triggering,' a place to recuperate. The room was equipped with cookies, coloring books, bubbles, Play-Doh, calming music, pillows, blankets and a video of frolicking puppies, as well as students and staff members trained to deal with trauma."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, journalist <a href="/wiki/Conor_Friedersdorf" title="Conor Friedersdorf">Conor Friedersdorf</a> criticized the use of outdoor safe spaces to block press coverage of student protests. According to Friedersdorf, such uses reverse the intent of safe spaces: "This behavior is a kind of safe-baiting: using intimidation or initiating physical aggression to violate someone's rights, then acting like your target is making you unsafe."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then-<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> also critiqued safe spaces as promoting intellectual disinterest: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Anybody who comes to speak to you and you disagree with, you should have an argument with 'em. But you shouldn't silence them by saying, 'You can't come because I'm too sensitive to hear what you have to say.' That's not the way we learn either.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2016, British actor and writer <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a> criticized safe spaces and <a href="/wiki/Trigger_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigger warning">trigger warnings</a> as infantilizing students and possibly eroding free speech.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Furedi" title="Frank Furedi">Frank Furedi</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Candace_Russell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Candace Russell (page does not exist)">Candace Russell</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i> similarly stated that safe spaces contribute to <a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">echo chambers</a> surrounded by like-minded people, insulating those inside said chambers from ideas that challenge or contradict their own.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other speakers who have criticized the concept of safe spaces at universities include philosopher <a href="/wiki/Christina_Hoff_Sommers" title="Christina Hoff Sommers">Christina Hoff Sommers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sociologist <a href="/wiki/Tressie_McMillan_Cottom" title="Tressie McMillan Cottom">Tressie McMillan Cottom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> sent a letter welcoming new undergraduates, affirming its commitment to diversity, civility, and respect and informing them the college does not support <a href="/wiki/Trigger_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigger warning">trigger warnings</a>, does not cancel controversial speakers, and does not "condone the creation of intellectual 'safe spaces' where individuals can retreat from thoughts and ideas at odds with their own".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the criticisms, some academics have defended safe spaces practices. Chris Waugh, a PhD student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, draws on the work of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jurgen Habermas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a> to argue that safe spaces do not censor or impinge on free speech, but are "subaltern <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere#Counterpublics,_feminist_critiques_and_expansions" title="Public sphere">counterpublics</a>"—that is, alternative discursive arenas where vulnerable groups can reconfigure and reframe their experiences of the dominant, public sphere, with the ultimate aim of returning to the public sphere better armed to combat their oppression. Safe spaces, therefore, "represent an often clumsy—but still vital—attempt to create counterpublics for marginalised groups. These counterpublics serve two purposes; first, they provide spaces for groups to recuperate, reconvene, and create new strategies and vocabularies for resistance. Second, the presence of these counterpublics makes visible collective and individual traumas that disrupt neoliberal narratives of self-resilience."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Safe spaces in education are criticized for making students feel unable to express their ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FlensnerVonderLippe2019_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlensnerVonderLippe2019-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boostrom (1998) argued that we cannot foster critical dialogue regarding social justice "by turning the classroom into a "safe space", a place in which teachers rule out conflict. ... We have to be brave because along the way we are going to be "vulnerable and exposed"; we are going to encounter images that are "alienating and shocking". We are going to be very unsafe."<sup id="cite_ref-AraoClemens2013_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AraoClemens2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developing from Boostrom's ideas, in 2013 Brian Arao and Kristi Clemens introduced the term "brave space" to replace safe spaces for learning about diversity and social justice issues.<sup id="cite_ref-AraoClemens2013_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AraoClemens2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FlensnerVonderLippe2019_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlensnerVonderLippe2019-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to them, brave spaces have several characteristics: "controversy with civility", "owning intentions and impacts", "challenge by choice", "respect", and "no attacks".<sup id="cite_ref-AraoClemens2013_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AraoClemens2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ali2017_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali2017-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Student_Personnel_Administrators" title="National Association of Student Personnel Administrators">National Association of Student Personnel Administrators</a> (NASPA) has proposed the term "brave space" to be adopted to replace safe spaces in campuses.