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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mass production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developing_art_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_art_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Developing art form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_art_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Golden age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Decline and resurgence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Commercial uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commercial uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commercial_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Political uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collecting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collecting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Collecting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collecting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propaganda_and_political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda_and_political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Propaganda and political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda_and_political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Movie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Event" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Event"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Event</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Event-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Boxing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concert" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concert"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Concert</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concert-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_group_promotional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_group_promotional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Music group promotional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_group_promotional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blacklight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blacklight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Blacklight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blacklight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pin-up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pin-up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Pin-up</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pin-up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Affirmation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comic_book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comic_book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>Comic book</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comic_book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Educational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_and_"poster_sessions"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_"poster_sessions""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.1</span> <span>Research and "poster sessions"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_"poster_sessions"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classroom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classroom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.2</span> <span>Classroom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classroom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Poster</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%82" title="ملصق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملصق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartelu" title="Cartelu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cartelu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatiqawi_laphi" title="Yatiqawi laphi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Yatiqawi laphi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster" title="Poster – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Poster" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="পোস্টার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোস্টার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плакат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плакат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плякат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плякат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плакат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плакат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakat" title="Plakat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plakat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartell" title="Cartell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cartell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plak%C3%A1t" title="Plakát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plakát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakat" title="Plakat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plakat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakat" title="Plakat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plakat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakat" title="Plakat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plakat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αφίσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αφίσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cartel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afi%C5%9Do" title="Afiŝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Afiŝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afixa" title="Afixa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Afixa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="پوستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiche" title="Affiche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Affiche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3staer" title="Póstaer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Póstaer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cartel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="포스터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포스터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Պլակատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլակատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakat" title="Plakat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plakat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afisho" title="Afisho – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Afisho" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster" title="Poster – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Poster" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_(stampato)" title="Manifesto (stampato) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manifesto (stampato)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%94" title="כרזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster" title="Poster – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Poster" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭಿತ್ತಿಪತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಿತ್ತಿಪತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პოსტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოსტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плакат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плакат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плакат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Плакат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plak%C4%81ts" title="Plakāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plakāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakatas" title="Plakatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plakatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plak%C3%A1t" title="Plakát – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Plakát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плакат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плакат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="പോസ്റ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോസ്റ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster" title="Poster – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Poster" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiche" title="Affiche – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Affiche" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ポスター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポスター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakat" title="Plakat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plakat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakat" title="Plakat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plakat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakat" title="Plakat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plakat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartaz" title="Cartaz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartaz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster" title="Poster – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poster" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плакат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плакат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afishja" title="Afishja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Afishja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartellu" title="Cartellu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cartellu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster" title="Poster – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poster" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plag%C3%A1t" title="Plagát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plagát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakat" title="Plakat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plakat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1" title="پۆستەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆستەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плакат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плакат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakat" title="Plakat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plakat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliste" title="Juliste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juliste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affisch" title="Affisch – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Affisch" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="சுவரொட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவரொட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="ใบปิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ใบปิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afi%C5%9F" title="Afiş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afiş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Плакат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плакат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81p_ph%C3%ADch" title="Áp phích – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Áp phích" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afitche" title="Afitche – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Afitche" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%8A%A5" title="海报 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海报" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Poster_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Poster (disambiguation)">Poster (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Placard" redirects here; this should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">Plaque</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plack_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Plack (disambiguation)">Plack (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Poster" title="Special:EditPage/Poster">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Poster%22">"Poster"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Poster%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Poster%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Poster%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Poster%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Poster%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farag%C3%B3,_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_the_Holzer_Fashion_Store_(1902).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_the_Holzer_Fashion_Store_%281902%29.jpg/170px-Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_the_Holzer_Fashion_Store_%281902%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_the_Holzer_Fashion_Store_%281902%29.jpg/255px-Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_the_Holzer_Fashion_Store_%281902%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_the_Holzer_Fashion_Store_%281902%29.jpg/340px-Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_the_Holzer_Fashion_Store_%281902%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the Holzer Fashion Store, 1902</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WantedJohnAnglin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/WantedJohnAnglin.jpg/220px-WantedJohnAnglin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/WantedJohnAnglin.jpg/330px-WantedJohnAnglin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/WantedJohnAnglin.jpg/440px-WantedJohnAnglin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Police can sometimes put up a poster to let the public know about a criminal.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>poster</b> is a large sheet that is placed either on a public space to promote something or on a wall as decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-poster_noun_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poster_noun-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poster_merriam_webster_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poster_merriam_webster-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lippert:_What_is_a_Poster_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippert:_What_is_a_Poster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, posters include both <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">textual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic">graphic</a> elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative. Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers (particularly of events, musicians, and films), <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propagandists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protestors</a>, and other groups trying to communicate a message. Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works, and are generally low-cost compared to the original artwork. The modern poster, as we know it, however, dates back to the 1840s and 1850s when the <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> industry perfected colour <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> and made <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> possible.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lautrec_moulin_rouge,_la_goulue_(poster)_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lautrec_moulin_rouge%2C_la_goulue_%28poster%29_1891.jpg/170px-Lautrec_moulin_rouge%2C_la_goulue_%28poster%29_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lautrec_moulin_rouge%2C_la_goulue_%28poster%29_1891.jpg/255px-Lautrec_moulin_rouge%2C_la_goulue_%28poster%29_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lautrec_moulin_rouge%2C_la_goulue_%28poster%29_1891.jpg/340px-Lautrec_moulin_rouge%2C_la_goulue_%28poster%29_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">"Moulin Rouge - La Goulue" <br /><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a>, 1891</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster_for_Ranch_10_by_Harry_Meredith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Poster_for_Ranch_10_by_Harry_Meredith.jpg/220px-Poster_for_Ranch_10_by_Harry_Meredith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Poster_for_Ranch_10_by_Harry_Meredith.jpg/330px-Poster_for_Ranch_10_by_Harry_Meredith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Poster_for_Ranch_10_by_Harry_Meredith.jpg/440px-Poster_for_Ranch_10_by_Harry_Meredith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5147" data-file-height="3252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">Lithograph</a> poster for <i>Ranch 10</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western-themed</a> <a href="/wiki/Play_(theater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Play (theater)">play</a> by Harry Meredith that opened in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in August 1882</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction">Introduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the French historian <a href="/wiki/Max_Gallo" title="Max Gallo">Max Gallo</a>, "for over two hundred years, posters have been displayed in public places all over the world. Visually striking, they have been designed to attract the attention of passers-by, making us aware of a political viewpoint, enticing us to attend specific events, or encouraging us to purchase a particular product or service."<sup id="cite_ref-Gallo_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern poster, as we know it, however, dates back to the mid-nineteenth century, when several separate, but related, changes took place. First, the <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> industry perfected colour <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> and made <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> of large and inexpensive images possible. Second, government censorship of public spaces in countries such as France was lifted. And finally, advertisers began to market mass-produced consumer goods to a growing populace in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"In little more than a hundred years", writes poster expert John Barnicoat, "it has come to be recognized as a vital art form, attracting artists at every level, from painters such as <a href="/wiki/Toulouse-Lautrec" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Mucha</a> to theatrical and commercial designers."