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali2017_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali2017-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Wilson, the principal of Magic City Acceptance Academy, a <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter school</a> in a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>, called his school a brave space.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Safespace" is also the name of a proposed hero from Marvel Comics, who assists the <a href="/wiki/New_Warriors" title="New Warriors">New Warriors</a> in their most recent incarnation alongside their sibling, "Snowflake", both non-binary. Snowflake possesses ice-based abilities similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Iceman_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Iceman (Marvel Comics)">Iceman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/X-Men" title="X-Men">X-Men</a>, while Safespace possesses the ability to generate reactive, defensive <a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">force fields</a> that can only protect others.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While criticized by some as a mocking reference to <a href="/wiki/Snowflake_(slang)" title="Snowflake (slang)">the term's slang use</a>, the idea is still going forward.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (July 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_safety_cues" title="Identity safety cues">Identity safety cues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microaggression" title="Microaggression">Microaggression</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Safe_Spaces" title="No Safe Spaces">No Safe Spaces</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist feminism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Raeburn2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raeburn2004_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNicole_Christine_Raeburn2004" class="citation book cs1">Nicole Christine Raeburn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pO_9ASZo6I4C&pg=PA209"><i>Changing Corporate America from Inside Out: Lesbian and Gay Workplace Rights</i></a>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3998-4"><bdi>978-0-8166-3998-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Corporate+America+from+Inside+Out%3A+Lesbian+and+Gay+Workplace+Rights&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3998-4&rft.au=Nicole+Christine+Raeburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpO_9ASZo6I4C%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/safe%20space">"Safe space Definition & Meaning"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Safe+space+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsafe%2520space&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrockett2016" class="citation news cs1">Crockett, Emily (August 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2016/7/5/11949258/safe-spaces-explained">"Safe spaces, explained"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Safe+spaces%2C+explained&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.aulast=Crockett&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2016%2F7%2F5%2F11949258%2Fsafe-spaces-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmenabar2016" class="citation news cs1">Amenabar, Teddy (19 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/style/wp/2016/05/19/2016/05/19/what-college-students-mean-when-they-ask-for-safe-spaces-and-trigger-warnings/">"The New Vocabulary of Protest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+New+Vocabulary+of+Protest&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft.aulast=Amenabar&rft.aufirst=Teddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsf%2Fstyle%2Fwp%2F2016%2F05%2F19%2F2016%2F05%2F19%2Fwhat-college-students-mean-when-they-ask-for-safe-spaces-and-trigger-warnings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://equal.org/safe-space-program/">The Safe Space Program</a> Alcatel lucent, n.d., accessed 11 Nov 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Waldman, Katy (2016-09-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/cover_story/2016/09/what_science_can_tell_us_about_trigger_warnings.html">"What science can tell us about trigger warnings"</a>. <i>Slate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=What+science+can+tell+us+about+trigger+warnings&rft.date=2016-09-05&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fdouble_x%2Fcover_story%2F2016%2F09%2Fwhat_science_can_tell_us_about_trigger_warnings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-40198145">"Muslim 'safe space' plan sparks row in Australia"</a>. BBC News. 2017-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Muslim+%27safe+space%27+plan+sparks+row+in+Australia&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-australia-40198145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/national/breaking-news/muslim-youth-safe-spaces-needed-in-vic/news-story/57a28a82bab29e642e87a73899c0cdb7">"Vic Islamic Council funding under review"</a>. <i>News Com Au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+Com+Au&rft.atitle=Vic+Islamic+Council+funding+under+review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fnational%2Fbreaking-news%2Fmuslim-youth-safe-spaces-needed-in-vic%2Fnews-story%2F57a28a82bab29e642e87a73899c0cdb7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://positivespace.utoronto.ca/about/">"About: Overview"</a>. <i>University of Toronto</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Toronto&rft.atitle=About%3A+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpositivespace.utoronto.ca%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafe_Campus" class="citation web cs1">Safe Campus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://safecampus.uwo.ca/">"Safe Campus"</a>. University of Western Ontario<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safe+Campus&rft.pub=University+of+Western+Ontario&rft.au=Safe+Campus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsafecampus.uwo.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-queermcgill.ca-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-queermcgill.ca_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621022610/http://queermcgill.ca/about/faq/">"FAQ - Queer McGill"</a>. <i>queermcgill.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://queermcgill.ca/about/faq/">the original</a> on 2013-06-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=queermcgill.ca&rft.atitle=FAQ+-+Queer+McGill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqueermcgill.ca%2Fabout%2Ffaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_Student_Life" class="citation web cs1">Office of Student Life. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325025159/http://www.positivespace.utoronto.ca/">"Positive Space Campaign"</a>. University of Toronto. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positivespace.utoronto.ca/">the original</a> on 25 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Positive+Space+Campaign&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.au=Office+of+Student+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positivespace.utoronto.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algonquincollege.com/counselling/positive-space/">"Positive Space | Counseling"</a>. <i>Algonquin College</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Algonquin+College&rft.atitle=Positive+Space+%7C+Counseling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.algonquincollege.com%2Fcounselling%2Fpositive-space%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPositive_Space" class="citation web cs1">Positive Space. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://positivespace.ubc.ca/">"The Positive Space Campaign"</a>. University of British Columbia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Positive+Space+Campaign&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia&rft.au=Positive+Space&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpositivespace.ubc.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQueen's_Positive_Space_Program" class="citation web cs1">Queen's Positive Space Program. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queensu.ca/positivespace/">"The Queen's Positive Space Program"</a>. Queen's University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Queen%27s+Positive+Space+Program&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University&rft.au=Queen%27s+Positive+Space+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fpositivespace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/partners-service-providers/immigrant-serving-organizations/best-practices/positive-spaces-initiative.html">"Positive Spaces Initiative"</a>. <i>Government of Canada</i>. 9 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Positive+Spaces+Initiative&rft.date=2012-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fimmigration-refugees-citizenship%2Fcorporate%2Fpartners-service-providers%2Fimmigrant-serving-organizations%2Fbest-practices%2Fpositive-spaces-initiative.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeavitt2021" class="citation web cs1">Leavitt, Kieran (June 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2021/06/23/liberals-unveil-law-to-tackle-online-hate-speech.html">"Liberals unveil law to tackle online hate speech"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The online world has become our world, for better or for worse," Justice Minister David Lametti told a news conference Wednesday."It has become another public square. That public square should be a safe space."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Liberals+unveil+law+to+tackle+online+hate+speech&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft.aulast=Leavitt&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal%2F2021%2F06%2F23%2Fliberals-unveil-law-to-tackle-online-hate-speech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2023" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Allison (April 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/9601041/ontario-ndp-legal-protections-drag-performances/">"Ontario NDP urges legal protections for drag performances"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a></i>. <q>Ontario's NDP urged the government Tuesday to create community safety zones that would protect drag artists and LGBTQ communities from harassment and intimidation at their performances.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Ontario+NDP+urges+legal+protections+for+drag+performances&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F9601041%2Fontario-ndp-legal-protections-drag-performances%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopper2023" class="citation web cs1">Hopper, Tristan (April 6, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/ontario-mpp-wants-to-demarcate-areas-in-which-offensive-remarks-are-illegal">"Ontario MPP wants to demarcate areas in which 'offensive remarks' are illegal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Offensive remarks," would be banned, even if in writing. So would distribution of literature, as well as any gathering deemed to be "furthering the objectives of homophobia and transphobia." Any contravention could net fines of up to $25,000, and a conviction under the section of the Criminal Code covering the causing of a "disturbance in or near a public place."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Ontario+MPP+wants+to+demarcate+areas+in+which+%27offensive+remarks%27+are+illegal&rft.date=2023-04-06&rft.aulast=Hopper&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fontario-mpp-wants-to-demarcate-areas-in-which-offensive-remarks-are-illegal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ola.org/sites/default/files/node-files/bill/document/pdf/2023/2023-04/b094_e.pdf">"Bill 94"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario Legislative Assembly">Ontario Legislative Assembly</a></i>. April 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ontario+Legislative+Assembly&rft.atitle=Bill+94&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ola.