<sup id="cite_ref-Barnicoat_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnicoat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have ranged in styles from <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> to the more formal <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> and the often incoherent <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> posters of the 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_production">Mass production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mass production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_The_Queen_of_Chinatown_by_Joseph_Jarrow,_Broadway_poster,_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_The_Queen_of_Chinatown_by_Joseph_Jarrow%2C_Broadway_poster%2C_1899.jpg/170px-Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_The_Queen_of_Chinatown_by_Joseph_Jarrow%2C_Broadway_poster%2C_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_The_Queen_of_Chinatown_by_Joseph_Jarrow%2C_Broadway_poster%2C_1899.jpg/255px-Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_The_Queen_of_Chinatown_by_Joseph_Jarrow%2C_Broadway_poster%2C_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_The_Queen_of_Chinatown_by_Joseph_Jarrow%2C_Broadway_poster%2C_1899.jpg/340px-Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_The_Queen_of_Chinatown_by_Joseph_Jarrow%2C_Broadway_poster%2C_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3151" /></a><figcaption>The Queen of Chinatown by Joseph Jarrow, Broadway poster, 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>Posters, in the form of placards and posted bills, have been used since earliest times, primarily for advertising and announcements. Purely textual posters have a long history: they advertised the plays of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and made citizens aware of government proclamations for centuries. The great revolution in posters, however, was the development of printing techniques that allowed for cheap mass production and printing, notably including the technique of <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a>, which was invented in 1796 by the German <a href="/wiki/Alois_Senefelder" title="Alois Senefelder">Alois Senefelder</a>. The invention of lithography was soon followed by <a href="/wiki/Chromolithography" title="Chromolithography">chromolithography</a>, which allowed for mass editions of posters illustrated in vibrant colors to be printed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_art_form">Developing art form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Developing art form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1890s, the technique had spread throughout Europe. A number of noted French artists created poster art in this period, foremost amongst them <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ch%C3%A9ret" title="Jules Chéret">Jules Chéret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Grasset" title="Eugène Grasset">Eugène Grasset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Willette" title="Adolphe Willette">Adolphe Willette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Anquetin" title="Louis Anquetin">Louis Anquetin</a>, the brothers <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Choubrac" title="Léon Choubrac">Léon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Choubrac" title="Alfred Choubrac">Alfred Choubrac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_de_Feure" title="Georges de Feure">Georges de Feure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri-Gabriel_Ibels" title="Henri-Gabriel Ibels">Henri-Gabriel Ibels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chéret is considered to be the "father" of advertisement placards. He was a pencil artist and a scene decorator, who founded a small lithography office in Paris in 1866. He used striking characters, contrast, and bright colors, and created more than 1000 advertisements, primarily for exhibitions, theatres, and products. The industry soon attracted the service of many aspiring painters who needed a source of revenue to support themselves. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ret" class="mw-redirect" title="Chéret">Chéret</a> developed a new <a href="/wiki/Lithographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithographic">lithographic</a> technique that better suited the needs of advertisers: he added a lot more colour which, in conjunction with innovative <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a>, rendered the poster much more expressive. Chéret is said to have introduced sexuality in advertising or, at least, to have exploited the feminine image as an advertising ploy. In contrast with those previously painted by <a href="/wiki/Toulouse-Lautrec" class="mw-redirect" title="Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a>, Chéret's laughing and provocative feminine figures, often called "chérettes", meant a new conception of art as being of service to advertising. </p><p>Posters soon transformed the thoroughfares of Paris, making the streets into what one contemporary called "the poor man's picture gallery."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their commercial success was such that some fine artists took up poster design in earnest. Some of these artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a>, were in great demand and theatre stars personally selected their own favorite artist to do the poster for an upcoming performance. The popularity of poster art was such that in 1884 a major exhibition was held in Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_age">Golden age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Golden age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farag%C3%B3,_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_Tungsram_Light_Bulbs_(ca_1910).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_Tungsram_Light_Bulbs_%28ca_1910%29.jpg/170px-Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_Tungsram_Light_Bulbs_%28ca_1910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_Tungsram_Light_Bulbs_%28ca_1910%29.jpg/255px-Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_Tungsram_Light_Bulbs_%28ca_1910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_Tungsram_Light_Bulbs_%28ca_1910%29.jpg/340px-Farag%C3%B3%2C_G%C3%A9za_-_Poster_for_Tungsram_Light_Bulbs_%28ca_1910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Poster about Tungsram filaments, Hungary ca.1910</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1890s, poster art had widespread use in other parts of Europe, advertising everything from bicycles to bullfights. By the end of the nineteenth century, during an era known as the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>, the standing of the poster as a serious art form was raised even further. Between 1895 and 1900, Jules Chéret created the <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtres_de_l%27Affiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Maîtres de l'Affiche">Maîtres de l'Affiche</a> series (Masters of the Poster) that became not only a commercial success, but is now recognized as an important historical publication. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Grasset" title="Eugène Grasset">Eugène Grasset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a> were also influential poster designers of this generation, known for their <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style and stylized figures, particularly of women. Advertisement posters became a special type of graphic art in the modern age. <a href="/wiki/Poster_artist" title="Poster artist">Poster artists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Steinlen" title="Théophile Steinlen">Théophile Steinlen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Guillaume" title="Albert Guillaume">Albert Guillaume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonetto_Cappiello" title="Leonetto Cappiello">Leonetto Cappiello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Thiriet" title="Henri Thiriet">Henri Thiriet</a>, and others became important figures of their day, their art form transferred to magazines for advertising as well as for social and political commentary. Indeed, as design historian Elizabeth Guffey notes, "As large, colorful posters began to command the spaces of public streets, markets, and squares, the format itself took on a civic respectability never afforded to Victorian handbills."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Madam_Ada_Castello_and_Jupiter,_poster_for_Ringling_Brothers,_ca._1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Madam_Ada_Castello_and_Jupiter%2C_poster_for_Ringling_Brothers%2C_ca._1899.jpg/170px-Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Madam_Ada_Castello_and_Jupiter%2C_poster_for_Ringling_Brothers%2C_ca._1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Madam_Ada_Castello_and_Jupiter%2C_poster_for_Ringling_Brothers%2C_ca._1899.jpg/255px-Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Madam_Ada_Castello_and_Jupiter%2C_poster_for_Ringling_Brothers%2C_ca._1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Madam_Ada_Castello_and_Jupiter%2C_poster_for_Ringling_Brothers%2C_ca._1899.jpg/340px-Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Madam_Ada_Castello_and_Jupiter%2C_poster_for_Ringling_Brothers%2C_ca._1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3213" data-file-height="4848" /></a><figcaption>Poster for <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringling Brothers">Ringling Brothers</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:circa">circa</a> 1899) featuring Madam Ada Castello and her horse, Jupiter</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, posters underwent a slightly different evolution. By the 1850s, the advent of the traveling circus brought colorful posters to tell citizens that a carnival was coming to town. While many of these posters were beautifully printed, the earliest were mass-produced woodcuts; that technique, as well as their subject matter, crowded style, and bright colors, was often derided by contemporary