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fnode-files%2Fbill%2Fdocument%2Fpdf%2F2023%2F2023-04%2Fb094_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrales2019" class="citation news cs1">Corrales, Nestor (July 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717005814/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1142021/no-more-catcalling-duterte-signs-bawal-bastos-law">"No more catcalling: Duterte signs 'Bawal Bastos' law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1142021/no-more-catcalling-duterte-signs-bawal-bastos-law">the original</a> on July 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=No+more+catcalling%3A+Duterte+signs+%27Bawal+Bastos%27+law&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft.aulast=Corrales&rft.aufirst=Nestor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1142021%2Fno-more-catcalling-duterte-signs-bawal-bastos-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuna2019" class="citation news cs1">Luna, Franco (October 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/10/28/1964058/implementing-rules-bawal-bastos-law-signed">"Implementing rules for 'Bawal Bastos' Law signed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Implementing+rules+for+%27Bawal+Bastos%27+Law+signed&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft.aulast=Luna&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2019%2F10%2F28%2F1964058%2Fimplementing-rules-bawal-bastos-law-signed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunt2015" class="citation web cs1">Dunt, Ian (6 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/feb/06/safe-space-or-free-speech-crisis-debate-uk-universities">"Safe space or free speech? The crisis around debate at UK universities"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Safe+space+or+free+speech%3F+The+crisis+around+debate+at+UK+universities&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft.aulast=Dunt&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F06%2Fsafe-space-or-free-speech-crisis-debate-uk-universities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2016" class="citation news cs1">Hughes, Laura (14 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/14/theresa-may-hits-out-at-universities-safe-spaces-for-stifling-fr/">"Theresa May hits out at universities 'safe spaces' for stifling free speech"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Theresa+May+hits+out+at+universities+%27safe+spaces%27+for+stifling+free+speech&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F09%2F14%2Ftheresa-may-hits-out-at-universities-safe-spaces-for-stifling-fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanhardt-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanhardt_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanhardt2013" class="citation book cs1">Hanhardt, Christina B. (2013). <i>Safe space : gay neighborhood history and the politics of violence</i>. Durham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7886-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7886-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-7886-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safe+space+%3A+gay+neighborhood+history+and+the+politics+of+violence&rft.place=Durham&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-7886-0&rft.aulast=Hanhardt&rft.aufirst=Christina+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenney-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kenney_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenney2001" class="citation book cs1">Kenney, Moira Rachel (2001). <i>Mapping Gay L.A.: The Intersection of Place and Politics</i>. Temple University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-884-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-884-3"><bdi>1-56639-884-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Gay+L.A.%3A+The+Intersection+of+Place+and+Politics&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56639-884-3&rft.aulast=Kenney&rft.aufirst=Moira+Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaeburn2004" class="citation book cs1">Raeburn, Nicole C. (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingcorporat00raeb"><i>Changing Corporate America from Inside Out: Lesbian and Gay Workplace Rights</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingcorporat00raeb/page/n221">209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-3999-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-3999-X"><bdi>0-8166-3999-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Corporate+America+from+Inside+Out%3A+Lesbian+and+Gay+Workplace+Rights&rft.pages=209&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8166-3999-X&rft.aulast=Raeburn&rft.aufirst=Nicole+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangingcorporat00raeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=607&Itemid=177">"Glossary"</a>. <i>Advocates for Youth</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advocates+for+Youth&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advocatesforyouth.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D607%26Itemid%3D177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvolanteonline2016" class="citation web cs1">volanteonline (19 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volanteonline.com/2016/09/38442/">"Safe spaces disrupt the First Amendment"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safe+spaces+disrupt+the+First+Amendment&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft.au=volanteonline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolanteonline.com%2F2016%2F09%2F38442%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/college-confidential/201703/safe-spaces-can-be-dangerous">"Safe Spaces Can Be Dangerous"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Safe+Spaces+Can+Be+Dangerous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fblog%2Fcollege-confidential%2F201703%2Fsafe-spaces-can-be-dangerous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=496&Itemid=177">"Tips and Strategies for Creating a Safe Space for GLBTQ Youth"</a>. Advocates for Youth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tips+and+Strategies+for+Creating+a+Safe+Space+for+GLBTQ+Youth&rft.pub=Advocates+for+Youth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advocatesforyouth.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D496%26Itemid%3D177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsh2016" class="citation web cs1">Ash, Timothy Garten (16 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/16/safe-spaces-free-speech-university-prevent-no-platforming-academic-freedom">"Safe spaces are not the only threat to free speech"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Safe+spaces+are+not+the+only+threat+to+free+speech&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Garten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2016%2Fsep%2F16%2Fsafe-spaces-free-speech-university-prevent-no-platforming-academic-freedom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiked-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spiked_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2016" class="citation web cs1">Slater, Tom (15 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/the-tyranny-of-safe-spaces/17933">"The tyranny of safe spaces"</a>. <i>Spiked</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiked&rft.atitle=The+tyranny+of+safe+spaces&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiked-online.com%2Fnewsite%2Farticle%2Fthe-tyranny-of-safe-spaces%2F17933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intelligencesquaredus.org/debates/trigger-warning-safe-spaces-are-dangerous">Trigger Warning: Safe Spaces Are Dangerous</a> (debate)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2017/03/08/middlebury-protests-murray">"Free Speech Controversy Erupts At Middlebury College"</a>. <i>www.wbur.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wbur.org&rft.atitle=Free+Speech+Controversy+Erupts+At+Middlebury+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fradioboston%2F2017%2F03%2F08%2Fmiddlebury-protests-murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukianoffHaidt2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Lukianoff" title="Greg Lukianoff">Lukianoff, Greg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Haidt, Jonathan</a> (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/09/the-coddling-of-the-american-mind/399356/">"How Trigger Warnings Are Hurting Mental Health on Campus"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+Trigger+Warnings+Are+Hurting+Mental+Health+on+Campus&rft.date=2015-09&rft.aulast=Lukianoff&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Haidt%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2015%2F09%2Fthe-coddling-of-the-american-mind%2F399356%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulevitz2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Shulevitz" title="Judith Shulevitz">Shulevitz, Judith</a> (March 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/22/opinion/sunday/judith-shulevitz-hiding-from-scary-ideas.html">"In College and Hiding From Scary Ideas"</a>. Op-ed. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+College+and+Hiding+From+Scary+Ideas&rft.date=2015-03-21&rft.aulast=Shulevitz&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F22%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fjudith-shulevitz-hiding-from-scary-ideas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedersdorf2015" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Conor_Friedersdorf" title="Conor Friedersdorf">Friedersdorf, Conor</a> (November 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/how-campus-activists-are-weaponizing-the-safe-space/415080/">"Campus Activists Weaponize 'Safe Space'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Politics. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Campus+Activists+Weaponize+%27Safe+Space%27&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft.aulast=Friedersdorf&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2015%2F11%2Fhow-campus-activists-are-weaponizing-the-safe-space%2F415080%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Nelson, Libby (September 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2015/9/14/9326965/obama-political-correctness">"Obama on liberal college students who want to be "coddled": "That's not the way we learn"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Politics. <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Obama+on+liberal+college+students+who+want+to+be+%22coddled%22%3A+%22That%27s+not+the+way+we+learn%22&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Libby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2015%2F9%2F14%2F9326965%2Fobama-political-correctness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2016" class="citation news cs1">George, Bowden (11 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/stephen-fry-speaks-about-erosion-of-free-speech-on-student-campuses_uk_570bb53de4b07a35187c5a96">"Stephen Fry Speaks About Erosion Of 'Free Speech' On Student Campuses In Controversial Rubin Report Interview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Stephen+Fry+Speaks+About+Erosion+Of+%27Free+Speech%27+On+Student+Campuses+In+Controversial+Rubin+Report+Interview&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Bowden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2Fentry%2Fstephen-fry-speaks-about-erosion-of-free-speech-on-student-campuses_uk_570bb53de4b07a35187c5a96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuredi2017" class="citation news cs1">Furedi, Frank (2017-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-furedi-safe-space-20170105-story.html">"Campuses are breaking apart into 'safe spaces'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Campuses+are+breaking+apart+into+%27safe+spaces%27&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft.issn=0458-3035&rft.aulast=Furedi&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2Fla-oe-furedi-safe-space-20170105-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2015" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Candice (2015-04-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/candice-russell/safe-spaces-and-echo-cham_b_7043548.html">"Safe Spaces and Echo Chambers, How Progressive Movements Stagnate Themselves"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Safe+Spaces+and+Echo+Chambers%2C+How+Progressive+Movements+Stagnate+Themselves&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Candice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fcandice-russell%2Fsafe-spaces-and-echo-cham_b_7043548.