critics. As chromo-lithography began to reshape European posters, American artists began to take that medium more seriously. Indeed, the work of designers such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Penfield" title="Edward Penfield">Edward Penfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Will_H._Bradley" title="Will H. Bradley">Will Bradley</a> gained an audience in Europe as well as America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_and_resurgence">Decline and resurgence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decline and resurgence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Challenged by newer modes of advertising, the poster as a communicative tool began to decline after the First World War. Civic groups had long assailed the poster, arguing that the nature of the poster made public spaces ugly. But the real threat to posters came from newer forms of advertising. Mass-market magazines, radio, and later, television, as well as billboards all cut into advertiser's marketing budgets. While posters continued to be made and advertised products, they were no longer considered a primary form of advertising. More and more, the purpose of posters shifted toward political and decorative uses. </p><p>Indeed, by the mid 1960s, posters were reborn as part of a broader counter-cultural shift. By 1968 the contemporary poster resurgence was described as "half way between a passing fashion and a form of mass hysteria."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes called a "second golden age" or "postermania"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, this resurgence of popularity saw posters used as decoration and self-expression as much as public protest or advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_uses">Commercial uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commercial uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Me_travel%3F_...not_this_summer._Vacation_at_home_-_DPLA_-_7a9e2ab43e8296a54d6a9a601f2b11b4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Me_travel%3F_...not_this_summer._Vacation_at_home_-_DPLA_-_7a9e2ab43e8296a54d6a9a601f2b11b4.jpg/170px-Me_travel%3F_...not_this_summer._Vacation_at_home_-_DPLA_-_7a9e2ab43e8296a54d6a9a601f2b11b4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Me_travel%3F_...not_this_summer._Vacation_at_home_-_DPLA_-_7a9e2ab43e8296a54d6a9a601f2b11b4.jpg/255px-Me_travel%3F_...not_this_summer._Vacation_at_home_-_DPLA_-_7a9e2ab43e8296a54d6a9a601f2b11b4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Me_travel%3F_...not_this_summer._Vacation_at_home_-_DPLA_-_7a9e2ab43e8296a54d6a9a601f2b11b4.jpg/340px-Me_travel%3F_...not_this_summer._Vacation_at_home_-_DPLA_-_7a9e2ab43e8296a54d6a9a601f2b11b4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5073" data-file-height="7012" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Office_of_War_Mobilization" title="Office of War Mobilization">Office of War</a> Information, Bureau of Special Services, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1890s, poster art had widespread use in other parts of Europe, advertising everything from bicycles to bullfights. Many posters have had great <a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">artistic merit</a>. These include the posters advertising consumer products and entertainment, but also events such as the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Fair">World's Fairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_exhibitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Art exhibitions">Exhibitions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_uses">Political uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first widespread use of illustrated posters for political ends occurred during the First World War. War bond drives and recruitment posters soon replaced commercial advertisements. German graphic designers who had pioneered the simple Sachplakat style in the years leading up to the war, applied their talents to the war effort. Artists working for the Allied cause also adapted their art in wartime, as well. </p><p>During the Second World War many posters were distributed by the U.S. government and often were displayed in post offices. Many were designed to provide rationale for adaptation to the rationing of supplies such as gasoline and foods. </p><p>The 1960s saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a> and protest movements throughout the West; both made great use of posters and contributed to the revitalization of posters at this time. Perhaps the most acclaimed posters were those produced by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> students during the so-called, "<i>événements</i>", of May 1968. During the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">1968 Paris student riots</a> and for years to come, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Fitzpatrick_(artist)" title="Jim Fitzpatrick (artist)">Jim Fitzpatrick's</a> stylized poster of <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> (based on the photograph, <i><a href="/wiki/Guerrillero_Heroico" title="Guerrillero Heroico">Guerrillero Heroico</a></i>), also became a common youthful symbol of rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, in the United States, public schools across the country hung framed posters of "<a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">In God We Trust</a>" in their "libraries, cafeterias, and classrooms." The <a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">American Family Association</a> supplied several 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Printing">Printing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> techniques are used to produce posters. While most posters are mass-produced, posters may also be printed by hand or in limited editions. Most posters are printed on one side and left blank on the back, the better for affixing to a wall or other surface. Pin-up sized posters are usually printed on A3 Standard Silk paper in full colour. Upon purchase, most commercially available posters are often rolled up into a cylindrical tube to allow for damage-free transportation. Rolled-up posters may then be flattened under pressure for several hours to regain their original form. </p><p>It is possible to use <a href="/wiki/Tiled_printing" title="Tiled printing">poster creation software</a> to print large posters on standard home or office printers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collecting">Collecting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Collecting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There exists a community that collect rare or vintage posters, analogous to <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a> collectors. Popular categories include <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_poster" title="Film poster">movies</a>, war and propaganda, and travel. Because of their low cost, the number of forged posters is relatively low compared to other mediums.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Vintage Poster Dealers Association (IVPDA) maintains a list of reputable poster dealers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collectable <a href="/wiki/List_of_poster_artists" title="List of poster artists">poster artists</a> include <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ch%C3%A9ret" title="Jules Chéret">Jules Chéret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Steinlen" title="Théophile Steinlen">Théophile Steinlen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many posters, particularly early posters, were used for advertising products. Posters continue to be used for this purpose, with posters advertising <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> (both concerts and recorded albums), <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">travel</a> destinations being particularly notable examples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda_and_political">Propaganda and political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Propaganda and political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_propaganda_poster,_Upper_Silesia_Plebiscite_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/German_propaganda_poster%2C_Upper_Silesia_Plebiscite_1.jpg/170px-German_propaganda_poster%2C_Upper_Silesia_Plebiscite_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/German_propaganda_poster%2C_Upper_Silesia_Plebiscite_1.jpg/255px-German_propaganda_poster%2C_Upper_Silesia_Plebiscite_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/German_propaganda_poster%2C_Upper_Silesia_Plebiscite_1.jpg/340px-German_propaganda_poster%2C_Upper_Silesia_Plebiscite_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> poster, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, 1921</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I0016882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A soldier blowing a bugle. The poster states "'Fall in' answer now in your country's hour of need."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/I0016882.jpg/170px-I0016882.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/I0016882.jpg/255px-I0016882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/I0016882.jpg/340px-I0016882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="2725" /></a><figcaption>"Fall In" war poster created [between 1914 and 1918] from the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Images_from_Archives_of_Ontario_%E2%80%93_C_233_Archives_of_Ontario_poster_collection" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Images from Archives of Ontario – C 233 Archives of Ontario poster collection">Archives of Ontario poster collection</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World Wars</a>, recruiting posters became extremely common, and many of them have persisted in the national consciousness, such as the "<a href="/wiki/Lord_Kitchener_Wants_You" title="Lord Kitchener Wants You">Lord Kitchener Wants You</a>" posters from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> wants you" posters from the United States, or the "<a href="/wiki/Loose_lips_sink_ships" title="Loose lips sink ships">Loose Lips Sink Ships</a>" posters<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that warned of foreign spies. Also in Canada, they were widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Posters during wartime were also used for <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> purposes, persuasion, and motivation, such as the famous <a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a> posters that encouraged women to work in factories during World War II. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> also produced a plethora of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_posters_from_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II posters from Soviet Union">propaganda posters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-spam_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spam-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of which became iconic representations of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Great Patriotic War</a>. </p><p>During the democratic <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">revolutions of 1989</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> the poster was a very important weapon in the hand of the opposition. Brave printed and hand-made political posters appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, on the statue of St. Wenseslas in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, and around the unmarked grave of <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>. Their role was indispensable for democratic change. An example of an influential political poster is <a href="/wiki/Shepard_Fairey" title="Shepard Fairey">Shepard Fairey</a>'s, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22HOPE%22_poster" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama "HOPE" poster">Barack Obama "HOPE" poster</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movie">Movie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Movie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film_poster" title="Film poster">Film poster</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> industry quickly discovered that vibrantly coloured posters were an easy way to sell their films. Today, posters are produced for most major films, and movie posters are some of the most actively collected. The record price for a poster was set on November 15, 2005 when US$690,000 was paid for a poster of <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>'s 1927 film, <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i>, from the Reel Poster Gallery in London.<sup id="cite_ref-metropolis_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metropolis-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early horror and science fiction posters are known to bring tremendous prices as well, with an example from <a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(1932_film)" title="The Mummy (1932 film)">The Mummy</a> realizing $452,000 in a 1997 <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> auction,<sup id="cite_ref-metropolis_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metropolis-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and posters from both <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Cat_(1934_film)" title="The Black Cat (1934 film)">The Black Cat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</a> selling for $334,600 in various <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Auctions" title="Heritage Auctions">Heritage</a> Auctions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1931 <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</a> 6-sheet poster, of which only one copy is known to exist, is considered to be the most valuable film poster in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel">Travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poster advertising, proposing a travel destination, or simply artistically articulating a place have been made. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Beach_Town_Posters" title="Beach Town Posters">Beach Town Posters</a> series, a collection of Art Deco travel posters of American beach resorts that epitomise the advertising style of the 1920s and 1930s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railway">Railway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early days of steam powered railways in Britain, the various rail companies advertised their routes and services on simple printed sheets. By the 1850s, with increasing competition and improvements in printing technology, pictorial designs were being incorporated in their advertising posters. The use of graphic artists began to influence the design of the pictorial poster. In 1905, the <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway" title="London and North Western Railway">London and North Western Railway</a> (LNWR) commissioned <a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Norman Wilkinson</a> to produce artwork for a new landscape poster, advertising their rail and steam packet link to Ireland. In 1908, for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(Great_Britain)" title="Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)">Great Northern Railway</a> (GNR), <a href="/wiki/John_Hassall_(illustrator)" title="John Hassall (illustrator)">John Hassall</a> produced the famous image of the "<a href="/wiki/The_Jolly_Fisherman" title="The Jolly Fisherman">Jolly Fisherman</a>" with the "Skegness is so Bracing" slogan. <a href="/wiki/Fortunino_Matania" title="Fortunino Matania">Fortunino Matania</a> painted a number of posters for the <a href="/wiki/London,_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway" title="London, Midland and Scottish Railway">LMS</a>. The development of this commercial art form throughout the first half of the twentieth century reflected the changes in British society, along with the changing styles of art, architecture, and fashion as well as changing patterns of holiday making.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Terence_Cuneo" title="Terence Cuneo">Terence Cuneo</a> produced poster art for the <a href="/wiki/London,_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway" title="London, Midland and Scottish Railway">London, Midland and Scottish Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London and North Eastern Railway">London and North Eastern Railway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Railways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheffield artist, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Steel" title="Kenneth Steel">Kenneth Steel</a>, produced posters for British Railways.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Event">Event</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Event"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_Thunder_Air_Show_2004_poster_%C2%B7_DF-SD-08-01275.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arctic_Thunder_Air_Show_2004_poster_%C2%B7_DF-SD-08-01275.JPEG/170px-Arctic_Thunder_Air_Show_2004_poster_%C2%B7_DF-SD-08-01275.JPEG" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arctic_Thunder_Air_Show_2004_poster_%C2%B7_DF-SD-08-01275.JPEG/255px-Arctic_Thunder_Air_Show_2004_poster_%C2%B7_DF-SD-08-01275.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arctic_Thunder_Air_Show_2004_poster_%C2%B7_DF-SD-08-01275.JPEG/340px-Arctic_Thunder_Air_Show_2004_poster_%C2%B7_DF-SD-08-01275.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2938" /></a><figcaption>Event poster, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Posters advertising events have become so common that any sort of public event, from a rally to a play, may be advertised with posters. A few types of events have become notable for their poster advertisements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boxing">Boxing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Boxing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a> Posters were used in and around the venue to advertise the forthcoming fight, date, and ticket prices, and they usually consisted of pictures of each boxer. Boxing Posters vary in size and vibrancy, but are not usually smaller than 18x22 inches. In the early days, few boxing posters survived the event and have thus become a <a href="/wiki/Collectible" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectible">collectible</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concert">Concert</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Concert"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concerts</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Rock_concert" title="Rock concert">rock concerts</a>, have custom-designed posters that are used as advertisement for the event. These often become collectors items as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_group_promotional">Music group promotional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music group promotional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Posters that showcase a person's favorite artist or music group are popular in <a href="/wiki/Teenager" class="mw-redirect" title="Teenager">teenagers</a>' bedrooms, as well as in <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorm_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorm room">dorm rooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">apartments</a>. Many posters have pictures of popular <a href="/wiki/Rock_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock band">rock bands</a> and artists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blacklight">Blacklight</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Blacklight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blacklight_poster" title="Blacklight poster">Blacklight poster</a></div> <p>Blacklight posters are designed to <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluoresce</a> or glow under a <a href="/wiki/Black_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Black light">black light</a> (ultraviolet light). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pin-up">Pin-up</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pin-up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pinup posters, "pinups", or "cheesecake" posters are images of attractive women designed to be displayed. They first became popular in the 1920s. The popularity of <a href="/wiki/Pin-up_girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin-up girl">pin-up girl</a> posters has been erratic in recent decades. Pin-ups such as <a href="/wiki/Betty_Grable" title="Betty Grable">Betty Grable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Russell" title="Jane Russell">Jane Russell</a> were highly popular with soldiers during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but much less so during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Large posters of television actresses, for example the <a href="/wiki/Farrah_Fawcett_red_swimsuit_poster" title="Farrah Fawcett red swimsuit poster">red swimsuit poster</a> of <a href="/wiki/Farrah_Fawcett" title="Farrah Fawcett">Farrah Fawcett</a> and the pink bikini poster of <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Tiegs" title="Cheryl Tiegs">Cheryl Tiegs</a>, became popular during the 1970s and into the early 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affirmation">Affirmation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Affirmation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_posters" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmation posters">Affirmation posters</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goals_affirmation_poster,_Navy_%C2%B7_DF-SD-04-09850.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Goals_affirmation_poster%2C_Navy_%C2%B7_DF-SD-04-09850.JPEG/170px-Goals_affirmation_poster%2C_Navy_%C2%B7_DF-SD-04-09850.JPEG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Goals_affirmation_poster%2C_Navy_%C2%B7_DF-SD-04-09850.JPEG/255px-Goals_affirmation_poster%2C_Navy_%C2%B7_DF-SD-04-09850.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Goals_affirmation_poster%2C_Navy_%C2%B7_DF-SD-04-09850.JPEG/340px-Goals_affirmation_poster%2C_Navy_%C2%B7_DF-SD-04-09850.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An example of an <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_posters" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmation posters">affirmation poster</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This refers to decorative posters that are meant to be motivational and inspirational. One popular series has a black background, a scene from nature, and a word such as "Leadership" or "Opportunity". Another version (usually <a href="/wiki/Picture_frame" title="Picture frame">framed</a> and matted) uses a two-image <a href="/wiki/Hologram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hologram">hologram</a> that changes as the viewer walks past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comic_book">Comic book</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Comic book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic book</a> popularity in the 1960s led to the mass production of comic book posters in the 1970s and onward. These posters typically feature popular characters in a variety of action poses. </p><p>The fact that comic books are a niche market means that a given poster usually has a smaller printing run than other genres of poster. Therefore, older posters may be quite sought after by collectors. </p><p>Promotional posters are usually distributed folded, whereas retail posters intended for home decoration are rolled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational">Educational</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Educational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_and_"poster_sessions""><span id="Research_and_.22poster_sessions.22"></span>Research and "poster sessions"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Research and "poster sessions""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></div> <p>Posters are used in academia to promote and explain research work.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are typically shown during conferences, either as a complement to a talk or scientific paper, or as a publication. They are of lesser importance than articles, but they can be a good introduction to a new piece of research before the paper is published. They may be considered as <a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">grey literature</a>. Poster presentations are often not <a href="/wiki/Peer-review" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-review">peer-reviewed</a>, but may instead be submitted, meaning that as many as can fit will be accepted. </p><p>Poster sessions have also been used as an alternative to oral presentations as a form of assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suriyarangsun_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suriyarangsun-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classroom">Classroom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Classroom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Posters are a standard feature of <a href="/wiki/Classrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Classrooms">classrooms</a> worldwide. A typical school in North America will display a variety, including: advertising tie-ins (e.g. an historical movie relevant to a current topic of study): alphabet and grammar, numeracy and scientific tables, safety and other instructions (such as lab safety and proper hand washing), artwork, and those created by the students for display. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Motivational_poster" title="Motivational poster">Motivational poster</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Tennis_Girl" title="Tennis Girl">Tennis Girl</a> poster was an iconic image from the late 1970s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poster_artists" title="List of poster artists">List of poster artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediascape" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediascape">Mediascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin-up_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pin-up (disambiguation)">Pin-up (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_Poster_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Street Poster Art">Street Poster Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swann_Galleries" title="Swann Galleries">Swann Galleries</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-poster_noun-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poster_noun_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/poster#:~:text=1a%20large%20notice%2C%20often,up%20a%20poster%20advertising%20the">"poster noun"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427144941/http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/poster#:~:text=1a%20large%20notice%2C%20often,up%20a%20poster%20advertising%20the">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=poster+noun&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fposter%23%3A~%3Atext%3D1a%2520large%2520notice%252C%2520often%2Cup%2520a%2520poster%2520advertising%2520the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poster_merriam_webster-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poster_merriam_webster_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poster">"poster noun"</a>. Merriam Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806145903/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poster">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=poster+noun&rft.pub=Merriam+Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fposter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lippert:_What_is_a_Poster-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lippert:_What_is_a_Poster_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippert,_Angelina2017" class="citation web cs1">Lippert, Angelina (18 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718183230/https://posterhouse.org/what-is-a-poster">"What is a poster?"