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold, Tyler (October 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.campusreform.org/?ID=8258">"Safe spaces a 'recipe for fanaticism,' Hoff Sommers claims"</a>. Campus Reform.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeRuy, Emily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/08/finding-the-line-between-safe-space-and-segregation/496289/">"The Fine Line Between Safe Space and Segregation"</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, August 17, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2016/08/26/491531869/university-of-chicago-tells-freshmen-it-does-not-support-trigger-warnings">"University Of Chicago Tells Freshmen It Does Not Support 'Trigger Warnings'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=University+Of+Chicago+Tells+Freshmen+It+Does+Not+Support+%27Trigger+Warnings%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F08%2F26%2F491531869%2Funiversity-of-chicago-tells-freshmen-it-does-not-support-trigger-warnings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Students were directed to <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://freeexpression.uchicago.edu/">https://freeexpression.uchicago.edu/</a> for more information.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh2019" class="citation book cs1">Waugh, Chris (2019). "In Defence of Safe Spaces: Subaltern Counterpublics and Vulnerable Politics in the Neoliberal University". In Breeze, Maddie; Taylor, Yvette; Costa, Cristina (eds.). <i>Time and Space in the Neoliberal University</i>. Springer International Publishing. pp. 143–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-15246-8_7">10.1007/978-3-030-15246-8_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-15246-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-15246-8"><bdi>978-3-030-15246-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197804696">197804696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Defence+of+Safe+Spaces%3A+Subaltern+Counterpublics+and+Vulnerable+Politics+in+the+Neoliberal+University&rft.btitle=Time+and+Space+in+the+Neoliberal+University&rft.pages=143-168&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197804696%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-15246-8_7&rft.isbn=978-3-030-15246-8&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FlensnerVonderLippe2019-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FlensnerVonderLippe2019_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FlensnerVonderLippe2019_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlensnerVon_der_Lippe2019" class="citation journal cs1">Flensner, Karin K.; Von der Lippe, Marie (4 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14675986.2019.1540102">"Being safe from what and safe for whom? A critical discussion of the conceptual metaphor of 'safe space'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Intercultural Education</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 275–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14675986.2019.1540102">10.1080/14675986.2019.1540102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1956%2F22226">1956/22226</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intercultural+Education&rft.atitle=Being+safe+from+what+and+safe+for+whom%3F+A+critical+discussion+of+the+conceptual+metaphor+of+%27safe+space%27&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=275-288&rft.date=2019-05-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1956%2F22226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14675986.2019.1540102&rft.aulast=Flensner&rft.aufirst=Karin+K.&rft.au=Von+der+Lippe%2C+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14675986.2019.1540102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AraoClemens2013-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AraoClemens2013_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AraoClemens2013_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AraoClemens2013_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraoClemens2013" class="citation book cs1">Arao, B.; Clemens, K. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b6af3b236099ba883a28b1e/t/5dcc5b2ae2b90a3c5af08fc5/1573673770842/From+Safe+Spaces+to+Brave+Spaces_2013.pdf">"From Safe Spaces to Brave Spaces: A New Way to Frame Dialogue around Diversity and Social Justice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Landreman, L. M. (ed.). <i>The Art of Effective Facilitation: Reflections from Social Justice Educators</i>. Sterling, VA: Stylus. pp. 135–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579229740" title="Special:BookSources/9781579229740"><bdi>9781579229740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Safe+Spaces+to+Brave+Spaces%3A+A+New+Way+to+Frame+Dialogue+around+Diversity+and+Social+Justice&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Effective+Facilitation%3A+Reflections+from+Social+Justice+Educators&rft.place=Sterling%2C+VA&rft.pages=135-150&rft.pub=Stylus&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781579229740&rft.aulast=Arao&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Clemens%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F5b6af3b236099ba883a28b1e%2Ft%2F5dcc5b2ae2b90a3c5af08fc5%2F1573673770842%2FFrom%2BSafe%2BSpaces%2Bto%2BBrave%2BSpaces_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali2017-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ali2017_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali2017_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2017" class="citation web cs1">Ali, Diana (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naspa.org/files/dmfile/Policy_and_Practice_No_2_Safe_Brave_Spaces.pdf">"Safe Spaces and Brave Spaces: Historical Context and Recommendations for Student Affairs Professionals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Research and Policy Institute, National Association of Student Personnel Administrators<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safe+Spaces+and+Brave+Spaces%3A+Historical+Context+and+Recommendations+for+Student+Affairs+Professionals&rft.pub=Research+and+Policy+Institute%2C+National+Association+of+Student+Personnel+Administrators&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naspa.org%2Ffiles%2Fdmfile%2FPolicy_and_Practice_No_2_Safe_Brave_Spaces.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGibney2022" class="citation news cs1">McGibney, Megan (14 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teenvogue.com/story/alabama-magic-city-acceptance-academy">"Magic City Acceptance Academy Is a Haven for LGBTQ Students as Legislators Attack Their Rights"</a>. <i>Teen Vogue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teen+Vogue&rft.atitle=Magic+City+Acceptance+Academy+Is+a+Haven+for+LGBTQ+Students+as+Legislators+Attack+Their+Rights&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft.aulast=McGibney&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teenvogue.com%2Fstory%2Falabama-magic-city-acceptance-academy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marvel.com/articles/comics/introducing-the-new-new-warriors">"Introducing the New 'New Warriors'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Marvel Entertainment</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marvel+Entertainment&rft.atitle=Introducing+the+New+%27New+Warriors%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marvel.com%2Farticles%2Fcomics%2Fintroducing-the-new-new-warriors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr2020" class="citation web cs1">Marr, Rhuaridh (March 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322160223/https://www.metroweekly.com/2020/03/marvel-branded-tone-deaf-for-non-binary-superhero-called-snowflake/">"Marvel branded "tone-deaf" for non-binary superhero called 'Snowflake'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metroweekly.com/2020/03/marvel-branded-tone-deaf-for-non-binary-superhero-called-snowflake/">the original</a> on March 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marvel+branded+%22tone-deaf%22+for+non-binary+superhero+called+%27Snowflake%27&rft.date=2020-03-21&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=Rhuaridh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metroweekly.com%2F2020%2F03%2Fmarvel-branded-tone-deaf-for-non-binary-superhero-called-snowflake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafe+space" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Safe_space_(text)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Safe space (text)">Safe space (text)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=608&Itemid=177">"Creating Safe Space for GLBTQ Youth: A Toolkit"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Advocates_for_Youth" title="Advocates for Youth">AdvocatesforYouth</a>.org</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://safe.space/the-safespace-movement.html">"In Defense of the Safe Space Movement"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003224920/https://safe.space/the-safespace-movement.html">Archived</a> 2017-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New Unionism Network, safe.space</i>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&oldid=1258882283">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&oldid=1258882283</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Education in the United Kingdom">Education in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in the United States">Education in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_justice_terminology" title="Category:Social justice terminology">Social justice terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_and_education" title="Category:LGBTQ and education">LGBTQ and education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_symbols" title="Category:LGBTQ symbols">LGBTQ symbols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_and_society" title="Category:LGBTQ and society">LGBTQ and society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_neologisms" title="Category:2010s neologisms">2010s neologisms</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_August_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from August 2017">Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes" title="Category:All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes">All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_May_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from May 2021">Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_July_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2023">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 04:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safe_space&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5z882","wgBackendResponseTime":125,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.698","walltime":"0.891","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3067,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":104446,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2475,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":177395,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 814.843 1 -total"," 38.43% 313.140 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.25% 222.075 1 Template:Excerpt"," 19.43% 158.363 1 Template:Lang"," 12.44% 101.384 25 Template:Cite_web"," 11.34% 92.408 6 Template:Cite_book"," 7.36% 59.956 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.95% 56.645 1 Template:Commonscat"," 6.62% 53.929 1 Template:Sister_project"," 6.46% 52.676 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.481","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25206584,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-d7pw2","timestamp":"20241122143333","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Safe space","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safe_space","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4080972","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4080972","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-06-26T02:17:55Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T04:09:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fd\/Straightally.svg","headline":"place for individuals to gather"}</script> </body> </html>