</a>. <i>article</i>. <a href="/wiki/Poster_House" title="Poster House">Poster House</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://posterhouse.org/what-is-a-poster">the original</a> on 18 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=article&rft.atitle=What+is+a+poster%3F&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft.au=Lippert%2C+Angelina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fposterhouse.org%2Fwhat-is-a-poster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Eskilson, Graphic Design: A New History, Yale University Press, 2012, pp. 43–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallo-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gallo_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallo, Max, <i>The Poster in History</i>, (2002) W.W. Norton</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Guffey, Posters: A Global History, Reaktion: 2015, pp. 8-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnicoat-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnicoat_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnicoat, John, <i>Posters: A Concise History</i>, (1985) Thames and Hudson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The modern poster by Arsène Alexandre</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Marx, Masters of the Poster, 1896–1900 (New York, 1977), p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guffey, op cit, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Kunzle, Posters of Protest: The Posters of Political Satire in the U.S., 1966–1970 (New York, 1971), p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilton Kramer, 'Postermania', New York Times Magazine (11 February 1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guffey, op cit, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Che Guevara: Revolutionary & Icon</i>, by Trisha Ziff, Abrams Image, 2006, pg 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/02/20/usat-posters.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'In God We Trust' pressed for schools - USA Today"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+War+Poster+Collection&rft.pub=Digital.library.mcgill.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.mcgill.ca%2Fwarposters%2Fenglish%2Fintroduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spam-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spam_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://posters.nce.buttobi.net/">"Propaganda posters - Collection of 1400+ POSTERS from Russia, Czech republic, Poland and Cuba"</a>. 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"State of the art and seven tips for improvement". <i>Electronic Journal of the KäTu Symposium on Translation and Interpreting Studies</i>. <b>13</b>: 138–157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+the+K%C3%A4Tu+Symposium+on+Translation+and+Interpreting+Studies&rft.atitle=State+of+the+art+and+seven+tips+for+improvement.&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=138-157&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ivaska&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Torres-Sim%C3%B3n%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, A (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-00571-015">"A Poster Project for an Undergraduate Sensation and Perception Course"</a>. <i>Teaching of Psychology</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 58–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teaching+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=A+Poster+Project+for+an+Undergraduate+Sensation+and+Perception+Course&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58-59&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Frecord%2F2005-00571-015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suriyarangsun-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suriyarangsun_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376083069"><i>Using Poster Presentation Activities for Assessment in Higher Education</i></a>. ICERI2023 Proceedings. IATED. 2023. pp. 1758–1764. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21125%2Ficeri.2023.0518">10.21125/iceri.2023.0518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Using+Poster+Presentation+Activities+for+Assessment+in+Higher+Education&rft.pages=1758-1764&rft.pub=IATED&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21125%2Ficeri.2023.0518&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F376083069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2023" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, C T (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ashs.org/horttech/view/journals/horttech/33/1/article-p111.xml">"Classroom Trade Show: An Alternative to Traditional Classroom Presentations in an Undergraduate Plant Identification Course"</a>. <i>HortTechnology</i>. <b>33</b>: 111–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21273%2FHORTTECH05148-22">10.21273/HORTTECH05148-22</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HortTechnology&rft.atitle=Classroom+Trade+Show%3A+An+Alternative+to+Traditional+Classroom+Presentations+in+an+Undergraduate+Plant+Identification+Course.&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=111-117&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21273%2FHORTTECH05148-22&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ashs.org%2Fhorttech%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fhorttech%2F33%2F1%2Farticle-p111.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josef_M%C3%BCller-Brockmann" title="Josef Müller-Brockmann">Josef Müller-Brockmann</a>: <i>Geschichte des Plakates</i> Phaidon Press 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714844039" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714844039">978-0714844039</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Deiters" title="Franz-Josef Deiters">Franz-Josef Deiters</a>: Bilder ohne Rahmen: Zur Rhetorik des Plakats, in: Medienrhetorik, ed. by Joachim Knape. Attempto, Tübingen (Germany) 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89308-370-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-89308-370-7">3-89308-370-7</a>, S. 81–112.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Deiters" title="Franz-Josef Deiters">Franz-Josef Deiters</a>: Plakat, in: Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik, ed by. Gert Ueding (et al.). Max Niemeyer, Tübingen (Germany) 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-484-68100-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-484-68100-4">3-484-68100-4</a>, vol. 6, pp. 1230–39.</li> <li><i>New Masters of Poster Design</i>. John Foster, Rockport Publishers 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1592534340" title="Special:BookSources/978-1592534340">978-1592534340</a></li> <li><i>100 Best Posters - NO ART</i>. Hermann Schmidt Publisher 2006, Fons Hickmann, Niklaus Troxler <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3874397032" title="Special:BookSources/978-3874397032">978-3874397032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fons_Hickmann" title="Fons Hickmann">Fons Hickmann</a>, Sven Lindhorst-Emme (Hrsg) <i>Anschlag Berlin - Zeitgeistmedium Plakat.</i> Verlag Seltmann+Söhne, Berlin 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-944721-56-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-944721-56-9">978-3-944721-56-9</a></li> <li>Gosling, Peter. (1999). <i>Scientist's Guide to Poster Presentations.</i> New York: Kluwer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46076-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46076-0">978-0-306-46076-0</a>.</li> <li>King, Emily. (2003). <i>A Century of Movie Posters: From Silent to Art House.</i> Barron's. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7641-5599-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7641-5599-4">978-0-7641-5599-4</a>.</li> <li>Noble, Ian. (2002). <i>Up Against the Wall: International Poster Design.</i> Mies, Switzerland: RotoVision. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88046-561-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88046-561-2">978-2-88046-561-2</a>.</li> <li>Timmers, Margaret. (2003). <i>Power of the Poster.</i> Victoria and Albert Museum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-6615-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-6615-4">978-0-8109-6615-4</a>.</li> <li>Le Coultre, Martijn F. & Purvis, Alston W. (2002) <i>A Century of Posters</i>, Lund Humphries <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85331-863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85331-863-7">978-0-85331-863-7</a></li> <li>Rennert, Jack. (1990). <i>Posters of the Belle Epoque</i>, Wine Spectator Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9664202-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9664202-1-0">978-0-9664202-1-0</a></li> <li>Wrede, Stuart. (1988). <i>The Modern Poster</i>, Little Brown and Company, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-570-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87070-570-0">978-0-87070-570-0</a></li> <li>Gold, Laura. (1988). <i>Posters, Please</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9664202-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9664202-0-3">978-0-9664202-0-3</a></li> <li>Cole, Beverley & Durack, Richard (1992), <i>Railway Posters 1923–1947</i>, Laurence King, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-014-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-014-0">978-1-85669-014-0</a></li> <li>Kempa, Karolina. (2018). <i>Polnische Kulturplakate im Sozialismus. Eine kunstsoziologische Untersuchung zur (Be-)Deutung des Werkes von Jan Lenica und Franciszek Starowieyski</i>, Wiesbaden: Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3658188542" title="Special:BookSources/978-3658188542">978-3658188542</a></li> <li>Salter, Colin. (2020). <i>100 Posters that Changed the World</i>. London: Pavilion Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911641-45-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911641-45-2">978-1-911641-45-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevis_Hillier" title="Bevis Hillier">Hillier, Bevis</a>. (1972). <i>100 Years of Posters</i>. London: Pall Mall Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0269028382" title="Special:BookSources/0269028382">0269028382</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poster&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Posters" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Posters">Posters</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/poster" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:poster">poster</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Poster"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Poster">"Poster" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poster&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/wwposters">Posters from World War I and II</a> – A selection of posters covering subjects such as recruitment and enlisting, saving stamps and munitions, from the UBC Library Digital Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/postersweb/index.html">World War I and World II Poster Collection</a> - featuring propaganda posters and broadsides from the United States, Western Europe and the Axis powers from the University of Washington Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://circusmuseum.nl/">circusmuseum.nl</a> Features nearly 8,000 circus posters from 1880 to the present</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ltmcollection.org/posters/index.html">London Transport posters</a> Over 5,000 posters from the London Transport museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/posters-of-the-russian-civil-war-1918-1922#/">Posters of the Russian Civil War, 1918-1922</a> New York Public Library digital collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/bpx/sets/72057594117941491/">USSR posters</a> Ben Perry's Flickr photoset with almost 1500 Soviet propaganda, advertising, theatre and movie posters from 1917-1991</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olsenart.com/fillava.html">Psychedelic posters</a> Andrew Olsen's collection of hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">psychedelic</a> posters for gigs at <a href="/wiki/The_Fillmore" title="The Fillmore">The Fillmore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Hollywood" title="Avalon Hollywood">The Avalon</a></li> <li>Millie, Elena and Zbigniew Kantorosinski (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/bibs/pposter.html">The Polish Poster: from Young Poland through the Second World War : Holdings in the Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress</a></li> <li>More than <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.hoover.org/collections#formats">33,000 political posters</a> from around the world, primarily from the twentieth century, available online at the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Street_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Street_art" title="Template:Street art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Street_art" title="Template talk:Street art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Street_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Street art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Street_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosol paint">Aerosol paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_graffiti" title="Glossary of graffiti">terminology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handstyle" title="Handstyle">Handstyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">Hip hop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">Screenprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_paint_art" title="Spray paint art">Spray paint art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subway_Art" title="Subway Art">Subway Art</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_graffiti" title="Moss graffiti">Moss graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piece_(graffiti)" title="Piece (graffiti)">Pieces</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_graffiti" title="Reverse graffiti">Reverse graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_balancing" title="Rock balancing">Rock balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stencil_graffiti" title="Stencil graffiti">Stencil graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticker_art" title="Sticker art">Sticker art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(graffiti)" title="Tag (graffiti)">Tagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_up_(graffiti)" title="Throw up (graffiti)">Throw ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn_bombing" title="Yarn bombing">Yarn bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatpaste" title="Wheatpaste">Wheatpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildstyle" title="Wildstyle">Wildstyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_artists" title="List of street artists">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Graffiti_artists" title="Category:Graffiti artists">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stencil_artists" title="List of stencil artists">Stencil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chalfant" title="Henry Chalfant">Henry Chalfant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Cooper" title="Martha Cooper">Martha Cooper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_art_in_Adelaide" title="Street art in Adelaide">Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art_in_Atlanta" title="Street art in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall_graffiti_art" title="Berlin Wall graffiti art">Berlin (Berlin Wall)</a></li> <li>Brazil ( <a href="/wiki/Picha%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Pichação">Southeastern Brazil (<i>pichação</i>)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beco_do_Batman" title="Beco do Batman">São Paulo (Beco do Batman)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Ai_Weiwei_street_art_campaign" title="Free Ai Weiwei street art campaign">Hong Kong (Free Ai Weiwei campaign)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_in_Kyiv" title="Murals in Kyiv">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Murals in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art_in_Melbourne" title="Street art in Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_New_York_City" title="Graffiti in New York City">New York City</a> (<a href="/wiki/5_Pointz" title="5 Pointz">5 Pointz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_Arts_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mural Arts Program">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balmy_Alley" title="Balmy Alley">Balmy Alley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarion_Alley" title="Clarion Alley">Clarion Alley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art_in_Sarajevo" title="Street art in Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtown_area_graffiti_and_street_art" title="Newtown area graffiti and street art">Sydney (Newtown area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Tehran" class="mw-redirect" title="Graffiti in Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Toronto" title="Graffiti in Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank_Wall_graffiti_art" title="West Bank Wall graffiti art">Palestine (West Bank Wall)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beton_Fest" title="Beton Fest">Beton Fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cans_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cans Festival">The Cans Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Walls" title="Living Walls">Living Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/See_No_Evil_(artwork)" title="See No Evil (artwork)">See No Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasadena_Chalk_Festival" title="Pasadena Chalk Festival">Pasadena Chalk Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Street_Art_Festival" title="Sarajevo Street Art Festival">Sarajevo Street Art Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasota_Chalk_Festival" title="Sarasota Chalk Festival">Sarasota Chalk Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">Built environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Street party">Street party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Street_art" title="Category:Street art">Category: Street art</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q429785#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q429785#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99001723">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Affiches"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119409485">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Affiches"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119409485">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569172">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="plakáty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124084&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Carteles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5162666">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000263209&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000068691&P_CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007529548605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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